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Cells: By: Ms. Reis

This document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria. The endomembrane system, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, modifies and transports proteins within eukaryotic cells. Organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondria, and lysosomes have specific digestive or energy-generating functions to support the cell.

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Zohaib Nasir Khan
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59 views24 pages

Cells: By: Ms. Reis

This document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria. The endomembrane system, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, modifies and transports proteins within eukaryotic cells. Organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondria, and lysosomes have specific digestive or energy-generating functions to support the cell.

Uploaded by

Zohaib Nasir Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELLS

BY: MS. REIS

Prokaryotic Cells
Does not have a true
nucleus
Lacks membrane
bound organelles
Usually unicellular
Bacteria are
prokaryotic

Eukaryotic Cells
Includes animals, plants, fungi and protists
DNA contained in membrane-bound
nucleus
Contains cell membrane comprised of a
phospholipid bilayer (double layer)
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like interior
consisting of everything outside the
nucleus but within the cell membrane.
Cytosol is the fluid

Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Membrane
Phospholipid
bilayer
Selectively
permeable
allows some
materials in while
keeping other
materials out of
the cell

Nucleus
organelle bounded by a double
layered porous membrane
called the nuclear
membrane/envelope.
control center of the cell
Contains the cells genetic
material or DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
Nucleolus - darker area within
the nucleus that manufactures
rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic
acid) present in ribosomes

Nucleus

The nuclear envelope


contains many openings
called pores.
Small particles such as
water and ions travel
freely through the
openings, but the passage
of macromolecules such
as RNA is controlled by
the pores
The nuclear envelope is
connected to the
endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) small tubules or
canals branching from the nucleus that allow the
transportation of materials within the cell
Smooth ER ribosomes absent, synthesize lipids
Rough ER ribosomes present, synthesize
proteins that are part of membranes or
intended to be exported from the cell
Ribosomes synthesize proteins that function in
the cytosol

The Endomembrane System


Consists of the nuclear envelope, the
endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi
apparatus, and vesicles
These organelles are connected and work
together to carry out many processes in
the cell

The endomembrane system modifies and


transports proteins

Functions of the
Endomembrane System
Ribosomes on the surface of the ER
produce polypeptides and released into
the lumen
Manufactured polypeptides travel to
smooth ER, where they are stored and
processed. When proteins are ready for
transport, smooth ER pinches off to form
vesicles containing the proteins.

Endomembrane System
Vesicles from the smooth ER travel across the cell to
the cis face of the Golgi Apparatus. The vesicles
merge with the membrane of the Golgi Apparatus and
release their contents.
Golgi Complex- Flattened stacks of membrane that
receive, modify and transport proteins from the ER.

Endomembrane System
When the modified proteins are ready for
transport, pieces of the Golgi pinch off
from the trans face to form vesicles. The
vesicles transport the proteins to the cell
membrane or other destinations.

Lysosomes
Membrane bound sacs
performing a digestive
function
Contains enzymes to
digest food, wastes,
invading bacteria and
breaks down old
organelles
Present in animal cells
only
Golgi apparatus
produces lysosomes
Tay Sachs disease

Peroxisomes
Membrane bound
sacs performing a
digestive function
Enzymes in
peroxisomes are
oxidases that catalyze
redox reactions
Liver contains many
peroxisomes to break
down alcohol
Form by budding off
from ER
Present in animal
cells only

Vacuoles
Functions include
storage and support
through turgor pressure
(the pressure exerted by
water on cell membrane
and cell wall).
fluid-filled space that
stores water, food and
wastes.
Very large organelle in
plant cells, but small in
animal cells

Plastids: Chloroplasts
Make food for the cell through photosynthesis
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll to trap light
energy needed for photosynthesis
Present in plant cells but not in animal cells
Chromoplasts type of plastid that stores
orange and yellow pigments found in fruits and
flowers
Amyloplasts type of plastid that stores starch
in potatoes.

Chloroplast Structure
Stroma fluid of the
chloroplast containing
enzymes
Thylakoids disks
containing chlorophyll
Grana (sng: granum)stack of thylakoids

Mitochondria
Provides stored energy
(ATP) for the cell in a
process called cellular
respiration
Cristae inner folds provide
large surface area containing
enzymes to speed up cellular
respiration.
Matrix inner liquid solution
Intermembrane Space
space between outer
membrane and cristae

Endosymbiotic Theory
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their
own DNA (mt DNA is circular like that of
bacteria), reproduce on their own and are about
the same size of a bacteria.
Dr. Lynn Margulis in 1960 proposed that
mitochondria and chloroplasts were once
separate organisms: bacterial cells and algal
cells respectively that invaded other eukaryotic
cells approximately 1.4 billion years ago

Cell Wall
Composed mainly of
cellulose in plant cells
Provides structure and
support for the cell
Present in plant cells,
fungus and bacteria but
not in animal cells.
The antibiotic penicillin
prevents the formation of
bacterial cell walls.

Cytoskeleton
3 types of protein
fibers: microfilaments,
intermediate
filaments,microtubules
Extend throughout the
cytosol to maintain cell
shape, anchor
organelles and
facilitate movement of
organelles

Plant Cell vs Animal Cells


Plant Cells

Animal Cells

Cell wall and


Chloroplasts
Vacuole

present

absent

large

small

Peroxisomes
and
Lysosomes
Shape

absent

present

boxed

spherical

Red Blood Cells


Red blood cells are
formed in bone
marrow. These
oxygen carrying cells
expel their nuclei to
make more room for
oxygen in the cell.
DNA testing in blood
uses white blood cells
instead.

Cilia and Flagella


Are appendages that
develop on the outside of
eukaryotic cells
Flagellum whiplike tail
used for cell movement
Cilia tiny hairs also
used for locomotion
In humans cilia allow
particles to move out of
the respiratory tract
In paramecia cilia propel
food toward a feeding
groove

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