Building Information Modeling

Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 3
Background to study....................................................................................................................... 4
Aim and objectives of the research................................................................................................. 5
Project delivery methods and BIM................................................................................................... 6
Structure of the study..................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE RIVIEW...................................................................................................... 9
Case Study- Application of BIM in Expeditionary Hospital Facility in United States of America..........................12
Case Study 2: Application of the BIM in Medical Research Lab (MRL):........................................................16
CASE STUDY-3 IMPLAMENTATION OF THE BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING IN THE REMOTE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS............................................................................................................ 18
References.................................................................................................................................... 29

Introduction
The gradual decrease in labor productivity particularly in construction industries provide significant impact on
the projects undertaken by construction companies in the past decades. Therefore, there is a huge need of skilled
labors to increase the productivity of the construction industries (Akin, 2011). The labor retention policies are
not properly invented and constructed by the industries and it is primary reason of less attractiveness of labor to
the industry. There is a big gap between the labor productivity of construction industries over the other
industries and they are depicted as follows.

The fragmented nature of construction industry is the primary cause of lack of productivity within the industry.
Most importantly, the traditional structure and approaches are being followed such as 2D Computer aided
technology by the construction industry (Bates, 2010). On the other hand, the construction manager does not
properly plan the roles and responsibilities and beside this, the traditional approaches do not support the
appropriate collaboration approach between the management of construction department with the employees. In
traditional CAD drawings the schedule and cost maintenance is not properly done and due to this particular
reason several conflicts occurs (Eastman, 2008). However, there is a significant reason is present that provide
critical impact on labor productivity is average lower payment in comparison to the other manufacturing
sectors. Construction industries do not have adequate resources and capabilities in the past decade. The
investors due to high risks and costs of the industry do not provide high amount of investment. The modern
3

technological development is not adapted by the construction industries, which is a major problem that results
in is decreasing the work quality as well as overall infrastructure development (Elizabeth and Adams, 2000). In
1970s, the 3D modeling technology is implemented by the construction industries but the major problem with
the modeling was higher costing that provides critical impact on the process of construction and development.
Nevertheless, in these current times, the 3D structural steel modeling is being used by the construction
industries that help in proving the quality work to the clients and hence the use of this model helps in creating a
better platform for overall infrastructure development. The adaption of building information modeling created a
revolutionary change in construction industries and after the outcome of the technology; the management and
organization are started realizing the need of the technological development (Elvin, 2007). Therefore, BIM is
become one of the most popular tools in communication industries and it is significantly used by the industries
to maintain the quality standards of the project, which are undertaken by the company. The past conflicts such
as gap between the employee and construction manager is reduced with the help of this building information
modeling and thus, the construction companies achieve successful project delivery.

Background to study
The building Information modeling is a three dimensional digital representation of building and its
characteristics that helps in development of the building as per the requirement of the client with great accuracy.
With the help of this model, each development area can be done effectively because each part is emphasized
with the help of this model. There are some parametric rules are develop with the help of this particular model
that helps in executing building components in an innovative way (Epstein, 2012). Each components view is
provide with the help of BIM and the adequate representation of data help in conducting the project effectively.
It takes less time to complete a particular deign of a building and it help the design engineer to concentrate on
the other functional activities rather than the designing process. Therefore, the time consumption for a particular
operation is become less and for this the other functional activities are done effectively and desired outcome of
project is easily achieved by the project manager. The national BIM standard officials stated that, digital and
functional characteristics of a particular building with the help of reliable source of data and provide suitable
decisions regarding the development and enhancement within the life cycle (Girard, 2009). Therefore, the BIM
can be regarded as the virtual modeling that provides immense impact on the construction projects because the
accuracy and preciseness results in enhanced development. It is important to communicate with the project
participants as per the need of the development that helps in dividing the roles and responsibilities of each
member. With the help of this particular model, the project manager that helps to fulfill the need of the
stakeholders conducts the enhanced communication. It is also evident from the various researchers that building
4

information modeling is the process that helps to establish an enhanced building information model with the
help of available data and innovative tools and techniques (Haindl and Filip, 2013). The 3D rendering are
evaluated from the building models that helps in executing the development of a project innovatively as well as
help to build up some building information that helps in further development. There are some practices of that
particular model in done within the organization to evaluate the outcome of a particular project and it is referred
as lonely BIM. The architectural design is conducted with the help of BIM but since it supports only the two
dimensional diagram therefore the design has to be made in 3D to evaluate the functional activities of the design
as well as the cost effectiveness policies that can be developed after critical analysis of the develop design.
Therefore, depending upon the suitability and cost effectiveness, the reliable models are selected by the design
engineers that will help to achieve desired output of a particular project and market reputation of the
construction company will be maintained as well as help to fulfill the need of the stakeholder significantly
(Ivanciuc and Klein, 2002). The collaborative approach of this particular model helps in maintaining healthy
relationship between the management and employees as well as help in sharing the models between the site
engineer, project manager, construction manager and subcontractors. After that as per the need of the
development of the project, the suitable team designing is conducted because the knowledge of all management
and technical personnel is taken under consideration to make suitable designs. On the other hand, initiative BIM
is a term that includes the construction manager, design team and contractor to share risks and reward among
them that helps in reducing the uncertainty from a project (Ivanciuc and Klein, 2002). The BIM integrated
project delivery is another factor that added some advantages to the clients and because lateness will not occur
due to the innovative stage deviation policies conducted by the modeling system. It is evident from the several
construction projects statistical data that Intimate and Social BIM helps in executing the projects
innovatively because the members of the project were encouraged with the help of collaboration approach and
they help to achieve better results of the project through cost effective process and reliable drawings in a short
time (Izrailev and Agrafiotis, 2001). Therefore, the overall time and cost of the project is reduced as well as the
quality is become extraordinary.

Aim and objectives of the research

The primary aim of the study is to understand the concepts of building information modeling and its tools to
determine the possible benefits to construction managers as well as to the construction companies.
The research objectives are as follows

To evaluate the purpose of using Building information model

5

To examine the components of Building Information model that provide value to the

investors
To understand the regulations and legal issue regarding the use of BIM
To indentify the impact of BIM implementation in construction industries
To examine the case studies of BIM of construction developments and gather in-depth
knowledge regarding the conflicts as well as the advantages of the model

Project delivery methods and BIM

The integrated project delivery and design and build methods are primarily used by the construction industries
but there are no restrictions of using BIM (Krygiel and Nies, 2008). Therefore, the project or construction
manager to enhance the productivity or efficiency of the project can implement BIM. Cost is one of the most
primary factors and it must be estimated or calculated properly with the help of innovative tools and techniques
of Building Information models. The cost overrun is a major risk that has to be eliminated from a particular
project with the help of using reliable tools otherwise the financial feasibility of the company will be
diminished. With the help of the model, the suitable 3D rendering will be done and they will help in maintaining
the cost scale innovatively and the company will achieve desired profitability. The safety analysis is one of the
major aspects that has to be conducted innovatively with great accuracy and preciseness otherwise the
regulatory permission of conducting the development will not be given (Kymmell, 2008). However, with the
help of BIM the reliable safety analysis is conducted because the three-dimensional view help in understanding
the impact of trembling that can affect the building as well as the wind analysis is also conducted. Therefore,
wind and trembling effect is properly analyse and as per the guidance the reliable development is conducted
that provides more safety and value to the building and the regulatory authorities are also approve the building
development proposal after reviewing the analysis results. Site logistics plans are being developed with the help
of this particular model. The construction manager plays an important role in entire project development and
reliable condition delivery approach is taken because it provides critical impact on the organizational structure
of the project. The proper understanding of BIM model must be present within the engineer and development
manager otherwise the adverse impact such as cost overrun may occur if the appropriate calculation and
designing is not done as per the standard guidelines (Lemkul, Allen and Bevan, 2010). There are some factors
are associated that provide immense impact on the cost of the project and therefore the reliable understanding
should be present that will help to eliminate the issue of cost overrun.

The construction manager along with the site engineer to eliminate the possible issues that can create a problem
to execute the project properly executes the risk delivery method. The roles and responsibilities are properly
divided to each team members with the hep through meeting and seminars (Luo, 2012). Most importantly, the
effective policy is undertaken for risk migration and it helps in maintaining the schedules of each stage of the
project.

Structure of the study

Chapter 1 IntroductionIt provides the clear and precise idea about the enetyi8re project as well as the pathway of the project can be
determined with the help of this chapter. However, the aims and objectives of the study are developed in this
chapter and as per the developed aims and objectives; the entire study is conducted innovatively. The case
studies related to BIM in construction industries are summarised in this chapter (Luo, 2012). Furthermore, the
reliable outcome and impact to the construction industry is provided with the help of this chapter.
Chapter 2 Literature review
This chapter concentrates on the concepts and models that are being used in construction industries and most
importantly, the critical issue were properly highlighted in this section.
Chapter 3 Discussion
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The overall discussion regarding the models and approaches taken in construction industries to make a project
economically viable and financially feasible is analysed in this section. The issues those results in success or
failure of the projects are also depicted in this chapter.
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendations
The summary of the gathered data and information will be underpinned in this section and this section will
provide a clear insight to the models and tools viability and reliability.
Chapter 5 Critical Reflection
The critical reflection of each chapter will be included in this section as well as it will help to provide a better
idea about the advantages and disadvantages of the models as per the requirements and needs of the building
structure.

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE RIVIEW

The concept of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) was coined in the year 1970 by Professor Charles
Eastman of Georgia Tech School of Architecture. There have many developments in BIM since its origin and
new factors have been include in its directory. The various fields for the application of BIM include structural
designing, cost estimation, detailing of the construction process, evaluation of the performance and the
availability of the latest technology (Baik et al., 2014). The BIM serves different purpose in different phases of
the construction which may be classified as pre-construction process, construction process and postconstruction process. Though idea of the BIM method was thoroughly discussed and researched but its practical
application in the construction industry started very late. The approach of BIM has broadenedover the years.
During the 1970s Building Description System (BDS) was used for creating better coordination in the design
phase of the construction. The BDS was referred as a database which was primarily used for describing the
buildings during the design phase of the construction. The BDS approach was also used for the creation of
models of the complex parts of the structure with detailed description.Even though BDS had huge application
such as reduction in cost of the design phase by increasing the efficiency of the drafting process but it was
popular among the architects.The main reason was the limitation of the available technology during that time
hence BDS was limited to few sectors like energy, architecture, and structural engineering.Thus a new approach
Graph Language for Interactive Design (GLIDE) was developed which included many aspects of BDS but also
had new tools for the exact evaluation of the cost and the design of the complete structure. The 2D drawings
developed using the GLIDE approach were more accurate and comprehensive. This approach was in practice
till late 1980s. Between late 1980s and early 1990s a new method called Building Product Model (BPM) came
up (Baik et al., 2014). BPM included various aspects such as cost estimation, design evaluation, and assessing
the work of the work of the constructors and builders. Unlike BDS and GLIDE approach the BPM was utilized
as project library which had all the data concerning total description of the project to the various process
involved in the completion of the project. This data was utilised by CAD professionals in the structural detailing
of the construction. However there was one drawback in BPM method, the BPM had only detailed information
of the project but the industrialists and builders wanted such an approach that can combine the information with
available knowledge for the efficient use of the design and proper management of the construction. Thus in
1995, Generic Building Model (GBM) technique was developed on the lines of BPM concept. Additionally
complete information about the existing and the future designs were incorporated into GBM that can come
useful in all the phases of the construction. The application of the GBM enhanced the efficiency of the
construction process. With changing times the construction operations have become more complex. New
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contours have been added in the design of the building structures which makes the construction of the building
even more challenging. In modern times the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
has increased a lot for the efficient construction of the projects adhering to the time-frame. This purpose was
fulfilled by Business Information Modelling (BIM). The BIM is being used in the construction industry
throughout the world. In the construction industry the BIM is used as tool that that can manage the data,
organization, responsibilities, and the various phases of the construction such as planning, Structural design,
Building Construction, Building Maintenance, and demolition of the building.The applications of BIM also
incorporateproper design management methodologies to increase the efficiency of the various phases of the
construction.

VARIOUS PHASES OF THE DEVELOPMENT IN BIM FROM 1970s TO 2013:

DEVELOPME

CONSTRUCTION PHASES

CATEGORY

NT
PRE-

CONSTRUCTI

POST-

CONSTRUCTI

ON

CONSTRUCTI

ON
BDS

YES

ON
NO
NO

Design Process

NO
GLIDE

YES

YES

Design

Process

and

Process

and

Estimation
NO
BPM

YES

YES

Design

Estimation and Process of

Construction

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NO
GBM

YES

YES

Design

Process

and

Estimation and Process of

Construction
Design

BIM

YES

YES

YES

Process

Estimation,

Process

and
of

Construction and ICT

From the year 2003 various construction industry observers such as Autodesk, Graph iSOFT and Bentley
System had decided to use the phrase Building Information Modelling for the description of the digital
demonstration of the building structures. The application of the BIM software varies according to the different
levels sophistication of the software which further depends upon the quality and the quantity performance
required(Chan and Armenakis, 2014). There are various levels in the BIM software which ranges from 0-3.
Inthe first level that is 0 level the BIM software acts as an unmanaged 2D computer aided design (CAD)
software that can perform the task of exchanging the electronic or simple data. In the level 1 the BIM software
acts as managed 2D or 3D CAD software which can perform standardized data structuring and formatting.
However in case of the commercial data the software is managed by separate by finance and cost management
packages. The level 2 of the BIM software is sufficiently managed 3D CAD software that incorporates special
BIM tools to analyze the various costing data as well as maintaining the conditions of the environment. The
third level of the BIM software is the most sophisticated among the other levels, in which the procedures are
integrated with the help of web services.At this level the BIM software provide assistance in the complete
project management by utilizing 4D production process, 5D Costing Data and 6D data package.
The BIM software are currently developed byAsite Solutions Pvt. Ltd(U.K), Design Data(U.S.), Bentley
Systems Incorporation(U.S), Archidata Incorporation(Canada), Solibri Incorporation(Finland), Dassault System
S.A(France), Autodesk Incorporation(U.S.), etc.
In this literature review various case studies has been reviewed. Since the construction of the buildings involves
complex processes and requires the processing of thousands of data, structural drawings, and documents, there
is possibility of a mismatch in the communication process which can lead to the loss of the valuable data. Thus
BIM software is required for the efficient management of the data. This improves the reliability and helps to
maintain the uninterrupted flow of the data. The literature review will assess the application of BIM in some of
the existing constructions and try to find how the application of BIM has simplified the complete construction
process. The literature review also dwells into the various benefits and limitation of BIM and what might be the
11

domains in which BIM can be applied during the construction process. The literature review also explains
various tools of BIM that are necessary for the integration of the various delivery approaches.
The three case studies presented in this literature revieware based on the data collected through the existing
construction process where BIM has been applied in the planning and the programming stages(Chan and
Armenakis, 2014). The data compiled in this literature review focuses on how the application of BIM tools has
supported the builders and construction engineers during the various stages of the construction. The cases
presented in this review are unique in terms of the challenges in the construction process and the areas of
application of the BIM tools.

Case Study- Application of BIM in Expeditionary Hospital Facility in United States of America.

OVERVIEW:
The construction cost of the health care facilities has increased a lot in the current times due extensive
utilization of expensive construction materials such as steel and copper. These factors have increased the
challenge of completing the construction period within the stipulated cost and time. This has led the engineers
and the builders look for new tools that will help them in optimizing the construction process and thereby
reducing the overall cost of the process (Manning, 2008). With the increase in population the demand for better
healthcare facilities which can provide modern facilities has increased manifold. Many health care buildings are
being constructed in U.S with a lot of money invested by the government(Dore and Murphy, 2013).Thus
builders were needed to derive new construction methods to increase the financial efficiency of the projects.The
literature review assess the construction of the 8920 gsm hospital which has been planned as a fixed facility
hybrid centre with service life of more than 50 years. This hospital has been set in compliance with the
standards that have been laid down by the North American regional medical centre.In the early stages it took
nearly thirty months for conceptualization of the project, getting proper approvals from the concerned
authorities and contracting of the construction of the facility as it has been found in the existing literatures. The
scholars have noted in their study that the complete 2D design of the construction is shown by the double line
drawings and the plan of the rooms and all medical equipment are shown with the help of the 2D block
diagrams. It also shows the designated numbers of the medical equipment that are concerned to a particular
medical room and their numbers related to the planning database of the equipment. In their study scholars have
12

pointed out that this process had many limitations in the actual implementation of the project as the new design
process cannot maintain the original dimensions of the room size for different room. This prompted the
researchers to look out for new approach for the conceptual layouts.
Design and Documentation with Architectural BIM Tools:
The scholars have found that the new BIM tools helped to remove this limitation to a great extent. The existing
literature shows that Autodesk Revit was used for nearly 200 hours to generate the complete design of the
building. The use of this BIM tool led to the generation of more detailed design of this structure which was not
possible earlier. The new CAD design included the view of the plans of the different rooms and their sectional
views. The layout has described the relationship between the various departments in simple colors. The CAD
design has also represented various rooms in 3D with highlighting the passage for the patients from the trauma
rooms through the equipment rooms and the surgery rooms. The highlighted path then leads to the recovery
wards and the intermediate care ward. According to the researchers the main advantage of this design was that
the designated mechanical pressure requirement for each room is shown on the floor plans by using different
colors (Manning, 2008). The design plan also indicated the ceiling materials used in every room with the help of
a unique color scheme. Additionally the design plans give a detailed view of the correlated color temperatures
(CCT), Structural strength of individual wards and the installation of the fire alarms in various places. The new
design plan eliminated the need for complex calculations in the design process. This programme enabled the
designers to validate the compliance of the design of the structures according to required specifications.This
design also enables the builders to get the multiple views of the structures and to derive exact detail of the
structures from the model. The existing literature has shown that in the earlier hospital projects the cost of the
construction used to get escalated due to certain structures such as windows, doors and the bulk electrical
connections, as it was not possible to estimate the actual quantity of these structures required and their
dimensions. The BIM model eliminated this limitation in previous modeling systems by effectively calculating
the dimensions and requirement of these structures(Dore and Murphy, 2013). The use of the parametric tools in
the BIM model enables to save the time from doing manual calculations and allowed the builders to focus
properly in meeting the electrical and communication requirement of the structures. The application of the
parametric tools of the BIM led to more collaboration among the various design features of the plan and made
the design more user friendly.

13

Figure Courtesy: Departmental Adjacency Plan

Advantages of the Application of the BIM:
The main advantage of the BIM modeling system was that it is a time efficient method as compared to the
earlier modeling tools. The parametric tools of the BIM increase the collaboration among the various schedules
and thus facilitate in reducing the total time required for the process. The tools in the BIM modeling system also
enables the easy interchanging of the drawings and the dimensions between the metric and the imperial units
14

without the need of any coding system.This feature facilitates the coordination among the planning team, users
and the contractors. The parametric tools of the BIM enable the changes of the references in the plan
automatically and update the iso-metric view according to the changes made, which was not possible with the
help of the earlier design modules. In earlier methods the updating of the changes in the cross references and the
iso-metric view was very time consuming (Manning, 2008). This limitation was eliminated by the parametric
tools of the BIM by which the set-cross reference can easily updated. The existing literatures shows that the
complete design of the hospital buildings and its facilities were again published on an 1117 sheets of paper due
to lack of the adequate printing technology of the owner and the review team of the user. Thus it was decided
that the drawings would be printed in a set of 60 pages which will be crossed with each other intricately such
that the line in one sheet can be studied with the lines of the second sheet. In the earlier modeling software tools
such as the Revit the time required for updating of the changes in thecross-references was very time
consuming whereas the BMI modeller took just 40 minutes to verify the changes and to check if the new
changes can change the original configuration of the drawings. These new drawings are then sent for the review.
Another benefit of BIM is that can facilitate better coordination among the various stages of the construction
process by allowing the planner to express the details of the plans such as the sectional and the isometric views
of the plan, to the owner before it is send to the building builder. To facilitate this process the planners of the
building first provided the conceptual detail of the plan to the owner before the plan is translated according to
the dimensions of the vendor or the contractor. The result of using this tool was that the end-result was very
similar to the architectural BIM.
Figure: Expeditionary Trauma Area

2006 Schematic BIM model

Figure: Expeditionary Case work area

15

2007 constructed Facility

2006 schematic BIM model

2007 Constructed Facility

Image source: BIM implement project, US

Disadvantages In the implementation of the BIM:

There are still some challenges that are faced in the complete utilization of the BIM tools which are as follows:

The major challenge is faced in the transfer of the information from a particular phase to another phase

during the review of the concept (Manning, 2008).

Also there is a lack of knowledge among the planners about the various parametric tools in BIM. These

challenges prevent the use of BIM in complete potential.

There is lack of knowledge among planners about the implementation of BIM in the primary and the

secondary sources.
There was also lack of knowledge among the various stakeholders of the project about their role in the

application of the BIM.

The designers are also not able to take automatic measurement with the application of BIM.
The planners find it hard to use the application of BIM because of the unproven means and methods
associated with it.

Case Study 2: Application of the BIM in Medical Research Lab (MRL):

The second case study that has been used in this literature review is the renovation of the medical research
laboratory (MRL) in a hospital in the United States of America. In this renovation programme the architectural
and the planning of the project is done with the help of the BIM tool. The available literature on the planning of
16

the MRL renovation shows that the existing building of the MRL was inadequate to carry out the research
activities. The infrastructure available in the existing building of the MRL was also in a poor condition and
hence the whole facility needed immediate renovation. The project however had just eight months window to
finalize the complete project plan before issuing the RFP. There were various factors that were needed to be
taken care of by the planning team of the project such as the planning of the project, programming review of the
project, sources of finance for the project and proper reviewing the project before contracting. In this project the
planning team utilized the BIM for the initial planning of the project. The parametric tools of the BIM were
utilized to estimate the total space occupied by the various departments and the level of occupancy of each
room(Sznyi, 2010). Thus to remove any kind of out dated information in the earlier drawings of the building,
the planning team utilized the advanced tools of the BIM to carry out the following tasks:

The planning team first estimated the baseline for the occupancy of every department.
This information is utilized to update the current departments in every room and the level of occupancy.
The planning team then calculated the area of each room in square foot.
Then the primary planning is done to gauge the initial impact of the renovation.
The 3D models are generated for viewing by the individual partners.

The BIM was used for the implementation of the above mentioned tasks. Each and every room related to any
department is represented by a unique color scheme. The BIM also enable the planners to represent the level of
occupancy of each department. The BIM tool also allowed the planners to quickly update the changes in the
current conditions of the facility. Whereas earlier a lot time used to get wasted in the site plan. This time was
invested in planning the future design of the renovated MRL.
The modeling of the renovated MRL completely took 80 man hours including the duration of the drawing
review. This approach helped to minimize the cost of the complete project by around 55%. This model also
helped the planning review to compare the current spaces available in the rooms with the spaces of the
renovated rooms. Eleven project delivery team members (PDT) were created, which has varying level of
exposure with the application of the BIM in the earlier projects. The available information about the report
submitted by the PDTs has shown that the members of the PDT has verified the fact that the application of the
BIM has increased their scope of understanding about the project which was earlier not possible when BIM was
not utilized during the programming stage.They also found that the application of the BIM tools helped the
planning team to meet the set objectives of the owner. It was there was an overall consensus among all the
persons related to the project that the application of BIMK tool helped to represent the complete scope of the
project in order to acquire the required investment for the project. There was good enthusiasm among the user
of the project about the application of the BIM tools as the visualization features of the BIM enable them to
17

attain proper understanding about the project during the programming phase of the project. The BIM has
facilitated in the above mentioned project in the following ways :

It provided instant visualization.

Fast generation of the required documents that is necessary for the project development phase.
Quick updating of the changes that are necessary during the concept development phase.
It reduces the total man-hours required for the completion of the project.
It increases the communication among the various teams involved in the project.

In this project BIM has helped to improve the effectiveness of the various teams involved in the project by
efficiently executing the tasks.

Disadvantages In the implementation of the BIM:

The application of involves a lot of financial risk especially in the case of limited budget projects.
The designers are still sceptical about the use of the BIM in health care sectors.
The transaction of the business process is also another disadvantage for the application of the BIM

as it can put additional cost burden.

The computability of the digital data to obtain a practical outcome is also an challenge in the
application of BIM.

CASE STUDY-3 IMPLAMENTATION OF THE BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING IN THE

REMOTE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.

The construction of the projects becomes more challenging when they are situated in a remote area. In the
remote construction sites problems occur in the communication which hampers effective management. In the
remote sites there is also the lack of personnel having the desired skills and inadequate resources.This
aggravates the problem of coordination when sometimes the parties involved in the project are situated in
different countries. Since the existing technologies are not enough for the effective implementation of the
project at the remote construction site hence there was a need for a proper computer based management system
that can handle the issues related to the management and communication among the various departments
involved in the project. It has been found in the existing studies that the lack of proper communication systems
18

can cause serious problems during any case of emergency which can also affect the recovery from the problem.
To mitigate these issues BIM was implemented in the remote construction sites. The literature review assess the
impact of using BIM tool by evaluating a case of the construction process at remote site.

Application of BIM in building lifecycle management:

The existing literature defines BIM as an effective information and communication tool that can make the
construction process more efficient.The BIM is defined as a database infrastructure which comprise of all the
constructed facilities and it can be represented in a different viewpoint as specified by the owners. With the
application of the BIM that can stimulate the entire building process and can estimate the effects of the various
phases on the complete building lifecycle. Through BIM programming all the information about the various
phases can be integrated to generate the complete lifecycle of the project. In BIM all the sections of the building
is represented digitally and establish the relationship among the different sections. This digital information is
used to create the collaboration the various stake holders of the project. The construction life cycle include
processes such as procurement of the raw materials and the designing of the building. The designing part of the
project is sub divided among three architects. The work of these architects is then combined. But this process
has its limitation as it raises the complexity in the final design process. The use of the BIM among the
construction industry has been preferred in the current times to improve the exchange of the data among the
various stakeholders of the project. The BIM programming completely streamline the project and give the
complete detail of the project. The BIM also provide various methodologies to effectively manage the site of a
construction.
Geospatial Information

Legal Information

Financial Information

Designer Information

Specifier Information

End User/Owner

Environmental Information

19

BIM Information
Sustainers

Figure: Communication, collaboration and Visualization with BIM model

The Case Study Company: John McCalls Architects:

The John McCalls Architect is an organization that provide architectural solutions to various people and
different organization in different parts of the world. The organization was set up in the year 1991 and has been
involved in the designing and construction of buildings since then. The main focus of the company is the social
housing sector and the private housing sector. The organization provide sustainable, economic and environment
friendly design which have a long life cycle. The construction project undertaken by JMA generally has
duration of three years and involves many stake holders which involve a lot of data transfer among the various
stake holders.
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Earlier the organization was utilizing the 2D CAD tool to optimize the construction process. But 2D modelling
has various limitations which are as follows:

Not able to maintain the deadline

Not proper timescale
Disrupted supply chain.
Excess production
Time taking consequent task
Inefficient data management
Lack of proper communication channels

Thus the organization was required to overcome the various limitations of the 2D in orderto:

Have better coordination among the various production phases.

Have better time efficiency.
Have effective business management.
Improve cost efficiency.

Approach for implementation BIM:

The JMA took a new KTP project for which both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was
needed.The main objectives of the research are as follows:
1) To develop a new system.
2) To discuss the new system with the employees of the JMA so that the can reach a definite conclusion
which is acceptable by all.
3) To facilitate sharing of knowledge among the researchers and the engineers.
4) To simulate the actual problems that can come up during the construction process and developing
various methodologies to overcome those challenges.

The research process adopted various steps to evolve a new system. The various steps are as follows:

Diagnosis: To properly conduct an assessment of the existing methodologies and identify various areas

to maximize the gains.

Planning for action: To estimate the new business management path and the new system that has to
undertake.
21

Undertaking Action: Implementation of the new system and the utilization of the BIM.
Evaluation: Evaluation of the results that has been obtained and to determine whether it matches the predetermined standards.

Review of the current practices:

The intent for reviewing the current practices have been to evaluate the various challenges and issues in the
existing practice and derive a new way to improve the cost efficiency of the project. The finalisation of the
project needed five key members. One member should be a BIM programmer and a designer who had an
experience in executing lean management projects. The other two members of the decision making system are a
researcher and a director of the company. Another important member of the decision making team is an
architect. The review of the existing system helps to determine how the various tools of the BIM model help the
organization to meet the requirements.The decision making team has to identify a way so that the transition
from the old system to the new system go on smoothly. The JMA Company was using the Microstation tool
since its operations started. But due its limitations in the current scenario of construction process the company
started using the ArchiCAD toolwhich was adopted as the BMI tool as it was possible to get the desired output
from this tool. The areas where the ArchiCAD tool provided significant improvement are as follows:

The quality of the products offered by the JMA.

The time of delivery of the projects improved a lot.
Minor changes or adjustment were easily made in the design by the use of the various parametric tools.
Exact and significant 2D drawings were generated which offered clear view of every section.
Determination of the errors in the design was made simple.
There was an improvement in the information sharing process among the various departments involved

in the process.
Simultaneously many designs can be created for the various sections.

The main task of the organization is to first understand the main motive and the requirements of the customer
and using a holistic approach to make the building which can meet the requirements.The organization also has
to undertake the site management and had to provide various information regarding the construction. To achieve
the set requirements the company has to facilitate efficient communication management. The various
undertaken by the company is illustrated in the below figure:

22

EXTER

CO

External Stakeholders

CONNECT

The actions that are performedisclassified on the basis of five themes. The application of the BIM tool in
facilitating these actions is described below in detail:
1. Thinking In The Architectural Process:
Thinking is an integral part of the design process. The thinking process is undertaken on the basis of the
collaboration between different actions. The BIM tool has enabled the decision makers to involve
interaction in the thinking process. Since the construction of the buildings is a very complex process
hence adequate technologies are developed to efficiently manage the entire operations. But the
23

PRO

researchers have cautioned that the proper distinction has to be made in thinking for the efficiency of the
job and in thinking for using different BIM tool. Thus the tool should facilitate the designers about
which decision is important for the execution of the task.
It has been found that for developing a successful design proper thinking it very necessary. The multiple
ways of thinking process are: proprioceptive method, creating patterns, signifying the role played,
modelling and transformation, synaesthesia and synosia, alternate thinking, synthesis thinking, analog
thinking. These thinking methods can facilitate the decision making process and generate effective
information.
2. Collection of the information a part of the architectural process:
In the modern times there has been lot information that has been generated in the architectural field. The
effectiveness of the BIM tools depends on the proper data to meet the requirements of the building
project. The compilation of the complete data is necessary for the make the project a reality. This
process is important as the data generation remains an integral part of the construction business. The
method for the compilation of data and the application of the data in a current time is very important.
Sometimes the architectural process throws a unique challenge, for which collection of new data is very
important to successfully complete the project. The various sources of knowledge is illustrated in the
below diagram:

24

Figure Source: Journal Of Information Technology In construction

3. Creation a part of the architectural process:

The application of the BIM is a very useful way of eliminating the errors by simulation of the entire
construction process.The feedbacks of the reviews that are given by the end users are used to do certain
modifications in the design. This operation is facilitated by BIM. For the creation of the building designs
various factors are important such as functionality of the design, sustainability of the design, practicality and
the affordability of the design.The ICT used should be able to the data of both the organization and the
25

building. The evaluation of the various aspects of the design is done in multiple steps.The creation of the
design can be done inside out or outside in. But only BIM tools are not sufficient enough to carry out this
task.To facilitate this application the architectural building information has to be first created before using
the BIM tools.
4.Correcting as part of the architectural process:
In designing of the buildings the rectification of the non-performing elements of the structure is very
important so that the final design may match the needs of user.Since the BIM tools has many automation
features that facilitate effective corrections in the design and enable better design of the building.Application
of a single BIM tool in the design process results in better consistency in the planning, elevations and
scheduling. In the 3D models the errors are less likely to occur in comparison with the 2D models. The BIM
tool has a important feature to detect clash while coordinating data among various departments. The project
undertaken by JMA uses the blue think technologies to integrate the various knowledge regarding the
project.
5. Connecting as part of the architectural process:
The main advantage of the BIM model is that data can be transferred at a faster in BIM as compared to
CAD. The information that is transferred should satisfy the needs of the user of that information. In the
construction business the sharing of data among various peoples such as the planner of the building,
regulation officer, client
the building contractors.In
the BIM
model a virtual environment is created
Toolsand
to effectively
managing the
company
to facilitate the better communications among the various departments involved in the construction
process. Thus an organization has to develop a proper data management strategy to effectively
Accounting
communicateTask

Employee Source Of Data Method

Marketing

General

Time Schedule

Task Data

Contact

Library

Quality Manual
Press Releases

Talk

Forms Of Task
Resume

Expenditure

Internet

Admin
Office Manuals

Help

Leave

Feedback

Office

Staff Issues
26

Old Data

Task Review

C.V
Inventory

Process
Trackin
g

Start and
End
Points

Marketin
g
material

Flowchart of the data utilised in JMA construction process and the Data sharing structure

Application of BIM in a remote Construction Process:

In JMA, the ArchiCAD tool has been used in the construction of the current project. The application of the
ArchiCAD increased the efficiency of the overall construction process. Since the 2D CAD drawings were
already made for the project hence the BIM model of each sections were planned quickly. This enabled to
quickly compare the 2D CAD drawings with the models generated using the BIM tools. This operation was
necessary to estimate the accuracy, consistency and delivery time of the models and to coordinate with
clients in a better way. The architects of this project were situated in Liverpool and the primary construction
company was situated in Cheshire. The sub-contracts were given to various organizations that were located
in different parts of the world. The construction site was located in Manchester. The main feature of this
project was the implementation of BIM tool during the programming of the project. The application of the
BIM tool improved the decision making of the management and the transfer of the data among the various
departments involved in the construction.
A lightweight primary design of the project was created by JMA which was the main architectural company.
The design was built using the BIM model. This BMI model was transferred to the main contractor which
was further transferred down the line to the other sub-contracting company and finally with the management
27

team based at the remote construction site. The light version of the BIM model is very easy to run as it can
be opened in any computer having windows browser. The information regarding the schedules of the
various sections of the building and the quantities required was also generated through the BIM model. This
data is also transferred to the main contractor for his further referencing. The main contractor uses the
transferred data to correlate with the actual site share the findings with all the stakeholders. The
understanding of the requirements of the project is also very important to properly arrange the various steps
that will ultimately improve the efficiency of the BIM. The objects that are used for reference in BIM
modelling are also useful to increase the efficiency of the BIM modelling. The new arrangement was first
used in the assembly of the kitchens and the bathrooms. The new system generated new 2D and 3D views of
the sections quickly which helped the stakeholders to come to a better conclusion. The experience of the
company staff in working with the 3D models also increased significantly by working on this project. The
various advantages of working in the 3D model are as follows:

Specific and relevant data is generated in the 3D modelling.

3D modelling gives the complete detailed information of the building.
The proper data generated by 3D modelling removes any scope of misunderstandings in

the communication among the various stakeholders.

The detailed view of the 3D model helps in putting the right order for the construction

material.
3D modelling helps in proper site management from remote locations.
The 3D modelling enables the stakeholders to do proper assessment of the safety of the
team working on the actual site.

Thus the application of the BIM modelling in thenew project enabled the planners and all other involved
stakeholders in the project, to mitigate the risk that is generated in building construction process.The application
of the BIM eliminated the various limitations of the earlier programming methods and played an important role
in the completing the project within the stipulated time and money.The information gathered by the application
of the BIM modelling techniques were preserved in the JMAs directory for future reference.
On the basis of the researches done by evaluating the various case studies about the application of the BIM
modelling in the building construction process, many important findings which can be useful while planning the
future construction process. The literature review shows that the data can be used multiple times and efficiently
in various construction sites with application of the BIM. The research study shows that the application of the
BIM model in the construction process facilitate the consistent flow of information among the various
stakeholders. The BIM modelling affects the different phases of construction differently and thus helping the
construction managers to streamline the process. From the detailed review of the above mentioned case studies
28

it was found that the BIM modelling is an effective tool to resolve important problems associated with the
construction process. These results will help in evolving new methods and developing new approach for the
future construction projects.
Disadvantages In the implementation of the BIM:

The interoperability of the information generated through the application of BIM into a useful

data is also a big challenge in the application of BIM.

The adoption of the BIM also requires a huge sum as an initial investment.
The implementation of the new technology effects the flow of work and hinders the progress of the

project.
Since many stakeholders of the project are not sure about the application of BIM, as they perceive

that it may affect their chances in the competitive bidding.

There is also an issue of the ownership of the data generated by the BIM which can lead to the
going of the useful data into the hands of the rival companies.

Research methodology:

29

The main intent for the research study is to gather knowledge as much as possible from the various sources
available. The research methodology is used to find the solutions to the various problems that has been raised in
the literature review of the research study. In the initial part of the research methodology, the various methods
and application of the BIM in the case studies mentioned in the literature review. Then the research
methodology evaluates the various application of the building information modelling in the different situations.
The methodologies for conducting the research is appropriate to collect the relevant data and information and
helps to get a definite conclusion about the topic. This helps in reaching the main objectives and goals for the
research study. This research study tries to explore the various sampling and scientific tools to evaluate the
various results (Chan and Armenakis, 2014). In this research study the approach adopted for the research is the
case study of the application of the BIM in various countries in different construction project. The case study
method is used to contribute to our understanding about the various aspects of the application of BIM. The case
study adopted in the research study includes the application of BIM in the health care industry and in a remote
construction site in United States of America. The research methodology helped to identify the various
capabilities of BIM and the existing barriers in implementation of Building Information Modelling. The various
methods that is used in the research study is explained in the following sections. The research study also
identifies the various ways to bridge the gap between the thinking of the designers, engineers and the
implementation of the design in the real scenario (Chan and Armenakis, 2014).
Research Method Used:
The main research methodology used in this research is the case study analysis, where the various projects are
examined where Building Information Modelling is used in the various aspects of the construction. This
approach helps to get a practical view about the various aspects of building information modelling and the
issues related to the application of BIM. The various findings of the research study is explained through
graphical representation.

Research Proposal:
In the initial case study the application of building information modelling in the Health care industry in United
States of America. The case study showed the application of BIM in the expeditionary hospital facility in United
States of America. From the case study it has been found that the main purpose for the use of building
information modelling in the expansion of the health care facility in United States was to optimize the value
stream which are very important in the current scenario of the health care industry in United States. The second
case study deals with application of the Building information modelling in the renovation of the existing
medical research laboratory and creating additional facility for conducting research in the laboratory. This
research study deals with the increase in the productivity of the construction projects due to the use of BIM. The
third case study deals with various aspects in which the building information modelling can be used in the
remote construction industry. The BIM methodology uses a thorough study of the various BIM tools like the
Autodesk and Revit. The Autodesk is the major software provider for the construction industry. The
various findings in the case study was used to evaluate the performance of the application of the BIM in the
above mention cases and the various demerits and barriers of the application of the BIM in the above cases.
The method for gathering the information for the research study which was conducted on the different cases of
construction, was to conduct a thorough review of the areas and aspects in which the BIM tools were used in the
30

case study. The various stages of the projects were also evaluated including the designing and the programming
phases. The complete information is collected throughout the period of construction and all the different
information that is generated assembled. In the case of the expeditionary hospital project the information is
gathered from the starting of the design phase to the realization of the complete project. The various changes
that were incorporated in the different stages of the project was also evaluated. The complete time period taken
for this task was around twenty months. The hospital was constructed as a complete building which was built
along an existing structure. The data regarding the medical research laboratory was gathered from the initial
programming stages and the planning stages to the stage in which the request for proposal are issued. The
complete data was collected for a period of 10 months. The complete concept of the medical research laboratory
was based on the renovation of the existing facilities in the building. In both cases of the hospital construction
and the medical research laboratory the Autodesk Revit and the Architecture 2008 were used as the BIM tools
which were applied in the various aspects of the construction. In the expeditionary hospital project the various
stakeholders were situated in Germany, U.S. and the countries in the Middle East (Dore and Murphy, 2013).
The end users of the project were based in the Middle East and the main contractor for the project was located
in Europe. The contractors that provided the technical support to the project was located in the United States.
The different organizations which issued the various permits and licences necessary for the project was situated
in the different countries.
The medical research laboratory project was based in the United States. The different stakeholders of the project
are located in the different states of the project. In case of the medical research laboratory project an additional
programming survey was done to evaluate for the project delivery team. The third project was based on the
application of the BIM in the remote construction scenario. The project was undertaken under the guidance of
the UK department of trade and Industry. This case study is performed for the assessment of the BIM tools in
the construction industry. The main construction company is John McCalls Architects (JMA) which is located
in England (Dore and Murphy, 2013). The research methodology adopted for this project helps to create an
environment where a thorough information is generated about the project. The research study helps to identify
the architectural techniques adopted by the JMA and the collaboration among the various departments involved
in the project. The research methodology thus adopted analyse the real world situations where the Building
information Modelling is used tries to address the problems which can arise out of the real life situations. On the
basis of the research methodology it was noted that the companies should improve its strategies in the following
ways:

By improving the collaboration among the various departments involved in the construction process.
By implementing the latest technology available to improve the efficiency of the construction process.
Improving the scheduling of the construction process.

INCLUSION CRITERIA
Case Studies
31

Expeditionary
Hospital Facility

Types Of Studies :
The Journal Is published In English Language.
The Publication Date is 2008.
The studies should be applicable in any kind type of building.
The studies involves the secondary data analysis in order to get a proper
understanding from the existing research done on the topic.
Types Of Outcome Measure:

Medical
Research
Laboratory

Logistical Difficulty i.e. getting a proper journal on the Building Construction

Management.
Technical Difficulty like the compilation of the various data generated from the
Research Study.
Relational Difficulty like the taking the help of friends and the family members in
doing the research.
Conceptual Problems like deriving a proper conclusion from the various studies
conducted.

Types Of Studies :
The Journal Is published In English Language.
The Publication Date is 2008.
The studies should be applicable in any kind of renovation facility.
The Authors name is Russell Manning.

The studies involves the secondary data analysis in order to get a proper
understanding from the existing research done on the topic.
Types Of Outcome Measure:

Application
BIM
In
Remote
32

Logistical Difficulty i.e. getting a proper journal on the Building Construction

Management.
Technical Difficulty like the compilation of the various data generated from the
Research Study.
Relational Difficulty like the taking the help of friends and the family members in
doing the research.
Conceptual Problems like deriving a proper conclusion from the various studies
conducted.

Of Types Of Studies :
a
The journal is published only in the English language.
The date of Publication of the journal is 2012.

Construction Site

The Studies is applicable to any type of remote construction project.

The secondary data analysis done on the basis of the research gives a clear
understanding about the Application of the Building information modelling in a
remote construction site.

Types Of Outcome Measure:

33

Logistical Difficulty i.e. getting a proper journal on the Building Construction

Management.
Technical Difficulty like the compilation of the various data generated from the
Research Study.
Relational Difficulty like the taking the help of friends and the family members in
doing the research.
Conceptual Problems like deriving a proper conclusion from the various studies
conducted.

Exclusion Criteria

Case Studies

34

Expeditionary
Hospital
Facility

35

Types Of Studies:

The journals are not published in English language.

The date of publication in before 2002.
Not formally published
Non-availability of proper data and information.
No proper methodology present in the studies.

Discussion:
This section gives a complete overview of the complete research study. In this section the various aspects of the
implementation of Building Information Modelling is discussed thoroughly.

Literature review:
In the literature review of this research study the proper definition of the Building Information Modelling is
given. The literature review shows that the concept of BIM was first coined by Professor Charles Eastman of
the Georgia Tech School of Architecture. The literature review also discusses that from the initial years of its
inception the BIM modelling has evolved a lot in the modern times. The various stages of development of the
building information modelling has been discussed in this section. The data for the literature review is collected
from the various journals and scholarly articles. In the initial years the construction basically used Building
Description System (BDS) which was basically applicable in the pre-construction stage. It was primarily used to
evolve a better coordination among the various elements of the design phase. The literature review also
discusses that the BDS was popular among the architects and the designers due the technological limitation
during those times. To address this demerit a new version was introduced which was called GLIDE (Graph
language For Interactive Design). This new version had many features similar to the BDS but it could also
evaluate the costing of the complete structure on the basis of the design of the buildings. This helped the
36

planners to get a proper idea about the various financial implication of the project and could also do a feasibility
study on the basis of the information generated through GLIDE. The literature points out the GLIDE system
was able to generate 2D models of the buildings and those were much accurate and explained in detail as
compared to the earlier version. But during the 1990s a newer version of GLIDE entered the market which was
called BPM (Building product model). With the application of the building product modelling the architects and
builders were able to carry out the cost estimation of the project, evaluation of the complete design and the
distribution of the work among the different phases. The BPM can also be used like a database where the
various information regarding the project id stored which can be easily referred when necessary. The literature
review discusses that this information was useful for the CAD professionals to give proper detailing of the
structures. The main limitation of the building product modelling was that it was unable to compile the
complete information that is generated thus was unable to draw a common conclusion. Thus a new approach
Generic Building Modelling was adopted to improve the efficiency of the construction process. But as the
construction business has become more challenging and the designs of the Structures are more difficult thus the
information and communication technology (ICT) is added to the existing system. This system was called
Business Information modelling (BIM) (Hetti Arachchige and Perera, 2014). The literature review shows that
BIM has been used throughout the world in various construction projects. The main advantage of the BIM from
the earlier version is that, BIM is useful in all the phases of construction; the preconstruction phase, the post
construction phase and the building construction period. But there were some barriers in the expansion of BIM
due to the lack of knowledge among the planners about the application of BIM. The planners were also sceptical
about the practicality of the information generated through the BIM.

Case study review:

The primary case study is done in the application of the Building Information modelling in the expeditionary
hospital facility in the United States. Since the construction cost materials has increase a lot in the recent times
and thus it has become difficult to construct projects which limited budget (Korobkov, 2003). Thus it has
become very essential for the designers to look for new tools to reduce the cost of the project and improve
efficiency. Since the government of USA has decided to improve the health care facility throughout the country
various hospitals were constructed (Hetti Arachchige and Perera, 2014). But due to the budgetary constraints the
company has to adopt Building Information Modelling in the different aspects of the construction. The hospital
is 50 bedded general hospital. In this case the BIM was used to produce the complete 2D drawings of the
project. The Building information modelling is also used to generate the plans of the individual rooms. With the
application of the BIM it was possible to specify the type and the number of equipment that is required in a
specific rooms. The room numbers and the proper information about the type of rooms is also given in the plan
generated by building information modelling. The literature review shows that the different methodology is
taken up for the development of the conceptual layout. Since in this project only a single person has the
complete understanding about the application of the BIM. This caused problems in the implementation of the
BIM. The design plans included the various sections of the building, views of the building from the various
sides, colour scheme depicting the floor materials and the ceiling materials used in the buildings. The air
pressure required for each room is also shown in the plan. The area allotted to each rooms were evaluated
automatically. In case of any changes in the actual plan of the building it can be simply updated by the BIM and
the necessary adjustments in the plan can be done with the use of the various BIM parametric tools. The
information represented with the application of the building information modelling can be viewed through the
37

various angles and is useful in generating the accurate information that is required for the construction of the
building. The various parts of the building which generally increases the time of delivery of the project such as
the doors, windows and frames can be accurately calculated with the use of the building information modelling
(Korobkov, 2003). The information regarding these sections can be easily updated in the overall plan. Even
though various benefits were noted in the project about the implementation of the building information
modelling in the construction programme there are certain limitations that were noticed during the case study of
the project, which were not letting the complete implementation of the Business Information modelling. The
main limitation was the change in the format of the drawings from a particular entity to another entity. There
were also some issues regarding the transfer of the information from a particular stage of the construction to
another stage of the construction. The planners involved in the initial stages of the construction were also not
properly aware of the various concepts of the parametric tools that is incorporated in building information
modelling.
The second case study is based on the renovation of the medical research laboratory that is in a very bad
condition and it need an urgent renovation. Also the existing facility is expanded and the new plans were
developed for the individual sections in the laboratory. AS demonstrated in the literature review that the health
care industry is a critical industry which has many challenges associated with it. Thus BIM tools are used by the
planners to effectively execute the plans so that the construction of the building can be completed in the
stipulated time and cost. Since the budget available for the project was limited so the efficiency of the
construction process becomes much more important. The present condition of the building was that it was
sufficient enough to conduct proper research in the building. These compelled the authorities to plan the
renovation of the medical research laboratory. The problems that the planners faced during the project was the
time available for the completion of the project was very limited. The planners decided to implement the
building information modelling in the planning stage of the production. The BIM method was used in the
identification of rooms used by each department and the available area occupied by the individual rooms. The
planners faced a very difficult situation in this project as the information and the plan of the existing building
given to them was not up to date and has many factual errors (Tolvaisas, 2010). This resulted in the loss of the
time and money, which otherwise could have been used in the completion of the other parts of the project. Thus
the planners decided to use the various tools available in the building information modelling. The BIM was in
this project in the following ways:

The ownership details of the individual departments as agreed before signing the contract.
The BIM was used to update the condition of the type of lab in the present situation.
The identification of the area occupied by the individual labs is done with the use of BIM.
The various impacts of renovation on the existing structure of the building can be easily
predicted with the application of the BIM.
3D models of the renovated building structure can be easily generated with the application of the
Building Information modelling.

The application of the BIM tools in the renovation of the building helped in maintaining a proper coordination
among the various departments that will be placed in the building. The ownership and the type of usage of the
building can be easily represented by the use of the various colours (Tolvaisas, 2010). The application of the
parametric tools of the BIM in the renovation of the existing buildings helped in the proper planning of the
area of the building.
38

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