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Class 10TH Science Chapter 2

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41 views2 pages

Class 10TH Science Chapter 2

Uploaded by

khandelwalraghav9002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2: Acids, Bases, and Salts

1. Acids and Bases

 Properties of Acids:
o Sour taste.
o Turn blue litmus paper red.
o React with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
o React with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas.
 Properties of Bases:
o Bitter taste.
o Turn red litmus paper blue.
o Are slippery to touch.
 Examples of Common Acids and Bases:
o Acids: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), Citric acid (found in
citrus fruits).
o Bases: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Ammonium
hydroxide (NH₄OH).

2. Indicators and pH Scale

 pH Scale:
o Definition and range (0-14).
o pH < 7 indicates acidity, pH > 7 indicates alkalinity (basicity), pH = 7 is
neutral.
 Indicators:
o Litmus paper (blue turns red in acids, red turns blue in bases).
o Phenolphthalein (colorless in acids, pink in bases).
o Methyl orange (red in acids, yellow in bases).

3. Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases

 Reactions of Acids:
o With metals (to produce salt and hydrogen gas).
o With bases (to produce salt and water).
o With carbonates (to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas).
 Reactions of Bases:
o With metals (to produce salt and hydrogen gas).
o With acids (to produce salt and water).

4. Neutralization Reaction

 Neutralization:
o Definition and process.
o Acid + Base → Salt + Water.
o Importance in daily life (e.g., in stomach digestion, preparation of salts).

5. Salts
 Preparation of Salts:
o By neutralization reactions.
o Solubility and crystallization.
 Types of Salts:
o Normal salts.
o Acidic salts.
o Basic salts.

6. Uses of Acids, Bases, and Salts

 Acids:
o In industries (e.g., sulfuric acid in batteries).
o In households (e.g., citric acid in food preservation).
 Bases:
o In cleaning agents (e.g., sodium hydroxide in soaps).
o In manufacturing processes (e.g., sodium hydroxide in paper production).
 Salts:
o In agriculture (e.g., fertilizers).
o In food preservation and flavoring.

Important Points to Remember

 Acid Rain: Causes, effects, and prevention.


 Antacids: Role and use in neutralizing stomach acids.
 Acid-Base Balance in Nature: Impact on ecosystems and aquatic life.

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