Which statement is true of all prokaryotic cells?

They are multicellular.

They are unicellular.
They have a nucleus.
They have membrane-bound organelles.
Explanation
Prokaryotic cells are exclusively unicellular, consisting of a single cell, whereas eukaryotic cells
can exist as unicellular or multicellular, contingent upon the specific organism in question.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Which cellular structures are common to all types of cells, both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic? Select all that apply.
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Ribosome
Nucleolus
DNA
Explanation
The components present in all cells include the cell membrane (also called the plasma
membrane), ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA.
A nucleus is found in __________.
prokaryotic cells
neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Explanation
Exclusively found in eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle that
contains DNA. Prokaryotic cells possess a nucleoid, a distinct region within the cell that harbors
the genetic material in DNA.
Bacteria can exist as what?
Unicellular or multicellular
A human cell
 Only multicellular
Only unicellular
Explanation
Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes are always unicellular.
Structures common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic include what? Select all that apply.
Plasma membrane
Nucleoid
Cytosol
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Explanation
Most cells share four structures in common:

 A plasma membrane (cell membrane) surrounds all living cells, separating internal and
external aspects.
 DNA is the genetic material that controls an organism's composition and can replicate
with the cell, resulting in new cells that contain the same genetic material as the parent
cell.
 Cytoplasm is a rich, semifluid material found in cells. The cytoplasm is found between
the nucleus and the cell membrane.
 Cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm.
 Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis.

What does "eu" mean?

Around
Between
Before
After
What does "pro" mean?
Between
Before
Around
After
Which structure gives the human cell shape and protection?
Cytoskeleton
Cytosol
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Explanation
Recall that all human cells are made of the same materials:

 The cytoskeleton is what gives our cells shape and protection.

 The plasma (cell) membrane is the outer layer of cells made of the phospholipid bilayer
embedded with protein channels.
 Cytoplasm is the dense liquid that fills a cell and stores carbohydrates, organelles, and
enzymes. This is found between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
 Cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm.
 The nucleus is the double-membraned enclosed organelle that stores your DNA.

Human cells lack a cell wall.

What is the liquid part of the cytoplasm called?
Mitochondria
Cytosol
Cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
Explanation
Cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm.

 The plasma (cell) membrane is the outer layer of a cell made of a phospholipid bilayer
embedded with protein channels.
 Cytoplasm is the dense, semifluid material that fills a cell and stores carbohydrates,
organelles, and enzymes. This is found between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
 The nucleus is the double-membraned enclosed organelle that stores your DNA.
 The cytoskeleton gives our cells shape and protection.

Where does protein synthesis take place?

Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
 Ribosomes
What is the genetic material that controls an organism's composition?
Nucleolus
Nucleoid
Cytosol
DNA
Explanation
DNA is the genetic material that controls an organism's composition.

 The nucleoid is a region that houses DNA and is found only in prokaryotic cells.
 Cytosol is the fluid component of cytoplasm.
 The nucleolus is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for
synthesizing ribosomes.

What does "karyon" mean?

Before
Nucleus
After
Nucleoid
Explanation
"Karyon" means "nucleus."
"Pro" means "before."
"Eu" means "after."
A microbiologist is examining an organism under the microscopic and notices that this
particular organism has a nucleoid. The microbiologist correctly identifies this organism as
what?
Bacteria
Pronucleus
A eukaryotic cell
A human cell
Explanation
Remember that the nucleoid is a region housing DNA found only in prokaryotic cells. Bacteria
are an example of an organism composed of prokaryotic cells.
A microbiologist is examining a specimen under the microscope and notices that the cell
contains a ribosome. What could this specimen be? Select all that apply.
A eukaryotic cell
Pronucleus
A human cell
Bacteria
Explanation
All cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) share four structures in common:

 Ribosome
 Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
 DNA
 Cytoplasm

The pronucleus is the nucleus found specifically in a sperm or ovum (egg) during fertilization.
What is a feature unique to eukaryotic cells and not prokaryotic cells?
Unicellular
Nucleoid
Ribosome
Multicellular
DNA
Explanation
Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or multicellular.

 Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular.

 The nucleoid is a region unique to prokaryotic cells only.
 Ribosome and DNA are shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 Cell Membranes and their Functions

True or false: Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport of large molecules (glucose,
for example) requiring the aid of a carrier protein.
True
False
Explanation
Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein to move a large substance (glucose, for example)
down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process; no cellular energy is required.
Where are peripheral membrane proteins located? Select all that apply.
In the outer layer of the membrane
Transmembrane
Span the bilayer of the membrane
In the inner layer of the membrane
Explanation
Peripheral proteins: are attached to one layer (to the inner layer or outer layer of the
membrane) of the membrane (penetrate the membrane only partially).
Integral proteins (transmembrane proteins): are attached permanently to the membrane and
span the bilayer. "Trans" means across.
What type of membrane protein is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump considered?
Transmembrane
Peripheral
Transatlantic
Enzyme
Explanation
The transmembrane pump, known as the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, maintains the electrochemical
gradient of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane.
All of the following are characteristics of passive transport except:
No energy expenditure is required.
 Substances move downhill, from high to low concentration, and require energy
expenditure.
Substances move from high to low concentration.
Substances move down a concentration gradient.
Explanation
Passive Transport:

 Substances move down a concentration gradient. That is, downhill without using energy,
from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.
 The movement of substances occurs from an area where they are in high concentration to
areas where they are in low concentration until dynamic equilibrium is achieved.

True/False: Exchange of oxygen with carbon dioxide occurring in the lungs is an example
of simple diffusion.
True
False
Which term best describes the essential property of the phospholipid bilayer constituting
the biochemical makeup of the plasma membrane?
It consists of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
Both the tail and the head exhibit hydrophilic and hydrophobic property.
It consists of a hydrophilic tail and a hydrophobic head.
Explanation
The plasma membrane is constructed of two layers of phospholipids, called a lipid bilayer. Each
phospholipid molecule consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and a hydrophilic “head”
made of glycerol and is therefore an amphipathic molecule.
What is the term used to describe the cell membranes' ability to function using the fluid
mosaic model?
Amphipathic
Amphibious
Ambitious
Explanation
The plasma membrane is modeled as a fluid mosaic. The fluid mosaic model describes the
plasma membrane to be amphipathic. That is, consisting of distinct, separate components, each
with a distinct biochemical property, namely a hydrophilic (lipophobic) region separated from a
hydrophobic (lipophilic) region.
Diffusion of glucose into RBC is an example of what type of membrane transport?
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Diffusion
Simple diffusion
Which sterol derived component of the plasma membrane provides protection against
hyperthermia?
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
 Organelles
What is the role of the mitochondria, known as the powerhouse of the cell?
It will light up the cell.
It will use energy (ATP) in the cell.
It will make energy (ATP) for the cell.
It will power the cell’s phone.
Which is not a general characteristic of organelles?
Enclosed in a lipid membrane
Performs essential cellular functions
Part of the cytoplasm
Found inside cells
Which organelle is double membrane-bound?
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
Which organelle engulfs pathogens like viruses?
Basal body
Centriole
Lysosome
Ribosome
Protein synthesis occurs in which organelles? Select all that apply.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Explanation
Protein synthesis starts with transcription, which takes place within the
nucleus. Physical protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes and rough
endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, the Golgi apparatus transports and
modifies proteins that have already been synthesized.
Metabolism of hydrogen peroxide is the function of which organelle?
Nucleus
Peroxisome
Proteasomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle degrades damaged proteins?
Peroxisome
Proteasomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Explanation
Proteasomes degrade damaged proteins.
Peroxisome contains oxidizing enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) as a byproduct to protect the cell from free radicals and oxidizing fatty
acids. The nucleus is the control center of the cell and is where DNA is stored.
Smooth ER is the location of lipid synthesis, and the Golgi complex
synthesizes sugars, modifies proteins, creates vesicles, and creates
lysosomes.
Where is the site of lipid synthesis?
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Peroxisome
Which protein filament forms the membrane skeleton to support the plasma membrane?
Microfilament
 Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Intermediate filament
Which protein filament is found in cilia and flagella?
Microtubules
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate filament
Microfilament
 Cell Functions
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase, M-phase
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Meiosis
Mitosis
Where does transcription take place?
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondrial cristae
Mitochondrial matrix
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Which is a stop codon? Select all that apply.
UGA
AUG
UAA
UAG

Explanation
Stop codons can be remembered in this way:

 U Go Away = UGA
 U Are Gone = UAG
 U Are Away = UAA