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Expt 01 IE2015 - Hybrid (H) Parameters

This document describes an experiment to measure the h-parameters of passive and active two-port networks. The experiment involves measuring the h-parameters (h11, h12, h21, h22) of a resistive two-port network and an active two-port network using a BJT. The measurements are made using different circuit setups at 1kHz to determine the h-parameters. The measured values are then compared to theoretical calculations and the β value of the BJT to validate the experimental procedure and linear models.

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Sidharth Sharma
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498 views2 pages

Expt 01 IE2015 - Hybrid (H) Parameters

This document describes an experiment to measure the h-parameters of passive and active two-port networks. The experiment involves measuring the h-parameters (h11, h12, h21, h22) of a resistive two-port network and an active two-port network using a BJT. The measurements are made using different circuit setups at 1kHz to determine the h-parameters. The measured values are then compared to theoretical calculations and the β value of the BJT to validate the experimental procedure and linear models.

Uploaded by

Sidharth Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integrated Electronics

Experiment 1

Winter 2013-14

Hybrid (h) Parameters of Passive and Active Circuits


The objective of this experiment is to understand the methodology of measuring two-port parameters
and the difference in their values for passive and active circuits. The methodology will be illustrated by
making the measurement of the hybrid (h) parameters of (i) a resistive two-port network consisting of 4
resistors, shown in Fig. 1.1 and (ii) an active two-port network consisting of a transistor (BJT) along
with its biasing circuitry, shown in Fig. 1.2. Note that network (i) does NOT have a common terminal
between the input and output ports, and as such the connections of the signal source (FG) and the
measuring equipment (CRO), will have to be made carefully to ensure proper ground connections.
All measurements will be carried out at the frequency 1kHz, which is a standard for low-frequency
measurements. The amplitudes of the voltages and currents are immaterial for the resistive two-port in
principle, as the components are linear. But for the active two-port, one has to ensure that all the
voltages and currents in the circuit are sinusoidal so that the circuit can be assumed to be behaving
according to its linear model.
1
+ I1
V1

2
10k

10k

3.3k

3.3k

I2 +
V2

Fig. 1.1 The given resistive two-port

The measurement of h11 and h21 will be carried out using the setup shown in Fig. 1.3. Note the
resistance R2 (= 100) placed across the output port; this enables the measurement of I2 using a CRO,
which cannot be directly measure a current. In this circuit, I1 = VR1 / R1, and I2 = V2 / R2. It will be
assumed, and later verified, that h12V2 << VR1 and h22V2 << I2 for this choice of R2, so that
h11 V1 / I1 = R1V1 / VR1

and

h21 I2 / I1 = (R1 / R2 )(V2 / VR1).

(1.1)

+ VR1
R1

+ I1

I2 +

Two-port
V1 FGunder
(1kHz sine)
test
_

V2

R2

Fig. 1.3
2 Measuring h11 and h21

Fig. 1.4 Measuring h12 and h22

The measurement of h12 and h22 will be carried out using the setup shown in Fig. 1.4. In the circuit of
Fig. 1.4, I1 = 0 and I2 = VR2 / R2. h12 and h22 are given by the relationships
h12 = V1/ V2

and

h22 = I2 / V2 = VR2 / R2V2.

(1.2)

A. Measurement of h Parameters of the Resistive Two-Port


1. Set up the circuit of the resistive two-port on the breadboard in a nicely spread-out manner, with the
four terminals of the two-port in the left upper, left lower, right upper and right lower parts of the
breadboard so as to reduce mistakes while making the measurements.
2. Connect the FG output to one of the CRO input channels and set the FG controls for a sinusoidal
output of frequency 1kHz and peak-to-peak value 0.2V without any DC Offset.
3. Set up the measuring arrangement given in Fig. 1.3 with R1 = 5.6k and R2 = 100, and measure
the peak-to-peak values of VR1, V1 and V2. Note that both VR1 and V2 are floating voltages, and
hence have to be measured by using the capability of the CRO to subtract one input from the other
and to display the difference signal. Calculate the values of h11 and h21 using equations (1.1).
4. Set up the measuring arrangement given in Fig. 1.4 with R2 = 5.6k, and measure the peak-topeak values of VR2, V1 and V2. Note that both VR2 and V1 are floating voltages, and hence have to
be measured by using the capability of the CRO to subtract one input from the other and to display
the difference signal. Calculate the values of h12 and h22 using equations (1.2).
5. Calculate the values of the h-parameters theoretically from the resistance values and comment on
the deviation in the measured values from the calculated values, particularly for h12 and h21.
6. Verify on the basis of the measured values of the h-parameters that the inequalities h12V2 << VR1
and h22V2 << I2 are indeed satisfied.
B. Measurement of h Parameters of the Active Two-Port
1. The active two-port circuit shown in Fig. 1.2 will be made using the npn bipolar junction transistor
547. Note down the pin connections of the BJT. Assemble the circuit following the same idea as
done in step A.1. Remember that the two capacitors used in this circuit are of the electrolytic type
and need the correct polarity of d-c voltage across them for proper operation. Voltage of incorrect
polarity across an electrolytic capacitor may even cause the capacitor to EXPLODE; so be vary
careful while connecting these capacitors.
2. Connect the +12V and 12V d-c power supplies available on the CRO to the circuit and measure
the d-c voltages at the Emitter, Base and Collector terminals of the BJT using the CRO. Verify that
these values are nearly the same as the expected values:
VB 0V,

VE 0.7V

and

VC 6.7V.

3. Repeat steps A.2 and observe the waveforms of the voltages V1 and V2 on the CRO. Decrease the
amplitude of the FG output voltage until the waveforms appear to be reasonably good sine waves.
4. Repeat step A.3, with the difference that only VR1 is a floating voltage in this case.
5. Repeat step A.4, again with the difference that only VR2 is a floating voltage in this case.
6. Take out the BJT from the circuit and measure its with the multimeter. Compare the measured
values of h21 with this value. It is difficult to correlate the values of the other h-parameters with
theory, and we will therefore not try to do that at this stage.
7. Verify on the basis of the measured values of the h-parameters that the inequalities h12V2 << VR1
and h22V2 << I2 are indeed satisfied.

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