MATTER AND ENERGY

I. Introduction

A. Science: study used to organize and explain knowledge about ourselves

and our environment.

1. Technology: application of scientific knowledge

a. Manipulates nature for advantage + or

b. Clothes synthetic fibers

c. Diseases cure or destroy

B. Definition of Chemistry: The study of matter and energy and the

interaction between them

1. Touches all parts of our lives

2. Drugs, gasoline and oil, film, TV, plastics, skis, clothing

industrial chemistry

C. Chemistry began in prehistoric times

D. 18th Century scientists advanced chemistry

E. Matter: anything with mass and volume

F. Scientific method is used to study matter

1. A procedure which involves observation, formulation of a theory,

testing of a theory by additional experiments

G. Steps involved in the scientific method ***

1. Observation: taking down (record) data (conduct experiment/lab),

followed by

2. A Hypothesis: tentative explanations for a set of observations

(data), followed by

3. A series of experiments to test the hypothesis, which leads to

4. A Theory: a tested explanation of the results of many experiments,

followed by

5. A Law: concise verbal or mathematical statement of behavior

based on the results of many experiments

II. Significant Figures

A. Definition: All of the digits known with certainty plus the first digit that
is uncertain

B. Precision: Agreement between the numerical values of two or more

measurements made in the same way

C. Accuracy: Nearness of a measurement to its accepted value

D. Rules (significant numbers)

1. All non-zeros

2. All sandwiched zeros (1002)

3. Zeros to the right of a decimal and to the right of a non-zero (2.0;

0.20)

4. Zeros to the right of a non-zero in a whole number are with the use
of a bar or a decimal point (200.)

E. Examples:

(Whole Numbers End Zeros are NOT Significant; Decimal Numbers

Beginning Zeros are NOT Significant)

1. 3050

5. 3050.0

2. 21253

6. 10.02100

3. 0.02100

4. 3050.

F. Rules to use significant figures

1. Multiply/divide: round the answer to the least number of

significant figures of any of the numbers.

a)

Examples:

(1) (23.62) x (4.20)

(2) (45.9) x (4.2)

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2. Add/subtract: round to the least number of significant figures after

the decimal.

a)

Example:

(1) (20.63) + (6.6) + (3.78)

635.4 0.0045
F. Rules to use significant
figures

2.3589

1. Rounding

a)

8.66 gives 8.7

b)

8.64 gives 8.6

c)

8.65 gives 8.7

e)

8.75 gives 8.8

f)

8.651 gives 8.7

G. Your Turn!

Give the value of the following calculation to the correct number of significant
figures. (635.4 x 0.0045)/2.3589
A. 1.21213
B. 1.212
C. 1.212132774
D. 1.2
E. 1

H. Learning Check

For the following calculation, give the answer to the correct number of significant
figures. 152.6736-0.0028-125.00797+56.795+12.853

III. Scientific Notation

A. Consists of 2 parts: mantissa (6.02) x exponential portion (10 23)

1. Mantissa has 1 digit to the left of the decimal

B. Examples: (anything to 0 power is 1)

1) 1 1 x 10o

10 1 x 101

0.01 1 x 10 -2

100 1 x 102

2) 0.1 1 x 10 1

0.001 1 x 10 3

6 x 104 = 6 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 =
60,000

C. Examples: (change to scientific notation)

1. 2146
2. 31100.2
3. 0.00000146
4. 2100
5. 2100.

D.

Problems: (change to scientific notation)

1. 236000

2. 2140.6

3. 0.000000810

E.

Problems: (change back)

1. 4.5 x 10 5
2. 3.13 x 10 3
3. 1.2 x 10 3

F. Using exponential math

1. Rules

a)

Mantissa add/subtract, multiply/divide

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b)

Exponents do 1 step down

c)
Multiply: (2.0 x 10 3) x ( 3.0x10 2) = 6.0 x 10 5 add
exponents

d)
Division: (6.0 x 10 5) (2.0 x 10 2) = 3.0 x 10 3 subtract
exponents

e)
Addition: (2.47 x 10 3) + (3.00 x 10 2) = 2.77 x 10 3 same
exponent

f)
Subtraction: (3.60 x 10 4) (1.20 x 10 3) = 3.48 x 10 4
same exponent

g)

Square root: 6.0 x 10 6 = 2.4 x103 halve the exponent

h)

Square: (3.0 x 10 3) 2 = 9.0 x 10 6 double the exponent

2. Problems:

a)

(4.2 x 102)(3.0 x 103)

(1.3 x 102)(2.0 x 101)

b)

( 3.5 x 104) (1.2 x 102)

(2.0 x 103) (1.0 x 105)

c)

(1.50 x 103) + (2.10 x 102)

d)

(8.4 x 107)(2.0 x 10-2)

(4.0 x 10-4)

e)

(3.2 x 102) x (5.0 x 103)

f)

(3.2 x 105) (1.2 x 103)

(2.0 x 102) (3.0 x 10-3)

g)

(3.50 x 104) (3.40 x 103)

3. Learning Check

Round each of the following to three significant figures. Use scientific notation
where needed.
1.

37.459
5

2.

5431978

3.

132.7789003

4.

0.00087564

7.665

IV. Metric System(Count10s)

A. Scientific Measurements needed to record data from experiments. The

metric system is used now called the International System of Units (SI).

1. The advantage of the metric system is that it is a convenient

decimal system, in which the divisions and multiples are in ratios of
tens.

B. Math Review

1. Decimal Numbers contain a fraction

2. Examples:

Multiplication the decimal moves to the right

a. 245.67 x 10 = 2456.7
b. 245.67 x 100 = 24567

Division decimal point moves to the left

a. 3965 10 = 396.5
b. 3965 100 = 39.65
3. Compare:

a. 1/10 = 0.1

b. 1/100 = 0.01

c. 1/1000 = 0.001

3/10 = 0.3
1/8 = 0.125
11/8 = 1.375

C. 18th Century

D. Length

1. Unit: meter (m)

a) Equal to one/ten millionth the circumference of the earth

b) Meter stick made of Pt kept in a nitrogen atmosphere

c) Now found as a wavelength of light

E. Mass

1. Definition: The amount of matter an object contains.

2. Unit: gram (g)

a) 1 pound = 454 grams

b) Equal to a cube of water equal to 1 cm on each side at 3.98o

C.

(1) Question: Why is a specific temperature chosen?

F. Volume

1. Definition: The amount of space an object occupies.

2. Unit: liter (L)

a) 1 Liter = 1.06 quart

(1) Volume occupied by a cube of water with the mass of

1000 grams
(2) A cube of water 10 cm on each side = 1000 cc; 1cc =
1mL

G.

Prefixes

1.

Deci = 0.1 (d)

2.

Centi = 0.01 (c)

3.

Milli = 0.001 (m)

4.

Kilo = 1000 x (k)

5.

_k_____unit______d_____c_____m
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 H. Examples: (use factor label)

a) Change 1.62 km to cm

b) Change 0.125 km to dm

c) Change 150. mg to dg

d) Change 125 ft to mm

e) Change 25.4 mi/hr to cm/sec

Convert speed of light from 3.00 108 m/s to mi/hr

I.

J. Example: Convert 3.5 m3 to cm3.

V. Percent Error

A. True Value - Your Value x 100

True Value

B. Example: A student finds a gas to occupy 23.6 Liters at STP. The

accepted value is 22.4L. Find the percent error.

VI. Matter Introduction

A. Matter: Anything that has mass and volume (occupies space)

1. Mass: the amount of matter an object contains

2. Weight: the effect of gravity on an object

B. Learn the symbols for elements: 1 20, 24 30, 33 38, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53
- 56, 79, 80, 82 88, 92

C. Questions

1. Which of the following can be decomposed?

a. Cu b. Ag c. H2O d. H2

2. Which is the simplest form of matter?

a. NaCl

b. Cu

c. H2O d. C6H12O6

3. Which can be heterogeneous as well as homogeneous?

a. Element b. Compound

c. Mixture

d.Solution

4. Compounds can be decomposed by physical or chemical means?

5. Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?
a. air b. sand c. salt d. copper

6. Which is a homogeneous mixture?

a. NaCls b. NaCll c. NaClg d. NaClaq

D. Properties: a definite set of characteristics by which a substance can be

identified.

1. Physical - can be observed by examining the substance

a) Color, odor, hardness, density, melting point, boiling point,

electrical conductivity

b) Physical change: no new substance is formed

(i) Grinding, freezing, boiling, tearing into smaller pieces

2. Chemical: determined by the manner in which it behaves when in
contact with other substances or sources of energy.

a) Chemical change - results in the production of 1 or more

new substances (2Na + Cl2 2NaCl)

Leaves change color due to the degradation of chlorophyll.

With the decay of the green pigment, red and yellow
compounds already present in the leaves are revealed.

E. Law of Conservation of Matter or Mass (Lavoisier) - Matter cannot be

created or destroyed by a chemical change but can change form.
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F. Density

1. . Mass per unit volume; D = Mass

a) Gases = grams/L

b) Liquids = grams/mL

c) Solids = grams/cm3

Vol

(i) measure volume of irregular solid by displacement.

2. Density of water equals 1.0 g/cm3.
3. Specific Gravity = density of object (grams per cc)/ density of
water (1.0 grams per cc)

a) It has no units.

b) AlcoholSG = 0.79 g/mL =

1.00 g/mL (Dwater)

0.79

c) Problems: D air = 1.25 g/L

(1) Find the mass of 10L of air.

(2) Find the mass of 100 mL of air.
(3) Find the density of a 5.2 gram solid whose volume is
8.0cc.

(4) What volume of marbles has a mass of 41.2 grams

and a density of 2.56 g/L.

(5) You have a graduated cylinder with 10.0 mL of water.

When you add a piece of metal whose mass is 72.0
grams, the water level rises to 46.0 mL. What is the
density of the metal ?

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 (6) The largest nugget of gold ever found was in 1872.

Its mass was 93.30 kg. If the density of gold is 19.30
g/cc, what volume did it occupy in cc and liters? What
was its mass in pounds? (454g = 1 pound; 1mL = 1 cc)?

(7) Your Turn!

A sample of zinc metal (density = 7.14 g cm3) was submerged in a graduated
cylinder containing water. The water level rose from 162.5 cm3 to 186.0 cm3 when
the sample was submerged. How many grams did the sample weigh?
A. 1.16 103 g
B. 1.33 103 g
C. 23.5 g
D. 1.68 102 g
E. 3.29 g

(8) 35.0 mls of alcohol (D = 0.789 g/mL) is added to a

graduated cylinder (mass = 44.28 grams.)

What is the mass of the cylinder plus the alcohol?

VII. Energy

A. Temperature : Measurement of the average kinetic energy of a

substance

1. How hot or cold an object is

2. Heat flows from a warm object to a colder object

a. Heat measures a transfer of energy

3. Heat the total amount of kinetic energy in a system.

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 4. Thermometers are instruments used to measure temperature.

5. Celsius scale: used in science

a. water: freezing pt is 0oC; boiling pt is 100oC
6. Fahrenheit scale: used in U.S.
a. water: freezing pt is 32oF; boiling pt is 212oF
7. Kelvin (Absolute): used in gas calculations
a. water: freezing point 273K; boiling point 373K
b. *** K = oC + 273 (no o sign used for K)
c. Absolute zero (0 K) equals 2730C

B. Law of Conservation of Energy

1. Energy can be neither created or destroyed, but can change form

C. Forms of Energy (9)

1. Kinetic

2. Potential

3. Light

4. Sound

5. Electrical

6. Mechanical

7. Chemical

8. Nuclear

9. Magnetic

II. Energy

D. Exothermic

1. Any change in which energy is released; 2Mg + O2 2MgO +

energy
2. Temperature will increase (energy is released)
3. Phase change: gasliquidsolid (As the motion of the molecules
slow down and the molecules bond, kinetic energy is released. )

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E. Endothermic

1. .Any change in which energy is absorbed

a. Ba(OH)2 + NH4Cl + energy BaCl2 + NH3 + H2O

2.Temperature goes down or you need to supply a heat source

3. Phase change: solidliquidgas (Energy is required to break
bonds.)

F. Calories

1. Definition: 1 cal.= the amount of energy needed to raise the

temperature of one gram of water by one degree centigrade (Celsius)
2. calorie = grams of water x change in temperature x specific heat of
water

Specific heat water = 1cal/goC

1 Kcal = 1000 cal

3. Calories (cal = gH2O x t x 1 cal/goC)

Q = mst

4. Example: Assume that 0.500gm of a candle has been burned in a

calorimeter causing 200.g of water to increase in temperature from
25.00C to 45.00C.

a) Find the total calories involved.

b) Find the heat of combustion of the candle (cal/g)

5. Problem: How many grams of water are needed to absorb 1500.

calories if the sample of water goes from 25.0oC to 45.0oC?

6. Problem: What is the final temperature of the water if 500. grams of

water at 12.0o C absorbs 1500. cal?
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G. Joules

1. Joules are another unit for measuring energy.

2. One calorie equals 4.184 joules.
3. Joules are kg x m2/sec2 (Kinetic energy = 1/2mv2)
4. Joules = grams (water) x change in temp x 4.18 J/g oC
5.. Joules = g H2O x t x 4.184J/goC

(Joules = cal x 4.184J/cal)

5. Example: How many joules are needed to raise 300. grams of

water from 27.0oC to 45.0oC?

H. Energy Transfer

1. Calories lost = calories gained (Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat transfers from a warm body to a cold body.)
a. Grams 1 x to1 x specific heat 1 = Grams2 x to2 x specific 2

I. Using Specific Heat

a. Heat Exchanged = (Specific Heat mass) t
q = s m t
b. Units = J/(g C) g C = J

c. Substances with high specific heats resist changes in

temperature when heat is applied
d. Water has unusually high specific heat

Important to body (~60% water)

Used to cushion temperature changes

Why coastal temperatures are different from inland

temperatures

e. Direction of Heat Flow

(1) Heat lost by one object has the same magnitude as heat
gained by other object
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(2) Sign of q indicates direction of heat flow

(i) Heat is gained, q is positive (+)

(ii) Heat is lost, q is negative ()

q1 = q2

f. Example: A piece of warm iron is placed into beaker of cool water.

Iron loses 10.0 J of heat, water gains 10.0 J of heat
qiron = 10.0 J

qwater = +10.0 J

g. Example: How many grams of water can be raised from 24.0oC to

33.0oC when 10.0g of aluminum, specific heat = 0.215 cal/goC , at
143oC is dropped into the water. (use spec heat of water = 1.00
cal/goC)

h. Problem: 2.20 grams of a metal at 215.0oC are added to 80.0 grams

of water at 25.0oC. If the final temperature of the water is 29.0oC,
what is the specific heat of the metal? (use Joules)

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