EuropeanAviationSafetyAgency

3Jun2008

NOTICEOFPROPOSEDAMENDMENT(NPA)NO200817B
DRAFTOPINIONOFTHEEUROPEANAVIATIONSAFETYAGENCY,
FORACOMMISSIONREGULATIONestablishingtheimplementingrulesforthe
licensingandmedicalcertificationofpilots
and
DRAFTDECISIONOFTHEEXECUTIVEDIRECTOROFTHEEUROPEANAVIATION
SAFETYAGENCYon
acceptablemeansofcomplianceandguidancematerialonthelicensingandmedical
certificationofpilots
ImplementingRulesforPilotLicensing
B.PartFCL

R.F00801EuropeanAviationSafetyAgency,2008.Allrightsreserved.Proprietarydocument.

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

A.

EXPLANATORYNOTEANDAPPENDICES.............................................. SEENPA200817A

B.

DRAFTOPINIONANDDECISIONPARTFCL....................................................................3

DRAFTOPINIONPARTFCL..................................................................................................... 3

II DRAFTDECISIONAMCANDGMFORPARTFCL............................................................................169
C.

DRAFTOPINIONANDDECISIONPARTMEDICAL ................................SEENPA200817C

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B.

DRAFTOPINIONANDDECISIONPARTFCL

DraftOpinionPARTFCL

3Jun2008

ANNEXITOIMPLEMENTINGREGULATION
PARTFCL

SUBPARTA
GENERALREQUIREMENTS
FCL.001

Competentauthority

For the purpose of this Part, the competent authority shall be the authority designatedby the Member
Statetowhomapersonappliesfortheissuanceofpilotlicencesorassociatedratingsorcertificates.
FCL.005

Scope

ThisPartestablishestherequirementsfortheissueofpilotlicencesandassociatedratingsandcertificates
andtheconditionsoftheirvalidityanduse.
FCL.010

Definitions

ForthepurposesofthisPart,thefollowingdefinitionsapply:

Aerobatic flight means an intentional manoeuvre involving an abrupt change in an aircrafts

attitude,anabnormalattitude,orabnormalacceleration,notnecessaryfornormalflight.

Aeroplanemeansanenginedrivenfixedwingaircraftheavierthanair,thatissupportedinflight
bythedynamicreactionoftheairagainstitswings.

Aeroplanerequiredtobeoperatedwithacopilotmeansatypeofaeroplanethatisrequiredtobe
operatedwithacopilotasspecifiedintheflightmanualorbytheairoperatorcertificate.

Airship means a powerdriven lighterthanair aircraft, with the exception of hotair airships,
which,forthepurposesofthisPart,areincludedinthedefinitionofballoon.

Balloonmeans alighterthanairaircraftthatisnotenginedrivenandsustains flightthroughthe

useof eithergas oran airborne heater. Forthe purposes of this part,a hotair airship,although
enginedriven,isalsoconsideredaballoon.

BasicInstrumentTrainingDevice(BITD)meansagroundbasedtrainingdevicewhichrepresents
thestudentpilotsstationofaclassofaeroplanes.Itmayusescreenbasedinstrumentpanelsand
springloaded flight controls, providing a training platform for at least the procedural aspects of
instrumentflight.EachBITDshallcomplywithaspecificBITDmodelandbeaserialnumberedunit.

Categoryofaircraftmeansacategorisationofaircraftaccordingtospecifiedbasiccharacteristics,
forexampleaeroplane,poweredlift,helicopter,airships,sailplane,freeballoon.

Classofaeroplanemeansacategorisationofsinglepilotaeroplanesnotrequiringatyperating,in
accordancewiththeoperationalsuitabilitycertificateissuedinaccordancewithPart21.

Class ofballoonmeansacategorisationofballoonstaking intoaccounttheliftingmeans usedto

sustainflight.

Competencymeansacombinationofskills,knowledgeandattituderequiredtoperformataskto
theprescribedstandard.

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Copilotmeansapilotoperatingotherthanaspilotincommand,anaircraftforwhichmorethan
one pilot is required, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole purpose of
receivingflightinstructionforalicenceorrating.

CrossCountrymeansaflightbetweenapointofdepartureandapointofarrivalfollowingapre
plannedrouteusingstandardnavigationprocedures.

Dual instruction time means flight time or instrument ground time during which a person is
receivingflightinstructionfromaproperlyauthorisedinstructor.

FullFlightSimulator(FFS)meansafullsizereplicaofaspecific typeormake,modelandseries
aircraft flight deck, including the assemblage of all equipment and computer programmes
necessary to represent theaircraft in ground and flight operations, a visual system providing an
outoftheflightdeckview,andaforcecueingmotionsystem.

Flighttimemeans:

for aeroplanes, touring motor gliders and poweredlift, the total time from the moment an
aircraftfirstmovesforthepurposeoftakingoffuntilthemomentitfinallycomestorestat
theendoftheflight.

forhelicopters,thetotaltimefromthemomentahelicoptersrotorbladesstartturninguntil
themomentthehelicopterfinallycomestorestattheendoftheflight,andtherotorblades
arestopped.

for airships, the total time from the moment an airship is released from the mast for the
purpose of taking off until the moment the airship finally comes to rest at the end of the
flight,andissecuredonthemast

for sailplanes, the total time from themoment the sailplane commences the ground run in
theprocessoftakingoffuntilthemomentthesailplanefinallycomestoarestattheendof
flight

forballoons,thetotaltimefromthemomentthebasketleavesthegroundforthepurposeof
takingoffuntilthemomentitfinallycomestoarestattheendoftheflight.

Flight time under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)meansall flight time during which theaircraft is
beingoperatedundertheInstrumentFlightRules.

Flight Training Device (FTD) means a full size replica of a specific aircraft types instruments,
equipment, panels and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft flight deck,
includingtheassemblageofequipmentandcomputersoftwareprogrammesnecessarytorepresent
theaircraftingroundandflightconditions totheextentofthesystems installedinthedevice.It
doesnotrequireaforcecueingmotionorvisualsystem.

Flight and Navigation Procedures Trainer (FNPT) means a training device which represents the
flight deck or cockpit environment including the assemblage of equipment and computer
programmesnecessarytorepresentanaircrafttypeorclassinflightoperationstotheextentthat
thesystemsappeartofunctionasinanaircraft.

Groupofballoonmeansacategorisationofballoonstakingintoaccountthesizeorcapacityofthe
envelope.

Helicoptermeansaheavierthanairaircraftsupportedinflightchieflybythereactionsoftheair
ononeormorepowerdrivenrotorsonsubstantiallyverticalaxes.

Instrumentflighttimemeansthetimeduringwhichapilotiscontrollinganaircraftinflightsolely
byreferencetoinstruments.

Instrumentgroundtimemeans thetimeduringwhichapilotis receivinginstructioninsimulated

instrumentflightinflightsimulationtrainingdevices(FSTD).

Multicrewcooperation(MCC),meansthefunctioningoftheflightcrewasateamofcooperating
membersledbythepilotincommand.

Multipilotaircraft

Inthecaseofaeroplanes,meansaeroplanescertificatedforoperationwithaminimumcrew
ofatleasttwopilots.
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Inthecaseofhelicopters,airshipsandpoweredliftaircraft,meansatypeofaircraftthatis
requiredtobeoperatedwithacopilotasspecifiedintheflightmanualorbytheairoperator
certificateorequivalentdocument.

Nightmeanstheperiodbetweentheendofeveningciviltwilightandthebeginningofmorningcivil
twilight,orsuchotherperiodbetweensunsetandsunriseasmaybeprescribedbytheappropriate
authority,asdefinedbytheMemberState.

Pilotincommand under supervision (PICUS)means acopilot performing, under the supervision

ofthepilotincommand,thedutiesandfunctionsofapilotincommand.

Poweredlift aircraft means any aircraft deriving vertical lift and in flight propulsion/lift from
variablegeometryrotorsorengines/propulsivedevicesattachedtoorcontainedwithinthefuselage
orwings.

Powered sailplane means an aircraft equipped with one or more engines having, with engines
inoperative,thecharacteristicsofasailplane.

Route sector means a flight comprising takeoff, departure, cruise of not less than 15 minutes,
arrival,approachandlandingphases.

Sailplanemeansaheavierthanairaircraftthat is supportedinflightbythedynamicreactionof
theairagainstitsfixedliftingsurfaces,thefreeflightofwhichdoesnotdependonanengine.

Singlepilotaircraftmeansanaircraftcertificatedforoperationbyonepilot.

Soloflighttimemeansflighttimeduringwhichastudentpilotisthesoleoccupantofanaircraft.

Touring Motor Glider (TMG) means a specific class of powered sailplane having an integrally
mounted, nonretractableengineand a nonretractablepropeller. Itshall becapable oftaking off
andclimbingunderitsownpoweraccordingtoitsflightmanual.

Type of aircraft means all aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto
exceptthosewhichresultinachangeinhandlingorflightcharacteristics.

FCL.015

Applicationandissueoflicences,ratingsandcertificates

(a)

An application for the issue, revalidation or renewal of pilot licences and associated ratings and
certificates shall be to the competent authority in a manner established by this authority. The
applicationshallbeaccompaniedbyevidencethattheapplicantcomplieswiththerequirementsfor
the issue, revalidation or renewal of the licence or certificate as well as associated ratings or
endorsements,establishedinthisPartandPartMedical.

(b)

Any limitation or extension of the privileges granted by a licence, rating or certificate shall be
endorsedinthelicenceorcertificate.

(c)

ApersonshallnotholdatanytimemorethanonelicenceissuedinaccordancewiththisPart.

(d)

Anapplicationforanamendment,revalidationorrenewalofapilotlicenceandassociatedratings
orcertificatesshallbemadetothecompetentauthoritythatissuedthepilotlicence,exceptwhen
the pilot has requested a change of competent authority and a transfer of his records to that
competentauthority.

FCL.020

Studentpilot

(a)

Astudentpilotshallnotflysolounlessauthorisedtodosobyaflightinstructor.

(b)

Beforehisfirstsoloflight,astudentpilotshallbeatleast:
(1)

inthecaseofaeroplanes,helicoptersandairships,16yearsofage

(2)

inthecaseofsailplanesandballoons,14yearsofage.

FCL.025
(a)

Theoreticalknowledgeexaminationsfortheissueoflicences

Responsibilitiesoftheapplicant
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(b)

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(1)

ApplicantsshalltaketheentiresetofexaminationsinoneMemberState.

(2)

Applicants shall only take the examination when recommended by the approved training
organisation responsible for their training, once they have completed the appropriate
elements of the training course of theoretical knowledge instruction to a satisfactory
standard.

Passstandards
(1)

Apassinanexaminationpaperwillbeawardedtoanapplicantachievingatleast75%ofthe
marksallocatedtothatpaper.Thereisnopenaltymarking.

(2)

ExceptwhenotherwisedeterminedinthisPart,anapplicanthassuccessfullycompletedthe
required theoretical knowledge examination for theappropriate pilot licence or rating when
he/shehaspassedalloftherequiredsubjectswithinaperiodof18monthscountedfromthe
endofthecalendarmonthwhentheapplicantfirstattemptedanexamination.

(3)

If an applicant has failed to pass one of the examination papers within 4 attempts, or has
failedtopassallpaperswithineithersixattemptsortheperiodmentionedinparagraph(2),
he/sheshallretakethecompletesetofexaminationpapers.
Before retaking the examinations, the applicant shall undertake further training at an
approvedtrainingorganisation.Theextentandscopeofthetrainingneededshallbeagreed
between the training organisation and the competent authority, based on the needs of the
applicant.

(c)

Validityperiod
(1)

(2)

FCL.030
(a)

Thesuccessfulcompletionofthetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationswillbevalid:
(i)

fortheissueofaleisurepilotlicence,aprivatepilotlicence,asailplanepilotlicenceor
aballoonpilotlicence,foraperiodof24months

(ii)

for the issue of a commercial pilot licence or instrument rating, for a period of 36
months

(iii)

the periods in (i) and (ii) shall be counted from the day when the pilot successfully
completesthetheoreticalknowledgeexamination,inaccordancewith(b)(2).

Providedthattheapplicantholdsaninstrumentrating,thecompletionoftheairlinetransport
pilotlicencetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationswillremainvalidforaperiodof7yearsfrom
thelastvaliditydateoftheinstrumentratingenteredinthecommercialpilotlicenceforthe
issuanceofanairlinetransportpilotlicence.
Practicalskilltest

Beforeaskilltestfortheissueofalicence,rating orcertificateis taken,theapplicantshallhave

passedtherequiredtheoreticalknowledgeexamination,exceptinthecaseofapplicantsundergoing
acourseofintegratedflyingtraining.
Inanycase,thetheoreticalknowledgeinstructionshallalwayshavebeencompletedbeforetheskill
testsaretaken.

(b)

Except for the issue of an airline transport pilot licence, the applicant for a skill test shall be
recommendedforthetestbytheorganisation/personresponsibleforthetraining.

FCL.035

Creditingofflighttimeandtheoreticalknowledge

(a) Creditingofflighttime
(1)

Unless otherwise specified in this Part, flight time to be credited for a licence, rating or
certificate shall have been flown in the same category of aircraft for which the licence or
ratingissought.

(2)

An applicant for a licence, rating or certificate shall be credited in full with all solo, dual
instruction or pilotincommand flight time towards the total flight time required for the
licence,ratingorcertificate.
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(3)

(b)

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Flighttimeascopilot
(i)

Except where otherwise determined in this Part, the holder of a pilot licence, when
acting as copilot, is entitled to be credited with all of the copilot time towards the
totalflighttimerequiredforahighergradeofpilotlicence.

(ii)

Theholderofapilotlicence,whenactingascopilotundersupervision,shallbeentitled
to be credited in full with this flight time towards the total flight time required for a
highergradeofpilotlicence.

Creditingoftheoreticalknowledge
(1)

An applicant having passed the theoretical knowledge examination for an airline transport
pilotlicenceshallbecreditedwiththetheoreticalknowledgerequirementsfortheleisurepilot
licence,theprivatepilotlicence,thecommercialpilotlicenceandtheinstrumentratinginthe
samecategoryofaircraft.

(2)

An applicant having passed the theoretical knowledge examination for a commercial pilot
licenceshallbecreditedwiththetheoreticalknowledgerequirementforaleisurepilotlicence
oraprivatepilotlicenceinthesamecategoryofaircraft

(3)

The holder of an instrument rating shall be fully credited towards the requirements for the
theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for an instrument rating in another
categoryofaircraft.

(4)

The holder of a pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for theoretical
knowledge instruction and examination for a licence in another category of aircraft in
accordancewithAppendix1tothisPart.

Thiscreditalsoappliestoapplicantsforapilotlicencethathavealreadysuccessfullycompletedthe
theoreticalknowledgeexaminationsfortheissueofthatlicenceinanothercategoryofaircraft,as
longaswithinthevalidityperiodspecifiedinFCL.025(c).
FCL.040

Exerciseoftheprivilegesoflicences

The exercise of the privileges granted by a licence shall be dependent on the validity of the ratings
containedtherein,ifapplicable,andofthemedicalcertificate.
FCL.045

Obligationtocarryandpresentdocuments

(a) Avalidlicenceandavalidmedicalcertificateshallalwaysbecarriedbythepilotwhenexercisingthe
privilegesofthelicence.
(b) Thepilotshallalsocarryapersonalidentificationdocumentcontaininghis/herphoto.
(c)

Presentationofflighttimerecord
(1)

A pilot or a student pilot shall without undue delay present his/her flight time record for
inspectionuponrequestbyanauthorisedrepresentativeofthecompetentauthority.

(2)

A student pilot shall carry with him on all solo crosscountry flights evidence of the
authorisationrequiredbyFCL.020(a).

FCL.050

Recordingofflighttime

Thepilotshallkeepareliablerecordofthedetailsofallflightsflown.
FCL.055

Languageproficiency

(a)

General.Pilotsrequiredtousetheradiotelephoneshallnotexercisetheprivilegesoftheirlicences
andratingsunlesstheyhavealanguageproficiencyendorsementontheirlicenceineitherEnglish
orthelanguageusedforairtrafficcontrolcommunicationsinvolvedintheflight.

(b)

The applicant for a language proficiency endorsement shall demonstrate an operational level of
languageproficiencybothintheuseofphraseologies andplainlanguage.Todoso,the applicant
shalldemonstratetheabilityto:

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(c)

(d)

(e)

3Jun2008

(1)

communicateeffectivelyinvoiceonlyandinfacetofacesituations

(2)

communicateoncommonandworkrelatedtopicswithaccuracyandclarity

(3)

use appropriate communicative strategies, to exchange messages and to recognize and

resolvemisunderstandingsinageneralorworkrelatedcontext

(4)

handlesuccessfullythelinguisticchallengespresentedbyacomplicationorunexpectedturn
of events that occurs within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task
withwhichtheyareotherwisefamiliarand

(5)

useadialectoraccentwhichisintelligibletotheaeronauticalcommunity.

Exceptforpilotsthathavedemonstratedlanguageproficiencyatanexpertlevel,inaccordancewith
table1bellow,thelanguageproficiencyendorsementshallbereevaluatedevery:
(1)

3yearsiftheleveldemonstratedisoperationallevelinaccordancewithtable1belowor

(2)

6yearsiftheleveldemonstratedisextendedlevelinaccordancewithtable1below.

Specificrequirementsforholdersofaninstrumentrating(IR).Withoutprejudicetotheparagraphs
above,holdersofanIRshallhavedemonstratedtheabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageatalevel
thatallowsthemto:
(1)

understandalltheinformationrelevanttotheaccomplishmentofaflight

(2)

useradiotelephonyinallphasesofflight,includingemergencysituations

(3)

communicate with other crew members during all phases of flight, including flight
preparation.

The demonstrationoflanguageproficiencyandoftheuseofEnglishforholdersofanIRshallbe
donethroughamethodofassessmentestablishedbythecompetentauthority.
Operationallevel

Extendedlevel

Expertlevel

Pronunciation
Assumes a dialect
and/or
accent
intelligible to the
aeronautical
community

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and

intonation are influenced by the first
languageorregionalvariationbutonly
sometimes interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm,

and
intonation,
though
influenced by the first
language or regional variation,
rarely interfere with ease of
understanding.

Structure
Relevant
grammatical
structures
and
sentence patterns
are determined by
language functions
appropriate to the
task
Vocabulary

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and

intonation are influenced by the first
languageorregionalvariationbutonly
sometimes interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm,

and
intonation,
though
influenced by the first
language or regional variation,
rarely interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation,stress,rhythm,
and
intonation,
though
possibly influenced by the
first language or regional
variation,
almost
never
interfere with ease of
understanding.
Pronunciation,stress,rhythm,
and
intonation,
though
possibly influenced by the
first language or regional
variation,
almost
never
interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and

intonation are influenced by the first
languageorregionalvariationbutonly
sometimes interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm,

and
intonation,
though
influenced by the first
language or regional variation,
rarely interfere with ease of
understanding.

Fluency

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and

intonation are influenced by the first
languageorregionalvariationbutonly
sometimes interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm,

and
intonation,
though
influenced by the first
language or regional variation,
rarely interfere with ease of
understanding.

Comprehension

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and

intonation are influenced by the first
languageorregionalvariationbutonly
sometimes interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm,

and
intonation,
though
influenced by the first
language or regional variation,
rarely interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation,stress,rhythm,
and
intonation,
though
possibly influenced by the
first language or regional
variation,
almost
never
interfere with ease of
understanding.
Pronunciation,stress,rhythm,
and
intonation,
though
possibly influenced by the
first language or regional
variation,
almost
never
interfere with ease of
understanding.
Pronunciation,stress,rhythm,
and
intonation,
though
possibly influenced by the
first language or regional
variation,
almost
never
interfere with ease of
understanding.

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Interactions

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and

intonation are influenced by the first
languageorregionalvariationbutonly
sometimes interfere with ease of
understanding.

Pronunciation, stress, rhythm,

and
intonation,
though
influenced by the first
language or regional variation,
rarely interfere with ease of
understanding.

3Jun2008

Pronunciation,stress,rhythm,
and
intonation,
though
possibly influenced by the
first language or regional
variation,
almost
never
interfere with ease of
understanding.

Table1Languageproficiencylevels
FCL.060

Recentexperience

(a)

Balloons. A pilot shall not operate a balloon in commercial air transport or carrying passengers
unlesshe/shehascompletedinthepreceding90daysatleastonetakeoff,approachandlanding
asapilotflyinginaballoon.

(b)

Aeroplanes,helicopters,poweredlift,airshipsandsailplanes.Apilotshallnotoperateanaircraftin
commercialairtransportorcarryingpassengers:
(1)

as pilotincommand or copilot unless he/she has carried out in the preceding 90 days at
least 3 takeoffs,approaches and landings aspilot flying in an aircraft of the sametype or
classoraFFSrepresentingthattypeorclass

(2)

aspilotincommandatnightunlesshe/she:

(3)

(i)

hascarriedoutinthepreceding90days at least 1takeoff,approachand landingat

nightas apilot flying in an aircraftof thesame type or classor anFFS representing
thattypeorclassor

(ii)

holdsavalidinstrumentrating.

ascruisereliefcopilotunlesshe/she:
(i) hascarriedoutinthepreceding90daysatleast3sectors as acruisereliefpilotonthe
sametypeorclassofaircraftor
(ii)has carried out recency and refresher flying skill training in an FFS at intervals not
exceeding90days.Thisrefreshertrainingmaybecombinedwiththetrainingprescribed
inMS.OPS.3.0751.

(4)

(c)

Specificrequirementsforcommercialairtransport
(1)

Inthecaseofcommercialairtransport,the90dayperiodprescribedinsubparagraphs(b)(1)
and (2) above may be extended up to a maximum of 120 days, as long as the pilot
undertakes line flying under the supervision of a type rating instructor or examiner or a
personappropriatelyqualifiedtoprovidelinetraininginaccordancewithPartMS.

(2)

Whenthepilotdoesnotcomplywiththerequirementin(1),he/sheshallcompleteatraining
flightintheaircraftoraFFSoftheaircrafttypetobeused,whichshallincludeat least the
requirementsdescribedin(b)(1)and(2)beforehecanexercisehis/herprivileges.

FCL.065
(a)

Curtailmentofprivilegesoflicenceholdersaged60yearsormore

Age 6064. The holder of a pilot licencewho has attained the ageof 60 yearsshall notactasa
pilotofanaircraftengagedincommercialairtransportoperationsexcept:
(1)

Whenapilothastheprivilegetooperatemorethanonetypeofnoncomplexhelicopterwith
similarhandlingandoperationscharacteristics,asdefinedinaccordancewithPart21,the3
takeoffs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed in only one of the
types,providedthatthepilothascompletedatleast2hoursofflightinthealltherelevant
typesofhelicopter,duringthepreceding6months.

asamemberofamultipilotcrewand,

ThereferencetothisparagraphinPartMSmaystillchange.
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(2)
(b)

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providedthatsuchholderistheonlypilotintheflightcrewwhohasattainedage60.

Age65.Theholderofapilotlicencewhohasattainedtheageof65yearsshallnotactasapilotof
anaircraftengagedincommercialairtransportoperations.

FCL.070

Revocation,suspensionandlimitationoflicences,ratingsandcertificates

(a) Licences,ratingsandcertificatesissuedinaccordancewiththisPartshallbelimited,suspendedor
revoked by the competent authority when the pilot doesnt comply with the requirements of this Part,
PartMedical or PartOPS, in accordancewith the conditions and procedures laid down in Part Authority
Requirements.
(b) Upon suspension or revocation, the pilot shall immediately return the licence or certificate to the
competentauthority.

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SUBPARTB
LEISUREPILOTLICENCELPL

SECTION1
CommonRequirements
FCL.100

LPLMinimumage

ApplicantsfortheLPLshallbeatleast16yearsofage.
FCL.105

LPLPrivilegesandconditions

(a)

General.TheprivilegesoftheholderofaLPLaretoactwithoutremunerationaspilotincommand
innoncommercialoperationswithintheappropriateaircraftcategoryengaged.

(b)

Conditions. Applicants for the LPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the relevant aircraft
categoryand,whenapplicable,fortheclassortypeofaircraftusedintheskilltest.

FCL.110

LPLCreditingforthesameaircraftcategory

(a)

Applicants fora LPLthat have heldanother licencein thesamecategory ofaircraftshall be fully

creditedtowardstherequirementsoftheLPLinthatcategoryofaircraft.

(b)

Without prejudice to the paragraph above, if the applicants licence has lapsed for more than 1
year,he/sheshallhavetopassaskilltestfortheissueofaLPLintheappropriateaircraftcategory.

FCL.115

LPLTrainingcourse

ApplicantsforaLPLshallcompleteatrainingcoursewithinanapprovedtrainingorganisation.Thecourse
shallincludetheoreticalknowledgeandflightinstructionappropriatetotheprivilegesgiven.
FCL.120
(a)

LPLTheoreticalknowledgeexamination

Applicants for a LPL shall have demonstrated to the competent authority a level of theoretical
knowledgeappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted,throughexaminationsonthefollowing:
(1)

commonsubjects:
Airlaw
Humanperformance
Meteorologyand
Communications

(2)

specificsubjectsconcerningthedifferentaircraftcategories:
Principlesofflight
Operationalprocedures
Flightperformanceandplanning
Aircraftgeneralknowledgeand
Navigation.

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FCL.125
(a)

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LPLSkillTest

ApplicantsforaLPLshalldemonstratethroughthecompletionofaskilltesttheabilitytoperform,
aspilotincommandoftheappropriateaircraftcategory,therelevantproceduresandmanoeuvres
withcompetencyappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.
Theskilltestshallbetakenwithin6monthsofcompletingtheflightinstruction.

(b)

Applicants for the skill test shall have received instruction on the same class, type or group of
aircrafttobeusedfortheskilltest.

(c)

Passmarks.
(1)

The skilltestshallbedividedintodifferentsections,representingallthedifferentphases of
flightappropriatetothecategoryofaircraftflown.

(2)

Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the
applicantfailsonly1section,he/sheshallrepeatonlythatsection.Failureinmorethanone
sectionwillcausetheapplicanttofailtheentiretest.

(3)

Whenthetestneedstoberepeatedinaccordancewith(2),failureinanysection,including
thosethathavebeenpassedonapreviousattempt,willcausetheapplicanttofailtheentire
test.

(4)

Failuretoachieveapassinallsectionsofthetestin2attemptswillrequirefurtherpractical
training.

SECTION2
SpecificrequirementsfortheBasicLPLaeroplaneandhelicoptercategories
FCL.105.BA/H

BasicLPLPrivileges

(a)

Aeroplanes.TheprivilegesoftheholderofaBasicLPLforaeroplanesaretoflysingleenginepiston
aeroplanesortouringmotorgliders(TMG)withamaximumcertificatedtakeoffmassof2000kgor
less, carrying a maximum of 1 passenger, in local flights within no more than 50 km from the
aerodrome of departure, with no intermediate landings, and when, taking into account the
conditionsofflight,thepilotisalwaysabletoreturntotheaerodromeofdeparture.

(b)

Helicopters.TheprivilegesoftheholderofaBasicLPLforhelicoptersaretoflysingleenginepiston
helicopterswithamaximumcertificatedtakeoffmassof2000kgorless,carryingamaximumof1
passenger, in local flights within no more than 50 km from the aerodrome of departure, with no
intermediate landings, and when, taking into account the conditions of flight, the pilot is always
abletoreturntotheaerodromeofdeparture.

FCL.110.BA/H
(a)

(b)

BasicLPLExperiencerequirementsandcrediting

Aeroplanes. Applicants for a Basic LPL for aeroplanes shall have completed at least 20 hours of
flightinstructioninaeroplanesorTMG,includingatleast:
(1)

10hoursofdualinstruction

(2)

4hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime

(3)

3hoursofnavigationtraining.

Helicopters. Applicants for a Basic LPL for helicotpers shall have completed at least 35 hours of
flightinstructioninhelicopters,includingatleast:
(1)

20hoursofdualinstruction

(2)

6hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime

(3)

3hoursofnavigationtraining

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(c)

3Jun2008

Crediting.Applicants holdinga pilot licence for anothercategory ofaircraft, with theexception of

balloons,shallbecreditedwith10%oftheirtotalflighttimeaspilotincommandinsuchaircraft,
uptoamaximumof3hours,towardstherequirementsin(a)or(b).

FCL.135.BA/H

BasicLPLExtensionofprivilegestoanotherclassortype

TheprivilegesofaBasicLPLshallbelimitedtotheclassofaeroplaneor,inthecaseofhelicopters,tothe
typeofhelicoptersinwhichtheskilltestwastaken.Thislimitationmaybewithdrawnwhenthepilothas
completedintheotherclassofaeroplanesorinanothertypeofhelicopters:
(a)

(b)

(c)

Aeroplanes.3hoursofdualinstructionflighttime,including:
(1)

10takeoffsandlandingsand

(2)

10supervisedsolotakeoffsandlandings.

Helicopters.5hoursofdualinstructionflighttime,including:
(1)

15takeoffsandlandingsand

(2)

15supervisedsolotakeoffsandlandings.

askilltesttodemonstrateanadequatelevelofpracticalskillinthenewclassoronthenewtype.
During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of
theoreticalknowledgefortheothertypeorclassinthefollowingsubjects:

Operationalprocedures

Flightperformanceandplanning

Aircraftgeneralknowledge.

FCL.140.BA/H

BasicLPLRecencyrequirements

HoldersofaBasicLPLshallonlyexercisetheprivilegesoftheirlicencewhentheycomplywiththerecency
requirementsestablishedinFCL.140.A,inthecaseofaeroplanes,orFCL.140.H,inthecaseofhelicopters.

SECTION3
SpecificrequirementsfortheLPLforaeroplanesLPL(A)
FCL.105.A

LPL(A)Privileges

TheprivilegesoftheholderofaLPLforaeroplanesaretoflysingleenginepistonaeroplanesorTMGwith
amaximumcertificatedtakeoffmassof2000kgorless,carryingamaximumof3passengers,suchthat
therearenevermorethan4personsonboardoftheaircraft.
FCL.110.A
(a)

(b)

LPL(A)Experiencerequirementsandcrediting

Applicants for a LPL(A) shall have completed at least 30 hours flight time in aeroplanes or TMG,
includingatleast:
(1)

15hoursofdualinstruction

(2)

6hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime,includingat least 3hoursofsolocrosscountryflight

timewithatleast1crosscountryflightofatleast150km,duringwhich1fullstoplandingat
anaerodromedifferentfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade.

Specific requirements for applicants holding a basic LPL for aeroplanes. Applicants for a LPL(A)
holdingaBasicLPLforaeroplanesshallhavecompleted10hoursofflightinstruction,includingat
least:
(1)

6hoursofdualinstruction

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(2)

3Jun2008

3 hours of supervised solo flight time, including 1 crosscountry flight of at least 150 km,
duringwhich1fullstoplandingatanaerodromedifferentfromtheaerodromeofdeparture
shallbemade

(c)

Specific requirements forapplicants holding a LPL(S) with TMGextension.Applicants fora LPL(A)

holdingaLPL(S)withTMGextensionshallhavecompletedatleast24hoursofflighttimeonTMGs
aftertheendorsementoftheTMGextension,ofwhichatleast3shallbeofdualinstruction.

(d)

Crediting.Applicantsholdinga pilot licence for anothercategory ofaircraft, with theexception of

balloons,shallbecreditedwith10%oftheirtotalflighttimeaspilotincommandinsuchaircraft,
uptoamaximumof6hours,towardstherequirementin(a).

FCL.135.A

LPL(A)Extensionofprivilegestoanotherclassofaeroplane

TheprivilegesofaLPL(A)shallbelimitedtotheclassofaeroplanesinwhichtheskilltestwastaken.This
limitationmaybewithdrawnwhenthepilotcomplieswiththerequirementsinFCL.135.BA/H.
FCL.140.A

LPL(A)Recencyrequirements

(a) HoldersofaLPL(A)shallonlyexercisetheprivilegesoftheirlicencewhentheyhave:
(1)

(2)
(b)

completed,inthelast24months,aspilotsofaeroplanesorTMGatleast:
(i)

12hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommand,including12takeoffsandlandingsor

(ii)

6hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommand,including6takes offsandlandings,and1
trainingflightofatleastonehourwithaninstructor

passeda proficiency check onan aeroplane ora touring motorglider with anexaminer, at
leastonceinevery6years.

Holders ofaLPL(A)thatdonotcomplywiththe requirements in(a)shallundertakeaproficiency

checkwithanexaminerbeforetheycanresumetheexerciseoftheprivilegesoftheirlicence.

SECTION4
SpecificrequirementsfortheLPLforhelicoptersLPL(H)
FCL.105.H

LPL(H)Privileges

The privileges of the holder of a LPL for helicopters are to fly singleengine piston helicopters with a
maximumcertificatedtakeoffmassof2000kgorless,carryingamaximumof3passengers,suchthat
therearenevermorethan4personsonboard.
FCL.110.H
(a)

(b)

LPL(H)Experiencerequirementsandcrediting

Applicants forthe LPL(H)shall have completed 45 hours of flight time inhelicopters, including at
least:
(1)

25hoursofdualinstructionand

(2)

10hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime,includingatleast5hoursofsolocrosscountryflight
timewithatleast1crosscountryflightofatleast150km,duringwhichonefullstoplanding
atanaerodromedifferentfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade.

SpecificrequirementsforapplicantsholdingabasicLPL(H).ApplicantsforaLPL(H)holdingaBasic
LPL for helicoptersshall complete 10 hours of flight instruction,including at least 5 hours of solo
flight,including1crosscountryflightofat least150km,duringwhichonefullstoplandingatan
aerodromedifferentfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade.

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NPA200817b

(c)

3Jun2008

Crediting.Applicants holdinga pilot licence for anothercategory ofaircraft, with theexception of

balloons,shallbecreditedwith10%oftheirtotalflighttimeaspilotincommandinsuchaircraft,
uptoamaximumof6hours,towardstherequirementin(a).

FCL.135.H

LPL(H)Extensionofprivilegestoanothertypeofhelicopter

The privileges of a LPL(H) shall be limited to the specific type of helicopter in which the skill test was
taken.ThislimitationmaybewithdrawnwhenthepilotcomplieswiththerequirementsinFCL.135.BA/H.
FCL.140.H
(a)

Holders of LPL(H) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence on a specific type when they
have:
(1)

(2)
(b)

LPL(H)Recencyrequirements

completedonhelicoptersofthattypeinthelast24monthsatleast:
(i)

12hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandor

(ii)

6 hours of flight time as pilotincommand and 1 training flight of at least one hour
withaninstructor

passedaproficiencycheckonthetypewithanexaminer,atleastonceinevery6years.

Holders ofaLPL(H)thatdonotcomplywiththe requirements in(a)shallundertakeaproficiency

checkwithanexamineronthespecifictypebeforetheycanresumetheexerciseoftheprivilegesof
theirlicence.

SECTION5
SpecificrequirementsfortheLPLforsailplanesLPL(S)
FCL.105.S

LPL(S)Privilegesandconditions

(a)

The privileges oftheholderofaLPLforsailplanes aretoflysailplanesandpoweredsailplanes or

TMG.

(b)

The holder of a LPL(S) shall only carry passengersafter he/she hascompleted 10 hours of flight
timeaspilotincommandofsailplanes,poweredsailplanesorTMG.

FCL.110.S
(a)

(b)

ApplicantsforaLPL(S)shallhavecompletedatleast10hoursofflighttimeinsailplanes,powered
sailplanesand/orTMG,includingatleast:
(1)

8hoursdualinstruction

(2)

2hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime

(3)

40launchesandlandings.

Applicants holding a pilot license for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons,
shallbecreditedwith10%oftheirtotalflighttime,launchesandlandingsaspilotincommandin
suchaircraft,uptoamaximumof6hoursand20launchesandlandings,towardstherequirement
of(a).

FCL.130.S
(a)

LPL(S)Experiencerequirementsandcrediting

LPL(S)Launchmethods

The privileges of the LPL(S) shall be limited to thelaunch method included in the skill test. This
limitationmaybewithdrawnwhenthepilothascompleted:
(1)

in the case of winch launch, a minimum of 10 launches in dual instruction, and 5 solo
launchesundersupervision

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3Jun2008

(2)

foraerotow,selflaunch,andcarlaunches,aminimumof5launchesindualinstruction,and
5sololaunchesundersupervision.Inthecaseofselflaunch,dualinstructionmaybedonein
atouringmotorglider

(3)

inthecaseofbungeelaunch,aminimumof10launchesperformedindualinstructionorsolo
undersupervision.

(b)

The completionoftheadditionaltraining flights shallbeenteredinthelogbookandconfirmedby

theinstructor.

(c)

Inordertomaintaintheirprivileges ineachlaunchmethod,pilotsshallcompleteaminimumof5
launchesduringthelast24months.

(d)

When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (c) he/she shall complete the missing
numberoflauncheswithorunderthesupervisionofaninstructorinordertorenewtheprivileges.

FCL.135.S
(a)

LPL(S)ExtensionofprivilegestoTMG

TheprivilegesofaLPL(S)shallbelimitedtoflyingsailplanesandpoweredsailplanes.Thislimitation
maybewithdrawnwhenthepilothascompletedonaTMG:
(1)

(2)

6hoursofflightinstruction,including:
(i)

4hoursofdualinstruction

(ii)

1 solo crosscountry flight of at least 150 km, during which 1 full stop landing at an
aerodromedifferentfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbeperformed.

askilltest todemonstrateanadequatelevelofpracticalskillinTMG.During this skilltest,

the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical
knowledgeforTMGinthefollowingsubjects:

Operationalprocedures

Flightperformanceandplanning

Aircraftgeneralknowledge

Navigation.

FCL.140.S
(a)

Sailplanes and powered sailplanes. Holders of a LPL(S) shall only exercise the privileges of their
licenceonsailplanesorpoweredsailplaneswhentheyhave:
(1)

(2)
(b)

LPL(S)Recencyrequirements

completedonsailplanes,inthelast24months,atleast:
(i)

6hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommand,including10launchesor

(ii)

3hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommand,including5launches,andaminimumof3
trainingflightswithaninstructor

passedaproficiencycheckwithanexamineronasailplaneatleastonceinevery6years.

TMG.HoldersofaLPL(S)shallonlyexercisetheprivilegesoftheirlicenceontouringmotorgliders
whentheyhave:
(1)

completedontouringmotorgliders,inthelast24months,atleast:
(i)

12hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandincluding12launchesor

(ii)

6hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandorTMG,including6takeoffsandlandings,
and1trainingflightofatleastonehourwithaninstructor

(2)

passedaproficiencycheckwithanexamineronaTMGatleastonceinevery6years.

(3)

WhentheholderoftheLPL(S)alsohastheprivilegestoflyaeroplanes,therequirementsin
(1)and(2)maybecompletedonaeroplanes.

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(c)

3Jun2008

HoldersofaLPL(S)thatdonotcomplywiththerequirementsin(a)or(b)shallpassaproficiency
checkwithanexaminerbeforetheycanresumetheexerciseoftheirprivileges.

SECTION6
SpecificrequirementsfortheLPLforballoonsLPL(B)
FCL.105.B

LPL(B)Privileges

The privileges of the holder of a LPL for balloons are to fly hotair balloons or hotair airships with a
maximum of 4000m3 envelope capacity or gas balloons with a maximum of 1200m3 envelope capacity,
carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board of the
aircraft.
FCL.110.B

LPL(B)Experiencerequirements

ApplicantsforaLPL(B)shallhavecompletedonballoonsofthesameclassatleast:
(a)

16hoursofdualflightinstruction,including10fillingsand20takeoffsandlandingsand

(b)

1supervisedsoloflightwithaminimumflighttimeof30minutes.

FCL.135.B
(a)

LPL(B)Extensionofprivilegestoanotherballoonclass

TheprivilegesoftheLPL(B)shallbelimitedtotheclassofballooninwhichtheskilltestwastaken.
Thislimitationmaybewithdrawnwhenthepilothascompletedintheotherclass:
(1)

(2)

Flightinstruction:
(i)

5instructionflightsor,

(ii)

inthecaseofaLPL(B)forhotairballoonswishingtoextendtheirprivilegestohotair
airships,5hoursofdualinstructiontimeand

a skill test, during which they shall demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of
theoreticalknowledgefortheotherclassinthefollowingsubjects:

Principlesofflight

Operationalprocedures

Flightperformanceandplanningand

Aircraftgeneralknowledge.

FCL.140.B
(a)

LPL(B)Recencyrequirements

HoldersofaLPL(B)shallonlyexercisetheprivilegesoftheirlicencewhentheyhave:
(1)

(2)

completedinoneclassofballoonsinthelast24months,atleast:
(i)

12hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommand,including8takeoffsandlandingsor

(ii)

6hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandandonetrainingflightwithaninstructor

passedaproficiencycheckwithanexamineratleastonceinevery6years.

(b)

Ifthepilotisqualifiedtoflymorethanoneclassofballoons,inordertoexercisetheirprivilegesin
theotherclass,theyshallhavecompletedatleast2hoursofflighttimeonthatclasswithinthelast
24months.

(c)

Holders of a LPL(B) that do not comply with the requirements in (a) and (b) shall undertake a
proficiencycheckwithanexaminerbeforetheycanresumetheexerciseoftheirprivileges.

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SUBPARTC
PRIVATEPILOTLICENCE(PPL),SAILPLANEPILOTLICENCE(SPL)ANDBALLOONPILOT
LICENCE(BPL)

SECTION1
CommonRequirements
FCL.200

Minimumage

[JARFCL1.100/2.100]
(a)

AnapplicantforaPPLshallbeatleast17yearsofage

(b)

AnapplicantforaBPLoranSPLshallbeatleast16yearsofage.

FCL.205

Conditions

ApplicantsfortheissueofaBPL,SPLorPPLshall,whenapplicable,havefulfilledtherequirementsforthe
classortyperatingfortheaircraftusedintheskilltest,asestablishedinSubpartH.
FCL.210

Trainingcourse

ApplicantsforaBPL,SPLorPPLshallcompleteatrainingcourseatanapprovedtrainingorganisation.The
courseshallincludetheoreticalknowledgeandflightinstructionappropriatetotheprivilegesgiven.
FCL.215
(a)

Theoreticalknowledgeexamination

Applicants for a BPL, SPL or PPL shall have demonstrated to the competent authority a level of
theoretical knowledgeappropriate to theprivileges granted throughexaminations in the following
subjects:
Airlaw
Aircraftgeneralknowledge
Flightperformanceandplanning
Humanperformance
Meteorology
Navigation
Operationalprocedures
Principlesofflight
Communications.

FCL.235
(a)

SkillTest

ApplicantsforaBPL,SPLorPPLshalldemonstratethroughthecompletionofaskilltesttheability
toperform,aspilotincommandoftheappropriateaircraftcategory,therelevantproceduresand
manoeuvreswithcompetencyappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.
Theskilltestshallbetakenwithin6monthsofcompletingtheflightinstruction.

(b)

Anapplicantfortheskilltestshallhavereceivedinstructiononthesameclassortypeofaircraftto
beusedfortheskilltest.

(c)

Passmarks.

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(1)

The skilltestshallbedividedintodifferentsections,representingallthedifferentphases of
flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown. An applicant shall pass all the relevant
sectionsoftheskilltestwithinsixmonths.

(2)

Failure inany itemof asectionwill cause the applicant to fail the entiresection. Failure in
morethanonesectionwillcausetheapplicanttofailtheentiretest.Iftheapplicantfailsonly
1section,he/sheshallrepeatonlythatsection.

(3)

Whenthetestneedstoberepeatedinaccordancewith(2),failureinanysection,including
thosethathavebeenpassedonapreviousattempt,willcausetheapplicanttofailtheentire
test.

(4)

Failuretoachieveapassinallsectionsofthetestin2attemptswillrequirefurthertraining.

SECTION2
SpecificrequirementsforthePPLaeroplanesPPL(A)
FCL.205.A

PPL(A)Privileges

(a)

TheprivilegesoftheholderofaPPL(A)aretoactwithoutremunerationaspilotincommandorco
pilotofaeroplanesengagedinnoncommercialoperations.

(b)

Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(A) may receive remuneration for the
provisionofflightinstructionfortheLPL(A)orthePPL(A).

FCL.210.A
(a)

PPL(A)Experiencerequirementsandcrediting

Applicants for a PPL(A) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight time in aeroplanes, 5 of
whichmayhavebeencompletedinaFSTD,includingatleast:
(1)

25hoursofdualinstructionand

(2)

10hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime,includingatleast5hoursofsolocrosscountryflight
timewithatleast1crosscountryflightofatleast270km(150NM),duringwhichfullstop
landingsattwoaerodromesdifferentfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade.

(b)

SpecificrequirementsforapplicantsholdingaLPL(A).ApplicantsforaPPL(A)holdingaLPL(A)shall
havecompletedat least 15hours offlighttimeaftertheissueoftheLPL(A),ofwhichatleast10
shallbedualinstructioncompletedinatrainingcourseatanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

(c)

Crediting.Applicantsholdinga pilot licence for anothercategory ofaircraft, with theexception of

balloons,shallbecreditedwith10%oftheirtotalflighttimeaspilotincommandinsuchaircraft
uptoamaximumof10hours.Inthiscase,therequirementfordualinstructionin(a)(1)shallbe
reducedproportionally,butinanycasetonotlessthan20hours.

SECTION3
SpecificrequirementsforthePPLhelicoptersPPL(H)
FCL.205.H

PPL(H)Privileges

(a)

TheprivilegesoftheholderofaPPL(H)aretoactwithoutremunerationaspilotincommandorco
pilotofhelicoptersengagedinnoncommercialoperations.

(b)

Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(H) may receive remuneration for the
provisionofflightinstructionfortheLPL(H)orthePPL(H).

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FCL.210.H

3Jun2008

PPL(H)Experiencerequirementsandcrediting

[JARFCL2.120]
(a)

Applicants for a PPL(H) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight time in helicopters, 5 of
whichmayhavebeencompletedinaFSTD,includingatleast:
(1)

25hoursofdualinstruction,includingatleast5hoursinstrumentdualinstructiontimeand

(2)

10hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime,includingatleast5hoursofsolocrosscountryflight
timewithatleast1crosscountryflightofatleast185km(100NM),withfullstoplandingsat
twoaerodromesdifferentfromtheaerodromeofdeparture.

(b)

SpecificrequirementsforapplicantholdingaLPL(H).ApplicantsforaPPL(H)holdingaLPL(H)shall
complete5hoursofdualinstrumentinstructiontime.

(c)

Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons,
shall becreditedwith 10 % of their total flighttime aspilotincommand insuch aircraftup toa
maximumof6hours.

SECTION4
SpecificrequirementsforthePPLpoweredliftPPL(PL)
Reserved

SECTION5
SpecificrequirementsforthePPLairshipsPPL(As)
FCL.205.As

PPL(As)Privileges

[JARFCL1.105/2.105]
(a)

The privileges of theholderof a PPL(As) are to act without remunerationas pilotincommand or

copilotofairshipsengagedinnoncommercialoperations.

(b)

Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(As) may receive remuneration for the
provisionofflightinstructionforthePPL(As).

FCL.210.As
(a)

ApplicantsforaPPL(As)shallhavecompletedatleast35hoursofflighttimeinairships,5ofwhich
mayhavebeencompletedinaFSTD,includingatleast:
(1)

(b)

PPL(As)Experiencerequirementsandcrediting

25hoursofdualinstruction,including:
(i)

3 hours ofcrosscountry flight training, including 1crosscountry flight ofat least 65

km(35NM)

(ii)

3hoursofinstrumentinstruction

(2)

5takeoffsandlandingstoafullstopatanaerodrome

(3)

8hoursofsupervisedsoloflighttime.

Applicants holding a BPLand qualified to fly hotair airships shall becredited with 10 % of their
totalflighttimeaspilotincommandinsuchairshipsuptoamaximumof5hours.

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SECTION6
Specificrequirementsforthesailplanepilotlicence(SPL)
FCL.205.S

SPLprivilegesandconditions

(a)

The privileges of the holder of a SPL are to act as pilotincommand of sailplanes, powered
sailplanesand/orTMG.

(b)

HoldersofanSPLshall:
(1)

not carry passengers unless they have completed at least 10 hours of flight as pilot of
sailplanes,poweredsailplanesorTMG

(2)

berestrictedtoactwithoutremunerationinnoncommercialoperationsuntiltheholderhas
attainedtheageof18yearsandhascompleted75hoursofexperienceaspilotincommand
ofsailplanes,poweredsailplanesand/orTMG.

(c)

Beforeexercisingcommercialprivileges theholderofaSPLshallpassaproficiencycheckwithan
examiner.

(c)

Notwithstandingparagraphs (b)(2)and(c),theholderofaSPLmayreceiveremunerationforthe
provisionofflightinstructionfortheLPLortheSPL.

FCL.210.S

SPLExperiencerequirementsandcrediting

(a)

ApplicantsforanSPLshallhavecompletedatleast10hoursofflighttimeasapilotofsailplanes,
poweredsailplanesorTMG,includingatleasttherequirementsspecifiedinFCL.110.S.

(b)

ApplicantsforanSPLholdingaLPL(S)shallbefullycreditedtowardstherequirementsin(a).

(c)

Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons,
shallbecreditedwith10%oftheirtotalflighttime,launchesandlandingsaspilotincommandin
suchaircraftuptoamaximumof6hoursand20launchesandlandings.

FCL.220.S

SPLLaunchmethods

The privileges oftheSPLshallbelimitedtothelaunchmethodincludedintheskilltest.This limitation

may be withdrawn and the new privileges exercised when the pilot complies with the requirements in
FCL.130.S.
FCL.225.S

SPLExtensionofprivilegestotouringmotorgliders

The privileges of the SPL shall be limited to sailplanes and powered sailplanes. This limitation may be
withdrawnwhenthepilotcomplieswiththerequirementsinFCL.135.S.
FCL.230.S

SPLRecencyrequirements

Holders of an SPL shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when complying with the recency
requirementsinFCL.140.S.

SECTION7
Specificrequirementsfortheballoonpilotlicence(BPL)
FCL.205.B
(a)

BPLprivilegesandconditions

TheprivilegesoftheholderofaBPLaretoactaspilotincommandofballoonsandhotairairships.

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(b)

HoldersofaBPLshallberestrictedtoactwithoutremunerationinnoncommercialoperationsuntil
theholderhasattainedtheageof18yearsandhascompleted75hoursofexperienceaspilotin
commandofballoons.

(c)

BeforeexercisingcommercialprivilegestheholderofaBPLshallpassaproficiencycheckwithan
examiner.

(d)

Notwithstanding paragraphs (b) and (c), the holder of a BPL may receive remuneration for the
provisionofflightinstructionfortheLPLortheBPL.

FCL.210.B
(a)

(b)

BPLExperiencerequirementsandcrediting

AnapplicantforaBPLshallhavecompletedonballoonsofthesameclassandgroupatleast:
(1)

16hoursofdualinstructionincluding10fillings,20takeoffsandlandingsand

(2)

1supervisedsoloflightwithaminimumflighttimeof30minutes.

ApplicantsforanBPLholdingaLPL(B)shallbefullycreditedtowardstherequirementsin(a).

FCL.225.B

BPLExtensionofprivilegestoanotherballoonclassorgroup

The privileges of the BPLshall be limited totheclass and group of balloons in which the skill test was
taken.Thislimitationmaybewithdrawnwhenthepilothas:
(a)

inthecaseofanextensiontoanotherclasswithinthesamegroup,compliedwiththerequirements
inFCL.135.B.

(b)

inthecaseofanextensiontoanothergroupwithinthesameclassofballoons,completed:
(1)

20hoursofflighttimeasapilotincommandofballoons

(2)

3instructionflightsonaballoonoftherelevantgroup.

FCL.230.B

BPLRecencyrequirements

Holders of a BPL shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when complying with the recency
requirementsinFCL.140.B.

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SUBPARTD
COMMERCIALPILOTLICENCECPL

SECTION1
CommonRequirements
FCL.300

CPLMinimumage

AnapplicantforaCPLshallbeatleast18yearsofage.
FCL.305
(a)

(b)

CPLPrivilegesandconditions

Privileges.TheprivilegesoftheholderofaCPLare,withintheappropriateaircraftcategory,to:
(1)

exercisealltheprivilegesoftheholderofaPPL

(2)

act as pilotincommand or copilot of any aircraft engaged in operations other than

commercialairtransportation

(3)

actaspilotincommandincommercialairtransportofanysinglepilotaircraft,subjecttothe
restrictionsspecifiedinFCL.060andinthisSubpart

(4)

actascopilotincommercialairtransportation.

Conditions.AnapplicantfortheissueofaCPLshallhavefulfilledtherequirementsfortheclassor
typeratingoftheaircraftusedintheskilltest.

FCL.310

CPLTheoreticalknowledgeexaminations

AnapplicantforaCPLshalldemonstratealevelofknowledgeappropriatetotheprivilegesgrantedinthe
followingsubjects,furtherdetailedinAppendix2tothisPart:

AirLaw

AircraftGeneralKnowledgeAirframe/Systems/Powerplant

AircraftGeneralKnowledgeInstrumentation

Massandbalance

Performance

FlightPlanningandMonitoring

HumanPerformance

Meteorology

GeneralNavigation

RadioNavigation

OperationalProcedures

Principlesofflight

VisualFlightRules(VFR)Communications.

FCL.315

CPLTrainingcourse

AnapplicantforaCPLshallhavecompletedtheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandflightinstructionatan
approvedtrainingorganisation,inaccordancewithAppendix3tothisPart.

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NPA200817b

FCL.320

3Jun2008

CPLSkillTest

AnapplicantforaCPLshallpassaskilltestinaccordancewithAppendix4tothisParttodemonstratethe
abilitytoperform,aspilotincommandoftheappropriateaircraftcategory,therelevantproceduresand
manoeuvreswiththecompetencyappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.

SECTION2
SpecificrequirementsfortheaeroplanecategoryCPL(A)
FCL.305.A
(a)

CPL(A)Privilegesincommercialairtransport

TheholderofaCPL(A)shallonlyactaspilotincommandincommercialairtransportonasingle
pilotaeroplaneprovidedthat:
(1)

WhencarryingpassengersunderVFRoutsidearadiusof50NM(90Km)fromanaerodrome
of departure, he/she has a minimum of 500 hours of flight time on aeroplanes or holds a
validinstrumentratingor

(2)

When operating on a multiengine type under IFR,he/she has aminimum of 700 hours of
flighttimeonaeroplanes,including400hoursaspilotincommand.Thesehoursshallinclude
100 hours under IFR and 40 hours in multiengine operations. The 400 hours as pilotin
commandmaybesubstitutedbyhoursoperatingascopilotwithinanestablishedmultipilot
crewsystemprescribedintheOperationsManual,onthebasisoftwohoursofflighttimeas
copilotforonehourofflighttimeaspilotincommand.

(b)

TheholderofaCPL(A)shallonlyactunderIFRasasinglepilotwhenhe/shecomplieswith(a)(2)
andwiththeapplicablerequirementsprescribedinSubpartOPSofPartMS2.

(c)

TheholderofaCPL(A)shallonlyactaspilotincommandincommercialairtransportinmultipilot
operationsprovidedthathe/shehascompletedthecommandcourseprescribedinSubpartOPSof
PartMS3.

FCL.325.A

CPL(A)SpecificconditionsforMPLholders

BeforeexercisingtheprivilegesofaCPL(A),theholderofanMPLshallhavecompletedinaeroplanes:
(a)

70hoursflighttime:
(1)

aspilotincommandor

(2)

madeupofat least10hours aspilotincommandand theadditionalflighttimeaspilotin

commandundersupervision(PICUS).

Of these 70 hours, 20 shall be of VFR crosscountry flight time as pilotincommand, or cross

countryflighttimemadeupofatleast10hoursaspilotincommandand10hoursasPICUS.This
shallincludeaVFRcrosscountryflightofatleast540km(300NM)inthecourseofwhichfullstop
landingsattwodifferentaerodromesshallbeflownaspilotincommand
(b)

theelementsoftheCPL(A)modularcourseasspecifiedinparagraphs11(a)and12ofAppendix3.
Dand

(c)

theCPL(A)skilltest,inaccordancewithFCL.320.

ThisreferencetoPartMSmaystillchange.

ThisreferencetoPartMSmaystillchange.
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3Jun2008

SECTION3
SpecificRequirementsforthehelicoptercategoryCPL(H)
FCL.305.H
(a)

(b)

CPL(H)Privilegetoactincommercialairtransport

TheholderofaCPL(H)shallonlyactaspilotincommandincommercialairtransportonasingle
pilothelicopterprovidedthat:
(1)

When operating under IFR, he/she has a minimum of 700 hours total flight time on
helicopters, including 300 hours as pilotincommand. These hours shall include 100 hours
underIFR.The300hoursaspilotincommandmaybesubstitutedbyhoursoperatingasco
pilotwithinanestablishedmultipilotcrewsystemprescribedintheOperationsManualonthe
basisoftwohoursofflighttimeascopilotforonehourflighttimeaspilotincommand.

(2)

Whenoperatingundervisualmeteorologicalconditions(VMC)atnight,he/shehas:
(i)

avalidinstrumentratingor

(ii)

300hours flighttimeonhelicopters,including100hoursaspilotincommandand10
hoursaspilotflyingatnight.

TheholderofaCPL(H)shallonlyactunderIFRasasinglepilotwhenhe/shecomplieswith(a)and
withtheapplicablerequirementsprescribedinSubpartOPSofPartMS4.

SECTION4
SpecificrequirementsforthepoweredliftcategoryCPL(PL)
Reserved

SECTION5
SpecificRequirementsfortheairshipcategoryCPL(As)
FCL.305.As

CPL(As)Privilegestoactincommercialairtransport

TheholderofaCPL(As)shallonlyactaspilotincommandincommercialairtransportprovidedthat:
(a)

(b)

ForoperationsunderIFR,he/shehasaminimumof500hours totalflighttimeonairships.These
hoursshallincludeatleast100hoursunderIFR,and:
(1)

700 hours as copilot within an established multipilot crew system prescribed in the
OperationsManualofanoperatoror

(2)

250hoursaspilotincommand.

ForoperationsunderVMCatnight,he/shehas:
(1)

avalidinstrumentratingor

(2)

300 hours total flight time on airships, including 100 hours as pilotincommand and 10
hoursaspilotflyingatnight.

ThisreferencetoPartMSmaystillchange.
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NPA200817b

3Jun2008

SUBPARTE
MULTICREWPILOTLICENCEMPL
FCL.400.A

MPLMinimumage

AnapplicantforanMPLshallbeatleast18yearsofage.
FCL.405.A
(a)

(b)

MPLPrivileges

TheprivilegesoftheholderofanMPLareto:
(1)

actascopilotinanaeroplanerequiredtobeoperatedwithacopilotand

(2)

exercisetheprivilegesoftheIR(A)inanaeroplanerequiredtobeoperatedwithacopilot.

TheholderofanMPLmayobtaintheextraprivilegesof:
(1)

theholderofaPPL(A),providedthattherequirementsforthePPL(A)specifiedinSubpartC
aremet

(2)

aCPL(A),providedthattherequirementsspecifiedinFCL.325.Aaremet

(3)

the IR(A) in singlepilot operations in aeroplanes provided that the licence holder has
completed the training necessary to act as pilotincommand in singlepilot operations
exercisedsolelybyreferencetoinstrumentsandpassedtheskilltestoftheIR(A)asasingle
pilot.

FCL.410.A

MPLTrainingcourseandTheoreticalknowledgeexaminations

(a)

Course. An applicant for an MPL shall have completed a training course of theoretical knowledge
and flight instruction at an approved training organisation in accordance with Appendix 5 to this
Part.

(b)

Examination.AnapplicantforanMPLshallhavedemonstratedalevelofknowledgeappropriateto
theholderofanATPL(A)andofamultipilottyperating.

FCL.415.A

MPLPracticalSkill

(a)

AnapplicantforanMPLshallhavedemonstratedthroughcontinuousassessmenttheskillsrequired
forfulfillingallthecompetencyunitsspecifiedinAppendix5tothisPart,aspilotflyingandpilotnot
flying,inamultiengineturbinepoweredmultipilotaeroplane,underVFRandIFR.

(b)

On completion of the training course, the applicant shall pass a skill test in accordance with
Appendix 9 to this Part, to demonstrate the ability to perform the relevant procedures and
manoeuvreswiththecompetencyappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.Theskilltestshallbetaken
in thetype ofaeroplane used onthe advancedphaseof the MPL integrated training course, ora
simulatorrepresentingthesametype,.

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3Jun2008

SUBPARTF
AIRLINETRANSPORTPILOTLICENCEATPL

SECTION1
CommonRequirements
FCL.500

ATPLMinimumage

ApplicantsforanATPLshallbeatleast21yearsofage.
FCL.505
(a)

(b)

ATPLPrivileges

TheprivilegesoftheholderofanATPLareto,withintheappropriateaircraftcategory:
(1)

exercisealltheprivilegesoftheholderofaPPLandaCPL

(2)

actaspilotincommandinaircraftengagedincommercialairtransportation

(3)

fortheaeroplanecategory,toexercisealltheprivilegesofanIR(A).

Applicants fortheissueofanATPLshallhavefulfilledtherequirementsforthetyperatingofthe
aircraftusedintheskilltest.

FCL.515

ATPLTrainingcourseandtheoreticalknowledgeexaminations

(a)

Course. Applicants for an ATPL shall have completed a training course at an approved training
organisation.Thecourseshallbeeitheranintegratedtrainingcourse,inaccordancewithAppendix
3tothisPart,oramodularcourse.

(b)

Examination. Applicants for an ATPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the
privilegesgrantedinthefollowingsubjects,furtherdetailedinAppendix2tothisPart:

AirLaw

AircraftGeneralKnowledgeAirframe/Systems/Powerplant

AircraftGeneralKnowledgeInstrumentation

Massandbalance

Performance

FlightPlanningandMonitoring

HumanPerformance

Meteorology

GeneralNavigation

RadioNavigation

OperationalProcedures

Principlesofflight

VFRCommunications

IFRCommunications.

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3Jun2008

SECTION2
SpecificrequirementsfortheaeroplanecategoryATPL(A)
FCL.505.A

ATPL(A)RestrictionofprivilegesforpilotspreviouslyholdinganMPL

WhentheholderofanATPL(A)has previouslyheldonlyamulticrewpilotlicence,theprivileges ofthe

licenceshallberestrictedtomultipilotoperations,unlesstheholderhascompliedwithFCL.405.A(b)(2)
and(3)forsinglepilotoperations.
FCL.510.A
(a)

(b)

ATPL(A)Prerequisites,experienceandcrediting

Prerequisites.ApplicantsforanATPL(A)shallhold:
(1)

anMPLor

(2)

aCPL(A)andamultiengineinstrumentrating(A).Inthiscase,theapplicantshallalsohave
receivedinstructioninmulticrewcooperation.

Experience.ApplicantsforanATPL(A)shallhavecompletedaminimumof1500hoursofflighttime
inaeroplanes,includingatleast:
(1)

500hoursinmultipilotoperationsonaeroplaneswithatypecertificateissuedinaccordance
withCS25orequivalentcode,orCS23Commutercategoryorequivalentcode

(2)

(i)

500hoursaspilotincommandundersupervisionor

(ii)

250hoursaspilotincommandor

(iii)

250hours,includingatleast70hoursaspilotincommand,andtheremainingaspilot
incommandundersupervision

(3)

200 hours of crosscountry flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as pilotin
commandoraspilotincommandundersupervision

(4)

75 hours of instrument time of which not more than 30 hours may be instrument ground
timeand

(5)

100hoursofnightflight.

Ofthe1500hoursflighttime,upto100hoursofflighttimemayhavebeencompletedinFFSandFNPT.
Ofthese100hours,onlyamaximumof25hoursmaybecompletedinFNPT.
(c)

Crediting.
(1)

(2)

(d)

Holdersofapilotlicenceforothercategoriesofaircraftshallbecreditedwithflighttimeupto
amaximumof:
(i)

forTMGorsailplanes,30hoursflownaspilotincommand

(ii)

forhelicopters,50%ofalltheflighttimerequirementsofparagraph(b).

Holdersofaflightengineerlicenceissuedinaccordancewithapplicablenationalrulesshallbe
creditedwith50% of the flight engineer timeup toa maximumcreditof 250 hours. These
250 hours may be credited against the 1500 hours requirement of paragraph (a), and the
500hoursrequirementofparagraph(b)(1),providedthatthetotalcreditgivenagainstany
oftheseparagraphsdoesnotexceed250hours.

Theexperiencerequiredin(b)shallbecompletedbeforetheskilltestfortheATPL(A)istaken.

FCL.515.A

ATPL(A)TheoreticalknowledgeinstructionModularcourse

ApplicantsforanATPL(A)thatcompletetheirtheoreticalknowledgeinstructionatamodularcourseshall:
(a)

holdatleastaPPL(A)and

(b)

complete at least the following hours of theoretical knowledge instruction within a period of 18
months:
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NPA200817b

(c)

(1)

forapplicantsholdingaPPL(A):650hours

(2)

forapplicantsholdingaCPL(A):400hours

(3)

forapplicantsholdinganIR(A):500hours

(4)

forapplicantsholdingaCPL(A)andanIR(A):250hours.

3Jun2008

The theoretical knwoledge instruction shall be completed completed before the skill test for the
ATPL(A)istaken

FCL.520.A

ATPL(A)Skilltest

ApplicantsforanATPL(A)shallpassaskilltestinaccordancewithAppendix9tothisParttodemonstrate
theabilitytoperform,aspilotincommandofamultipilotaeroplaneunderIFRtherelevantprocedures
andmanoeuvreswiththecompetencyappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.

SECTION3
SpecificrequirementsforthehelicoptercategoryATPL(H)
FCL.510.H

ATPL(H)Prerequisites,experienceandcrediting

ApplicantsforanATPL(H)shall:
(a)

holdaCPL(H) andamultipilot helicopter type ratingand have received instruction inmulticrew

cooperationVFR

(b)

havecompletedasapilotofhelicoptersaminimumof1000hoursofflighttimeincludingatleast:
(1)

350hoursinmultipilothelicopters

(2)

(i)

250hoursaspilotincommandor

(ii)

100hoursaspilotincommandand150hoursaspilotincommandundersupervision
or

(iii)

250 hours as pilotincommand under supervision in multipilot helicopters. In this

case,theATPL(H)privilegesshallbelimitedtomultipilotoperationsonly

(3)

200 hours of crosscountry flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as pilotin
commandoraspilotincommandundersupervision.

(4)

30 hours of instrument time of which not more than 10 hours may be instrument ground
timeand

(5)

100hoursofnightflightaspilotincommandorascopilot.

Ofthe1000hours,amaximumof100hoursmayhavebeencompletedinanFSTD,ofwhichnot
morethan25hoursmaybecompletedinanFNPT.
(c)

Flight time in aeroplanes shall be credited up to 50% against the flight time requirements of
paragraph(b).

(d)

Theexperiencerequiredin(b)shallbecompletedbeforetheskilltestfortheATPL(H)istaken.

FCL.515.H
(a)

ATPL(H)TheoreticalknowledgeinstructionModularcourse

ApplicantsforanATPL(H)thatcompletetheirtheoreticalknowledgeinstructionatamodularcourse
shallholdatleastaPPL(H)andcompleteatleastthefollowinghoursofinstructionwithinaperiod
of18months:
(1)

forapplicantsholdingaPPL(H):550hours

(2)

forapplicantsholdingaCPL(H):300hours.

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NPA200817b

(b)

3Jun2008

Applicants for an ATPL(H)/IR that complete their theoretical knowledge instruction at a modular
courseshallholdatleastaPPL(H)andcompleteatleastthefollowinghoursofinstructionwithina
periodof18months:
(1)

forapplicantsholdingaPPL(H):650hours

(2)

forapplicantsholdingaCPL(H):400hours

(3)

forapplicantsholdinganIR(H):500hours

(4)

forapplicantsholdingaCPL(H)andanIR(H):250hours.

FCL.520.H

ATPL(H)Skilltest

ApplicantsforanATPL(H)shallpassaskilltestinaccordancewithAppendix9tothisParttodemonstrate
the ability to perform as pilotincommand of a multipilot helicopter the relevant procedures and
manoeuvreswiththecompetencyappropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.

SECTION4
SpecificrequirementsforthepoweredliftcategoryATPL(PL)
Reserved

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3Jun2008

SUBPARTG
INSTRUMENTRATINGIR

SECTION1
CommonRequirements
FCL.600

IRGeneral

Holders of a pilot licence shall only operate an aircraft under IFR when they hold an instrument rating
appropriate to the category of aircraft, except when they are a pilot undergoing skill testing or dual
instruction.
FCL.605

IRPrivileges

(a)

TheprivilegesofaholderofanIRaretoflyaircraftunderIFRwithaminimumdecisionheightof
200feet(60m).

(b)

InthecaseofamultiengineIR,theseprivilegesmaybeextendedtodecisionheightslowerthan
200 feet (60 m) when the applicant has undergone specific training at an approved training
organisationandhaspassedsection6oftheskilltestprescribedinAppendix9tothisPartinmulti
pilotaircraft.

(c)

Holders of an IR shall exercise their privileges in accordance with the conditions established in
Appendix8tothisPart.

(d)

Helicoptersonly.ToexerciseprivilegesaspilotincommandunderIFRinmultipilothelicopters,the
holderofanIR(H)musthaveatleast70hoursofinstrumenttimeofwhichupto30hoursmaybe
instrumentgroundtime.

FCL.610

IRPrerequisites

ApplicantsforanIRshall:
(a)

hold:
(1)

aPPLwithanightratingintheappropriateaircraftcategoryor

(2)

aCPL,withanightratingintheappropriateaircraftcategoryor

(3)

anATPLinanothercategoryofaircraft

(b)

have completed at least 50 hours crosscountry flight time as pilotincommand in aeroplanes,

helicopters or airships of which at least 10 or, in the case of airships, 20 hours shall be in the
relevantaircraftcategory.

(c)

Applicants who have completed an integrated flying training course as ATPL(H)/IR, ATPL(H),
CPL(H)/IRorCPL(H)shallbeexemptedfromtherequirementinparagraph(b).

FCL.615
(a)

(b)

IRTheoreticalknowledgeandflightinstruction

Course. Applicants for an IR shall have received a course of theoretical knowledge and flight
instructionatanapprovedtrainingorganisation.Thecourseshallbe:
(1)

anintegratedtrainingcoursethatincludestrainingfortheIR,inaccordancewithAppendix3
tothisPartor

(2)

amodularcourseinaccordancewithAppendix6tothisPart.

Examination. Applicants shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the

privilegesgrantedinthefollowingsubjects,furtherdetailedinAppendix2tothisPart:
AirLaw

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NPA200817b

AircraftGeneralKnowledgeInstrumentation

FlightPerformanceandMonitoring

HumanPerformance

Meteorology

RadioNavigation

IFRCommunications

FCL.620

3Jun2008

IRSkilltest

(a)

ApplicantsforanIRshallpassaskilltestinaccordancewithAppendix7totheParttodemonstrate
the ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with a degree of competency
appropriatetotheprivilegesgranted.

(b)

ForamultiengineIR,theskilltestshallbetakeninamultiengineaircraft.ForasingleengineIR
thetestshallbetakeninasingleengineaircraft.

FCL.625

IRValidity,revalidationandrenewal

(a)

Validity.AnIRisvalidfor1year.Thisperiodshallbecountedfromthedateofissueorrenewalor,
iftheratingisrevalidatedbeforeitsexpirydate,fromthatexpirydate.

(b)

Revalidation.

(c)

(d)

(1)

AnIRshallberevalidatedwithinthe3monthsimmediatelyprecedingtheexpirydateofthe
rating.

(2)

AnapplicantwhofailspasstherelevantsectionofanIRproficiencycheckbeforetheexpiry
date of the IR shall not exercise the IR privileges until he/she has passed the proficiency
check.

Renewal. If an instrument rating has expired, in order to renew his/her privileges the applicant
shall:
(1)

go through refresher training at an approved training organisation, to reach the level of

proficiency needed to pass the instrument element of the skill test in accordance with
Appendix9tothisPartand

(2)

complete a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, in the relevant
aircraftcategory.

If the IR has not been revalidated or renewed within the preceding 7 years, the holder will be
requiredtopassagaintheIRtheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltest.

SECTION2
Specificrequirementsfortheaeroplanecategory
FCL.625.A
(a)

IR(A)Revalidation

Revalidation.ApplicantsfortherevalidationofanIR(A):
(1)

Whencombinedwiththerevalidationofaclassortyperating,shallpassaproficiencycheck
inaccordancewithAppendix9tothisPart

(2)

whennotcombinedwiththerevalidationofaclassortyperating,shall:
(i)

forsinglepilotaeroplanes,completesection3bandthosepartsofsection1relevantto
theintendedflight,oftheproficiencycheckprescribedinAppendix9tothisPartand

(ii)

formultiengineaeroplanes,completesection6oftheproficiencycheckforsinglepilot
aeroplanesinaccordancewithAppendix9tothisPartbysolereferencetoinstruments.
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NPA200817b

(3)

(b)

3Jun2008

AnFTD2/3oraFFSmaybeusedinthecaseofparagraph(2),butat leasteachalternate
proficiencycheckfortherevalidationofanIR(A)inthesecircumstancesshallbeperformedin
anaeroplane.

CrosscreditshallbegiveninaccordancewithAppendix8tothisPart.

SECTION3
Specificrequirementsforthehelicoptercategory
FCL.625.H
(a)

(b)

IR(H)Revalidation

ApplicantsfortherevalidationofanIR(H):
(1)

when combinedwiththe revalidationof a type rating,shall complete aproficiencycheck in

accordancewithAppendix9tothisPart,fortherelevanttypeofhelicopter.

(2)

whennotcombinedwiththerevalidationofatyperating,shallcompleteonlySection5and
therelevantpartsofSection1oftheproficiencycheckestablishedinAppendix9tothisPart
fortherelevanttypeofhelicopter.Inthiscase,anFTDII/IIIoraFFS,maybeused,butat
leasteachalternateproficiencycheckfortherevalidationofanIR(H)inthesecircumstances
shallbeperformedinahelicopter.

CrosscreditshallbegiveninaccordancewithAppendix8tothisPart.

FCL.630.H

IR(H)Extensionofprivilegesfromsingleenginetomultienginehelicopters

HoldersofanIR(H)validforasingleenginehelicoptertypewishingtoextendforthefirsttimetheIR(H)
toamultienginehelicoptertypeshallcomplete:
(a)

atrainingcourseatanapprovedtrainingorganisationcomprisingatleast5hoursdualinstrument
instructiontime,ofwhich3hoursmaybeinFSorFTD2/3orFNPTII/IIIand

(b)

Section5oftheskilltestforsinglepilotormultipilothelicoptersinaccordancewithAppendix9to
thisPartonthatmultienginetype.

SECTION4
Specificrequirementsforthepoweredliftcategory
Reserved

SECTION5
Specificrequirementsfortheairshipcategory
FCL.625.As

IR(As)Revalidation

ApplicantsfortherevalidationofanIR(As):
(a)

when combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete a proficiency check in
accordancewithAppendix9tothisPart,fortherelevanttypeofairship

(b)

whennotcombinedwiththerevalidationofatyperating,shallcompleteSection5andthoseparts
ofSection1relevanttotheintendedflightoftheproficiencycheckforairshipsinaccordancewith
Appendix9ofthispart.Inthis case,anFTD2/3orFFSmaybeused,butatleasteachalternate
proficiencycheckfortherevalidationofanIR(As)inthesecircumstancesshallbeperformedinan
airship.

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3Jun2008

SUBPARTH
CLASSANDTYPERATINGS

SECTION1
Commonrequirements
FCL.700

Circumstancesinwhichclassortyperatingsarerequired

(a)

ExceptinthecaseoftheLPL,theSPLand theBPL,holders ofapilotlicenceshallnotact inany

capacityaspilotsofanaircraftunlesstheyhaveavalidandappropriateclassortyperating,except
whenundergoingskilltestingorreceivingflightinstruction.

(b)

Notwithstanding paragraph (a), in the case of flights related to the introduction of new aircraft
types,thepilotshallholdaspecialcertificategivenbythecompetentauthority,authorisinghimto
performtheflights.Thisauthorisationshallhaveitsvaliditylimitedtothespecificflights.

FCL.705

Privilegesoftheholderofaclassortyperating

Theprivilegesoftheholderofaclassortyperatingaretoactasapilotontheclassortypeofaircraft
specifiedintherating.
FCL.710

ClassandtyperatingsVariants

(a)

In order toextend its privileges toanother variantof aircraft within one class ortype rating, the
pilotshallundertakedifferencesorfamiliarisationtraining,asdefinedinaccordancewithPart21

(b)

If the variant has not been flown within a period of 2 years following the differences training,
furtherdifferences trainingoraproficiencycheckinthatvariantshallberequiredtomaintainthe
privileges,exceptfortypesorvariantswithinthesingleenginepistonclassrating.

(c)

Thedifferencestrainingshallbeenteredinthepilotslogbookorequivalentdocumentandsigned
bytheinstructorasappropriate.

FCL.725

Requirementsfortheissueofclassandtyperatings

(a)

Training course. An applicant for a class or type rating shall complete a training course at an
approved training organisation. The training course shall be based on the training syllabi for the
relevantclassortypeasestablishedinaccordancewithPart21.

(b)

Theoreticalknowledgeexamination.Theapplicantforaclassortyperatingshallpassatheoretical
knowledgeexaminationorganizedbytheapprovedtrainingorganizationtodemonstratethelevelof
theoreticalknowledgerequiredforthesafeoperationoftheapplicableaircraftclassortype
(1) Formultipilot aircraft, thetheoretical knowledgeexaminationshall bewrittenandcomprise
at least 100multichoicequestions distributedappropriatelyacrossthemainsubjectsofthe
syllabus.
(2) For singlepilot multiengine aircraft, the theoreticalknowledgeexamination shall be written
andthenumberofmultichoicequestionsshalldependonthecomplexityoftheaircraft.
(3) Forsingleengineaircraft,thetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationshallbeconductedverbally
by the examiner during the skill test, to determine whether or not a satisfactory level of
knowledgehasbeenachieved.
(4) ForaeroplanesthatarecertifiedashighperformanceaeroplanesinaccordancewithPart21,
theexaminationshallbewrittenandcompriseat least60multichoicequestions distributed
appropriatelyacrossthemainsubjectsofthesyllabus.

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NPA200817b

(c)

3Jun2008

Skilltest.AnapplicantforatypeorclassratingshallpassaskilltestinaccordancewithAppendix9
tothisPart,todemonstratetheskillrequiredforthesafeoperationoftheapplicabletypeorclassof
aircraft.
Theapplicantshallpasstheskilltestwithinaperiodof6monthsaftercompletionofthetyperating
trainingcourseandprecedingtheapplicationfortheissueofthetypeorclassrating.

(d)

Helicoptersandairships.Anapplicantalreadyholdingatyperatingforanaircrafttype,afteraskill
test performed in either singlepilot or multipilot role, shall be considered to have fulfilled the
theoreticalrequirementswhenapplyingforafurthertyperatingforthesametype,tobeperformed
intheoppositerole.

FCL.740

Validityandrenewalofclassandtyperatings

(a)

Theperiodofvalidityofclassandtyperatingsshallbe12calendarmonths,exceptforsinglepilot
singleengineclassratings,forwhichtheperiodofvalidityshallbe24calendarmonths.Thisperiod
shallbecountedfromthedateofissueorrenewalor,iftheratingisrevalidatedbeforeitsexpiry
date,fromthatexpirydate.

(b)

Renewal.Ifaclassortyperatinghasexpired,theapplicantshall:
(1)

takerefreshertrainingatanapprovedtrainingorganisation,toreachthelevelofproficiency
necessarytosafelyoperatetherelevanttypeorclassofaircraftand

(2)

passaproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix9tothisPart.

SECTION2
SpecificRequirementsfortheaeroplanecategory
FCL.720.A

Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of class or type

ratingsaeroplanes

Anapplicantforaclassortyperatingshallcomplywiththeexperiencerequirementsandprerequisites
for the issue of the relevant rating established in accordance with Part21. In any case, those
requirementsandprerequisitesshallbeatleastthefollowing:
(a)

Singlepilot multiengine aeroplanes. An applicant for a first class ortype rating on a singlepilot
multiengineaeroplaneshallhavecompletedatleast70hoursaspilotincommandofaeroplanes.

(b)

Singlepilothighperformanceaeroplanes.Beforestartingflighttraining,anapplicantforafirsttype
or class rating for a singlepilot aeroplane that is certified as high performance aeroplane in
accordancewithPart21aeroplaneshall:
(1)

haveatleast200hoursoftotalflyingexperience,ofwhich70hoursaspilotincommandof
aeroplanesand

(2)

(i)

hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of a course for additional theoretical

knowledge undertaken at an approved training organisation, containing the elements
describedinAppendix10tothisPartor

(ii) havepassedtheATPL(A)theoreticalknowledgeexaminationsor
(iii) hold, in addition to a licence issued in accordance with this Part, a valid ATPL(A) or
CPL(A)/IRwiththeoreticalknowledgecreditforATPL(A),issuedinaccordancewithICAO
Annex1.
(c)

Multipilotaeroplanes.Anapplicantforthefirsttyperatingcourseforamultipilotaeroplaneshall
bea student currently undergoing training on aMPL training course orcomply with the following
requirements:
(1)

haveatleast70hoursaspilotincommandofaeroplanes

(2)

haveavalidmultiengineIR(A)
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(3)

havepassedtheATPL(A)theoreticalknowledgeexaminationsand

(4)

Except when the type rating course is combined with a multicrew cooperation (MCC)
course:

FCL.725.A
(a)

(b)

3Jun2008

(i)

holdacertificateofsatisfactorycompletionofanMCCcourseinaeroplanesor

(ii)

holdacertificateofsatisfactorycompletionofMCCinhelicoptersandhavemorethan
100hoursofflightexperienceasapilotofmultipilothelicoptersor

(iii)

haveatleast500hoursasapilotofmultipilothelicoptersor

(iv)

haveatleast500hoursasapilotinmultipilotoperationsonsinglepilotmultiengine
aeroplanes,incommercialairtransportoperations.
Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction for the issue of class and type
ratingsaeroplanes

Singlepilotmultiengineaeroplanes.
(1)

The theoreticalknowledgecourseforasinglepilotmultiengineclass ratingshallincludeat

least7hoursofinstructioninmultiengineaeroplaneoperations.

(2)

The flight training course for a singlepilotmultiengine class or type ratingshall includeat
least 2 hours and 30 minutes of dual flight instruction under normal conditions of multi
engineaeroplaneoperations,andnotlessthan3hours30minutesofdualflightinstruction
inenginefailureproceduresandasymmetricflighttechniques.

Singlepilot aeroplanes sea ratings. The flight training course for a class or type ratingsea for
singlepilot aeroplanessea shall include at least 8 hours of dual flight instruction if the applicant
holdsthelandversionoftherelevantclassortyperating,or10hoursiftheapplicantdoesnothold
sucharating.

FCL.730.A

Specific requirements for pilots undertaking a zero flight time type rating
(ZFTT)courseaeroplanes

ApilotundertakinginstructionataZFTTcourseshallhavecompleted,onamultipilotturbojetaeroplane
certificatedinaccordancewitharticle2ofCommissionRegulationNo1702/2003tothestandardsofCS
25 or equivalent airworthiness code or on a multipilot turboprop aeroplane having a maximum
certificatedtakeoffmassofnotlessthan10tonnesoracertificatedpassengerseatingconfigurationof
morethan19passengers,atleast:
(a)

ifaFFSqualifiedtolevelCG,CorinterimCisusedduringthecourse,1500hoursflighttimeor250
routesectors

(b)

ifaFFSqualifiedtolevelDG,InterimDorDisusedduringthecourse,500hoursflighttimeor100
routesectors.

FCL.735.A
(a)

Multicrewcooperationtrainingcourseaeroplanes

Themulticrewcooperation(MCC)trainingcourseshallcompriseatleast:
(1)

25hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandexercisesand

(2)

20 hours of practical MCC training, or 15 hours in the case of students attending an ATP
integratedcourse.

WhentheMCCtrainingiscombinedwiththeinitialtyperatingtrainingforamultipilotaeroplane,
thepracticalMCCtrainingmaybereducedtonoless than10hoursifthesameFSTDis usedfor
boththeMCCandtyperatingtraining.AFNPTIIoraFFSshallbeused.
(b)

TheMCCtrainingcourseshallbecompletedwithinsixmonthsatanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

(c)

UnlesstheMCCcoursehasbeencombinedwithamultipilottyperatingcourse,oncompletionof
theMCCtrainingcoursetheapplicantshallbegivenacertificateofcompletion.

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(d)

An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall beexempted
fromtherequirementin(a)(1).

FCL.740.A
(a)

(b)

Revalidationofclassandtyperatingsaeroplanes

Revalidation of type ratings and multiengine class ratings. For revalidation of type ratings and
multiengineclassratings,theapplicantshall:
(1)

passa proficiency check inaccordancewith Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type or
class of aeroplane, within the three months immediately preceding the expiry date of the
ratingand

(2)

completeduringtheperiodofvalidityoftherating,atleast:
(i)

10routesectorsaspilotoftherelevanttypeorclassofaeroplaneor

(ii)

1routesectoraspilotoftherelevanttypeorclassofaeroplaneorFFS,flownwithan
examiner.

(3)

A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator that has passed the operators
proficiencycheckcombinedwiththeproficiencycheckfortherevalidationofthetypeorclass
ratingshallbeexemptedfromcomplyingwiththerequirementin(2).

(4)

The revalidation of an IR(A), if held, shall be combined with a proficiency check for the
revalidationofaclassortyperating.

Revalidationofsinglepilotsingleengineclassratings.
(1)

(c)

3Jun2008

Singleenginepistonaeroplaneclassratingsandtouringmotorgliderratings.Forrevalidation
of singlepilot singleengine piston aeroplane class ratings or touring motor glider class
ratingstheapplicantshall:
(i)

within the three months preceding the expiry date of the rating, pass a proficiency
check in the relevant class in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part with an
examineror

(ii)

within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the rating, complete 12 hours of
flighttimeintherelevantclass,including:

6hoursaspilotincommand

12takeoffsand12landingsand

atrainingflightofatleast one hourwithaflightinstructor(FI)oraclassrating

instructor(CRI).Applicantsshallbeexemptedfromthisflightiftheyhavepassed
aproficiencycheckorskilltestinanyotherclassortypeofaeroplane.

(2)

For at least every third revalidation, the applicant shall comply with the requirements in
(1)(i).

(3)

When the applicant holds both a singleengine piston aeroplaneland class rating and a
touringmotorgliderrating,he/shemaycompletetherequirementsoftheparagraphabovein
eitherclass,andachieverevalidationofbothratings.

(4)

Singlepilotsingleengineturbopropaeroplanes.Forrevalidationofsingleengineturboprop
classratingstheapplicantshallpassaproficiencycheckontherelevantclassinaccordance
withAppendix9tothisPartwithanexaminer,withinthethreemonthsprecedingtheexpiry
dateoftherating.

Anapplicantwhofailstopassallsectionsofaproficiencycheckbeforetheexpirydateofatypeor
classratingshallnotexercisetheprivilegesofthatratinguntilapassintheproficiencycheckhas
beenachieved.

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3Jun2008

SECTION3
SpecificRequirementsforthehelicoptercategory
FCL.720.H

Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings

helicopters

An applicant fora type rating shall comply withthe experience requirements and prerequisites forthe
issueoftherelevantratingestablishedinaccordancewithPart21.Inanycase,thoserequirementsand
prerequisitesshallbeatleastthefollowing:
(a)

Multipilothelicopters.Anapplicantforthefirsttyperatingcourseforamultipilothelicoptertype
shall:
(1)

haveatleast70hoursaspilotincommandofhelicopters

(2)

except when the type rating course is combined with a multicrew cooperation (MCC)
course:

(3)
(b)

(i)

holdacertificateofsatisfactorycompletionofanMCCcourseinhelicoptersor

(ii)

haveatleast500hoursasapilotonmultipilotoperationsonsinglepilotmultiengine
helicopters

havepassedtheATPL(H)theoreticalknowledgeexaminations.

Anapplicantforthefirsttyperatingcourseforamultipilothelicoptertypethatisagraduatefrom
aATP(H)/IRintegrated,ATP(H)integrated,CPL(H)/IRintegratedorCPL(H)integratedcoursemay
notcomplywiththe requirementof(a)(1).Inthis case,he/she,shallhavethetyperating issued
withtheprivilegeslimitedtoexercisingfunctionsascopilotonly.Thelimitationshallberemoved
oncethepilothas:
(1) completed 70 hours as pilotincommand or pilotincommand under supervision of
helicopters
(2)

(c)

passedthemultipilotskilltestontheapplicablehelicoptertypeaspilotincommand.

Singlepilot multiengine helicopters. An applicant for the issue of a first type rating for a single
pilotmultienginehelicoptershall:
(1)

(2)

(i)

havepassedtheATPL(H)theoreticalknowledgeexaminationsor

(ii)

hold a certificate of completion of a preentry course conducted by an approved

training organisation. The course shall cover the following subjects of the ATPL(H)
theoreticalknowledgecourse:
Aircraft General Knowledge: airframe / systems / powerplant, and instrument /
electronics

FlightPerformanceandPlanning:massandbalance,performance

in the case of applicants who have not completed an integrated flying training course as
ATPL(H)/IR,ATPL(H),orCPL(H)/IR,havecompletedatleast70hoursaspilotincommandof
helicopters.

FCL.735.H
(a)

Multicrewcooperationtrainingcoursehelicopters

Themulticrewcooperation(MCC)trainingcourseshallcompriseatleast:
(1)

(2)

forMCC/IR:
(i)

25hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandexercisesand

(ii)

15hoursofpracticalMCCtraining

forMCC/VFR:
(i)

25hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandexercisesand

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(ii)
(b)

3Jun2008

10hoursofpracticalMCCtraining

TheMCCtrainingcourseshallbecompletedwithinsixmonthsatanapprovedtrainingorganisation.
AFNPTIIorIIIqualifiedforMCC,aFTD2/3oraFFSshallbeused.

(c)

UnlesstheMCCcoursehasbeencombinedwithamultipilottyperatingcourse,oncompletionof
theMCCtrainingcoursetheapplicantshallbegivenacertificateofcompletion.

(d)

An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall beexempted
fromtherequirementin(a)(1)(i)or(a)(2)(1),asapplicable.

FCL.740.H
(a)

Revalidationoftyperatingshelicopters

Revalidation.Forrevalidationoftyperatingsforhelicopters,theapplicantshall:
(1)

pass aproficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of
helicopterwithinthethreemonthsimmediatelyprecedingtheexpirydateoftheratingand

(2)

completeatleast2hoursasapilotoftherelevanthelicoptertypewithinthevalidityperiod
oftherating.Thedurationoftheproficiencycheckmaybecountedtowardsthe2hours.

(3)

Whentheapplicantholdsmorethanonetyperatingforthesingleenginepistonhelicopters
listed in Appendix 11 to this part, he/she shall achieve revalidation of all the relevant type
ratingsbycompletingtheproficiencycheckinonlyoneoftherelevanttypes held,provided
thathe/shehascompletedatleast2hoursofpilotincommandflighttimeontheothertypes
duringthevalidityperiod.
The proficiency check shall always be performed on the type least recently used for a
proficiencycheck.

(4)

Whentheapplicantholdsmorethanonetyperatingforsingleengineturbinehelicopterswith
amaximumcertificatedtakeoffmassupto3175kg,he/sheshallachieverevalidationofall
the relevant type ratings by completing the proficiency check in only one of the relevant
typesheld,providedthathe/shehascompleted:
(i)

300hoursaspilotincommandonhelicopters

(ii)

15hoursoneachofthetypesheldand

(iii)

atleast2hoursofpilotincommandflighttimeoneachoftheothertypesduringthe
validityperiod.

The proficiency check shall always be performed on the type least recently used for a
proficiencycheck.
(b)

An applicant who fails topass allsections ofaproficiency check before the expiry date ofa type
ratingshallnotexercisetheprivilegesofthatratinguntilapassintheproficiencycheckhasbeen
achieved.Inthecaseof(a)(3)and(4),theapplicantshallnotexercisehis/herprivilegesinanyof
thetypes.

SECTION4
SpecificRequirementsforthepoweredliftaircraftcategory
FCL.720.PL

Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings

poweredliftaircraft

An applicant for a poweredlift type rating shall comply with the experience requirements and pre
requisites fortheissueoftherelevantratingestablishedinaccordancewithPart21.Inanycase,those
requirementsandprerequisitesshallbeatleastthefollowing:
(a)

Forpilotsofaeroplanes:
(1)

holdaCPL/IR(A)withATPLtheoreticalknowledgeoranATPL(A)

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NPA200817b

(b)

(c)

(2)

holdacertificateofcompletionofaMCCcourse

(3)

havecompletedmorethan100hoursaspilotofmultipilotaeroplanes

(4)

havecompleted40hoursofflightinstructioninhelicopters

3Jun2008

Forpilotsofhelicopters:
(1)

holdaCPL/IR(H)withATPLtheoreticalknowledgeoranATPL/IR(H)

(2)

holdacertificateofcompletionofaMCCcourse

(3)

havecompletedmorethan100hoursasapilotofmultipilothelicopters

(4)

havecompleted40hoursofflightinstructioninaeroplanes

Forpilotsqualifiedtoflybothaeroplanesandhelicopters:
(1)

holdatleastaCPL(H)

(2)

holdanIRandanATPLineitheraeroplanesorhelicopters

(3)

holdacertificateofcompletionofanMCCcourseineitherhelicoptersoraeroplanes

(4)

havecompleted:
(i)

atleast100hoursaspilotincommandofmultipilothelicoptersoraeroplanesor

(ii) 500hoursasapilotonmultipilothelicoptersoraeroplanesor
(iii) 500hoursasapilotinmultipilotoperationsonsinglepilotmultienginehelicoptersor
aeroplanes,incommercialairtransportoperations.
FCL.725.PL

Flightinstructionfortheissueoftyperatingspoweredliftaircraft

Theflightinstructionpartofthetrainingcourseforapoweredlifttyperatingshallbecompletedinboth
theaircraftandanFSTDrepresentingtheaircraftandadequatelyqualifiedforthispurpose.
FCL.740.PL
(a)

Revalidation.Forrevalidationofpoweredlifttyperatings,theapplicantshall:
(1)

pass aproficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of
poweredliftwithinthethreemonthsimmediatelyprecedingtheexpirydateoftherating

(2)

completeduringtheperiodofvalidityoftherating,atleast:

(3)

(b)

Revalidationoftyperatingspoweredliftaircraft

(i)

10routesectorsaspilotoftherelevanttypeofpoweredliftaircraftor

(ii)

1routesectoraspilotoftherelevanttypeofpoweredliftaircraftorFFS,flownwithan
examiner

A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator who has passed the operators
proficiencycheckcombinedwiththeproficiencycheckfortherevalidationofthetyperating
shallbeexemptedfromcomplyingwiththerequirementin(2).

An applicant who fails topass allsections ofaproficiency check before the expiry date ofa type
rating shall not exercisetheprivileges of that rating until theapass in theproficiencycheckhas
beenachieved.

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NPA200817b

3Jun2008

SECTION5
SpecificRequirementsfortheairshipcategory

FCL.720.As

Prerequisitesfortheissueoftyperatingsairships

(a)

An applicant for an airship type rating shall comply with the experience requirements and pre
requisitesfortheissueoftherelevantratingestablishedinaccordancewithPart21.

(b)

Multipilotairships.
(1)

An applicant for the first type rating course for a multipilot airship type shall hold a
certificateofsatisfactorycompletionofMCCinairships.

(2)

An applicant that does not comply with the requirement in (1), shall have the type rating
issuedwiththeprivilegeslimitedtoexercisingfunctionsascopilotonly.Thelimitationshall
be removed once the pilot has complete 100 hours of flight time as pilotincommand or
pilotincommandundersupervisionofairships.

FCL.735.As
(a)

Multicrewcooperationtrainingcourseairships

Themulticrewcooperation(MCC)trainingcourseshallcompriseatleast:
(1)

(2)

(3)

forMCC/IR:
(i)

15hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandexercisesand

(ii)

10hoursofpracticalMCCtraining

forMCC/VFR:
(i)

12hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandexercisesand

(ii)

5hoursofpracticalMCCtraining

AFNPTII,orIIIqualifiedforMCC,aFTD2/3oraFFSshallbeused.

(b)

The MCC training course shall be completed within six months at an approved training
organisation.

(c)

UnlesstheMCCcoursehasbeencombinedwithamultipilottyperatingcourse,oncompletionof
theMCCtrainingcoursetheapplicantshallbegivenacertificateofcompletion.

(d)

Anapplicant having completed MCC training forany othercategory of aircraftshallbe exempted

fromtherequirementsin(a)(1)(i)or(a)(2)(i),asapplicable.

FCL.740.As
(a)

(b)

Revalidationoftyperatingsairships

Revalidation.Forrevalidationoftyperatingsforairships,theapplicantshall:
(1)

pass aproficiency check inaccordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of
airshipwithinthethreemonthsimmediatelyprecedingtheexpirydateoftheratingand

(2)

completeatleast2hoursasapilotoftherelevantairshiptypewithinthevalidityperiodof
therating.Thedurationoftheproficiencycheckmaybecountedtowardsthetwohours.

(3)

The revalidation of an IR(As), if held, shall be combined with a proficiency check for the
revalidationofaclassortyperating

Anapplicantwhofailstopassallsectionsofaproficiencycheckbeforetheexpirydateofatype
ratingshallnotexercisetheprivilegesofthatratinguntilapassintheproficiencycheckhasbeen
achieved.

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3Jun2008

SUBPARTI
ADDITIONALRATINGS
FCL.800

Aerobaticrating

(a)

Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes, helicopters or sailplanes shall only undertake aerobatic
flightswhentheyholdtheappropriaterating.

(b)

Applicantsforanaerobaticratingshallhavecompleted:

(c)

(1)

atleast40hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandintheappropriateaircraftcategory

(2)

theoreticalknowledgeinstructionappropriatefortherating

(3)

5hoursofdualaerobaticinstructiontime.

The privileges of the aerobatic rating shall be limited to the aircraft category in which the flight
instruction was completed. This limitation may be withdrawn and the privileges extended to
another category of aircraft if the pilot holds a valid license for that aircraft category and has
successfullycompletedatleastonedualfamiliarizationflightwithaninstructorholdinganaerobatic
ratingforthatcategoryofaircraft.

FCL.805

Sailplanetowingandbannertowingratings

(a)

Holdersofapilotlicencewithprivilegestoflyaeroplanesortouringmotorglidersshallonlytow
sailplanesorbannerswhentheyholdtheappropriatesailplanetowingorbannertowingrating.

(b)

Applicantsforatowingratingshallhavecompleted:
(1)

at least 150 hours of flight time as pilotincommand for the banner towing rating or 100
hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandforthesailplanetowingrating.Atleast40ofthese
hours shall be in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in touring
motorgliders,iftheactivityistobecarriedoutintouringmotorgliders

(2)

theoreticalknowledgeinstructionontowingoperationsandprocedures

(3)

10dualinstructionflightstowingeitherabannerorasailplane,asappropriate

(4)

additionally, for the sailplane towing rating, 3 familiarisation flights in a sailplane which is
launchedbyanaircraft

FCL.810

Nightrating

(a)

Aeroplanes,touringmotorgliders,airships.IftheprivilegesofaLPLoraPPLforaeroplanes,touring
motorgliderorairshipsaretobeexercisedinVFRconditionsatnight,applicantsshallcompleteat
least 5 additional hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category at night, comprising 3
hoursofdualinstruction,includingatleast1hourofcrosscountrynavigationand5solotakeoffs
andfivesolofullstoplandings.

(b)

Helicopters.IftheprivilegesofaPPLforhelicoptersaretobeexercisedinVFRconditionsatnight,
theapplicantshallhave:
(1)

completed at least 100 hours of flight time as pilots in helicopters after the issue of the
licence,includingatleast60hoursaspilotincommandofhelicoptersand20hoursofcross
countryflight

(2)

completed a training course at an approved training organisation. The course shall be

completedwithinaperiodof6monthsandcomprise:
(i)

5hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstruction

(ii)

10hoursofhelicopterdualinstrumentinstructiontimeand

(iii) 5 hours of flight time, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction and 5 solo night
circuits.Eachcircuitshallincludeatakeoffandalanding.

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(3)
(c)

(d)

AnapplicantwhoholdsorhasheldanIRinanothercategoryofaircraftshallbecreditedwith
5hourstowardstherequirementin(2)(ii)above.

Sailplanes. If the privileges of a LPL(S) or a SPL are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night,
applicantsshallhavecompletedatleast:
(1)

50 hours as pilotincommand in sailplanes or powered sailplanes after the issue of the

licence

(2)

5hoursofdualflightinstructionatnight.

(3)

The privileges of this rating shall be limited to flight takingoff and landing at the same
aerodrome.

Balloons.IftheprivilegesofaLPLforballoonsoraBPLaretobeexercisedinVFRconditionsat
night,applicantsshallcompleteatleasttwoinstructionflightswithtakeoffduringthenight,with
anaverageflighttimeof90minuteseach.

FCL.815
(a)

3Jun2008

Mountainratings

Privileges.Theprivileges oftheholderofawheelmountainratingoraskimountainratingareto
conduct flights to and from surfaces designated as requiring such a rating by the appropriate
authoritiesdesignatedbytheMemberStates.
Thewheelmountainratinggrantstheprivilegetoflytoandfromsuchsurfaceswhentherunwayis
notcoveredbysnow.
The ski mountain ratinggrantstheprivilege to fly to and from such surfaces whenthe runway is
coveredbysnow.

(b)

Trainingcourse.Applicantsforawheelorskimountainratingshallhavecompleted,withinaperiod
of 12 months, a course of theoretical knowledge instruction and flight training at an approved
trainingorganisation.Thecontentofthecourseshallbeappropriatetotherelevantrating.

(c)

Skill test. After the completion of the training, the applicant shall pass a skill test with an FE
qualifiedforthispurpose.Theskilltestshallcontain:
(1)

Averbalexaminationoftheoreticalknowledge

(2)

6landingsonatleasttwodifferentsurfacesdesignatedasrequiringamountainratingother
thanthesurfaceofdeparture.

(d)

Validity,Amountainratingshallbevalidforaperiodof12months.

(e)

Revalidation.Forrevalidationofamountainrating,theapplicantshall:

(f)

(1)

havecompletedatleast3mountainlandingsinthepast12monthsor

(2)

passaproficiencycheck.Theproficiencycheckshallcomplywiththerequirementsin(c).

(3)

Foratleasteverythirdrevalidationtheapplicantshallcomplywiththerequirementsin(2).

Renewal.Iftheratinghaslapsed,theapplicantshallcomplywiththerequirementin(e)(2).

FCL.820
(a)

(b)

Flighttests

Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes or helicopters shall only undertake category 1 or 2 flight
tests for the certification of aircraft in accordance with article 2 of Commission Regulation No
1702/2003tothestandardsofCS25,CS23,CS27andCS29orequivalentairworthinesscodes,
whenthey
(1)

holdatleastaCPLintheappropriateaircraftcategory

(2)

have completed a training course at an approved training organization appropriate to the

intendedaircraftandcategoryofflights.

Category1flighttestsincludethefollowing:

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(c)

3Jun2008

(1)

initial flights of a new type of aircraft or of an aircraft of which flight or piloting

characteristicshavebeensignificantlymodified

(2)

flightstoinvestigatenovelorunusualaircraftdesignfeaturesortechniques

(3)

flightstodetermineorexpandtheflightenvelope

(4)

flights todetermine thespecifiedperformances, flight characteristics and handling qualities

inextremeconditions.

Category2flighttestsincludethefollowing:
(1)

Flightsdoneinthepartoftheflightenvelopethathasalreadybeenopenedandcomprising
manoeuvres during which it is notenvisaged to encounter flight or handling characteristics
significantlydifferentfromthosealreadyknown

(2)

Displayflightsanddemonstrationflightsofanontypecertificatedaircraft

(3)

Flightsconductedforthepurposeofdeterminingwhetherthereisreasonableassurancethat
theaircraftanditspartsandappliancesarereliableandfunctionproperly.

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3Jun2008

SUBPARTJ
INSTRUCTORS

SECTION1
Commonrequirements
FCL.900
(a)

General.Apersonshallnotcarryout:
(1)

(2)

(b)

Instructorcertificates

flightinstructioninaircraftunlesshe/sheholds:
(i)

apilotlicenceissuedoracceptedinaccordancewiththisRegulation

(ii)

aninstructorcertificateappropriatetotheinstructiongiven,issuedinaccordancewith
thisSubpart

synthetic flight instruction or multicrew cooperation instruction unless he/she holds an

instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this
Subpart.

Specialconditions
(1)

In the case of introduction of new aircraft, when compliance with the requirements
established in this Subpart is not possible, the competent authority shall issue a specific
certificate giving privileges for flight instruction. Such a certificate shall be limited to the
instruction flights necessary for the introduction of the new type of aircraft and its validity
shallnot,inanycase,exceed3years.

(2)

The holder of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wishes to apply for an
instructor certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements
establishedforthatcategoryofinstructor.

FCL.915

Generalrequirementsforinstructors

(a)

General.Anapplicantforaninstructorcertificateshallbeatleast18yearsofage.

(b)

Additional requirements for flight instructors. An applicant for an instructor certificate with
privilegestoconductflightinstructioninanaircraftshall:
(1)

holdatleastthelicenceand,ifapplicable,theratingforwhichinstructionistobegiven

(2)

have:

(3)
(c)

(i)

completedatleast15hoursofflightasapilotontheclassortypeofaircraftonwhich
instruction is to be given, of which a maximum of 7 hours may be in an FSTD, if
applicableor

(ii)

passed a skilltest orproficiency check for the relevantcategory of instructor on that

classortypeofaircraft

beentitledtoactaspilotincommandoftheaircraftduringsuchinstruction.

Credittowardsfurtherratingsandforthepurposeofrevalidation
(1)

Applicants for further instructor certificates may becredited with the teaching and learning
skillsalreadydemonstratedfortheinstructorcertificateheld.

(2)

Hours flown as anexaminer during skill tests or proficiency checks shall be credited in full
towardsrevalidationrequirementsforinstructorcertificatesheld.

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FCL.920
(a)

(b)

Instructorcompetenciesandassessment

General.Allinstructorsshallbetrainedtoachievethefollowingcompetences:

Prepareresources

Createaclimateconducivetolearning

Presentknowledge

IntegrateThreatandErrorManagement(TEM)andcrewresourcemanagement

Managetimetoachievetrainingobjectives

Facilitatelearning

Assesstraineeperformance

Monitorandreviewprogress

Evaluatetrainingsessions

Reportoutcome.
Assessment. Except for the multicrew cooperation instructor (MCCI), the synthetic training
instructor(STI)andthemountainratinginstructor(MI),theskilltestfortheissueofaninstructor
certificateshallincludetheassessmentoftheapplicantscompetencesasdescribedin(a).

FCL.925
(a)

(b)

3Jun2008

InstructorsfortheMPL

InstructorsconductingtrainingfortheMPLshall:
(1)

have successfully completed an MPL instructor training course at an approved training

organisationand

(2)

additionally,forthebasic,intermediateandadvancedphasesoftheMPLintegratedtraining
course:
(i)

beexperiencedinmultipilotoperationsand

(ii)

have completed initial crew resource management training with a commercial air
transportoperator.

MPLinstructorstrainingcourse.
(1)

TheMPLinstructortrainingcourseshallcompriseatleast14hoursoftraining.

(2)

On completion of the training course, the applicant shall undertake an assessment of

instructorcompetenciesandofknowledgeofthecompetencybasedapproachtotraining.
The assessment shall consist of a practical demonstration of instruction in the appropriate
phase of the MPL training course. This assessment shall be conducted by an instructor
examiner.

(3)
(c)

(d)

Upon successful completion of the MPL training course, the approved training organisation
shallissueanMPLinstructorqualificationcertificatetotheapplicant.

In order to maintain the privilege to conduct competency based approach training, the instructor
shallhave,withinthepreceding12months,conductedwithinanMPLtrainingcourse:
(1)

1simulatorsessionofatleast3hoursor

(2)

1airexerciseofatleast1hourcomprisingatleast2takeoffsandlandings.

Iftheinstructorhasnotfulfilledtherequirementsof(c),beforeexercisingtheprivilegestoconduct
instructionfortheMPLhe/sheshall
(1)

receive refresher training at an approved training organisation to reach the level of

competencenecessarytopasstheassessmentofinstructorcompetenciesand

(2)

passtheassessmentofinstructorcompetencesassetoutin(b)(2).

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FCL.940

3Jun2008

Validityofinstructorcertificates

Withtheexceptionofthemountainratinginstructor,andwithoutprejudicetoFCL.900(b)(2),instructor
certificatesshallbevalidforaperiodof3years.

SECTION2
SpecificrequirementsforthelightaircraftflightinstructorLAFI
FCL.905.LAFI LAFIPrivilegesandconditions
The privileges of a light aircraft flight instructor (LAFI) are to conduct flight instruction for the issue,
revalidationorrenewalof:
(a)

abasicLPL,inthecaseofaeroplanesandhelicopters

(b)

aLPL,intheappropriateaircraftcategory

(c)

class,typeorgroupextensionstobeendorsedonaLPL,intheappropriateaircraftcategory

(d)

the night rating in the appropriate aircraft category, provided the instructor is qualified to fly at
nightandhasdemonstratedtheabilitytoinstructatnighttoaninstructorqualifiedinaccordance
with(f)

(e)

towingandaerobaticratingsintheappropriateaircraftcategory,providedthattheLAFIholdsthe
appropriateratingand,inthecaseofaerobatics,has at least 20hoursofexperienceinaerobatic
flying

(f)

aLAFIcertificate,providedthattheinstructor:
(1)

inthecaseofaLAFIforsailplanesorballoons,hascompletedatleast50hoursofinstruction
intheappropriateaircraftcategory

(2)

for all other aircraft categories, has completed at least 250 hours of instruction in the
appropriateaircraftcategory

(3)

has demonstrated to an instructor examiner the ability to instruct for the LAFI certificate,
duringaskilltest conductedinaccordancewithAppendix12tothis Partintheappropriate
aircraftcategory.

FCL.910.LAFI LAFIRestrictedprivileges
(a)

A LAFI shall have his/herprivileges limited to notactingas an instructor for first solo flights and
firstsolonavigationflightsandtoonlyconductingflightinstructionfortheissueofaLPLunderthe
supervisionofaLAFIorFIforthesamecategoryofaircraftnominatedbythetrainingorganisation
forthispurpose.

(b)

Thelimitationsin(a)shallberemovedfromthecertificatewhentheLAFIhascompleted:
(1)

in the case of a LAFI for aeroplanes, at least 50 hours of flight instruction in a single
enginepistonaeroplaneorTMGandhassupervisedatleast25studentsoloflights.

(2)

inthecaseofaLAFIforhelicopters,at least50hoursofflightinstructioninhelicopters
andsupervisedatleast25studentsoloflightairexercises.

(3)

InthecaseofaLAFIforsailplanes,atleast15hoursor50launchesofflightinstruction
coveringthefullflighttrainingsyllabusfortheissuanceoftheLPLforsailplanes.

(4)

in the case of a LAFI for balloons,at least 15 hours or 50 takeoffs of flight instruction
coveringthefullflighttrainingsyllabusfortheissuanceofaLPLforballoons.

FCL.915.LAFI PrerequisitesfortheLAFItrainingcourse
BeforeattendingthetrainingcoursefortheLAFI,anapplicantforaLAFIcertificateshallhave:

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(a)

3Jun2008

passedapreentryflighttesttoassesshis/herabilitytoundertakethecourse.
InthecaseoftheLAFIforaeroplanesandhelicopters,theflighttestshallbetakenwithaFIinthe
appropriateaircraftcategory.InthecaseofLAFIforothercategoriesofaircraft,theflighttestshall
betakenwithaLAFIorFIintheappropriateaircraftcategory.

(b)

(c)

InthecaseofaLAFIforaeroplanes:
(1)

receivedatleast3hoursofinstrumentflightinstructioninasingleenginepistonaeroplane,
ofwhichnotmorethan2hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinaFSTD

(2)

completedatleast20hoursofcrosscountryflighttimeinasingleenginepistonaeroplaneor
TMGaspilotincommand

(3)

completedatleast200hoursofflighttimeofwhich150hoursaspilotincommand

(4)

completed at least 30 hours of flight time on a singleengine piston aeroplane of which at

least5hoursshallhavebeencompletedduringthesixmonthsprecedingthepreentryflight
testsetoutin(a)

InthecaseofaLAFIforhelicopters:
(1)

receivedatleast10hoursofinstrumentflightinstructioninasingleenginepistonhelicopter,
ofwhichnotmorethan5hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinaFSTD

(2)

completedatleast20hoursofcrosscountryflighttimeinhelicoptersaspilotincommand

(3)

completed at least 250 hours of flight time in helicopters of which 200 hours as pilotin
command

(4)

havecompletedatleast15hoursofflightonthetypeofhelicopteronwhichinstructionisto
begiven

(d)

InthecaseofaLAFIforsailplanes,completedatleast100hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommand
and 200 launches as pilotincommand on sailplanes. Additionally, in case the applicant wants to
give instruction on motor gliders, he shall complete at least 30 hours of flight time as pilotin
commandonTMG.

(e)

In the case of a LAFI for balloons, completed at least 75 hours of balloon flight timeas pilot in
command,ofwhichatleast15hourshavetobeintheclassandgroupforwhichinstructionwillbe
given.

FCL.930.LAFI LAFITrainingcourse
Applicants for a LAFI certificate shall have completed a course of theoretical knowledge instruction and
flighttrainingatanapprovedtrainingorganization.
Thecourseshallinclude,atleast:
(a)

FortheLAFIforaeroplanesorhelicopters:
(1)

50hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstruction,includingprogresstests.

(2)

25hoursofinstructionaltechniques

(3)

(i)

fortheLAFIforaeroplanes:atleast15hoursofdualflightinstruction,ofwhich3hours
maybeconductedinaFSTD

(ii)

fortheLAFIforhelicopters:atleast25hoursofdualflightinstruction,ofwhich5hours
maybeconductedinaFSTD.

(4)
(b)

Pilots holding a LAFI ora FI certificateof anycategory of aircraft shall becreditedwith 30

hourstowardsthe50hoursin(a)(1).

FortheLAFIforsailplanesorballoons:
(1)

30hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandinstructionaltechniques,includingprogress
tests

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(2)

(i)

3Jun2008

fortheLAFIforsailplanes,10hoursofdualflightinstructionoratleast20takeoffs

(ii)

fortheLAFIforballoons3hoursofdualflightinstruction,includingatleast3takeoffs

(3)

PilotsholdingaLAFIoraFIcertificateonanycategoryofaircraftshallbecreditedwith10
hourstowardstherequirementin(b)(1).

FCL.935.LAFI LAFISkilltest
An applicant for an LAFI certificate shall pass a skill test to demonstrate to an examiner the ability to
instruct a student pilot to the level required for the issue of a LPL, including preflight, postflight and
theoreticalknowledgeinstruction,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofAppendix12tothisPart.
FCL.940.LAFI LAFIRevalidationandrenewal
(a)

ForrevalidationofaLAFIcertificatetheholdershallfulfiltwoofthefollowingthreerequirements:
(1)

completeatleast:
(i)

InthecaseofaLAFIforaeroplanesorhelicopters,45hoursofflightinstructioninthe
appropriateaircraftcategoryasLAFI,FI,TRI,CRI,IRI,SFIorasExaminerduringthe
period of validity of the certificate, including at least 15 hours of flight instruction
withinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpirydateofthecertificate

(ii)

in the case of a LAFI for sailplanes, 30 hours or 60 takeoffs of flight instruction in

sailplanes,poweredsailplanesorTMGasLAFI,FIorasExaminerduringtheperiodof
validityofthecertificate,includingatleast10hoursor20takeoffsofflightinstruction
withinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpirydateofthecertificate

(iii)

inthecaseofaLAFIforballoons,6hoursofflightinstructioninballoonsasLAFI,FIor
asExaminerduringtheperiodofvalidityofthecertificate,includingatleast2hoursof
flightinstructionwithinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpirydateofthecertificate

(2)

attendaninstructorrefresherseminar,withinthevalidityperiodofthecertificate

(3)

pass proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 12 to this Part within the 12 months
precedingtheexpirydateoftheLAFIcertificate

(b)

ForatleasteachthirdrevalidationofaLAFIcertificate,theholdershallpassaproficiencycheckin
accordancewithAppendix12tothisPart.

(c)

Renewal.Ifthecertificatehaslapsed,theapplicantshall,withinaperiodof12monthsbeforethe
renewal:
(1)

attendaninstructorrefresherseminar

(3)

passaproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix12tothisPart.

SECTION3
SpecificrequirementsfortheflightinstructorFI
FCL.905.FI

FIPrivilegesandconditions

TheprivilegesofaFIaretoconductflightinstructionfortheissue,revalidationorrenewalof:
(a)

aPPL,SPL,BPLandLPLintheappropriateaircraftcategory

(b)

classandtyperatingsforsinglepilot,singleengineaircraftandclassandgroupextensions,inthe
caseofballoons

(c)

typeratingsforsingleormultipilotairship

(d)

aCPLintheappropriateaircraftcategory,providedthattheFIhascompletedatleast500hoursof
flighttimeasapilotinthataircraftcategory,includingatleast200hoursofflightinstruction
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(e)

3Jun2008

thenightrating,providedthattheFI:
(1)

isqualifiedtoflyatnightintheappropriateaircraftcategory

(2)

has demonstrated the ability to instruct at night to an FI qualified in accordance with (j)
belowand

(3)

complieswiththenightexperiencerequirementofFCL.060(b)(2).

(f)

atowingrating,providedsuchprivilegesareheld

(g)

an aerobatic rating, provided that the FI holds such a rating and has completed 20 hours of
experienceinaerobaticflying

(h)

anIRintheappropriateaircraftcategory,providedthattheFIhas:

(i)

(j)

(1)

Atleast200hoursflighttimeunderIFR,ofwhichupto50hoursmaybeinstrumentground
timeinaFFS,anFTD2/3orFNPTII

(2)

completed as a student the IRI training course and has passed the skill test for the IRI
certificateand

(3)

inaddition:
formultiengineaeroplanes,mettherequirementsfortheissueofaCRIcertificate

(ii)

formultienginehelicopters,meettherequirementsfortheissueofaTRIcertificate.

asinglepilotmultienginetypeorclassrating,providedthattheFImeets:
(1)

In the case of aeroplanes, the prerequisites for the CRI training course established in
FCL.915.CRI(a)andtherequirementsofFCL.930.CRIandFCL.935.CRI

(2)

In thecaseof helicopters,the requirements established in FCL.910.TRI (c)(1) and the pre

requisitesfortheTRI(H)trainingcourseestablishedinFCL.915.TRI(b)(2)

anFI,IRI,CRIorLAFIcertificateprovidedthattheFIhas:
(1)

(2)

(k)

(i)

completedatleast:
(i)

in the case of a FI(S) or FI(B), at least 50 hours of instruction in the appropriate

aircraftcategory

(ii)

inallothercases,500hoursofinstructionintheappropriateaircraftcategory

passedaskilltesttodemonstratetoaninstructorexaminertheabilitytoinstructfortheFI
certificate, during a skill test conducted in accordance with Appendix 12 to this Part in the
appropriateaircraftcategory

anMPL,providedthattheFI:
(1)

forthecoreflyingphaseoftraining,hascompletedatleast500hoursofflighttimeasapilot
ofaeroplanes,includingatleast200hoursofflightinstruction

(2)

forthebasicphaseoftraining:

(3)

(i)

holds a multiengine aeroplane instrument rating and the privilege to instruct for an
instrumentratingand

(ii)

hasatleast1500hoursofflighttimeinmulticrewoperations.

InthecaseofanFIalreadyqualifiedtoinstructonATPL(A)orCPL(A)/IRintegratedcourses,
the requirement of (2)(ii) may be replaced by the completion of a structured course of
trainingconsistingof:
(i)

MCCqualification

(ii)

observing5sessionsofinstructioninPhase3ofanMPLcourse

(iii)

observing5sessionsofinstructioninPhase4ofaMPLcourse

(iv)

observing5operatorrecurrentlineorientedflighttrainingsessions

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(v)

3Jun2008

thecontentoftheMCCIinstructorcourse

In this case, the FI shall conduct its first 5 instructor sessions under the supervision of a
TRI(A),MCCI(A)orSFI(A)qualifiedforMPLinstruction.
(l)

the instruction required to conduct flight tests, provided that the FI is qualified to conduct such
flighttests.

FCL.910.FI
(a)

FIRestrictedprivileges

AnFIshallhavehis/herprivileges limitedtoconducting flightinstructionunderthesupervisionof

anFIforthesamecategoryofaircraftnominatedbythetrainingorganisationforthispurpose,in
thefollowingcases:
(1)

fortheissueofthePPL,SPL,BPLandLPL

(2)

inallintegratedcoursesatPPLlevel,incaseofaeroplanesandhelicopters

(3)

forclassandtyperatingsforsinglepilot,singleengineaircraft

(4)

forthenightrating.

(b)

While conducting training under supervision, in accordance with (a), the FI shall not have the
privilegetoauthorisestudentpilotstoconductsoloflights.

(c)

Thelimitationsin(a)and(b)shallberemovedfromthecertificatewhentheFIhascompleted:
(1)

ForFI(A),100hoursflightinstructioninaeroplanesand,inadditionhas supervisedat least

25studentsoloflights

(2)

ForFI(H)100hoursflightinstructioninhelicoptersand,inadditionhassupervisedatleast25
studentsoloexercises.

(3)

For FI(As), FI(S) and FI(B), 15 hours or 50 takeoffs flight instruction covering the full
trainingsyllabusfortheissueofaPPL(As),SPLorBPLintheappropriateaircraftcategory.

FCL.915.FI

PrerequisitesfortheFItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheFItrainingcourse,anapplicantforanFIcertificateshall:
(a)

havepasseda specific preentry flight test withanFI qualified in accordance withFCL.905.FI (j)
within the six months preceding the start of the course, to assess the ability of the applicant to
undertakethecourse

(b)

inthecaseoftheFI(A)andFI(H):

(c)

(d)

(1)

have received at least 10 hours of instrument flight instruction in the appropriate aircraft
category,ofwhichatleast5hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinanFSTD

(2)

havecompleted20hoursofcrosscountryflightintheappropriateaircraftcategoryaspilot
incommandand

additionally,fortheFI(A):
(1)

holdatleastaCPL(A)orcompletedatleast200hoursofflighttime,ofwhich150hoursas
pilotincommand

(2)

have completed at least 30 hours on singleengine piston powered aeroplanes of which at

least5hoursshallhavebeencompletedduringthe6monthsprecedingthepreentryflight
testsetoutin(a)above

(3)

havecompletedacrosscountryflightaspilotincommand,includingaflightofatleast540
km(300NM)inthecourseofwhichfullstoplandings at twodifferentaerodromes shallbe
made

additionally,fortheFI(H),havecompleted250hoursofhelicopterflighttime,ofwhich:

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3Jun2008

(1)

at least 100 hours shall be as pilotincommand, if the applicant holds an ATPL(H) or a

CPL(H)or

(2)

atleast200hoursaspilotincommand,iftheapplicantholdsaPPL(H)

(e)

for an FI(As), have completed 500 hours of flight time in airships as pilotincommand, of which
400hoursshallbeaspilotincommandholdingaCPL(As)

(f)

for a FI(S), have completed 100 hours of flight time and 200 launches as pilotincommand on
sailplanes. Additionally, where the applicant wishes to give instruction on touring motor gliders,
he/sheshallhavecompleted30hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandonTMG.

(g)

for a FI (B), have completed 75 hours of balloon flight time as pilot inincommand, of which at
least15havetobeintheclassandgroupforwhichinstructionwillbegiven.

FCL.930.FI

FITrainingcourse

(a)

Applicants forthe FIcertificateshall havecompleted acourse of theoretical knowledge and flight

instructionatanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

(b)

Thecourseshallinclude:
(1)

(2)

(3)

(i)

In the case of an FI (A), (H) and (As), at least 125 hours of theoretical knowledge
instruction,includingprogresstests

(ii)

InthecaseofanFI(B)orFI(S)atleast30hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstruction,
includingprogresstests

(i)

In the case of an FI (A) and (H), at least 30 hours of flight instruction, of which 25
hoursshallbedualinstruction,ofwhich5maybeconductedinaFFS,anFNPTIorIIor
anFTD2/3

(ii)

InthecaseofanFI(As),atleast20hoursofflightinstruction,ofwhich15hoursshall
bedualinstruction

(iii)

InthecaseofanFI(S),atleast10hoursor20takeoffs

(iv)

InthecaseofanFI(B),atleast3hoursincluding3takeoffs

Pilots holding or having held an FI certificate on any other category of aircraft shall be
creditedtowardstherequirementof(b)(1)abovewith:
(i)

75hours,inthecaseofaeroplanes,helicoptersandairships

(ii)

10hoursinthecaseofsailplanesandballoons.

FCL.935.FI

FISkilltest

An applicant for an FI certificate shall pass a skill test to demonstrate to an examiner the ability to
instructastudentpilottothelevelrequiredfortheissueofaPPL,SPLorBPLincludingpreflight,post
flightandtheoreticalknowledgeinstruction,inaccordancewiththe requirementsofAppendix12tothis
Part.
FCL.940.FI
(a)

FIRevalidationandrenewal

ForrevalidationofanFIcertificate,theholdershallfulfiltwoofthefollowingthreerequirements:
(1)

complete:
(i)

inthecaseofanFI(A)and(H),atleast50hoursofflightinstructionintheappropriate
aircraftcategoryduringtheperiodofvalidityofthecertificateasFI,TRI,CRI,IRI,SFI
or Examiner. 15 hours of flight instruction shall have been completed within the 12
monthspreceding theexpirydateoftheFIcertificate.Iftheprivileges toinstruct for
theIRaretoberevalidated,10ofthese15hoursshallbeinstructionforanIR

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3Jun2008

(ii)

inthecaseofanFI(As),at least 20hours offlightinstructioninairships as FIoras

Examiner during the period of validity of the certificate, including at least 6 hours of
flightinstructionwithinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpirydateoftheFIcertificate.If
theprivilegestoinstructfortheIRaretoberevalidated,10ofthese20hoursshallbe
instructionforanIR

(iii)

In the case of an FI(S), at least 30 hours or 60 takeoffs of flight instruction in

sailplanes,poweredsailplanesorTMGasFI,LAFIorasExaminerduringtheperiodof
validityofthecertificate,includingatleast10hoursor20takeoffsofflightinstruction
withinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpirydateoftheFIcertificate

(iv)

InthecaseofanFI(B),atleast6hoursofflightinstructioninballoonsasFI,LAFIoras
Examiner during the period of validity of the certificate, including at least 2 hours of
flightinstructionwithinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpirydateoftheFIcertificate

(2)

attendaninstructorrefresherseminar,withinthevalidityperiodoftheFIcertificate

(3)

passaproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix12tothis Part,withinthe12months
precedingtheexpirydateoftheFIcertificate.

(b)

For the first and at leasteach alternate subsequent revalidation in thecase of FI(A) or FI(H), or
each third revalidation, in the case of FI(As), (S) and (B), the holder shall have to pass a
proficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix12tothisPart.

(c)

Renewal. If theFIcertificate has lapsed, theapplicant shall, within a period of 12 months before
renewal:
(2)

attendaninstructorrefresherseminar

(3)

passaproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix12tothisPart.

SECTION4
SpecificrequirementsforthetyperatinginstructorTRI
FCL.905.TRI
(a)

(b)

(c)

General.Theprivilegesoftheatyperatinginstructor(TRI)aretoinstructfor:
(1)

theissue,revalidationandrenewalofamultipilotaircrafttyperating

(2)

therevalidationofinstrumentratings,providedtheTRIholdsavalidinstrumentrating

(3)

theissueofaTRIcertificate,providedthattheholderhas3yearsofexperienceasaTRI.

Additional privileges of the TRI of multipilot aeroplanes. The privileges of a TRI for multipilot
aeroplanesshallincludeinstructionfor:
(1)

multicrewcooperationtraining

(2)

theMPLcourseonthebasic,intermediateandadvancedphases,providedthat,forthebasic
phase,theyholdorhaveheldanFI(A)orIRI(A)certificate

AdditionalprivilegesofTRIofhelicopters.TheprivilegesofaTRI(H)shallincludeinstructionfor:
(1)

theissue,revalidationandrenewalofasinglepilothelicoptertyperating

(2)

multicrewcooperationtraining,providedhe/sheholdsamultipilothelicoptertyperating

(3)

theextensionofthesingleengineIR(H)tomultiengineIR(H).

FCL.910.TRI
(a)

TRIPrivilegesandconditions

TRIRestrictedprivileges

General.IftheTRItrainingiscarriedoutinaFFSonly,theprivilegesoftheTRIshallberestricted
totraininginFFS.

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(b)

(c)

3Jun2008

TRIformultipilotaeroplanesandforpoweredliftaircraftTRI(MPA)andTRI(PL).Theprivilegesof
aTRIarerestrictedtothetypeofmultipoweredaeroplaneorpoweredliftaircraftinwhichtheskill
test was taken. The privileges of the TRI shall be extended to further types when the TRI has
completed:
(1)

withinthe12monthsprecedingtheapplication,atleast15routesectors,includingtakeoffs
andlandingsontheapplicableaircrafttype,ofwhichatleast7sectorsmaybecompletedin
aFFS

(2)

theinstructionaltechniquesandflightinstructionpartsoftherelevantTRIcourse

(3)

in the case of the TRI(PL), that holder shall additionally pass, as a proficiency check, the
relevant sections of the skill test in accordance with Appendix 12 to this Part in order to
demonstratetoanFIEhisabilitytoinstructapilottothelevelrequiredfortheissueofatype
rating,includingpreflight,postflightandtheoreticalknowledgeinstruction

TRIforhelicoptersTRI(H).
(1)

(2)

TheprivilegesofaTRI(H)arerestrictedtothetypeofhelicopterinwhichtheskilltestforthe
issueofthecertificatewastaken.TheprivilegesoftheTRIshallbeextendedtofurthertypes
whentheTRIhas:
(i)

conductedtheappropriatetypetechnicalpartoftheTRIcourseontheapplicabletype
ofhelicopteroranFSTDrepresentingthattype

(ii)

conductedatleast2hoursofflightinstructionontheapplicabletypeand

(iii)

passed,asaproficiencycheck,therelevantsectionsoftheskilltestinaccordancewith
Appendix12tothisPartinordertodemonstratetoanFIEhisabilitytoinstructapilot
tothelevelrequiredfortheissueofatyperating,includingpreflight,postflightand
theoreticalknowledgeinstruction.

Before the privileges of a TRI(H) are extended from singlepilot to multipilot privileges on
the same type of helicopters, the holder shall have at least 100 hours in multipilot
helicoptersonthistype.

FCL.915.TRI

PrerequisitesfortheTRItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheTRItrainingcourse,anapplicantforaTRIcertificateshallhave:
(a)

(b)

ForTRI(MPA):
(1)

completed1500hoursflighttimeasapilotofmultipilotaeroplanesand

(2)

completed, within the 12 months preceding the date of application, 30 route sectors,
includingtakeoffsandlandings,aspilotincommandorcopilotontheapplicableaeroplane
type,ofwhich15sectorsmaybecompletedinaFFSrepresentingthattype

ForTRI(H):
(1)

For a TRI(H) certificate for singlepilot singleengine helicopters,completed 250hours asa

pilotofhelicopters

(2)

ForaTRI(H)certificateforsinglepilotmultienginehelicopters,completed500hoursaspilot
of helicopters, including 100 hours as pilotincommand of singlepilot multiengine
helicopters

(3)

ForaTRI(H)certificateformultipilothelicopters,completed1000hoursflighttimeasapilot
ofhelicopters,including:

(4)

(i)

350hoursasapilotofmultipilothelicoptersor

(ii)

for applicants already holding a TRI(H) certificate for singlepilot multiengine

helicopters,100hoursaspilotofthattypeofmultipilothelicopter.

HoldersofaFI(H)certificateshallbefullycreditedtowardstherequirementsof(1)and(2)in
therelevantsinglepilothelicopter.

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(c)

3Jun2008

ForTRI(PL):
(1)

completed 1500 hours flight time as a pilot of multipilot aeroplanes, poweredlift, or

helicoptersand

(2)

completed,withinthe12monthsprecedingtheapplication,30routesectors,includingtake
offs and landings, as pilotincommand or copilot on the applicable poweredlift type, of
which15sectorsmaybecompletedinaFFSrepresentingthattype

FCL.930.TRI

TRITrainingcourse

(a)

AnapplicantforaTRIcertificateshallhavecompletedatanapprovedtrainingorganisationacourse
oftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandflighttraining.

(b)

Thecourseshallinclude,atleast:

(c)

(1)

25hoursoftheoreticalknowledge

(2)

10 hours of instructional techniques, including revision of technical knowledge, the

preparationoflessonplansandthedevelopmentofclassroom/simulatorinstructionalskills

(3)

5hoursofflightinstructionintheappropriateaircraftorasimulatorrepresentingthataircraft
for singlepilot aircraft and 10 hours for multipilot multiengine aircraft or a simulator
representingthataircraft.

Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the
requirementof(b)(1).

FCL.935.TRI

TRISkilltest

(a)

AnapplicantforaTRIcertificateshallpass askilltest todemonstrate,toatyperatingexaminer

qualifiedforthispurpose,hisabilitytoinstructapilottothelevelrequiredfortheissueofatype
rating,includingpreflight,postflightandtheoreticalknowledgeinstructioninaccordancewiththe
requirementsofAppendix12tothisPart.

(b)

If the test is conducted in a simulator, the TRI certificate shall be restricted to instruction in
simulators.

FCL.940.TRI
(a)

TRIRevalidationandrenewal

Revalidation.For revalidation of a TRI certificate, the applicant shall, within the validityperiod of
thecertificate,fulfil2ofthefollowingrequirements:
(1)

complete50hoursofflightinstructionintheappropriateaircraftcategoryorFSTDs,ofwhich
at least 15 hours shall be within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the TRI
certificate.
InthecaseofTRI(MPA)andTRI(PL),thesehoursofflightinstructionshallbeflownasatype
ratinginstructororexaminer,orsyntheticflightinstructororexaminer.InthecaseofTRI(H)
timeflownasflightinstructor,instrumentratinginstructor,synthetictraininginstructororas
anykindofexaminershallalsoberelevantforthispurpose

(2)

attendaninstructorrefresherseminar

(3)

pass, as a proficiency check, the relevant sections of the skill test in accordance with
Appendix12tothisPart.

(b)

ForthefirstandatleasteachalternatesubsequentrevalidationofaTRIcertificate,theholdershall
havetopassaproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix12tothisPart.

(c)

SpecificrequirementsforrevalidationofaTRI(H).
(1)

A TRI(H) holding a FI(H) certificate on the relevant type shall have full credit towards the
requirements in (a) above. In this case, the TRI(H) certificate will be valid until the expiry
dateoftheFI(H)certificate.

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(2)

(d)

3Jun2008

IfapersonholdsaTRI(H)certificateonmorethanonetypeofsingleengineormultiengine
helicopter,theproficiencycheckof(a)(3)abovetakenononeofthosetypesshallrevalidate
theTRI(H)certificatefortheothertypesheld.

Renewal. If the certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within a period of 12 months before
renewal:
(1)

attendaninstructorrefresherseminar

(3)

pass,asaproficiencycheck,therelevantsectionsoftheskilltestsetoutAppendix12tothis
Part.

SECTION5
SpecificrequirementsfortheclassratinginstructorCRI
FCL.905.CRI

CRIPrivilegesandconditions

(a) TheprivilegesofaCRIaretoinstructfortheissue,revalidationorrenewalofatypeorclassrating
forsinglepilotaeroplanes.
(b)

TheprivilegesofaCRIarerestrictedtothetypeorclassofaeroplaneinwhichtheinstructorskill
testwastaken.TheprivilegesoftheCRIshallbeextendedtofurthertypesorclasseswhentheCRI
hascompleted,withinthelast12months:
(1) 10hoursflighttimeonaeroplanesoftheapplicableclassortypeofaeroplane
(2) onetrainingflightfromtherighthandseatunderthesupervisionofanotherCRIqualifiedfor
thatclassortype.

FCL.915.CRI

PrerequisitesfortheCRItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheCRItrainingcourse,anapplicantforaCRIcertificateshallhavecompletedatleast:
(a)

(b)

Formultiengineaeroplanes:
(1)

500hoursflighttimeasapilotofaeroplanes

(2)

30hoursaspilotincommandontheapplicabletypeorclassofaeroplane

Forsingleengineaeroplanes:
(1)

300hoursflighttimeasapilotofaeroplanes

(2)

30hoursaspilotincommandontheapplicabletypeorclassofaeroplane.

FCL.930.CRI

CRITrainingcourse

(a)

An applicant for the CRI certificate shall have completed at an approved training organisation a
courseoftheoreticalknowledgeandflightinstruction.

(b)

Thecourseshallinclude,atleast:

(c)

(1)

25hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstruction

(2)

10 hours of instructional techniques, including revision of technical knowledge, the

preparationoflessonplansandthedevelopmentofclassroom/simulatorinstructionalskills

(3)

5 hours of flight instruction for multiengine aeroplanes, or 3 hours of flight instruction for
singleengineaeroplanes,givenbyaninstructornominatedbyatrainingorganisationforthis
purpose.

Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the
requirementof(b)(1).

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FCL.935.CRI

3Jun2008

CRISkilltest

AnapplicantforaCRIcertificateshallpassaskilltesttodemonstratehisabilitytoinstructapilottothe
levelrequiredfortheissueofatyperatingorclassratingforsinglepilotaeroplanes,includingpreflight,
postflightandtheoreticalknowledgeinstruction,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofAppendix12to
thisPart.
FCL.940.CRI
(a)

CRIRevalidationandrenewal

ForrevalidationofaCRIcertificatetheapplicantshall,withinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpiry
dateofthecertificate:
(1)

conduct at least 10 hours of flight instruction in the role of a CRI. If the applicant hasCRI
privileges on both singleengine and multiengine aeroplanes, the 10 hours of instruction
shallbeequallydividedbetweensingleengineandmultiengineaeroplanesor

(2)

receiverefreshertrainingasaCRIatanapprovedtrainingorganisationor

(3)

pass, as a proficiency check, the relevant sections of the skill test in accordance with
Appendix12tothisPart.

(b)

ForthefirstandatleasteachalternatesubsequentrevalidationofaCRIcertificate,theholdershall
havetopassaproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix12tothisPart.

(d)

Renewal. If the certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within a period of 12 months before
renewal:
(1)

receiverefreshertrainingasaCRIatanapprovedtrainingorganisation

(3)

pass,asaproficiencycheck,therelevantsectionsoftheskilltestsetoutAppendix12tothis
Part.

SECTION6
SpecificrequirementsfortheinstrumentratinginstructorIRI
FCL.905.IRI

IRIPrivilegesandconditions

(a)

The privileges of an IRI are to instruct for the issue, revalidation and renewal of an instrument
ratingontheappropriateaircraftcategory,providedthattheinstructormeetstherequirementsto
instructonthespecifictypeorclassofaircraft.

(b)

Specific requirements for the MPL course. To instruct for the basic phase of training on an MPL
course,theIRI(A)shall:
(1)

holdaninstrumentratingformultiengineaeroplanesand

(2)

havecompletedatleast1500hoursofflighttimeinmulticrewoperations.

(3)

In thecaseof IRIalreadyqualifiedto instruct on ATPL(A) orCPL(A)/IR integratedcourses,

the requirement of (b)(2)maybe replacedby the completionof the courseprovided for in
paragraphFCL.905.FI(k)(3).

FCL.915.IRI

PrerequisitesfortheIRItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheIRItrainingcourse,anapplicantforanIRIcertificateshall:
(a)

foranIRIforaeroplanesIRI(A):
(1)

havecompletedatleast800hoursofflighttimeunderIFR,ofwhichatleast400hoursshall
beinaeroplanesand

(2)

inthecaseofapplicantsofanIRI(A)formultiengineaeroplanes,meettherequirementsof
paragraphFCL.915.CRI(a)

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(b)

For anIRI(H), have completed at least 500hours of flight time under IFR, of which at least 250
hoursshallbeinhelicopters

(c)

ForanIRI(As),havecompletedatleast300hoursofflighttimeunderIFR,ofwhichat least 100

hoursshallbeinstrumentflighttimeinairships.

FCL.930.IRI

IRITrainingcourse

(a) An applicant for the IRI certificate shall have successfully completed at an approved training
organisationacourseoftheoreticalknowledgeandflightinstruction.
(b)

Thecourseshallinclude,atleast:
(1)

25hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstruction

(2)

10hours ofinstructionaltechniques,includingrevisionofinstrumenttheoreticalknowledge,
thepreparationoflessonplansandthedevelopmentofclassroominstructionalskills

(3)

(i)

fortheIR(A),atleast10hours offlightinstructiononanaeroplane,FFS,FTD2/3or
FPNTII.InthecaseofapplicantsholdinganFI(A)certificate,thesehoursarereduced
to5

(ii)

for the IRI(H),at least 10hours of flight instruction in a helicopter, FFS,FTD 2/3 or
FNPTII

(iii)

for the IRI(As),at least 10 hours of flight instruction inanairships, FFS,FTD 2/3 or
FNPTII.

(c)

Flight instruction shall be given by an instructor nominated by a training organisation for this
purpose.

(c)

Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the
requirementof(b)(1).

FCL.935.IRI

IRISkilltest

AnapplicantforanIRIcertificateshallpassaskilltesttodemonstratehisabilitytoinstructapilottothe
level required for the issue of an instrument rating, including preflight, postflight and theoretical
knowledgeinstruction,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofAppendix12tothisPart.
FCL.940.IRI

IRIRevalidationandrenewal

ForrevalidationandrenewalofanIRIcertificate,theholdershallmeettherequirementsforrevalidation
andrenewalofanFIcertificate,inaccordancewithFCL.940.FI.

SECTION7
SpecificrequirementsforthesyntheticflightinstructorSFI
FCL.905.SFI
(a)

(b)

SFIPrivilegesandconditions

General.TheprivilegesofanSFIaretocarryoutsyntheticflightinstructionfor:
(1)

theinitialissue,revalidationandrenewaloftyperatings

(2)

multicrewcooperationand

(3)

theissue,revalidationorrenewalofaninstrumentrating,providedhe/shehascompletedan
IRItrainingcourse.

Additional privileges for the SFI(A). Additionally, the privileges of an SFI(A) are to carry out
synthetic flight instruction for the MPL course on the basic, intermediate and advanced phases,

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provided that, for the basic phase of training, he/she holds or has held an FI(A) or an IRI(A)
certificate.
(c)

Theprivileges oftheSFIshallberestrictedtotheFTD2/3orFSoftheaircrafttypeinwhichthe
SFItrainingcoursewastaken.
The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of aircraft when the
holderhas:
(1)

fulfilledtheprerequisitesfortheapplicabletypeofaircraftand

(2)

satisfactorilycompletedthesimulatorcontentofthecorrespondingSFIcourse.

FCL.915.SFI

PrerequisitesfortheSFItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheSFItrainingcourse,anapplicantforanSFIcertificateshall:
(a)

holdorhaveheldaCPL,MPLorATPLintheappropriateaircraftcategory

(b)

have completed the proficiency check for the issue of the specific aircraft type rating on a FFS
representingtheapplicabletype,withinthe12monthsprecedingtheapplicationand

(c)

additionally,foranSFI(A)orSFI(PL),have:

(d)

(1)

at least 1500 hours flight time as a pilot of multipilot aeroplanes or poweredlift, as

applicable

(2)

completed,asanobserver,withinthe12monthsprecedingtheapplication,atleast
(i)

3routesectorsontheflightdeckoftheapplicableaircrafttypeor

(ii)

2 line orientated flight training based simulatorsessions conductedby qualified flight

crewontheflightdeckoftheapplicabletype.Thesesimulatorsessionsshallinclude2
flights between 2 different aerodromes with a duration of at least 2 hours each, and
theassociatedpreflightplanninganddebriefing.

additionally,foraSFI(H),have:
(1)

atleast1000hoursflyingexperienceasapilotofhelicopters,includingatleast350hoursas
apilotofmultipilothelicopters

(2)

completed,asanobserver,atleast1hourofflighttimeontheflightdeckoftheapplicable
type,withinthe12monthsprecedingtheapplication.

FCL.930.SFI

SFITrainingcourse

(a)

An applicant foranSFI certificate shall havecompleted a trainingcourse at an approvedtraining

organisation.

(b)

Thecourseshallinclude:
(1)

theFFScontentoftheapplicabletyperatingcourse

(2)

thecontentoftheTRItrainingcourse.

FCL.935.SFI

SFISkilltest

AnapplicantforanSFIcertificateshallpassaskillteststodemonstratetoasyntheticflightortyperating
examinerhisabilitytoinstructapilottothe levelrequiredfortheissue ofatyperating,includingpre
flight,postflightandtheoreticalknowledgeinstruction,inaccordancewithAppendix12tothisPart.
Theassessmentshallconsistofatleast3hoursofflightinstructionrelatedtothedutiesofanSFIonthe
applicableFFSorFTD2/3.
FCL.940.SFI

SFIRevalidationandrenewal

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(a)

3Jun2008

Revalidation. For revalidation of an SFIcertificate theapplicantshall,withinthe validityperiod of

thecertificate,fulfil2ofthefollowingrequirements:
(1)

complete50hoursasaninstructororanexaminerinFSTDs,ofwhichatleast15hoursshall
bewithinthe12monthsprecedingtheexpirydateofthecertificate

(2)

attendaninstructorrefresherseminar

(3)

pass, as a proficiency check, the relevant sections of the SFI skill test, in accordance with
FCL.935.SFI.

(b)

For the first and at least each alternate subsequent revalidation of an SFI certificate, the holder
shallhavetopass,asaproficiencycheck,therelevantsectionsoftheSFIskilltest,inaccordance
withFCL.935.SFI.

(c)

Renewal. If the certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within the 12 months preceding the
application:
(1)

completethesimulatorcontentoftheSFItrainingcourse

(2)

pass a proficiency check for the specific aircraft type rating on an FSTD of the applicable
type

(3)

pass, as a proficiency check, the relevant sections of the SFI skill test, in accordance with
FCL.935.SFI.

SECTION8
SpecificrequirementsforthemulticrewcooperationinstructorMCCI
FCL.905.MCCI
(a)

(b)

MCCIPrivilegesandconditions

TheprivilegesofanMCCIaretocarryoutinstructionduring:
(1)

thepracticalpartofMCCcourseswhennotcombinedwithtyperatingtrainingand

(2)

in the case of MCCI(A), the basic phase of the MPL integrated training course, provided
he/sheholdsorhasheldanFI(A)certificate.

TheprivilegesoftheholderofanMCCIcertificateshallberestrictedtotheFNPTII,FTD2/3orFS
inwhichtheMCCItrainingcoursewastaken.
The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of aircraft when the
holderhascompletedthepracticaltrainingoftheMCCIcourseonthattypeofFNPTII,FTD2/3or
FFS.

FCL.915.MCCI

PrerequisitesfortheMCCItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheMCCItrainingcourse,anapplicantshall:
(a)

holdorhaveheldaCPL,MPLorATPLintheappropriateaircraftcategory

(b)

haveatleast
(1)

inthecaseofaeroplanesandpoweredliftaircraft,1500hoursofflyingexperienceasapilot
onmulticrewoperations

(2)

inthecaseofhelicopters,1000hoursofflyingexperienceasapilotinmulticrewoperations,
ofwhichatleast350hoursinmultipilothelicopters.

FCL.930.MCCI
(a)

MCCITrainingcourse

An applicant for an MCCI certificate shall have completed at an approved training organisation a
courseoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandflighttraining.

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(b)

(c)

3Jun2008

Thecourseshallinclude,atleast:
(1)

25hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstruction,includinginstructionaltechniques

(2)

TechnicaltrainingrelatedtothetypeofFSTDwheretheapplicantwishestoinstruct

(3)

3 hours of practical instruction, which may be flight instruction or MCC instruction on the
relevantFNPT,FTD2/3orFFS,underthesupervisionofaTRI,SFIorMCCInominatedbythe
training organisation for that purpose. These hours of instruction under supervision shall
includetheassessmentoftheapplicantscompetenceasdescribedinFCL.920(a).

Applicants holding or having held an FI, TRI, CRI, IRI or SFI certificate shall be fully credited
towardstherequirementof(b)(1).

FCL.940.MCCI

MCCIRevalidationandrenewal

(a)

For revalidationof anMCCI certificate theapplicantshall have completed thepractical training of

theMCCIcourseontherelevanttypeofFNPTII,FTD2/3orFFS,withinthelast12monthsofthe
validityperiodofthecertificate.

(b)

Renewal. If the certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall complete the parts of the MCCI course
referredtoinFCL.930.MCCI(b)(2)and(3)ontherelevanttypeofFNPTII,FTD2/3orFFS.

SECTION9
SpecificrequirementsforthesynthetictraininginstructorSTI
FCL.905.STI
(a)

STIPrivilegesandconditions

The privileges oftheanSTIaretocarryoutsynthetic flightinstructionintheappropriateaircraft

categoryfor:
(1)

theissueofalicence

(2)

the issue, revalidation or renewal of an instrument rating and a class or type rating for
singlepilotaircraft.

(b)

Additional privileges for the STI(A). The privileges of an STI(A) shall include synthetic flight
instructionduringthecoreflyingskillstrainingoftheMPLintegratedtrainingcourse.

(c)

Restrictionofprivileges fortheSTI(H).Theprivileges ofanSTI(H)shallberestrictedtotheFNPT

II,FTD2/3orFFSinwhichtheSTItrainingcoursewastaken.
The privileges maybeextendedtootherFSTDs representingfurthertypes ofhelicopterwhenthe
holderhas:
(1)

completedaTRI(H)courseontheapplicabletype

(2)

passed the proficiency check for the specific aircraft type rating on a FFS of the applicable
type,withinthe12monthsprecedingtheapplication

(3)

conducted, on a type rating course, at least one FSTD session related to the duties of an
STI(H)with aminimumduration of 3hours on the applicable type of helicopter, under the
supervisionofaflightinstructorexaminer.

FCL.915.STI

PrerequisitesfortheSTItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheSTItrainingcoursetheapplicantshall:
(a)

hold, or have held within the 3 years prior to the application, a pilot licence and instructional
privilegesappropriatetothecoursesonwhichinstructionisintended

(b)

have completed in an FNPT the relevant proficiency check for the class or type rating, within a
periodof12monthsprecedingtheapplication.

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An applicant for a STI(A) wishing to instruct on BITDs only, shall complete only the exercises
appropriateforaskilltestfortheissueofaPPL(A).
(c)

additionally, for an STI(H), have completed at least 1 hour of flight time as an observer on the
flightdeckoftheapplicabletypeofhelicopter,withinthe12monthsprecedingtheapplication.

FCL.930.STI

STITrainingcourse

(a)

Anapplicant for an STI certificate shall havecompleted a training courseat an approved training
organisation.

(b)

The courseshall comprise at least 3 hoursof flightinstruction related to the duties of a STI ina
FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II, under the supervision of a flight instructor examiner. These hours of
instruction under supervision shall include the assessment of the applicants competence as
describedinFCL.920(a).
ApplicantsforaSTI(A)wishingtoinstructonaBITDonly,shallcompletetheinstructiononaBITD.

(c)

For applicants for an STI(H), the course shall also include the FFS content of the applicable TRI
course.

FCL.940.STI
(a)

RevalidationandrenewaloftheSTIcertificate

Revalidation. For revalidation of an STI certificate the applicant shall have, within the last 12
monthsofthevalidityperiodofthecertificate:
(1)

conductedatleast3hoursofinstructioninaFFSorFNPTIIorBITD,aspartofacomplete
CPL,IR,PPLorclassortyperatingcourseand

(2)

passed in the FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II on which instruction is routinely conducted, the
applicablesectionsoftheproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix9tothisPartforthe
appropriatetypeorclassofaircraft.
ForanSTI(A)instructingonBITDsonly,theproficiencycheckshallincludeonlytheexercises
appropriateforaskilltestfortheissueofaPPL(A).

(b)

Renewal.Ifthecertificatehaslapsedtheapplicantshall:
(1)

pass in the FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II on which instruction is routinely conducted, the
applicablesectionsoftheproficiencycheckinaccordancewithAppendix9tothisPartforthe
appropriatetypeorclassofaircraft.
ForanSTI(A)instructingonBITDsonly,theproficiencycheckshallincludeonlytheexercises
appropriateforaskilltestfortheissueofaPPL(A).

(2)

conduct on a complete CPL, IR, PPL or class or type rating course, at least 3 hours of
instructionunderthesupervisionofanFI(A),CRI(A),IRI(A),TRI(A)orSFI(A)nominatedby
thetrainingorganisationforthispurpose.Atleastonehourofinstructionshallbesupervised
byanFIE(A).

SECTION10
MountainratinginstructorMI
FCL.905.MI

MIprivilegesandconditions

TheprivilegesofanMIaretocarryoutinstructionfortheissueofamountainrating.
FCL.915.MI

PrerequisitesfortheMItrainingcourse

BeforeattendingtheMItrainingcoursetheapplicantshall:
(a)

holdavalidFI,TRIorCRIcertificate
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(b)

holdavalidmountainrating

(c)

havecompletedatleast100landingsataminimumof3differentsurfacesthatrequireamountain
rating.

FCL.930.MI

MITrainingcourse

An applicant for the MI certificate shall have completed an appropriate course at an approved training
organisation. This course shall include the assessment of the applicants competence as described in
FCL.920(a).
FCL.940.MI

ValidityoftheMIcertificate

The validity of the MI certificate is dependent on the validity of the FI, TRI or CRI certificate and the
mountainrating.

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SUBPARTK
EXAMINERS

SECTION1
Commonrequirements
FCL.1000
(a)

(b)

Examinercertificates

General.Holdersofanexaminercertificateshall:
(1)

holdalicenceandratingatleastequaltothelicenceorratingforwhichtheyareauthorised
to conduct skill tests or proficiency checks and the privilege to instruct for this licence or
rating

(2)

bequalifiedtoactaspilotincommandoftheaircraftduringaskilltestorproficiencycheck.

Specialconditions.
(1)

In the case of introduction of new aircraft, when compliance with the requirements
established in this Subpart is not possible, the competent authority shall issue a specific
certificate giving privileges for the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks. Such a
certificate shall be limited to the skill tests and proficiency checks necessary for the
introductionofthenewtypeofaircraftanditsvalidityshallnot,inanycase,exceed3years.

(2)

The holder of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wishes to apply for an
examiner certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements
establishedforthatcategoryofexaminer.

FCL.1005

Limitationofprivilegesincaseofvestedinterests

Examinersshallnotconductskilltestsorproficiencychecksforapplicantswhomtheyhaveinstructedfor
thatlicenceorrating.
FCL.1010

Prerequisitesforexaminers

Applicantsforanexaminercertificateshalldemonstrate:
(a)

relevant knowledge, background and appropriate experience related to the privileges of an

examiner

(b)

thattheyhavenothadtheirlicencesuspended,limitedorrevokedduringthelast3years

(c)

that they have not been subject to the application of any sanctions for non compliance with this
PartorPartOPSduringthelast3years.

FCL.1015

Examinerstandardisation

(a)

Applicants for an examiner certificate shall undertake a standardisation course provided by the
competent authority or by an approved training organisation and approved by the competent
authority.

(b)

Thestandardisationcourseshallinclude,atleast:

(c)

(1)

1dayoftheoreticalinstruction

(2)

observationof1skilltestorproficiencytestforthelicencesorratingsforwhichtheapplicant
seekstheprivilegetoconducttestsandchecks.

ThestandardisationcourseshallcontaininstructionontheapplicablerequirementsofPartFCLand
PartOPS,theconductofskilltestsandproficiencychecks,andtheirdocumentationandreporting.
Examinersshallalsobebriefedontheprotectionrequirementsforpersonaldata,liability,accident
insuranceandfees,asapplicableintheMemberStatewheretheyexercisetheirprivileges.

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FCL.1020

3Jun2008

Examinersassessmentofcompetence

Applicants for an examiner certificate shall demonstrate their competence to the competent authority
through the conduct of a skill test or proficiency check in the examiner role for which privileges are
sought,includingbriefing,conductoftheskilltestorproficiencycheck,andassessmentofthepersonto
whomthetestorcheckisgiven,debriefingandrecordingdocumentation.
FCL.1025

Validity,revalidationandrenewalofexaminercertificates

(a)

Validity.Anexaminercertificateshallbevalidfor3years.

(b)

Revalidation.Anexaminercertificateshallberevalidatedwhentheholderhas,duringthevalidity
periodofthecertificate:
(1)

conducted at least 3 skill tests or proficiency checks every year or, in the case of FE(S),
FE(B),andFEfortheLPL(S)orLPL(B),3skilltestsorproficiencychecksduringthevalidity
period

(2)

attended an examiner refresher seminar provided by the competent authority or by an

approvedtrainingorganisationandapprovedbythecompetentauthority.

(3)

Oneoftheskilltestsorproficiencycheckscompletedinaccordancewith(1)shallhavebeen
observedbyaninspectorfromthecompetentauthorityorbyaseniorexaminerspecifically
tasked by the competent authority to do so, in accordance with the applicable national
legislation.

(c)

Renewal. If the certificate has expired, the applicant shall comply with the requirements in
FCL.1015andFCL.1020beforehe/shecanresumetheexerciseoftheprivileges.

(d)

An examiner certificate shall only be revalidated or renewed if the applicant demonstrates

continuedcompliancewiththerequirementsinFCL.1010andFCL.1030.

FCL.1030
(a)

(b)

Obligationsforexaminers

Whenconductingskilltestsandproficiencychecks,examinersshall:
(1)

ensurethatcommunicationwiththeapplicantcanbeestablishedwithoutlanguagebarriers

(2)

verify that the applicant complies with all the experience or instruction requirements
established by this Part for the issue, revalidation or renewal of the licence, rating or
certificateforwhichtheskilltestorproficiencycheckistaken

(3)

make the applicant aware of the consequences of providing incomplete, inaccurate or false
informationrelatedtotheirtrainingandflightexperience.

Aftercompletionoftheskilltestorproficiencycheck,theexaminershall:
(1)

informtheapplicantwhetherhepassedornotthetestorcheck.Whentheapplicanthasnt
passedthetestorcheck,theexaminershallalsoinformhim/heroftheconsequencesofthat
fact,oftherequirementshe/shewillhavetocomplywithinordertoexercisetheprivileges
sought,andofhis/herrightofappealtothecompetentauthoritythatissued,ortowhomthe
pilot hasapplied forthe issue of,the licence, rating or certificate for which the skill test or
proficiencycheckwasperformed

(2)

in the case of proficiency checks for revalidation or renewal, endorse the pilots licence or
certificatewiththenewexpirydateoftheratingorcertificate

(3)

providethepilotwithasignedreportoftheskilltestorproficiencycheckandsubmitwithout
delaycopiesofthereporttotheauthorityreferredtoin(1),andtothecompetentauthority
thatissuedtheexaminercertificate.Thereportshallinclude:
(i)

a declaration that the examiner has received information from the pilot regarding
his/herexperienceandinstruction,andfoundthatexperienceandinstructioncomplying
withtheapplicablerequirementsofthisPart

(ii)

information on the exercises and manoeuvres performed during the skill test or
proficiencycheck,andtheverbaltheoreticalknowledgeexamination,whenapplicable

(iii) theassessmentoftheapplicantsknowledgeandskill.
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(c)

Examiners shall maintain records with details of skill tests and proficiency checks performed and
theirresults.

(d)

Upon request by the competent authority, or the authority referred to in (b)(1), examiners shall
submitallrecordsandreports,andanyotherinformation,asrequiredforoversightactivities.

SECTION2
SpecificrequirementsforflightexaminersFE
FCL.1005.FE
(a)

(b)

(c)

(e)

FEPrivilegesandconditions

FE(A).TheprivilegesofanFEforaeroplanesaretoconduct:
(1)

skill tests for the issue of the PPL(A) and skill tests and proficiency checks for associated
singlepilotclassand typeratings,providedthattheexaminerhas completedat least1000
hoursofflighttimeasapilotofaeroplanes,includingatleast250hoursofflightinstruction

(2)

skilltestsfortheissueoftheCPL(A)andskilltestsandproficiencychecksfortheassociated
singlepilotclassand typeratings,providedthattheexaminerhas completedat least2000
hoursofflighttimeasapilotofaeroplanes,includingatleast250hoursofflightinstruction

(3)

skilltestsandproficiencychecksfortheLPL(A),providedthattheexaminerhascompletedat
least 500 hours of flight timeas apilot ofaeroplanes ortouringmotor gliders, including at
least150hoursofflightinstruction

(4)

skilltestsfortheissueofamountainrating

FE(H).TheprivilegesofanFEforhelicoptersaretoconduct:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueofthePPL(H)andCPL(H)

(2)

skilltestsandproficiencychecksfor:
(i)

singlepilotsingleenginehelicoptertyperatingsinsertedinaPPL(H),providedthatthe
examinerhascompleted1000hoursofflighttimeasapilotofhelicopters,includingat
least250hoursofflightinstruction

(ii)

singlepilot singleengine helicopter type ratings inserted in a CPL(H), provided the

examinerhascompleted2000hoursofflighttimeasapilotofhelicopters,includingat
least250hoursofflightinstruction

(iii)

singlepilot multiengine helicopter type ratings inserted in a PPL(H) or a CPL(H),

provided that the examiner has completed 1000 hours of flight time as a pilot of
helicopters,ofwhichatleast500hoursshallbeaspilotincommand

(iv)

fortheLPL(H).

FE(As).TheprivilegesofanFEforairshipsaretoconduct:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueofthePPL(As)andCPL(As)

(2)

skill tests and proficiency checks for the associated airship type ratings, provided that the
examinerhascompleted500hoursofflighttimeasapilotofairships,including100hoursof
flightinstruction

FE(S).TheprivilegesofanFEforsailplanesaretoconduct:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueoftheSPLandtheLPL(S)

(2)

proficiencychecksfortheSPLandfortheLPL(S),providedthattheexaminerhascompleted
300hoursofflighttimeasapilotofsailplanesorpoweredsailplanes,including150hoursor
300launchesofflightinstruction

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(f)

(g)

(h)

(3)

proficiencychecksfortheextensionoftheSPLprivilegestocommercialoperations,provided
that theexaminer has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot of sailplanes, powered
sailplanesortouringmotorgliders,including90hoursofflightinstruction

(4)

skill tests for the extension of the SPL or LPL(S) privileges to TMG, provided that the
examinerhascompleted300hoursofflighttimeasapilotofsailplanes,poweredsailplanes
ortouringmotorgliders,including90hoursofflightinstructiononTMG

FE(B).TheprivilegesofanFEforballoonsaretoconduct:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueoftheBPLandtheLPL(B)

(2)

skilltests andproficiencychecksfortheextensionoftheprivilegestoanotherballoonclass
or group, provided that the examiner has completed 250 hours of flight time as a pilot of
balloons,including75hoursofflightinstruction

(3)

proficiencychecksfortheextensionoftheBPLprivilegestocommercialoperations,provided
thattheexaminerhascompleted300hoursofflighttimeasapilotofballoons,including90
hoursofflightinstruction

FE(LPLS).TheprivilegesofanFEfortheLPLforsailplanesaretoconduct:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueoftheLPL(S)

(2)

proficiency checks for the LPL(S), provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of
flighttimeasapilotofsailplanesorpoweredsailplanes,including150hoursor300launches
flightinstruction

(3)

skilltestsfortheextensionoftheLPL(S)privilegestoTMG,providedthattheexaminerhas
completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot of sailplanes, powered sailplanes or touring
motorgliders,including90hoursofflightinstructiononTMG

FE(LPLB).TheprivilegesofanFEfortheLPLforballoonsaretoconduct:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueoftheLPL(B)

(2)

skilltestsandproficiencychecksfortheextensionoftheLPL(B)privilegestoanotherclassof
balloons, provided that the examiner has completed 250 hours of flight time as a pilot of
balloons,including75hoursofflightinstruction

FCL.1010.FE
(a)

FEPrerequisites

Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,anapplicantforanFEcertificateshall:
(1)

(2)
(b)

3Jun2008

(i)

in the case of aeroplanes, helicopters and airships, hold a CPL in the appropriate
aircraftcategory

(ii)

In the case of sailplanes and balloons, hold a SPL or BPL in the appropriate aircraft
category

holdanFIcertificateintheappropriateaircraftcategory.

Applicants whishing to conduct examinations only for the issue, revalidation and renewal of LPL
shallberequiredtoholdonlyaLPLandaLAFIcertificateintheappropriateaircraftcategory.

SECTION3
SpecificrequirementsfortyperatingexaminersTRE
FCL.1005.TRE
(a)

TREPrivilegesandconditions

TRE(A)andTRE(PL).TheprivilegesofaTREforaeroplanesorpoweredliftaretoconduct:
(1)

skill tests for the initial issue of type ratings for multipilot aeroplanes or poweredlift, as
applicable

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(b)

(2)

proficiencychecksforrevalidationorrenewalofmultipilottypeandinstrumentratings

(3)

skilltestsforATPL(A)issue

(4)

skilltestsforMPLissue

(5)

skill tests for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a TRI or SFI certificate in the applicable
aircraft category, provided that the examiner has completed at least 4 skill tests or
proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a type rating on the applicable
type.

TRE(H).TheprivilegesofaTRE(H)aretoconduct:
(1)

skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of helicopter type
ratings

(2)

proficiencychecksfortherevalidationorrenewalofinstrumentratings,orfortheextension
oftheIR(H)fromsinglepilothelicopterstomultipilothelicopters,providedtheTRE(H)holds
avalidIR(H)

(3)

skilltestsforATPL(H)issue

(5)

skilltestsfortheissue,revalidationorrenewalofaTRI(H)orSFI(H)certificate,providedthat
the examiner has completed at least 4 skill tests or proficiency checks for the issue,
revalidationorrenewalofatyperatingontheapplicablehelicoptertype.

FCL.1010.TRE
(a)

(b)

3Jun2008

TREPrerequisites

TRE(A) and TRE(PL). Before attending the examiner standardisation course, applicants for a TRE
certificateforaeroplanesandpoweredliftaircraftshall:
(1)

havecompleted1500hoursofflighttimeasapilotofmultipilotaeroplanesorpoweredlift,
asapplicable,ofwhichatleast500hoursshallbeaspilotincommand

(2)

holdaTRIcertificatefortheapplicabletype

(3)

havecompletedatleast50hoursofflightinstructionasaTRIintheappropriatetype.

TRE(H).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicants foraTRE(H)certificate
forhelicoptersshall:
(1)

holdaTRI(H)certificateor,inthecaseofsinglepilotsingleenginehelicopters,avalidFI(H)
certificate,fortheapplicabletype

(2)

havecompleted50hoursofflightinstructionasaTRIintheappropriatetype

(3)

inthecaseofmultipilothelicopters,havecompleted1500hoursofflightasapilotonmulti
pilothelicopters,ofwhichatleast500hoursshallbeaspilotincommand

(4)

inthecaseofsinglepilotmultienginehelicopters:

(5)

(i)

havecompleted1000hoursofflightaspilotofhelicopters,ofwhichatleast500hours
shallbeaspilotincommand

(ii)

holdaprofessionalhelicopterpilotlicenceand,whenapplicable,avalidIR(H)

inthecaseofsinglepilotsingleenginehelicopters:
(i)

havecompleted750hoursofflightasapilotofhelicopters,ofwhichatleast500hours
shallbeaspilotincommand

(ii)

holdaprofessionalhelicopterpilotlicence.

(6)

Before the privileges of a TRE(H) are extended from singlepilot multiengine to multipilot
multiengine privileges on the same type of helicopter, the holder shall have at least 100
hoursinmultipilothelicoptersonthistype.

(7)

InthecaseofapplicantsforthefirstmultipilotmultiengineTREcertificate,the1500hours
of flight experience in multipilot helicopters required in (b)(3) may be considered to have

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beenmetiftheyhavecompletedthe500hoursofflighttimeaspilotincommandonamulti
pilothelicopterofthesametype.

SECTION4
SpecificrequirementsforClassRatingExaminerCRE
FCL.1005.CRE

CREPrivileges

TheprivilegesofaCREaretoconduct,forsinglepilotaeroplanes:
(a)

skilltestsfortheissueofclassandtyperatings

(b)

proficiencychecksfor:
(1)

revalidationorrenewalofclassandtyperatings

(2)

revalidationandrenewalofinstrumentratings,providedthattheCREholdsanIR(A).

FCL.1010.CRE

CREPrerequisites

Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,anapplicantforaCREcertificateshall:
(a)

holdaCPL,MPLorATPLforaeroplanes orholdaPPL(A)andhaveheldaprofessionallicencefor
aeroplanes

(b)

havecompleted500hoursofflighttimeasapilotofaeroplanes.

SECTION5
SpecificrequirementsforInstrumentRatingExaminerIRE
FCL.1005.IRE

IREPrivileges

The privileges ofthe holder of an IRE certificate are toconduct skill tests forthe issue, andproficiency
checksfortherevalidationorrenewalofinstrumentratings.
FCL.1010.IRE
(a)

(b)

(c)

IREPrerequisites

IRE(A).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicants foranIREcertificatefor
aeroplanesshallholdanIRI(A)andhavecompleted:
(1)

2000hoursofflighttimeasapilotofaeroplanesand

(2)

450 hours of flight time under IFR, of which 250 hours shall be as an instructor with
privilegesforflightinstruction.

IRE(H).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicants foranIREcertificatefor
helicoptersshallholdanIRI(H)andhavecompleted:
(1)

2000hoursofflighttimeasapilotofhelicoptersand

(2)

300 hours of instrument flight time in helicopters, of which 200 hours shall be as an
instructor.

IRE(As).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicantsforanIREcertificatefor
airshipsshallholdanIRI(AS)andhavecompleted:
(1)

500hoursofflighttimeasapilotofairshipsand

(2)

100hoursofinstrumentflighttimeinairships,ofwhich50hoursshallbeasaninstructor.

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SECTION6
SpecificrequirementsforSyntheticFlightExaminerSFE
FCL.1005.SFE
(a)

(b)

(c)

SFE(A)andSFE(PL).TheprivilegesofanSFEforaeroplanesorpoweredliftaircraftaretoconduct
inaFFS:
(1)

skill tests for the issue of type ratings for multipilot aeroplanes or poweredlift aircraft, as
applicable

(2)

proficiencychecksforrevalidationorrenewalofmultipilottypeandinstrumentratings

(3)

skilltestsandproficiencychecksfortheissue,revalidationorrenewalofanSFIcertificatein
the relevant aircraft category, provided that the examiner has completed 4 skill tests or
proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a type rating on the applicable
type.

SFE(H).TheprivilegesofanSFEforhelicoptersaretoconductinaFFS:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueoftyperatingsand

(2)

proficiencychecksfortherevalidationandrenewaloftypeandinstrumentratings.

(3)

skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of an SFI(H)
certificate, provided that the examiner has completed 4 skill tests or proficiency checks for
theissue,revalidationorrenewalofatyperatingontheapplicablehelicoptertype.

SFE(As).TheprivilegesofanSFEforairshipsaretoconductinaFFS:
(1)

skilltestsfortheissueoftyperatings

(2)

proficiencychecksforrevalidationorrenewalofinstrumentratings

(3)

skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of an SFI(AS)
certificate,providedthattheexaminerhascompletedfourskilltestsorproficiencychecksfor
theissue,revalidationorrenewalofanairshiptyperatingontheapplicabletype.

FCL.1010.SFE
(a)

(b)

(c)

SFEprivilegesandconditions

SFEPrerequisites

SFE(A).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicantsforanSFEcertificatefor
aeroplanesshall:
(1)

HoldanATPL(A)

(2)

Haveatleast1500hoursofflighttimeasapilotofmultipilotaeroplanes

SFE(H).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicantsforanSFEcertificatefor
helicoptersshall:
(1)

HoldanATPL(H)andanIR(H)ontheapplicabletype

(2)

Haveatleast1000hoursofflighttimeasapilotofmultipilothelicopters.

SFE(As).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicantsforanSFEcertificatefor
airshipsshall:
(1)

HoldaCPL(AS)andanIR(AS)

(2)

Have500hoursofflighttimeasapilotoflargeairships.

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SECTION7
SpecificrequirementsfortheflightinstructorexaminerFIE
FCL.1005.FIE

FIEPrivilegesandconditions

(a)

FIE(A). Theprivileges ofanFIE for aeroplanes are to conduct skill tests or proficiency checks for
theissue,revalidationorrenewalofcertificates forLAFI(A),FI(A),TRI(A),CRI(A),IRI(A),SFI(A)
andassessmentsofcompetencefortheSTI(A)andtheMI(A).

(b)

FIE(H).TheprivilegesofanFIEforhelicoptersaretoconduct,skilltestsorproficiencychecksfor
the issue, revalidation or renewal of certificates for LAFI(H), FI(H), TRI(H), IRI(H) or SFI(H) and
assessmentsofcompetencefortheSTI(H)andtheMI(H),onsinglepilothelicopters.

(c)

FIE(As),(S),(B).TheprivilegesofanFIEforsailplanes,balloonsandairshipsaretoconductskill
tests or proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of instructor certificates in the
appropriateaircraftcategory.

FCL.1010.FIE
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

FIEPrerequisites

FIE(A). Before attending the examinerstandardisation course, applicants foranFIEcertificate for

aeroplanesshall:
(1)

HoldanFE(A),TRE(A)orIRE(A)certificate,asapplicable

(2)

Havecompleted2000hoursofflighttimeasapilotofaeroplanesand

(3)

Haveatleast100hoursofflighttimeinstructingapplicantsforanFI(A)certificate.

FIE(H). Before attendingtheexaminer standardisation course, applicants foranFIE certificate for

helicoptersshall:
(1)

HoldanFE(H),TRE(H)orIRE(H)certificate,asapplicable

(2)

Havecompleted2000hoursofflighttimeaspilotofhelicopters

(4)

Have at least 100 hours of flight time instructing applicants for an FI(H), TRI(H) or IRI(H)
certificate

FIE(As).Beforeattendingtheexaminerstandardisationcourse,applicantsforanFIEcertificatefor
airshipsshall:
(1)

Havecompleted500hoursofflighttimeasapilotofairships

(2)

Haveatleast20hoursofflighttimeinstructingapplicantsforanFI(AS)certificate

(3)

HoldanFE(As)certificate

FIE(S). Before attending the examinerstandardisation course, applicants foranFIEcertificate for

sailplanesshall:
(1)

Havecompleted500hoursofflighttimeasapilotofsailplanesorpoweredsailplanes,

(2)

Have completed 15 hours or 50 launches instructing applicants for an FI(S) or LAFI(S)

certificate

(3)

HoldacertificateasFE(S)orFE(LPLS).

FIE(B). Before attending the examinerstandardisation course, applicants foranFIE certificate for
balloonsshall:
(1)

Havecompleted350hoursofflighttimeasapilotofballoons

(2)

havecompleted15hoursinstructingapplicantsforanLAFI(B)orFI(B)certificate

(3)

HoldacertificateasFE(B)orFE(LPLB).

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APPENDIX1
CREDITINGOFTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGE

A.

1.

Creditingoftheoreticalknowledgefortheissueofapilotlicenceinanothercategoryof
aircraftBridgeinstructionandexaminationrequirements
LPL,PPL,BPLandSPL

1.1 FortheissueofaLPL,theholderofaLPLinanothercategoryofaircraftshallbefullycreditedwith
theoreticalknowledgeonthecommonsubjectsestablishedinFCL.120(a)(1).
1.1 Withoutprejudicetotheparagraphabove,fortheissueofaLPL,PPL,BPLorSPL,theholderofa
licence in another category of aircraft shall pass theoretical knowledge examinations to the
appropriatelevelinthefollowingtopics:
AircraftGeneralKnowledge
FlightPerformanceandPlanning
OperationalProceduresandPrinciplesofFlight.
1.1.2For the issue ofa PPL, BPL or SPL, the holder ofaLPL in the same category of aircraftshall be
creditedinfull.
2.

CPL

2.1 AnapplicantforaCPLholdingaCPLinanothercategoryofaircraftshallhavereceivedtheoretical
knowledgebridgeinstructiononanapprovedcourseaccordingtothedifferencesidentifiedbetween
theCPLsyllabifordifferentaircraftcategories.
2.2. The applicant shall pass theoretical knowledge examinations as defined in PartFCL for the
followingsubjectsintheappropriateaircraftcategory:
021 Aircraft General Knowledge: Airframe and Systems, Electrics, Power plant, Emergency
Equipment
022AircraftGeneralKnowledge:Instrumentation
032Performance
070OperationalProcedures,and
080PrinciplesofFlight.
2.3. AnapplicantforaCPLhavingpassedtherelevanttheoreticalexaminations foranIRinthesame
category of aircraft is credited towards the theoretical knowledge requirements in the following
subjects:
HumanPerformance
Meteorology.
3.

ATPL

3.1. An applicant for an ATPL holding an ATPL in another category of aircraft shall have received
theoretical knowledge bridge instruction at an approved training organisation according to the
differencesidentifiedbetweentheATPLsyllabifordifferentaircraftcategories.
3.2 The applicant shall pass theoretical knowledge examinations as defined in PartFCL for the
followingsubjectsintheappropriateaircraftcategory:
021 Aircraft General Knowledge: Airframe and Systems, Electrics, Power plant, Emergency
Equipment
022AircraftGeneralKnowledge:Instrumentation

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032Performance
070OperationalProcedures,and
081PrinciplesofFlight.
3.3 An applicant for an ATPL(A) having passed the relevant theoretical examination for a CPL(A) is
creditedtowardsthetheoreticalknowledgerequirementsinsubjectVFRCommunications.
3.4. Anapplicant for an ATPL(H),havingpassed the relevant theoreticalexaminations foraCPL(H) is
creditedtowardsthetheoreticalknowledgerequirementsinthefollowingsubjects:

AirLaw

PrinciplesofFlight(Helicopter)

VFRCommunications

3.5 An applicant for an ATPL(A) having passed the relevant theoretical examination for an IR(A) is
creditedtowardsthetheoreticalknowledgerequirementsinsubjectIFRCommunications.
3.6 AnapplicantforanATPL(H)withanIR(H),havingpassedtherelevanttheoreticalexaminationsfor
aCPL(H)iscreditedtowardsthetheoreticalknowledgerequirementsinthefollowingsubjects:

4.

PrinciplesofFlight(Helicopter)

VFRCommunications

IR

4.1 AnapplicantforanIRhavingpassedtherelevanttheoreticalexaminationsforaCPLinthesame
aircraft category is credited towards the theoretical knowledge requirements in the following
subjects:
HumanPerformance
Meteorology.
4.2. AnapplicantforanIR(H)havingpassedtherelevanttheoreticalexaminationsforanATPL(H)VFR
isrequiredtopassthefollowingexaminationsubjects:
AirLaw
FlightPlanningandFlightMonitoring
RadioNavigation
IFRCommunications

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APPENDIX2
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGESYLLABUSFORTHEATPL,CPLANDIR
The following tables contain the detailed theoreticalknowledge syllabus forthe ATPL, CPL and IR. The
applicable items for each licence or rating are marked with X. An X on the main title of a subject
meansthatallthesubdivisionsareapplicable.
Aspectsrelatedtonontechnicalskillsshallbeincludedinanintegratedmanner,takingintoaccountthe
particularrisksassociatedtothelicenceandtheactivity.

A.

Aeroplanesandhelicopters

Aeroplane
ATPL

CPL

Helicopter
ATPL/

ATPL

CPL

IR

IR

021000000

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGEAIRFRAMEAND
SYSTEMS,ELECTRICS,POWERPLANT,EMERGENCY
EQUIPMENT

021010000

SYSTEMDESIGN,LOADS,STRESSES,MAINTENANCE

021020000

AIRFRAME

021030000

HYDRAULICS

021040000

LANDINGGEAR,WHEELS,TYRES,BRAKES

021050000

FLIGHTCONTROLS

021060000

PNEUMATICSPRESSURISATIONANDAIRCONDITIONING

021070000

ANTIANDDEICINGSYSTEMS

021080000

FUELSYSTEM

021090000

ELECTRICS

021100000

PISTONENGINES

021110000

TURBINEENGINES

021120000

PROTECTIONANDDETECTIONSYSTEMS

021130000

OXYGENSYSTEMS

021140000

HELICOPTER:MISCELLANEOUSSYSTEMS

021150000

HELICOPTER:ROTORHEADS

021160000

HELICOPTER:TRANSMISSION

021170000

HELICOPTER:BLADES

022000000

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGEINSTRUMENTATION

022010000

SENSORSANDINSTRUMENTS

022020000

MEASUREMENTOFAIRDATAPARAMETERS

022030000

MAGNETISMDIRECTREADINGCOMPASSANDFLUXVALVE

022040000

GYROSCOPICINSTRUMENTS

022050000

INERTIALNAVIGATIONANDREFERENCESYSTEMS

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Aeroplane
ATPL

CPL

Helicopter
ATPL/

ATPL

CPL

IR

IR

022060000

AEROPLANE:AUTOMATICFLIGHTCONTROLSYSTEMS

022070000

HELICOPTER:AUTOMATICFLIGHTCONTROLSYSTEMS

022080000

TRIMSYAWDAMPERFLIGHTENVELOPEPROTECTION

022090000

AUTOTHROTTLEAUTOMATICTHRUSTCONTROLSYSTEM

022100000

COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

022110000

FLIGHTMANAGEMENTSYSTEM(F.M.S.)

022120000

ALERTINGSYSTEMS,PROXIMITYSYSTEMS

022130000

INTEGRATEDINSTRUMENTSELECTRONICDISPLAYS

022140000

MAINTENANCE,MONITORINGANDRECORDINGSYSTEMS

022150000

DIGITALCIRCUITSANDCOMPUTERS

030000000

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNING

031000000

MASSANDBALANCEAEROPLANES/HELICOPTERS

031010000

PURPOSEOFMASSANDBALANCECONSIDERATIONS

031020000

LOADING

031030000

FUNDAMENTALSOFCGCALCULATIONS

031040000

MASSANDBALANCEDETAILSOFAIRCRAFT

031050000

DETERMINATIONOFCGPOSITION

031060000

CARGOHANDLING

032000000

PERFORMANCEAEROPLANES

032010000

GENERAL

032020000

PERFORMANCECLASSBSINGLEENGINEAEROPLANES

032030000

PERFORMANCECLASSBMULTIENGINEAEROPLANES

032040000

PERFORMANCECLASSAAEROPLANESCERTIFICATED
UNDERCS25ONLY

033000000

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDFLIGHTMONITORING

033010000

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORVFRFLIGHTS

033020000

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORIFRFLIGHTS

033030000

FUELPLANNING

033040000

PREFLIGHTPREPARATION

033050000

ATSFLIGHTPLAN

033060000

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTREPLANNING

040000000

HUMANPERFORMANCE

040010000

HUMANFACTORS:BASICCONCEPTS

040020000

BASICAVIATIONPHYSIOLOGYANDHEALTHMAINTENANCE

040030000

BASICAVIATIONPSYCHOLOGY

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Aeroplane
ATPL

CPL

Helicopter
ATPL/

ATPL

CPL

IR

IR

050000000

METEOROLOGY

050010000

THEATMOSPHERE

050020000

WIND

050030000

THERMODYNAMICS

050040000

CLOUDSANDFOG

050050000

PRECIPITATION

050060000

AIRMASSESANDFRONTS

050070000

PRESSURESYSTEMS

050080000

CLIMATOLOGY

050090000

FLIGHTHAZARDS

050100000

METEOROLOGICALINFORMATION

060000000

NAVIGATION

061000000

GENERALNAVIGATION

061010000

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

061020000

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

061030000

CHARTS

061040000

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

061050000

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

062000000

RADIONAVIGATION

062010000

BASICRADIOPROPAGATIONTHEORY

062020000

RADIOAIDS

062030000

RADAR

062040000

Intentionallyleftblank

062050000

AREANAVIGATIONSYSTEMS,RNAV/FMS

062060000

GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS

070000000

OPERATIONALPROCEDURES

071010000

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

071020000

SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCEDURESANDHAZARDS
(GENERALASPECTS)

071030000

HELICOPTEREMERGENCYPROCEDURES

080000000

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHT

081000000

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTAEROPLANE

081010000

SUBSONICAERODYNAMICS

081020000

HIGHSPEEDAERODYNAMICS

081030000

Intentionallyleftblank

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Aeroplane
ATPL

CPL

Helicopter
ATPL/

ATPL

CPL

IR

IR

081040000

STABILITY

081050000

CONTROL

081060000

LIMITATIONS

081070000

PROPELLERS

081080000

FLIGHTMECHANICS

090000000

COMMUNICATIONS

091000000

VFRCOMMUNICATIONS

091010000

DEFINITIONS

091020000

GENERALOPERATINGPROCEDURES

091030000

RELEVANTWEATHERINFORMATIONTERMS(VFR)

091040000

ACTIONREQUIREDTOBETAKENINCASEOF
COMMUNICATIONFAILURE

091050000

DISTRESSANDURGENCYPROCEDURES

091060000

GENERALPRINCIPLESOFVHFPROPAGATIONAND
ALLOCATIONOFFREQUENCIES

092000000

IFRCOMMUNICATIONS

092010000

DEFINITIONS

092020000

GENERALOPERATINGPROCEDURES

092030000

ACTIONREQUIREDTOBETAKENINCASEOF
COMMUNICATIONFAILURE

092040000

DISTRESSANDURGENCYPROCEDURES

092050000

RELEVANTWEATHERINFORMATIONTERMS(IFR)

092060000

GENERALPRINCIPLESOFVHFPROPAGATIONAND
ALLOCATIONOFFREQUENCIES

092070000

MORSECODE

B.

Airships

CPL

IR

010000000

AIRLAWANDATCPROCEDURES

010010000

INTERNATIONAL LAW: CONVENTIONS, AGREEMENTS AND X

ORGANISATIONS

010020000

AIRWORTHINESSOFAIRCRAFT

010030000

AIRCRAFTNATIONALITYANDREGISTRATIONMARKS

010040000

PERSONNELLICENSING

010050000

RULESOFTHEAIR

010060000

PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES AIRCRAFT X

X
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CPL

IR

OPERATIONS
010070000

AIRTRAFFICSERVICESANDAIRTRAFFICMANAGEMENT

010080000

AERONAUTICALINFORMATIONSERVICE

010090000

AERODROMES

010100000

FACILITATION

010110000

SEARCHANDRESCUE

010120000

SECURITY

010130000

AIRCRAFTACCIDENTANDINCIDENTINVESTIGATION

023000000

AIRSHIP GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ENVELOPE, AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS,

ELECTRICS,POWERPLANT,EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

023010000

DESIGN,MATERIALS,LOADS,STRESSES

023020000

ENVELOPEANDAIRBAGS

023030000

FRAMEWORK

023040000

GONDOLA

023050000

FLIGHTCONTROLS

023060000

LANDINGGEAR

023070000

HYDRAULICSANDPNEUMATICS

023080000

HEATINGANDAIRCONDITIONING

023090000

FUELSYSTEM

023100000

PISTONENGINES

023110000

TURBINEENGINES(BASICS)

023120000

ELECTRICS

023130000

FIREPROTECTIONANDDETECTIONSYSTEMS

023140000

MAINTENANCE

030000000

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNING

031000000

MASSANDBALANCEAIRSHIPS

024000000

AIRSHIPGENERALKNOWLEDGEINSTRUMENTATION

024010000

SENSORSANDINSTRUMENTS

024020000

MEASUREMENTOFAIRDATAANDGASPARAMETERS

024030000

MAGNETISM DIRECTREADINGCOMPASSANDFLUXVALVE

024040000

GYROSCOPICINSTRUMENTS

024050000

COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

024060000

ALERTINGSYSTEMS

024070000

INTEGRATEDINSTRUMENTSELECTRONICDISPLAYS

024080000

FLIGHTMANAGEMENTSYSTEM(GENERALBASICS)

024090000

DIGITALCIRCUITSANDCOMPUTERS

031010000

PURPOSEOFMASSANDBALANCECONSIDERATIONS

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CPL

IR

031020000

LOADING

031030000

FUNDAMENTALSOFCGCALCULATIONS

031040000

MASSANDBALANCEDETAILSOFAIRCRAFT

031050000

DETERMINATIONOFCGPOSITION

031060000

PASSENGER,CARGOANDBALLASTHANDLING

033000000

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDFLIGHTMONITORING

033010000

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORVFRFLIGHTS

033020000

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORIFRFLIGHTS

033030000

FUELPLANNING

033040000

PREFLIGHTPREPARATION

033050000

ATSFLIGHTPLAN

033060000

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTREPLANNING

035000000

PERFORMANCEAIRSHIPS

035010000

AIRWORTHINESSREQUIREMENTS

035020000

BASICSOFAIRSHIPPERFORMANCE

035030000

DEFINITIONSANDTERMS

035040000

STAGESOFFLIGHT

035050000

USEOFFLIGHTMANUAL

040000000

HUMANPERFORMANCE

040010000

HUMANFACTORS:BASICCONCEPTS

040020000

BASICAVIATIONPHYSIOLOGYANDHEALTHMAINTENANCE

040030000

BASICAVIATIONPSYCHOLOGY

050000000

METEOROLOGY

050010000

THEATMOSPHERE

050020000

WIND

050030000

THERMODYNAMICS

050040000

CLOUDSANDFOG

050050000

PRECIPITATION

050060000

AIRMASSESANDFRONTS

050070000

PRESSURESYSTEMS

050080000

CLIMATOLOGY

050090000

FLIGHTHAZARDS

050100000

METEOROLOGICALINFORMATION

060000000

NAVIGATION

061000000

GENERALNAVIGATION

061010000

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

X
X

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CPL

IR

061020000

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

061030000

CHARTS

061040000

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

061050000

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

062000000

RADIONAVIGATION

062010000

BASICRADIOPROPAGATIONTHEORY

062020000

RADIOAIDS

062030000

RADAR

062040000

AREANAVIGATIONSYSTEMS,RNAV/FMS
GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS

X
X

070000000

OPERATIONALPROCEDURESAIRSHIP

073010000

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

073020000

SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCEDURESANDHAZARDS(GENERAL
ASPECTS)

073030000

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES

080000000

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHT

083000000

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTAIRSHIPS

083010000

BASICSOFAEROSTATICS

083020000

BASICSOFSUBSONICAERODYNAMICS

083030000

AERODYNAMICSOFAIRSHIPS

083040000

STABILITY

083050000

CONTROLLABILITY

083060000

LIMITATIONS

083070000

PROPELLERS

083080000

BASICSOFAIRSHIPFLIGHTMECHANICS

090000000

COMMUNICATIONSAIRSHIPS

091000000

VFRCOMMUNICATIONS

091010000

DEFINITIONS

091020000

GENERALOPERATINGPROCEDURES

091030000

RELEVANTWEATHERINFORMATIONTERMS(VFR)

091040000

ACTIONREQUIREDTOBETAKENINCASEOF
COMMUNICATIONFAILURE

091050000

DISTRESSANDURGENCYPROCEDURES

091060000

GENERALPRINCIPLESOFVHFPROPAGATIONAND
ALLOCATIONOFFREQUENCIES

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CPL

IR

092000000

IFRCOMMUNICATIONS

092010000

DEFINITIONS

092020000

GENERALOPERATINGPROCEDURES

092030000

ACTIONREQUIREDTOBETAKENINCASEOF
COMMUNICATIONFAILURE

092040000

DISTRESSANDURGENCYPROCEDURES

092050000

RELEVANTWEATHERINFORMATIONTERMS(IFR)

092060000

GENERALPRINCIPLESOFVHFPROPAGATIONAND
ALLOCATIONOFFREQUENCIES

092070000

MORSECODE

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APPENDIX3
TRAININGCOURSESFORTHEISSUEOFACPL,ANATPLANDANIR

This appendix describes the requirements for the different types of training courses for the issue of a
CPL,anATPLandanIR.
A.

ATPintegratedcourseaeroplanes

GENERAL
1

The aim of the ATP(A) integrated course is to trainpilots to the level of proficiency necessary to
enable them to operate as copilot on multipilot, multiengine aeroplanes in commercial air
transportationandtoobtaintheCPL(A)/IR.

Anapplicantwishing toundertakeanATP(A)integratedcourseshallcompletealltheinstructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinamaximumperiodof36months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(A)or
PPL(H)issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1.InthecaseofaPPL(A)orPPL(H)entrant,50%of
the hours flown prior to the course shall be credited, up to a maximum of 40 hours flying
experience, or 45 hours if an aeroplane night rating has been obtained, of which up to 20 hours
maycounttowardstherequirementfordualinstructionflighttime.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontotheATPL(A)knowledgelevel
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtrainingand
(c) traininginmulticrewcooperationfortheoperationofmultipilotaeroplanes.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireATP(A)coursemayapplytotheAuthorityfor
thetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestforalowerlicenceandaninstrumentratingif
theapplicablerequirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

AnATP(A)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast750hoursofinstruction.

Themulticrewcooperation(MCC)courseshallcompriseatleast25hoursoftheoreticalknowledge
instructionandexercises.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
9

Anapplicantshalldemonstratethelevelofknowledgeappropriatetotheprivilegesgrantedtothe
holderofanATPL(A).

FLYINGTRAINING
10

Theflyingtraining,notincludingtyperatingtraining,shallcompriseatotalofatleast195hours,to
includeallprogresstests,ofwhichupto55hoursfortheentirecoursemaybeinstrumentground
time.Withinthetotalof195hours,applicantsshallcompleteatleast:
(a) 95hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhichupto55hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtime
(b) 70hoursaspilotincommand,includingVFRflightandinstrumentflighttimeasstudentpilot
incommand (SPIC). The instrument flight time as SPIC shall only be counted as pilot in
commandflighttimeuptoamaximumof20hours
(c) 50hoursofcrosscountryflightaspilotincommand,includingaVFRcrosscountryflightofat
least540km(300NM),inthecourseofwhichfullstoplandingsattwoaerodromesdifferent
fromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade

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(d) 5hours flighttimeshallbecompletedatnight,comprising3hoursofdualinstruction,which

willincludeatleast1hourofcrosscountrynavigationand5solotakeoffsand5solofullstop
landingsand
(e) 115hoursofinstrumenttimecomprising,atleast:
(1) 20hoursasSPIC
(2) 15hoursmulticrewcooperation,forwhichaflightsimulatororFNPTIImaybeused
(3) 50hoursofinstrumentflightinstruction,ofwhichupto:
(i)25hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinaFNPTI,or
(ii)40hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinaFNPTIIorflightsimulator,ofwhichup
to10hoursmaybeconductedinaFNPTI.
An applicant holding a course completion certificate for the basic instrument flight module
shallbecreditedwithupto10hourstowardstherequiredinstrumentinstructiontime.Hours
doneinaBITDshallnotbecredited.
SKILLTEST
11

OncompletionoftherelatedflyingtrainingtheapplicantshalltaketheCPL(A)skilltestoneither
asingleengineoramultiengineaeroplaneandtheinstrumentratingskilltestonamultiengine
aeroplane.
B.

CPL/IRintegratedcourseaeroplanes

GENERAL
1

The aim of the CPL(A) and IR(A) integrated course is to train pilots to the level of proficiency
necessary to operate singlepilot singleengine or multiengine aeroplanes in commercial air
transportationandtoobtaintheCPL(A)/IR.

AnapplicantwishingtoundertakeaCPL(A)/IRintegratedcourseshallcompletealltheinstructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinamaximumperiodof30months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(A)or
PPL(H)issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1.InthecaseofaPPL(A)orPPL(H)entrant,50%of
the hours flown prior to the course shall be credited, up to a maximum of 40 hours flying
experience, or 45 hours if an aeroplane night rating has been obtained, of which up to 20 hours
maycounttowardstherequirementfordualinstructionflighttime.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(A)andIRknowledgeleveland
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireCPL/IR(A)coursemayapplytotheAuthority
forthetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestforalowerlicenceandaninstrumentrating
iftheapplicablerequirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

ACPL(A)/IRtheoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast500hoursofinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
8

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(A)andaninstrumentrating.

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FLYINGTRAINING
9

Theflyingtraining,notincludingtyperatingtraining,shallcompriseatotalofatleast180hours,to
includeallprogresstests,ofwhichupto40hoursfortheentirecoursemaybeinstrumentground
time.Withinthetotalof180hours,applicantsshallcompleteatleast:
(a) 80hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhichupto40hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtime
(b) 70 hours as pilotincommand, including VFR flightand instrument flight time which maybe
flown as student pilotincommand (SPIC). The instrument flight time as SPIC shall only be
countedaspilotincommandflighttimeuptoamaximumof20hours
(c) 50hoursofcrosscountryflightaspilotincommand,includingaVFRcrosscountryflightofat
least540km(300NM),inthecourseofwhichfullstoplandingsattwoaerodromesdifferent
fromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade
(d) 5hours flighttimeshallbecompletedatnight,comprising3hoursofdualinstruction,which
shall include at least 1 hour of crosscountry navigation and 5 solo takeoffs and 5 solo full
stoplandingsand
(e) 100hoursofinstrumenttimecomprising,atleast:
(1) 20hoursasSPICand
(2) 50hoursofinstrumentflightinstruction,ofwhichupto:
(i)25hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinanFNPTI,or
(ii)40hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinanFNPTIIorflightsimulator,ofwhich
upto10hoursmaybeconductedinanFNPTI.
An applicant holding a course completion certificate for the basic instrument flight module
shallbecreditedwithupto10hourstowardstherequiredinstrumentinstructiontime.Hours
doneinaBITDshallnotbecredited.

SKILLTESTS
10

On completion of the related flying training the applicantshall take theCPL(A)skill test and the
instrumentratingskilltestoneitheramultiengineaeroplaneorasingleengineaeroplane.
C.

CPLintegratedcourseaeroplanes

GENERAL
1

TheaimoftheCPL(A)integratedcourseistotrainpilotstothelevelofproficiencynecessaryforthe
issueofaCPL(A).

An applicant wishing to undertake a CPL(A) integrated course shall complete all the instructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinamaximumperiodof24months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(A)or
PPL(H)issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1.InthecaseofaPPL(A)orPPL(H)entrant,50%of
the hours flown prior to the course shall be credited, up to a maximum of 40 hours flying
experience, or 45 hours if an aeroplane night rating has been obtained, of which up to 20 hours
maycounttowardstherequirementfordualinstructionflighttime.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(A)knowledgeleveland
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireCPL(A)coursemayapplytotheAuthorityfor
the theoretical knowledge examination and skill test for a lower licence, if the applicable
requirementsaremet.

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THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

ACPL(A)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast350hoursofinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEGDEEXAMINATION
8

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(A)

FLYINGTRAINING
9

Theflyingtraining,notincludingtyperatingtraining,shallcompriseatotalofatleast150hours,to
includeallprogress tests,ofwhichup to5hoursfortheentirecoursemaybeinstrumentground
time.Withinthetotalof150hours,applicantsshallcompleteatleast:
(a) 80hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhichupto5hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtime
(b) 70hoursaspilotincommand
(c) 20hoursofcrosscountryflightaspilotincommand,includingaVFRcrosscountryflightofat
least540km(300NM),inthecourseofwhichfullstoplandingsattwoaerodromesdifferent
fromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade
(d) 5hours flighttimeshallbecompletedatnight,comprising3hoursofdualinstruction,which
shall include at least 1 hour of crosscountry navigation and 5 solo takeoffs and 5 solo full
stoplandingsand
(e) 10 hours of instrument flight instruction, of which up to 5 hours may be instrument ground
time in a FNPT I, or FNPT II or flight simulator. An applicant holding a course completion
certificateforthebasicinstrumentflightmoduleshallbecreditedwithupto10hourstowards
therequiredinstrumentinstructiontime.HoursdoneinaBITDshallnotbecredited.
(f)

5hourstobecarriedoutinanaeroplanecertificatedforthecarriageofatleastfourpersons
thathasavariablepitchpropellerandretractablelandinggear.

SKILLTEST
10

OncompletionoftheflyingtrainingtheapplicantshalltaketheCPL(A)skilltestonasingleengine
oramultiengineaeroplane.
D.

CPLmodularcourseaeroplanes

TheaimoftheCPL(A)modularcourseistotrainPPL(A)holderstothelevelofproficiencynecessary
fortheissueofaCPL(A).

BeforecommencingaCPL(A)modularcourseanapplicantshallbetheholderofaPPL(A)issuedin
accordancewithICAOAnnex1.

Beforecommencingtheflighttrainingtheapplicantshall:
(a) havecompleted150hoursflighttime,
(b) havecompliedwith the prerequisites for the issue of aclass ortype rating for multiengine
aeroplanesifamultiengineaeroplaneistobeusedontheskilltest.

AnapplicantwishingtoundertakeamodularCPL(A)courseshallcompletealltheflightinstructional
stages inonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.The
theoretical knowledge instruction may be given at an approved training organisation conducting
theoreticalknowledgeinstructiononly.

Thecourseoftheoreticalknowledgeshallbecompletedwithin18months.Theflightinstructionand
skilltestshallbecompletedwithintheperiodofvalidityofthepassinthetheoreticalexaminations.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(A)knowledgeleveland
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

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THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

AnapprovedCPL(A)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast250hoursofinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
8

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(A).

FLYINGTRAINING
9

Applicants without an instrument rating shall be given at least 25 hours dual flight instruction,
including10hoursofinstrumentinstructionofwhichupto5hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtime
inaBITDoraFNPTIorIIoraflightsimulator.

10

ApplicantsholdingavalidIR(A)shallbefullycreditedtowardsthedualinstrumentinstructiontime.
Applicants holding avalidIR(H)shallbecreditedupto5hours ofthedualinstrumentinstruction
time,inwhichcaseatleast5hoursdualinstrumentinstructiontimeshallbegiveninanaeroplane.
AnapplicantholdingaCourseCompletionCertificatefortheBasicInstrumentFlightmoduleshallbe
creditedwithupto10hourstowardstherequiredinstrumentinstructiontime.

11 (a) Applicants with a valid instrument rating shall be given at least 15 hours dual visual flight
instruction.
(b) Applicants without a night rating aeroplane shall begiven additionally at least 5 hours night
flightinstruction,comprising3hoursofdualinstruction,whichshallincludeatleast1hourof
crosscountrynavigationand5solotakeoffsand5solofullstoplandings
12

At least 5 hours of the flight instruction shall be carried out in an aeroplane certificated for the
carriageofatleast4personsandhaveavariablepitchpropellerandretractablelandinggear.

EXPERIENCE
13

TheapplicantforaCPL(A)shallhavecompletedatleast200hoursflighttime,including100hours
as pilotincommand, of which 20 hours of crosscountry flight as pilotincommand, which shall
include a VFR crosscountry flight of at least 540 km (300 NM), in the course of which full stop
landingsattwoaerodromesdifferentfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade.
Hoursaspilotincommandofothercategoriesofaircraftmaycounttowardsthe200hoursflight
time,inthefollowingcases:
(a)

30hoursinhelicopter,iftheapplicantholdsaPPL(H)or

(b)

100hoursinhelicopters,iftheapplicantholdsaCPL(H)or

(c)

30hoursintouringmotorglidersorgliders.

(d)

30hoursinairships,iftheapplicantholdsaPPL(As)

(e)

60hoursinairships,iftheapplicantholdsaCPL(As)

SKILLTEST
13 Oncompletionoftheflying trainingandrelevantexperiencerequirements theapplicantshalltake
theCPL(A)skilltestoneitherasingleengineoramultiengineaeroplane.
E.

ATP/IRintegratedcoursehelicopters

GENERAL
1

TheaimoftheATP(H)/IRintegratedcourseistotrainpilotstothelevelofproficiencynecessaryto
enable them to operate as copilot on multipilot, multiengine helicopters in commercial air
transportationandtoobtaintheCPL(H)/IR.

An applicant wishing to undertake an ATP(H)/IR integrated course shall complete all the
instructional stages in one continuous course of training as arranged by an approved training
organisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinaperiodof36months.
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Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(H)or
PPL(A)issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1.InthecaseofaPPL(H)orPPL(A)entrant,50%of
therelevantexperienceshallbecredited,uptoamaximumof:
(a) 40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) 50 hours, of which up to 25 hours may be dual instruction, if a helicopter night rating has
beenobtained.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontotheATPL(H)andIRknowledgelevel
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtrainingand
(c)

traininginmulticrewcooperationfortheoperationofmultipilothelicopters.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireATP(H)/IRcoursemayapplytotheAuthority
forthetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestforalowerlicenceandaninstrument
rating,iftheapplicablerequirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

AnATP(H)/IRtheoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast750hoursofinstruction.

TheMCCcourseshallcompriseatleast25hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionexercises.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
9

Anapplicantshalldemonstratethelevelofknowledgeappropriatetotheprivilegesgrantedtothe
holderofanATPL(H)andanIR.

FLYINGTRAINING
10

Theflyingtrainingshallcompriseatotalofatleast195hours,toincludeallprogresstests.Within
thetotalof195hours,applicantsshallcompleteatleast:
(a) 140hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhich:
(1)75hoursvisualinstructionmayinclude:
(i)

30hoursinahelicopterFSlevelC/D,or

(ii)

25hoursinaFTD2,3or

(iii) 20hoursinahelicopterFNPTII/III,or
(iv) 20hoursinanaeroplaneorTMG
(2) 50hoursinstrumentinstructionmayinclude:
(i)

upto20hoursinahelicopterFSorFTD2,3orFNPTII/III,or

(ii)

10hoursinatleastahelicopterFTD1orFNPT1oraeroplane.

(3) 15hours multicrewcooperation,forwhichahelicopterFSorhelicopterFTD2,3(MCC)

orFNPTII/III(MCC)maybeused.
Ifthehelicopterusedfortheflyingtrainingisofadifferenttypefromthehelicopterflight
simulatorusedforthevisualtraining,themaximumcreditshallbelimitedtothatallocatedfor
thehelicopterFNPTII/III.
(b) 55hoursaspilotincommand,ofwhich40hoursmaybeasSPIC.Atleast14hourssoloday
and1hoursolonightshallbemade.
(c)

50 hours of crosscountry flight, including at least 10 hours of cross country flight as SPIC
including a VFR cross country flight of at least 185 km (100 nm) in the course of which
landingsattwodifferentaerodromesfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade

(d) 5 hours flight time in helicopters shall be completed at night comprising 3 hours of dual
instructionincludingatleast1hourofcrosscountrynavigationand5solonightcircuits.Each
circuitshallincludeatakeoffandalanding

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(e) 50hoursofdualinstrumenttimecomprising:
(i) 10hoursBasicInstrumentinstructiontimeand
(ii) 40 hours Instrument Rating Training, which shall include at least 10 hours in a multi
engineIFRcertificatedhelicopter
(f) 15hoursofmulticrewcooperation.
SKILLTESTS
11

OncompletionoftherelatedflyingtrainingtheapplicantshalltaketheCPL(H)skilltestonamulti
engine helicopter and the instrument rating skill test on either a multiengine or a singleengine
helicopterandshallcomplywiththerequirementsforMCCtraining.
F.

ATPintegratedcourseHelicopters

GENERAL
1

The aim of the ATP(H) integrated course is to trainpilots to the level of proficiency necessary to
enablethemtooperateascopilotonmultipilot,multienginehelicopterslimitedtoVFRprivileges
incommercialairtransportationandtoobtaintheCPL(H).

AnapplicantwishingtoundertakeanATP(H)integratedcourseshallcompletealltheinstructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinaperiodof36months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(H)or
PPL(A)issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1.InthecaseofaPPL(H)orPPL(A)entrant,50%of
therelevantexperienceshallbecredited,uptoamaximumof:
(a) 40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) 50 hours, of which up to 25 hours may be dual instruction, if a helicopter night rating has
beenobtained.

.5

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontotheATPL(H)knowledgelevel
(b) visualandbasicinstrumentflyingtrainingand
(c)

traininginmulticrewcooperationfortheoperationofmultipilothelicopters

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireATP(A)coursemayapplytotheAuthorityfor
the theoretical knowledge examination and skill test for a lower licence, if the applicable
requirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

AnATP(H)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast650hoursofinstruction.

TheMCCcourseshallcompriseatleast20hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionexercises.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
9

Anapplicantshalldemonstratethelevelofknowledgeappropriatetotheprivilegesgrantedtothe
holderofanATPL(H).

FLYINGTRAINING
10

Theflyingtrainingshallcompriseatotalofatleast150hours,toincludeallprogresstests.Within
thetotalof150hours,applicantsshallcompleteatleast:

(a) 95hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhich
(i) 75hoursvisualinstructionmayinclude:
(1) 30hoursinahelicopterFSlevelC/D,or

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(2) 25hoursinahelicopterFTD2,3or
(3) 20hoursinahelicopterFNPTII/III,or
(4) 20hoursinanaeroplaneorTMG.
(ii) 10 hours basic instrument instruction may include 5 hours in at least a helicopter FTD 1 or
FNPTIoraeroplane.
(iii) 10 hours multicrew cooperation, for which a helicopter: FS or FTD 2,3(MCC) or FNPT
II/III(MCC)maybeused.
IfthehelicopterusedfortheflyingtrainingisofadifferenttypefromthehelicopterFSusedforthe
visualtraining,themaximumcreditshallbelimitedtothatallocatedforthehelicopterFNPTII/III.
(b) 55hoursaspilotincommand,ofwhich40hoursmaybeasSPIC.Atleast14hourssolodayand
1hoursolonightshallbemade
(c) 50 hours of crosscountry flight, including at least 10 hours of cross country flight as SPIC,
includingaVFRcrosscountryflightofatleast185km(100NM)inthecourseofwhichlandings
attwodifferentaerodromesfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade
(d) 5 hours flight time in helicopters shall be completed at night comprising 3 hours of dual
instruction including at least 1 hour of crosscountry navigation and 5 solo night circuits. Each
circuitshallincludeatakeoffandalanding
(e) 10hoursofdualbasicinstrumentinstructiontime
(f) 10hoursmulticrewcooperation.
SKILLTESTS
11

OncompletionoftherelatedflyingtrainingtheapplicantshalltaketheCPL(H)skilltestonamulti
enginehelicopterandcomplyMCCrequirements.
G.

CPL/IRintegratedcourseHelicopters

GENERAL
1

TheaimoftheCPL(H)/IRintegratedcourseistotrainpilotstothelevelofproficiencynecessaryto
operatesinglepilotmultienginehelicoptersandtoobtaintheCPL(H)/IRmultienginehelicopter.

AnapplicantwishingtoundertakeaCPL(H)/IRintegratedcourseshallcompletealltheinstructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinaperiodof30months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(H)or
PPL(A) issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1. In the case of an entrant holding avPPL(H) or
PPL(A),50%oftherelevantexperienceshallbecredited,uptoamaximumof:
(a) 40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) 50 hours, of which up to 25 hours may be dual instruction, if a helicopter night rating has
beenobtained.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(H)andIRknowledgelevel,andtheinitialmultiengine
helicoptertyperatingand
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

Anapplicantfailing orunabletocompletetheentireCPL(H)/IRcoursemayapplytotheAuthority
for the theoretical knowledge examination and skill test for a lower licence and an instrument
rating,iftheapplicablerequirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

ACPL(H)/IRtheoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast500hoursofinstruction.
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THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
8

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(H)andaninstrumentrating.

FLYINGTRAINING
9

The flying trainingshall compriseatotal ofat least180 hours including allprogresstests.Within

the180hours,applicantsshallcompleteatleast:
(a) 125hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhich:
(i)75hoursvisualinstruction,whichmayinclude:
(1) 30hoursinahelicopterFSlevelC/D,or
(2) 25hoursinahelicopterFTD2,3,or
(3) 20hoursinahelicopterFNPTII/III,or
(4) 20hoursinanaeroplaneorTMG.
(ii) 50hoursinstrumentinstructionwhichmayinclude:
(1) upto20hoursinahelicopterFSorFTD2,3orFNPTII,III,or
(2) 10hoursinatleastahelicopterFTD1orFNPTIoraeroplane.
Ifthehelicopterusedfortheflying trainingis ofadifferenttypefromtheFSusedforthe visual
training,themaximumcreditshallbelimitedtothatallocatedfortheFNPTII/III.
(b) 55hoursaspilotincommand,ofwhich40hoursmaybeasSPIC.Atleast14hourssolodayand
1hoursolonightshallbemade
(c) 10 hours ofcrosscountry flight as pilotincommand, including a VFR crosscountry flight ofat
least185km(100NM)inthecourseofwhichfullstoplandingsattwodifferentaerodromesfrom
theaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade
(d) 5 hours flight time in helicopters shall be completed at night comprising 3 hours of dual
instruction including at least 1 hour of crosscountry navigation and 5 solo night circuits. Each
circuitshallincludeatakeoffandalanding
(e) 50hoursofdualinstrumenttimecomprising:
(i) 10hoursBasicInstrumentinstructiontimeand
(ii) 40hoursInstrumentRatingTraining,whichshallincludeatleast10hoursinamultiengine
IFRcertificatedhelicopter

SKILLTEST
10

Oncompletionoftherelatedflyingtraining,theapplicantshalltaketheCPL(H)skilltestoneithera
multiengineorasingleenginehelicopterandtheinstrumentratingskilltestonanIFRcertificated
multienginehelicopter.
H.

CPLintegratedcourseHelicopters

GENERAL
1

The aimoftheCPL(H)integratedcourseis totrainpilotstothelevelofproficiencynecessaryfor

theissueofaCPL(H).

An applicant wishing to undertake a CPL(H) integrated course shall complete all the instructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinaperiodof24months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(H)or
PPL(A) issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1. In the case of an entrant holding a PPL(H) or
PPL(A),50%oftherelevantexperienceshallbecredited,uptoamaximumof:

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(a) 40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) 50hours,ofwhichupto25hoursmaybedualinstructionifahelicopternightratinghasbeen
obtained
5

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(H)knowledgeleveland
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireCPL(H)coursemayapplytotheAuthorityfor
the theoretical knowledge examination and skill test for a lower licence, if the applicable
requirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

AnapprovedCPL(H)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseat least350hours ofinstruction

or200hoursiftheapplicantistheholderofaPPL.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
8

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(H).

FLYINGTRAINING
9

Theflyingtrainingshallcompriseatotalofatleast135hours,toincludeallprogresstests,ofwhich
upto5hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtime.Withinthe135hourstotal,applicantsshallcomplete
atleast:
(a) 85hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhich:
(i) upto75hoursmaybevisualinstruction,andmayinclude:
(1)

30hoursinahelicopterFSlevelC/D,or

(2)

25hoursinahelicopterFTD2,3,or

(3)

20hoursinahelicopterFNPTII/III,or

(4)

20hoursinanaeroplaneorTMG.

(ii) up to 10 hours may be instrument instruction, and may include 5 hours in at least a
helicopterFTDIorFNPTIoraeroplane.
Ifthehelicopterusedfortheflying training is ofadifferenttypefromtheFSusedforthevisual
training,themaximumcreditshallbelimitedtothatallocatedfortheFNPTII/III.
(b)

50hoursaspilotincommand,ofwhich35hoursmaybeasSPIC.Atleast14hourssoloday
and1hoursolonightshallbemade

(c)

10hoursdualcrosscountryflying

(d)

10hoursofcrosscountryflightaspilotincommandincludingaVFRcrosscountryflightof
at least 185km (100 NM) in the course of which full stop landings at two different
aerodromesfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade

(e)

5 hours flight time in helicopters shall be completed at night comprising 3 hours of dual
instruction including at least 1 hour of crosscountry navigation and 5 solo night circuits.
Eachcircuitshallincludeatakeoffandalanding

(f)

10hoursofinstrumentdualinstructiontime,includingatleast5hoursinahelicopter.

SKILLTEST
10

Oncompletionoftherelatedflyingtraining,theapplicantshalltaketheCPL(H)skilltest.

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I.
1
2

3Jun2008

CPLmodularcourseHelicopters

The aim of the CPL(H) modular course is to train PPL(H) holders to the level of proficiency
necessaryfortheissueofaCPL(H).
BeforecommencingaCPL(H)modularcourseanapplicantshall:
(a) betheholderofaPPL(H)issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1
(b) havecompleted155hours flighttimeasapilotinhelicopters,including50hours as pilotin
commandofwhich10hoursshallbecrosscountry.
(c) havecompliedwithFCL.725andFCL.720.Hifamultienginehelicopteris tobeusedonthe
skilltest.

AnapplicantwishingtoundertakeamodularCPL(H)courseshallcompletealltheflightinstructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.The
theoretical knowledge instruction may be given at an approved ATO that conducts theoretical
knowledgeinstructiononly.

Thecourseoftheoreticalknowledgeshallbecompletedwithin18months.Theflightinstructionand
skilltestshallbecompletedwithintheperiodofvalidityofthepassintheoreticalexaminations.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(H)knowledgeleveland
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
6

AnapprovedCPL(H)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast250hoursofinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
7

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(H).

FLYINGTRAINING
8

Applicants withoutaninstrumentratingshallbegivenatleast 30hours dualflightinstruction,of

which:
(a)

20hoursvisualinstruction,whichmayinclude5hoursinahelicopterflightsimulatororFTD
2,3orFNPTII,IIIand

(b)

10hoursinstrumentinstruction,whichmayinclude5hoursinatleastahelicopterFTD1or
FNPTIoraeroplane.

ApplicantsholdingavalidIR(H)shallbefullycreditedtowardsthedualinstrumentinstructiontime.
Applicants holdinga valid IR(A)shallcomplete at least 5hours of thedual instrument instruction
timeinahelicopter.

10

Applicants withoutanightratinghelicoptershallbegivenadditionallyat least 5hoursnightflight

instruction comprising 3 hours of dual instruction including at least 1 hour of crosscountry
navigationand5solonightcircuits.Eachcircuitshallincludeatakeoffandalanding.

EXPERIENCE
11

TheapplicantforaCPL(H)shallhavecompletedatleast185hoursflighttime,including50hours
as pilotincommand, of which 10 hours of crosscountry flight as pilotincommand, including a
VFRcrosscountryflightofat least 185km(100NM),inthecourseofwhichfullstoplandingsat
twoaerodromesdifferentfromtheaerodromeofdepartureshallbemade.
Hoursaspilotincommandofothercategoriesofaircraftmaycounttowardsthe185hoursflight
time,inthefollowingcases:
(a) 20hoursinaeroplanes,iftheapplicantholdsaPPL(A)or
(b) 50hoursinaeroplanes,iftheapplicantholdsaCPL(A)or

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(c) 10hoursintouringmotorglidersorgliders.
(d) 20hoursinairships,iftheapplicantholdsaPPL(As)
(e) 50hoursinairships,iftheapplicantholdsaCPL(As)
SKILLTEST
12 On completion of the related flying training and relevant experience, the applicant shall take the
CPL(H)skilltest.
J.CPL/IRintegratedcourseAirships
GENERAL
1

TheaimoftheCPL(As)/IRintegratedcourseistotrainpilotstothelevelofproficiencynecessaryto
operateairshipsandtoobtaintheCPL(As)/IR.

AnapplicantwishingtoundertakeaCPL(As)/IRintegratedcourseshallcompletealltheinstructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinaperiodof30months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(As),
PPL(A) or PPL(H) issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1. In the case of an entrant holding a
PPL(As),PPL(A)orPPL(H)shallbecrediteduptoamaximumof:
(a) 10hours,ofwhichupto5hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) 15 hours,of which up to 7 hours may bedual instruction, if aairship night rating has been
obtained.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(As)andIRknowledgelevel,andtheinitialairshiptype
ratingand
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireCPL/IR(As)coursemayapplytotheAuthority
forthetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestforalowerlicenceandaninstrumentrating,
iftheapplicablerequirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

ACPL(As)/IRtheoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast500hoursofinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
8

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(As)andaninstrumentrating.

FLYINGTRAINING
9

Theflyingtrainingshallcompriseatotalofatleast80hoursincludingallprogresstests.Withinthe
80hours,applicantsshallcompleteatleast:
(a) 60hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhich:
(i) 30hoursvisualinstruction,whichmayinclude:
(1)

12hoursinanairshipFS,or

(2)

10hoursinanairshipFTD,or

(3)

8hoursinanairshipFNPTII/III,or

(4)

8hoursinanaeroplane,helicopterorTMG.

(ii) 30hoursinstrumentinstructionwhichmayinclude:
(1)

upto12hoursinanairshipFSorFTDorFNPTII,III,or

(2)

6hoursinatleastaairshipFTD1orFNPTIoraeroplane.
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IftheairshipusedfortheflyingtrainingisofadifferenttypefromtheFSusedforthevisual
training,themaximumcreditshallbelimitedto8hours.
(b) 20hoursaspilotincommand,ofwhich40hoursmaybeasSPIC.Atleast14hourssoloday
and1hoursolonightshallbemade
(c) 5 hours of crosscountry flight as pilotincommand including aVFR crosscountry flight ofat
least90km(50NM)inthecourseofwhichtwofullstoplandingsatthedestinationaerodrome
shallbemade
(d) 5hoursflighttimeinairshipsshallbecompletedatnightcomprising3hoursofdualinstruction
includingatleast1hourofcrosscountrynavigationand5solonightcircuits.Eachcircuitshall
includetakeoffandlanding
(e) 30hoursofdualinstrumenttimecomprising:
(i) 10hoursBasicInstrumentinstructiontimeand
(ii) 20hoursInstrumentRatingTraining,whichshallincludeatleast10hoursinamultiengine
IFRcertificatedairship
SKILLTEST
10

Oncompletionoftherelatedflyingtraining,theapplicantshalltaketheCPL(As)skilltestoneithera
multiengine or a singleengine airship and the instrument rating skill test on an IFRcertificated
multiengineairship.
K.

CPLintegratedcourseairships

GENERAL
1

The aimoftheCPL(As)integratedcourseis totrainpilotstothe levelofproficiencynecessaryfor

theissueofaCPL(AS).

An applicant wishing to undertake aCPL(As) integrated course shall completeall the instructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingasarrangedbyanapprovedtrainingorganisation.

Theapplicantshallcompletethecoursewithinaperiodof24months.

Anapplicantmaybeadmittedtotrainingeitherasanabinitioentrant,orasaholderofaPPL(As),
PPL(A) or PPL(H) issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1. In the case of an entrant holding a
PPL(As),PPL(A)orPPL(H)shallbecredited,uptoamaximumof:
(a) 10hours,ofwhichupto5hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) 15 hours, of which up to 7 hours may be dual instruction if a airship night rating has been
obtained

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(As)knowledgeleveland
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireCPL(As)coursemayapplytotheAuthorityfor
thetheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestforalowerlicence,iftheapplicable
requirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

AnapprovedCPL(As)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast350hoursofinstruction
or200hoursiftheapplicantistheholderofaPPL.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
8

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(As).

FLYINGTRAINING

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Theflyingtrainingshallcompriseatotalofatleast50hours,toincludeallprogresstests,ofwhich
upto5hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtime.Withinthe50hourstotal,applicantsshallcomplete
atleast:
(a)

30hoursofdualinstruction,ofwhichupto5hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtime

(b)

20hoursaspilotincommand

(c)

5hoursdualcrosscountryflying

(d)

5hoursofcrosscountryflightaspilotincommandincludingaVFRcrosscountryflightofat
least90km(50NM)inthecourseofwhichtwofullstoplandingsatthedestinationaerodrome
shallbemade

(e)

5 hours flight time in airships shall be completed at night comprising 3 hours of dual
instruction including at least 1 hour of crosscountry navigation and 5 solo night circuits.
Eachcircuitshallincludetakeoffandlanding

(f)

10hoursofinstrumentdualinstructiontime,includingatleast5hoursinanairship.

SKILLTEST
10

Oncompletionoftherelatedflyingtraining,theapplicantshalltaketheCPL(As)skilltest.
L.

1
2

CPLmodularcourseairships

The aim of the CPL(As) modular course is to train PPL(As) holders to the level of proficiency
necessaryfortheissueofaCPL(As).
BeforecommencingaCPL(As)modularcourseanapplicantshall:
(a) betheholderofaPPL(As)issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1
(b) have completed 200 hours flight time as a pilot in airships, including 100 hours as pilot in
commandofwhich50hoursshallbecrosscountry.

An applicant wishing to undertake a modular CPL(As) course shall complete all the flight
instructional stages in one continuous course of training as arranged by an approved training
organisation.ThetheoreticalknowledgeinstructionmaybegivenatanapprovedATOthatconducts
theoreticalknowledgeinstructiononly.

Thecourseoftheoreticalknowledgeshallbecompletedwithin18months.Theflightinstructionand
skilltestshallbecompletedwithintheperiodofvalidityofthepassintheoreticalexaminations.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontoCPL(As)knowledgeleveland
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
6

AnapprovedCPL(As)theoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast250hoursofinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
7

An applicant shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted to the
holderofaCPL(As).

FLYINGTRAINING
8

Applicants withoutaninstrumentratingshallbegivenat least20hours dualflightinstruction,of

which:
(a)10hoursvisualinstruction,whichmayinclude5hoursinanairshipflightsimulatororFTD2,3
orFNPTII,IIIand
(b)10hoursinstrumentinstruction,whichmayinclude5hoursinatleastanairshipFTD1orFNPT
Ioraeroplane.

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Applicants holding a valid IR(As) shall be fully credited towards the dual instrument instruction
time.ApplicantsholdingavalidIRinanothercategoryofaircraftshallcompleteatleast5hoursof
thedualinstrumentinstructiontimeinanairship
Applicants without a night rating airship shall be given additionally at least 5 hours night flight
instruction comprising 3 hours of dual instruction including at least 1 hour of crosscountry
navigationand5solonightcircuits.Eachcircuitshallincludeatakeoffandalanding.

EXPERIENCE
11

TheapplicantforaCPL(As)shallhavecompletedatleast250hoursflighttimeinairships,including
125 hours as pilotincommand, of which 50 hours of crosscountry flight as pilotincommand,
including a VFR crosscountry flight of at least 90km (50 NM), in the course of which a full stop
landingatdestinationaerodrome.
Hours as pilotincommandofothercategories ofaircraftmaycounttowards the 185hours flight
time,inthefollowingcases:
(a)

30hoursinaeroplanesorhelicopters,iftheapplicantholdsaPPL(A)orPPL(H)respectively
or

(b)

60hoursinaeroplanesorhelicopters,iftheapplicantholdsaCPL(A)orCPL(H)respectively
or

(c)

10hoursintouringmotorglidersorgliders.

(d)

10hoursinballoons.

SKILLTEST
12 On completion of the related flying training and relevant experience, the applicant shall take the
CPL(As)skilltest.

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APPENDIX4
SKILLTESTFORTHEISSUEOFACPL
A.

General

AnapplicantforaskilltestfortheCPLshallhavereceivedinstructiononthesametypeorclassof
aircrafttobeusedinthetest.

Anapplicantshallpass alltherelevantsections oftheskilltest.Ifanyiteminasectionis failed,

thatsectionis failed.Failureinmorethanonesectionwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentire
testagain.Anapplicantfailing onlyone sectionshallonlyrepeat thefailedsection.Failureinany
section of the retest, including those sections that have been passed on a previous attempt, will
requiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest again.Allsections oftheskilltest shallbecompleted
withinsixmonths.Failuretoachieveapassinallsectionsofthetestintwoattemptswillrequire
furthertraining.

Furthertrainingmayberequiredfollowing anyfailedskilltest.Thereis nolimittothenumberof

skillteststhatmaybeattempted.

CONDUCTOFTHETEST
4

Shouldtheapplicantchoosetoterminateaskilltestforreasonsconsideredinadequatebytheflight
examiner(FE),theapplicantshallretaketheentireskilltest.Ifthetest isterminatedforreasons
consideredadequatebytheFE,onlythosesectionsnotcompletedshallbetestedinafurtherflight.

Any manoeuvre or procedure of the test may be repeated once by the applicant. The flight
examiner may stop the test at any stage if it is considered that the applicants demonstration of
flyingskillrequiresacompleteretest.

An applicant shall be required to fly the aircraft from a position where the pilotincommand
functions can be performed and to carry out the test as if no other crew member is present.
Responsibilityfortheflightshallbeallocatedinaccordancewithnationalregulations.

An applicant shall indicate to the flight examiner the checks and duties carried out, including the
identificationofradiofacilities.Checksshallbecompletedinaccordancewiththechecklistforthe
aircraftonwhichthetestisbeingtaken.Duringpreflightpreparationforthetesttheapplicantis
required to determine power settings and speeds. Performance data for takeoff, approach and
landing shall be calculated by the applicant in compliance with the operations manual or flight
manualfortheaircraftused.

The flightexaminershalltakenopartintheoperationoftheaircraftexceptwhereinterventionis
necessaryintheinterestsofsafetyortoavoidunacceptabledelaytoothertraffic.
B.

ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaCPLaeroplanes

Theaeroplaneusedfortheskilltestshallmeettherequirementsfortrainingaeroplanes,andshall
be certificated for the carriage of at least four persons, have a variable pitch propeller and
retractablelandinggear.

The route to be flown shall be chosen by the FE and the destination shall be a controlled
aerodrome. The applicant shall be responsible for the flight planning and shall ensure that all
equipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.Thedurationoftheflight
shallbeatleast90minutes.

Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheaeroplanewithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

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maintaincontroloftheaeroplaneatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeof
aprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCES
4

The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheaeroplaneused.
Height
normalflight
withsimulatedenginefailure
Trackingonradioaids

100feet
150feet
5

Heading
normalflight
withsimulatedenginefailure

10
15

Speed
takeoffandapproach
5knots
allotherflightregimes 10knots
CONTENTOFTHETEST
5

ItemsinSection2paragraphscande(iv),andthewholeofSections5and6maybeperformedin
anFNPTIIoraflightsimulator.
Use of the aeroplane checklists , airmanship, control of aeroplane by external visual reference,
anti/deicingproceduresandprinciplesofthreatanderrormanagementapplyinallsections.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
a

Preflight,including:
Flightplanning,Documentation,Massandbalancedetermination,Weatherbrief

Aeroplaneinspectionandservicing

Taxiingandtakeoff

Performanceconsiderationsandtrim

Aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations

Departureprocedure,altimetersetting,collisionavoidance(lookout)

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK

Controloftheaeroplanebyexternalvisualreference,includingstraightandlevel,climb,descent,
lookout

Flightatcriticallylowairspeedincludingrecognitionofandrecoveryfromincipientandfullstalls

Turns,includingturnsinlandingconfiguration.Steepturns45

Flightatcriticallyhighairspeeds,includingrecognitionofandrecoveryfromspiraldives

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Flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments,including:
i. Levelflight,cruiseconfiguration,controlofheading,altitudeandairspeed
ii. Climbinganddescendingturnswith1030bank
iii. Recoveriesfromunusualattitudes
iv. Limitedpanelinstruments

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

Controlofaeroplanebyexternalvisualreference,includingcruiseconfiguration
Range/Enduranceconsiderations

Orientation,mapreading

Altitude,speed,headingcontrol,lookout

Altimetersetting.ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures

Monitoringofflightprogress,flightlog,fuelusage,assessmentoftrackerrorandre
establishmentofcorrecttracking

Observationofweatherconditions,assessmentoftrends,diversionplanning

Tracking,positioning(NDBorVOR),identificationoffacilities(instrumentflight).Implementation
ofdiversionplantoalternateaerodrome(visualflight)
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Arrivalprocedures,altimetersetting,checks,lookout

ATCliaison:compliance,R/Tprocedures

Goaroundactionfromlowheight

Normallanding,crosswindlanding(ifsuitableconditions)

Shortfieldlanding

Approachandlandingwithidlepower(singleengineonly)

Landingwithoutuseofflaps

Postflightactions
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES

Thissectionmaybecombinedwithsections1through4.
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff(atasafealtitude),firedrill

Equipmentmalfunctions
Includingalternativelandinggearextension,electricalandbrakefailure

Forcedlanding(simulated)

ATCliaison:compliance,R/Tprocedures

Oralquestions

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SECTION6
SIMULATEDASYMMETRICFLIGHTANDRELEVANTCLASS/TYPEITEMS
ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through5.
a

Simulatedenginefailureduringtakeoff(atasafealtitudeunlesscarriedoutinaflightsimulator)

Asymmetricapproachandgoaround

Asymmetricapproachandfullstoplanding

Engineshutdownandrestart

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures,Airmanship

AsdeterminedbytheFlightExamineranyrelevantitemsoftheclass/typeratingskilltestto
include,ifapplicable:
i. Aeroplanesystemsincludinghandlingofautopilot
ii. Operationofpressurisationsystem
iii. Useofdeicingandantiicingsystem

Oralquestions
C.

ContentoftheskilltestfortheissueoftheCPLHelicopters

Thehelicopterusedfortheskilltestshallmeettherequirementsfortraininghelicopters.

TheareaandroutetobeflownshallbechosenbytheFEandalllowlevelandhoverworkshallbe
atanapprovedaerodrome/site.Routesusedforsection3mayendattheaerodromeofdeparture
oratanotheraerodromeandonedestinationshallbeacontrolledaerodrome.Theskilltestmaybe
conductedin2flights.Thetotaldurationoftheflight(s)shallbeatleast90minutes.

Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:

operatethehelicopterwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintaincontrolofthehelicopteratalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeof
aprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCES
4

The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceofthehelicopterused.
Height
normalflight

100feet

simulatedmajoremergency

150feet

Trackingonradioaids

10

Heading
normalflight

10

simulatedmajoremergency

15

Speed
takeoffandapproachmultiengine 5knots

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10knots

Grounddrift
T.O.hoverI.G.E.

3feet

landing

nosidewaysorbackwardsmovement

CONTENTOFTHETEST
5

Items in Section 4 may be performed in an FNPT (H) or a flight simulator (H). Use of helicopter
checklists,airmanship,controlofhelicopterbyexternalvisualreference,antiicingprocedures,and
principlesofthreatanderrormanagementapplyinallsections.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHT/POSTFLIGHTCHECKSANDPROCEDURES
a

Helicopterknowledge,(e.g.technicallog,fuel,massandbalance,performance),FlightPlanning,
Documentation,NOTAMS,Weather

Preflightinspection/action,locationofpartsandpurpose

Cockpitinspection,Startingprocedure

Communicationandnavigationequipmentchecks,selectingandsettingfrequencies

Pretakeoffprocedure,R/Tprocedure,ATCliaisoncompliance

Parking,ShutdownandPostflightprocedure
SECTION2
HOVERMANOEUVRES,ADVANCEDHANDLINGANDCONFINEDAREAS

Takeoffandlanding,(liftoffandtouchdown)

Taxi,hovertaxi

Stationaryhoverwithhead/cross/tailwind

Stationaryhoverturns,360leftandright(spotturns)

Forward,sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring

Simulatedenginefailurefromthehover

Quickstopsintoanddownwind

Slopingground/unpreparedsiteslandingsandtakeoffs

Takeoffs(variousprofiles)

Crosswind,downwindtakeoff(ifpracticable)

Takeoffatmaximumtakeoffmass(actualorsimulated)

Approaches(variousprofiles)

Limitedpowertakeoffandlanding

Autorotations(FEtoselecttwoitemsfromBasic,range,lowspeed,and360 turns)

Autorotativelanding

Practiceforcedlandingwithpowerrecovery

Powerchecks,reconnaissancetechnique,approachanddeparturetechnique
SECTION3
NAVIGATIONENROUTEPROCEDURES

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Navigationandorientationatvariousaltitudes/heights,mapreading

Altitude/height,speed,headingcontrol,observationofairspace,altimetersetting

Monitoring of flightprogress, flight log, fuel usage,endurance,ETA, assessment of trackerror

andreestablishmentofcorrecttrack,instrumentmonitoring

Observationofweatherconditions,diversionplanning

Tracking,positioning(NDBand/orVOR),identificationoffacilities

ATCliaisonandobservanceofregulations,etc.
SECTION4
FLIGHTPROCEDURESANDMANOEUVRESBYSOLEREFERENCETOINSTRUMENTS

Levelflight,controlofheading,altitude/heightandspeed

Rate1levelturnsontospecifiedheadings,180to360leftandright

Climbinganddescending,includingturnsatrate1ontospecifiedheadings

Recoveryfromunusualattitudes

Turnswith30bank,turningupto90leftandright
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
(SIMULATEDWHEREAPPROPRIATE)

Note(1)Wherethetestisconductedonamultienginehelicopterasimulatedenginefailuredrill,
includingasingleengineapproachandlandingshallbeincludedinthetest.
Note(2)TheFEshallselect4itemsfromthefollowing:
a

Engine malfunctions, including governor failure, carburetor/engine icing, oil system, as

appropriate

Fuelsystemmalfunction

Electricalsystemmalfunction

Hydraulicsystemmalfunction,includingapproachandlandingwithouthydraulics,asapplicable

Mainrotorand/orantitorquesystemmalfunction(flightsimulatorordiscussiononly)

Firedrills,includingsmokecontrolandremoval,asapplicable

OtherabnormalandEmergencyproceduresasoutlinedinappropriateflightmanual,including
formultienginehelicopters:
Simulatedenginefailureattakeoff:
rejectedtakeoffatorbeforeTDPorsafeforcedlandingatorbeforeDPATO
shortlyafterTDPorDPATO
Landingwithsimulatedenginefailure:
landingorgoaroundfollowingenginefailurebeforeLDPorDPBL
followingenginefailureafterLDPorsafeforcedlandingafterDPBL

D.
1

ContentoftheskilltestfortheissueofaCPLairships

Theairshipusedfortheskilltestshallmeettherequirementsfortrainingairships.

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TheareaandroutetobeflownshallbechosenbytheFE.Routesusedforsection3mayendatthe
aerodrome of departure or at another aerodrome and one destination shall be a controlled
aerodrome.Theskilltestmaybeconductedin2flights.Thetotaldurationoftheflight(s)shallbe
atleast60minutes.

Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheairshipwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintaincontroloftheairshipatalltimes insuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeofa
procedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCES
4

The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheairshipused.

Height
normalflight

100feet

simulatedmajoremergency

150feet

Trackingonradioaids

10

Heading
normalflight

10

simulatedmajoremergency

15

CONTENTOFTHETEST
5

Items in Sections 5 and 6 may be performed in an FNPT (As) or a flight simulator (As). Use of
airshipchecklists,airmanship,controlofairshipbyexternalvisualreference,antiicingprocedures,
andprinciplesofthreatanderrormanagementapplyinallsections.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
a

Preflight,including:
Flightplanning,Documentation,Massandbalancedetermination,Weatherbrief

Airshipinspectionandservicing

Offmastprocedure,groundmanoeuvringandtakeoff

Performanceconsiderationsandtrim

Aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations

Departureprocedure,altimetersetting,collisionavoidance(lookout)

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ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK

Control of the airship by external visual reference, including straight and level, climb, descent,
lookout

Flightatpressureheight

Turns

Steepdescentsandclimbs

Flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments,including:
i. Levelflight,controlofheading,altitudeandairspeed
ii. Climbinganddescendingturns
iii. Recoveriesfromunusualattitudes
iv. Limitedpanelinstruments

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

Controlofairshipbyexternalvisualreference,
Range/Enduranceconsiderations

Orientation,mapreading

Altitude,speed,headingcontrol,lookout

Altimetersetting.ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures

Monitoringofflightprogress,flightlog,fuelusage,assessmentoftrackerrorandreestablishment
ofcorrecttracking

Observationofweatherconditions,assessmentoftrends,diversionplanning

Tracking,positioning(NDBorVOR),identificationoffacilities (instrumentflight).Implementation
ofdiversionplantoalternateaerodrome(visualflight)
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Arrivalprocedures,altimetersetting,checks,lookout

ATCliaison:compliance,R/Tprocedures

Goaroundactionfromlowheight

Normallanding,

Shortfieldlanding

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Approachandlandingwithidlepower(singleengineonly)

Landingwithoutuseofflaps

Postflightactions

3Jun2008

SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
Thissectionmaybecombinedwithsections1through4.
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff(atasafealtitude),firedrill

Equipmentmalfunctions

Forcedlanding(simulated)

ATCliaison:compliance,R/Tprocedures

Oralquestions
SECTION6
RELEVANTCLASS/TYPEITEMS

ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through5.
a

Simulatedenginefailureduringtakeoff(atasafealtitudeunlesscarriedoutinaflightsimulator)

approachandgoaroundwithfailedengine(s)

approachandfullstoplandingwithfailedengine(s)

Malfunctionsintheenvelopepressuresystem

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures,Airmanship

As determined by the Flight Examiner any relevant items of the class/type rating skill test to
include,ifapplicable:
i. Airshipsystems
ii. Operationofenvelopepressuresystem

Oralquestions

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APPENDIX5
INTEGRATEDMPLTRAININGCOURSE
GENERAL
1

TheaimoftheMPLintegratedcourseistotrainpilotstothelevelofproficiencynecessarytoenable
them to operate as copilot of a multiengine multipilot turbinepowered air transport aeroplane
underVFRandIFRandtoobtainanMPL.

ApprovalforanMPLtrainingcourseshallonlybegiventoanapprovedtrainingorganisationthatis
partofacommercialairtransportoperatorcertificatedinaccordancewithPartMSandPartOPSor
havingaspecificarrangementwithsuchanoperator.Thelicenceshallberestrictedtothatspecific
operatoruntilcompletionoftheairlineoperatorsconversioncourse,

An applicant wishing to undertake an MPL integrated course shall complete all the instructional
stagesinonecontinuouscourseoftrainingatanapprovedtrainingorganisation.Thetrainingshall
becompetencybasedandconductedinamulticrewoperationalenvironment.

Onlyabinitioapplicantsshallbeadmittedtothecourse.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontotheATPL(A)knowledgelevel
(b) visualandinstrumentflyingtraining
(c) traininginmulticrewcooperationfortheoperationofmultipilotaeroplanesand
(d) typeratingtraining.

AnapplicantfailingorunabletocompletetheentireMPLcoursemayapplytotheAuthorityforthe
theoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestforalowerlicenceandaninstrumentrating,ifthe
applicablerequirementsaremet.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
7

AnapprovedMPLtheoreticalknowledgecourseshallcompriseatleast750hoursofinstruction.

FLYINGTRAINING
8

Theflyingtrainingshallcompriseatotalofatleast240hours,composedofhoursaspilotflyingand
pilotnotflying,inactualandsimulatedflight,andcoveringthefollowing4phasesoftraining:
(a) Phase1Coreflyingskills.
Specificbasicsinglepilottraininginanaeroplane.
(b) Phase2Basic.
Introductionofmulticrewoperationsandinstrumentflight.
(c)

Phase3Intermediate.
Application of multicrew operations to a multiengine turbine aeroplane certified as a high
performanceaeroplaneinaccordancewithPart21.

(d) Phase4Advanced.
Typeratingtrainingwithinanairlineorientedenvironment.
FlightexperienceinactualflightshallincludealltheexperiencerequirementsofSubpartCof
PartFCL,upsetrecoverytraining,nightflying,flightsolelybyreferencetoinstrumentsandthe
experiencerequiredtoachievetherelevantairmanship.
MCCrequirementsshallbeincorporatedintotherelevantphasesabove.
Traininginasymmetricflightshallbegiveneitherinanaeroplaneoraflightsimulator.
9

Eachphaseoftrainingintheflightinstructionsyllabusshallbecomposedofbothinstructioninthe
underpinningknowledgeandinpracticaltrainingsegments.

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10 The training course shall include a continuous evaluation process of the training syllabus and a
continuousassessmentofthestudentsfollowingthesyllabus.Evaluationshallensurethat:
(a)

thecompetenciesandrelatedassessmentarerelevanttothetaskofacopilotofamultipilot
aeroplaneand

(b)

thestudentsacquirethenecessarycompetenciesinaprogressiveandsatisfactorymanner.

11 The training course shall include at least 12 takeoffs and landings to ensure competency. These
takeoffsandlandingsshallbeperformedunderthesupervisionofaninstructorinanaeroplanefor
whichthetyperatingshallbeissued.
ASSESSMENTLEVEL
12 The applicant for the MPL shall have demonstrated performance in all the 9 competency units
specified in paragraph 13 below, at the advanced level of competency required to operate and
interact as a copilot in a turbinepowered multi pilot aeroplane, under visual and instrument
conditions. Assessment shall confirm that control oftheaeroplane or situation is maintainedat all
times, to ensure the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre. The applicant shall
consistentlydemonstratetheknowledge,skills andattitudes requiredforthesafeoperationofthe
applicableaeroplanetype,inaccordancewiththeMPLperformancecriteria.
COMPETENCYUNITS
13 Theapplicantshalldemonstratecompetencyinthefollowing9competencyunits:
1.applyhumanperformanceprinciples,includingprinciplesofthreatanderrormanagement
2.performaeroplanegroundoperations
3.performtakeoff
4.performclimb
5.performcruise
6.performdescent
7.performapproach
8.performlandingand
9.performafterlandingandaeroplanepostflightoperations.
SIMULATEDFLIGHT
14 MinimumrequirementsforFSTDs:
(a)Phase1Coreflyingskills.
Etraining and part tasking devices approved by the Authority that have the following
characteristics:

involve accessories beyond those normally associated with desktop computers, such as
functionalreplicasofathrottlequadrant,asidestickcontroller,oranFMSkeypadand

involvepsychomotoractivitywithappropriateapplicationofforceandtimingofresponses.

(b)Phase2Basic.
AFNPTIIMCCthatrepresentsagenericmultiengineturbinepoweredaeroplane.
(c)Phase3Intermediate.
AnFSTDthatrepresentsamultiengineturbinepoweredaeroplanerequiredtobeoperatedwith
acopilotandqualifiedtoanequivalentstandardtolevelB,additionallyincluding:

A daylight/twilight/night visual system continuous crosscockpit minimum collimated visual

fieldofviewprovidingeachpilotwith180degreeshorizontaland40degreesverticalfieldof
view,and

ATCenvironmentsimulation

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(d)Phase4Advanced.
A FFS which is fully equivalent to level D or level C with an enhanced daylight visual system,
includingATCenvironmentsimulation.

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APPENDIX6
MODULARTRAININGCOURSESFORTHEINSTRUMENTRATING
A.

IR(A)Modularflyingtrainingcourse

GENERAL
1

The aim of the IR(A) modular flying training course is to train pilots to the level of proficiency
necessarytooperateaeroplanesunderIFRandinIMC.Thecourseconsistsoftwomodules,which
maybetakenseparatelyorcombined:
(a) BasicInstrumentFlightModule.
This comprises 10hoursofinstrumenttimeunderinstruction,ofwhichupto5hours canbe
instrumentgroundtimeinaBITD,FNPTIorII,oraflightsimulator.Uponcompletionofthe
BasicInstrumentFlightModule,thecandidateshallbeissuedaCourseCompletionCertificate.
(b) ProceduralInstrumentFlightModule.
ThiscomprisestheremainderofthetrainingsyllabusfortheIR(A),40hourssingleengineor
45hoursmultiengineinstrumenttimeunderinstruction,andthetheoreticalknowledgecourse
fortheIR(A).

AnapplicantforamodularIR(A)courseshallbetheholderofaPPL(A)oraCPL(A),includingthe
privileges to fly at night. Anapplicant for the Procedural InstrumentFlight Module,whodoes not
hold a CPL(A), shall be holder of a Course Completion Certificate for the Basic Instrument Flight
Module.
The training organisation shall ensure thatthe applicant fora multiengine IR(A) course who has
not held a multiengine aeroplane class or type rating has received the multiengine training
specifiedinSubpartHpriortocommencingtheflighttrainingfortheIR(A)course.

An applicant wishing to undertake the Procedural Instrument Flight Module of a modular IR(A)
courseshallberequiredtocompletealltheinstructionalstagesinonecontinuousapprovedcourse
oftraining.PriortocommencingtheProceduralInstrumentFlightModule,thetrainingorganisation
shall ensure the competence of the applicant in basic Instrument flying skills. Refresher training
shallbegivenasrequired.

The course of theoretical instruction shall be completed within 18 months. The Procedural
Instrument Flight Module and the skill test shall becompleted within the period of validity of the
passintheoreticalexaminations.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontotheinstrumentratingknowledgelevel
(b) instrumentflightinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
6

An approved modular IR(A) course shall comprise at least 150 hours of theoretical knowledge
instruction.

FLYINGTRAINING
7

AsingleengineIR(A)courseshallcompriseatleast50hoursinstrumenttimeunderinstructionof
whichup to 20 hours maybe instrument ground time in an FNPT I,or up to 35hours in a flight
simulatororFNPTII.Amaximumof10hoursofFNPTIIorflightsimulatorinstrumentgroundtime
maybeconductedinanFNPTI.

AmultiengineIR(A)courseshallcompriseatleast55hoursinstrumenttimeunderinstruction,of
which up to 25 hours may be instrument ground time in a FNPT I, or up to 40 hours in a flight
simulatororFNPTII.Amaximumof10hoursofFNPTIIorflightsimulatorinstrumentgroundtime
maybeconductedinaFNPTI.Theremaininginstrumentflightinstructionshallincludeatleast15
hoursinmultiengineaeroplanes.

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The holder of asingleengine IR(A) whoalsoholds a multiengine type orclass rating wishing to
obtain a multiengine IR(A) for the first time shall complete a course at an approved training
organisationcomprisingatleast5hoursinstructionininstrumentflyinginmultiengineaeroplanes,
ofwhich3hoursmaybeinaflightsimulatororFNPTII.

10
10.1 TheholderofaCPL(A)orofaCourseCompletionCertificatefortheBasicInstrumentFlight
Modulemayhavethetotalamountoftrainingrequiredinparagraphs9or10abovereduced
by10hours.
10.2 TheholderofanIR(H)mayhavethetotalamountoftrainingrequiredinparagraphs9or10
abovereducedto10hours.
10.3 The totalinstrumentflightinstructioninaeroplaneshallcomplywithparagraph9or10,as
appropriate.
11

TheflyingexercisesuptotheIR(A)skilltestshallcomprise:
(a) BasicInstrumentFlightModule:
Procedureandmanoeuvreforbasicinstrumentflightcoveringatleast:

Basicinstrumentflightwithoutexternalvisualcues
Horizontalflight
Climbing
Descent
Turnsinlevelflight,climbing,descent

Instrumentpattern

Steepturn

Radionavigation

Recoveryfromunusualattitudes

Limitedpanel

Recognitionandrecoveryfromincipientandfullstalls

(b) ProceduralInstrumentFlightModule:
(1)

preflight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and
appropriateairtrafficservicesdocumentsinthepreparationofanIFRflightplan

(2)

procedureandmanoeuvres forIFRoperationundernormal,abnormalandemergency
conditionscoveringatleast:
transitionfromvisualtoinstrumentflightontakeoff
standardinstrumentdeparturesandarrivals
enrouteIFRprocedures
holdingprocedures
instrumentapproachestospecifiedminima
missedapproachprocedures
landingsfrominstrumentapproaches,includingcircling

(3)

inflightmanoeuvresandparticularflightcharacteristics

(4)

if required, operation of a multiengine aeroplane in the above exercises, including

operation of the aeroplane solely by reference to instruments with one engine
simulated inoperative and engine shut down and restart (the latter exercise to be
carriedoutatasafealtitudeunlesscarriedoutinaflightsimulatororFNPTII).
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IR(H)Modularflyingtrainingcourse

The aim of the IR(H) modular flying training course is to train pilots to the level of proficiency
necessarytooperatehelicoptersunderIFRandinIMC.

An applicant for a modular IR(H) course shall be the holder of a PPL(H) with night rating, or a
CPL(H)oranATPL(H).PriortocommencingtheaircraftinstructionphaseoftheIR(H)course,the
applicant shall be the holder of the helicopter type rating used for the IR(H) skill test, or have
completed approved type rating training on that type. The applicant shall hold a certificate of
satisfactorycompletionofMCCiftheskilltestistobeconductedinMultiPilotconditions.

An applicant wishing to undertake a modular IR(H) course shall be required to complete all the
instructionalstagesinonecontinuousapprovedcourseoftraining.

Thecourseoftheoreticalinstructionshallbecompletedwithin18months.Theflightinstructionand
the skill test shall be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical
examinations.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontotheinstrumentratingknowledgelevel
(b) instrumentflightinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
6

AnapprovedmodularIR(H)courseshallcompriseatleast150hoursofinstruction.

FLYINGTRAINING
7

AsingleengineIR(H)courseshallcompriseatleast50hoursinstrumenttimeunderinstruction,of
which:
(a) up to 20 hours may be instrument ground time in an FNPT I(H) or (A). These 20 hours
instructiontimeinFNPTI(H)or(A)maybesubstitutedby20hoursinstructiontimeforIR(H)
inanaeroplane,approvedforthiscourseor
(b) upto35hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinahelicopterFNPTII/IIIorFS.
Theinstrumentflightinstructionshallincludeatleast10hoursinanIFRcertificatedhelicopter.

AmultiengineIR(H)courseshallcompriseatleast55hoursinstrumenttimeunderinstructionof
which
(a) up to 20 hours may be instrument ground time in an FNPT I (H) or (A). These 20 hours
instructiontimeinFNPTI(H)or(A)maybesubstitutedby20hoursinstructiontimeforIR(H)
inanaeroplane,approvedforthiscourse,or
(b) upto40hoursmaybeinstrumentgroundtimeinahelicopterFNPTII/IIIorFS.
The instrumentflightinstructionshallincludeat least10hours inanIFRcertificatedmultiengine
helicopter.

The holder of a PPL(H) with a night rating or a CPL(H) shall have the total amount of training
required in paragraphs 7 or 8 above reduced by 5 hours. Holders of an ATPL(H) shall have the
theoreticalknowledgeinstructionhoursreducedby50hours.

10

TheflyingexercisesuptotheIR(H)skilltestshallcomprise:
(a) preflightproceduresforIFRflights,includingtheuseoftheflightmanualandappropriateair
trafficservicesdocumentsinthepreparationofanIFRflightplan
(b) procedure and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency
conditionscoveringatleast

transitionfromvisualtoinstrumentflightontakeoff

standardinstrumentdeparturesandarrivals

enrouteIFRprocedures

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holdingprocedures

instrumentapproachestospecifiedminima

missedapproachprocedures

landingsfrominstrumentapproaches,includingcircling

3Jun2008

(c) inflightmanoeuvresandparticularflightcharacteristics
(d) ifrequired,operationofamultienginehelicopterintheaboveexercises,includingoperationof
the helicopter solely by reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative and
engineshutdownandrestart(thelatterexercisetobecarriedoutinaflightsimulatororFNPT
II).
C.

IR(As)Modularflyingtrainingcourse

GENERAL
1

The aim of the IR(As) modular flying training course is to train pilots to the level of proficiency
necessarytooperateairshipsunderIFRandinIMC.Thecourseconsistsoftwomodules,whichmay
betakenseparatelyorcombined:
(a) BasicInstrumentFlightModule.
This comprises 10hours ofinstrumenttimeunderinstruction,ofwhichupto5hours canbe
instrumentgroundtimeinaBITD,FNPTIorII,oraflightsimulator.Uponcompletionofthe
BasicInstrumentFlightModule,thecandidateshallbeissuedaCourseCompletionCertificate.
(b) ProceduralInstrumentFlightModule.
ThiscomprisestheremainderofthetrainingsyllabusfortheIR(As),25hoursinstrumenttime
underinstruction,andthetheoreticalknowledgecoursefortheIR(As).

AnapplicantforamodularIR(As)courseshallbetheholderofaPPL(As)includingtheprivilegesto
fly at night oraCPL(As). An applicant for theProceduralInstrument Flight Module,who does not
hold aCPL(As),shall be holderof a CourseCompletion Certificate for the Basic Instrument Flight
Module.

An applicant wishing to undertake the Procedural Instrument Flight Module of a modular IR(As)
courseshallberequiredtocompletealltheinstructionalstagesinonecontinuousapprovedcourse
oftraining.PriortocommencingtheProceduralInstrumentFlightModule,thetrainingorganisation
shall ensure the competence of the applicant in basic Instrument flying skills. Refresher training
shallbegivenasrequired.

The course of theoretical instruction shall be completed within 18 months. The Procedural
Instrument Flight Module and the skill test shall be completed within theperiod of validity of the
passintheoreticalexaminations.

Thecourseshallcomprise:
(a) theoreticalknowledgeinstructiontotheinstrumentratingknowledgelevel
(b) instrumentflightinstruction.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
6

An approved modular IR(As) course shall comprise at least 150 hours of theoretical knowledge
instruction.

FLYINGTRAINING
7

AIR(AS)courseshallcompriseatleast35hoursinstrumenttimeunderinstructionofwhichupto
15 hours maybe instrumentground time inan FNPT I, orup to 20 hours ina flightsimulatoror
FNPT II. A maximum of 5 hours of FNPT II or flight simulator instrument ground time may be
conductedinanFNPTI.

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TheholderofaCPL(As)orofaCourseCompletionCertificatefortheBasicInstrumentFlightModule
may have the total amount of training required in paragraph 7 reduced by 10 hours. The total
instrumentflightinstructioninairshipshallcomplywithparagraph7.

If the applicant is the holder of an IR in another category of aircraft the total amount of flight
instructionrequiredmaybereducedto10hoursonairships.

10

TheflyingexercisesuptotheIR(As)skilltestshallcomprise:
(a) BasicInstrumentFlightModule:
Procedureandmanoeuvreforbasicinstrumentflightcoveringatleast:

Basicinstrumentflightwithoutexternalvisualcues
Horizontalflight
Climbing
Descent
Turnsinlevelflight,climbing,descent

Instrumentpattern

Radionavigation

Recoveryfromunusualattitudes

Limitedpanel

(b) ProceduralInstrumentFlightModule:
(1)

preflight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and
appropriateairtrafficservicesdocumentsinthepreparationofanIFRflightplan

(2)

procedureand manoeuvres for IFR operation undernormal,abnormal and emergency

conditionscoveringatleast:
transitionfromvisualtoinstrumentflightontakeoff
standardinstrumentdeparturesandarrivals
enrouteIFRprocedures
holdingprocedures
instrumentapproachestospecifiedminima
missedapproachprocedures
landingsfrominstrumentapproaches,includingcircling

(3)

inflightmanoeuvresandparticularflightcharacteristics

(4)

operationofairshipintheaboveexercises,includingoperationoftheairshipsolelyby
referencetoinstrumentswithoneenginesimulatedinoperativeandengineshutdown
andrestart(thelatterexercisetobecarriedoutatasafealtitudeunlesscarriedoutin
aflightsimulatororFNPTII).

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APPENDIX7
IRSKILLTEST
1

An applicant for an IR shall have received instruction on the same type or class of aircraft to be
usedinthetest.

Anapplicantshallpass alltherelevantsections oftheskilltest.Ifanyiteminasectionis failed,

thatsectionis failed.Failureinmorethanonesectionwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentire
testagain.Anapplicantfailing onlyone sectionshallonlyrepeat thefailedsection.Failureinany
section of the retest, including those sections that have been passed on a previous attempt, will
requiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest again.Allsections oftheskilltest shallbecompleted
within 6 months. Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in two attempts will require
furthertraining.

Furthertrainingmayberequiredfollowingafailedskilltest.Thereisnolimittothenumberofskill
teststhatmaybeattempted.

CONDUCTOFTHETEST
4

The test is intended to simulate a practical flight. The route to be flown shall be chosen by the
examiner. An essential element is the ability of theapplicant to plan and conduct the flight from
routinebriefingmaterial.Theapplicantshallundertaketheflightplanningandshallensurethatall
equipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.Thedurationoftheflight
shallbeatleast1hour.

Should the applicant choose to terminate a skill test for reasons considered inadequate by the
examiner, the applicant shall retake the entire skill test. If the test is terminated for reasons
consideredadequatebytheexaminer,onlythosesectionsnotcompletedshallbetestedinafurther
flight.

Anymanoeuvreorprocedureofthetestmayberepeatedoncebytheapplicant.Theexaminermay
stopthetestatanystageifitisconsideredthattheapplicantsdemonstrationofflyingskillrequires
acompleteretest.

An applicant shall fly the aircraft from a position where the pilotincommand functions can be
performedandtocarryoutthetestasifthereisnoothercrewmember.Theexaminershalltake
no part in the operation of the aircraft, except when intervention is necessary in the interests of
safetyortoavoidunacceptabledelaytoothertraffic.Responsibilityfortheflightshallbeallocated
inaccordancewithnationalregulations.

Decision heights/altitude, minimum descent heights/altitudes and missed approach point shall be
determinedbytheapplicantandagreedbytheexaminer.

AnapplicantforanIRshallindicatetotheexaminerthechecksanddutiescarriedout,includingthe
identification of radio facilities. Checks shall be completed in accordance with the authorised
checklistfortheaircraftonwhichthetestisbeingtaken.Duringpreflightpreparationforthetest
the applicant is required to determine power settings and speeds. Performance data for takeoff,
approachandlandingshallbecalculatedbytheapplicantincompliancewiththeoperationsmanual
orflightmanualfortheaircraftused.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCES
10

Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheaircraftwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintaincontroloftheaircraftatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessful
ofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

outcome

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The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheaircraftused
Height
Generally
100feet
Startingagoaroundatdecisionheight/altitude +50feet/0feet
Minimumdescentheight/MAP/altitude
+50feet/0feet
Tracking
onradioaids
Precisionapproach

5
halfscaledeflection,azimuthandglidepath

Heading
allenginesoperating
withsimulatedenginefailure

5
10

Speed
allenginesoperating
withsimulatedenginefailure

5knots
+10knots/5knots

CONTENTOFTHETEST
A.

Aeroplanes

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
Useofchecklist,airmanship,anti/deicingprocedures,etc.,applyinallsections.
a

Useofflightmanual(orequivalent)especiallya/cperformancecalculation,massandbalance

UseofAirTrafficServicesdocument,weatherdocument

PreparationofATCflightplan,IFRflightplan/log

Preflightinspection

WeatherMinima

Taxing

Pretakeoffbriefing,Takeoff

Transitiontoinstrumentflight

Instrumentdepartureprocedures,altimetersetting

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION2
GENERALHANDLING

Controloftheaeroplanebyreferencesolelytoinstruments,including:levelflightatvarious
speeds,trim

ClimbinganddescendingturnswithsustainedRate1turn

Recoveriesfromunusualattitudes,includingsustained45bankturnsandsteepdescending
turns

d*

Recovery from approach to stall in level flight, climbing/descending turns and in landing
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configurationonlyapplicabletoaeroplanes

eA

Limited panel, stabilised climb or descent at Rate 1 turn onto given headings, recovery from
unusualattitudes.onlyapplicabletoaeroplanes
SECTION3
ENROUTEIFRPROCEDURES

Tracking,includinginterception,e.g.NDB,VOR,RNAV

Useofradioaids

Levelflight,controlofheading,altitudeandairspeed,powersetting,trimtechnique

Altimetersettings

TimingandrevisionofETAs(Enrouteholdifrequired)

Monitoringofflightprogress,flightlog,fuelusage,systemsmanagement

Iceprotectionprocedures,simulatedifnecessary

ATCliaisonandcompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION4
PRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURES

Settingandcheckingofnavigationalaids,identificationoffacilities

Arrivalprocedures,altimeterchecks

Approachandlandingbriefing,includingdescent/approach/landingchecks

d+

Holdingprocedure

Compliancewithpublishedapproachprocedure

Approachtiming

Altitude,speedheadingcontrol,(stabilisedapproach)

h+

Goaroundaction

i+

Missedapproachprocedure/landing

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION5
NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURES

Settingandcheckingofnavigationalaids,identificationoffacilities

Arrivalprocedures,altimetersettings

Approachandlandingbriefing,includingdescent/approach/landingchecks

d+

Holdingprocedure

Compliancewithpublishedapproachprocedure

Approachtiming

Altitude,speed,headingcontrol,(stabilisedapproach)

h+

Goaroundaction

i+

Missedapproachprocedure/landing

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures

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SECTION6(multiengineaeroplanesonly)
Flightwithoneengineinoperative
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeofforongoaround

approachandproceduralgoaroundwithoneengineinoperative

approachandlanding,missedapproachprocedure,withoneengineinoperative

ATCliaison:compliance,R/Tprocedures

* MaybeperformedinaFlightSimulator,FTD2/3orFNPTII
+ MaybeperformedineitherSection4orSection5
B.

Helicopters

SECTION1
DEPARTURE
a

Useofflightmanual(orequivalent)especiallyaircraftperformancecalculationmassand
balance

UseofAirTrafficServicesdocument,weatherdocument

PreparationofATCflightplan,IFRflightplan/log

Preflightinspection

Weatherminima

Taxing/AirtaxyincompliancewithATCorinstructionsofinstructor

Pretakeoffbriefing,proceduresandchecks

Transitiontoinstrumentflight

Instrumentdepartureprocedures
SECTION2
GENERALHANDLING

Controlofthehelicopterbyreferencesolelytoinstruments,including:

Climbinganddescendingturnswithsustainedrateoneturn

Recoveriesfromunusualattitudes,includingsustained30 bankturnsandsteepdescending
turns
SECTION3
ENROUTEIFRPROCEDURES

Tracking,includinginterception,e.g.NDB,VOR,RNAV

Useofradioaids

Levelflight,controlofheading,altitudeandairspeed,powersetting

Altimetersettings

TimingandrevisionofETAs

Monitoringofflightprogress,flightlog,fuelusage,systemsmanagement

Iceprotectionprocedures,simulatedifnecessaryandapplicable

ATCliaisonandcompliance,R/Tprocedures

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SECTION4
PRECISIONAPPROACH
a

Settingandcheckingofnavigationalaids,identificationoffacilities

Arrivalprocedures,altimeterchecks

Approachandlandingbriefing,includingdescent/approach/landingchecks

d*

Holdingprocedure

Compliancewithpublishedapproachprocedure

Approachtiming

Altitude,speed,headingcontrol,(stabilisedapproach)

h*

Goaroundaction

i*

Missedapproachprocedure/landing

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures

*tobeperformedinSection4orSection5
SECTION5
NONPRECISIONAPPROACH
a

Settingandcheckingofnavigationalaids,identificationoffacilities

Arrivalprocedures,altimeterchecks

Approachandlandingbriefing,includingdescent/approach/landingchecks

d*

Holdingprocedure

Compliancewithpublishedapproachprocedure

Approachtiming

Altitude,speed,headingcontrol,(stabilisedaproach)

h*

Goaroundaction

i*

Missedapproachprocedure*/landing

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures

*tobeperformedinSection4orSection5
SECTION6
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
Thissectionmaybecombinedwithsections1through5.Thetestshallhaveregardtocontrolofthe
helicopter,identificationofthefailedengine,immediateactions(touchdrills),followupactionsand
checks,andflyingaccuracy,inthefollowingsituations:
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoffandon/duringapproach*(atasafealtitudeunlesscarried
outinaflightsimulatororFNPTII/III,FTD2,3)
*Multienginehelicopteronly

Failureofstabilityaugmentationdevices/hydraulicsystem(ifapplicable)

Limitedpanel

Autorotationandrecoverytoapresetaltitude

Precisionapproachmanuallywithoutflightdirector*
Precisionapproachmanuallywithflightdirector*

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*Onlyoneitemtobetested
C.

Airships

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
Useofchecklist,airmanship,ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures,applyinallsections.
a

Useofflightmanual(orequivalent)especiallya/cperformancecalculation,massandbalance

UseofAirTrafficServicesdocument,weatherdocument

PreparationofATCflightplan,IFRflightplan/log

Preflightinspection

WeatherMinima

Pretakeoffbriefing,OffMastprocedure,Manoeuvringonground

Takeoff

Transitiontoinstrumentflight

Instrumentdepartureprocedures,altimetersetting

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION2
GENERALHANDLING

Controloftheairshipbyreferencesolelytoinstruments

Climbinganddescendingturnswithsustainedrateofturn

Recoveriesfromunusualattitudes

Limitedpanel
SECTION3
ENROUTEIFRPROCEDURES

Tracking,includinginterception,e.g.NDB,VOR,RNAV

Useofradioaids

Levelflight,controlofheading,altitudeandairspeed,powersetting,trimtechnique

Altimetersettings

TimingandrevisionofETAs

Monitoringofflightprogress,flightlog,fuelusage,systemsmanagement

ATCliaisonandcompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION4
PRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURES

Settingandcheckingofnavigationalaids,identificationoffacilities

Arrivalprocedures,altimeterchecks

Approachandlandingbriefing,includingdescent/approach/landingchecks

d+

Holdingprocedure

Compliancewithpublishedapproachprocedure

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Approachtiming

Stabilisedapproach(altitude,speedandheadingcontrol)

h+

Goaroundaction

i+

Missedapproachprocedure/landing

ATCliaisonandcompliance,R/Tprocedures

3Jun2008

SECTION5
NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURES
a

Settingandcheckingofnavigationalaids,identificationoffacilities

Arrivalprocedures,altimetersettings

Approachandlandingbriefing,includingdescent/approach/landingchecks

d+

Holdingprocedure

Compliancewithpublishedapproachprocedure

Approachtiming

Stabilisedapproach(altitude,speedandheadingcontrol)

h+

Goaroundaction

i+

Missedapproachprocedure/landing

ATCliaisonandcompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION6
Flightwithoneengineinoperative

This sectionmaybecombinedwithsections 1through5.Thetestshallhaveregardtocontrolofthe

airship, identification of the failed engine, immediate actions, follow up actions, checks and flying
accuracyinthefollowingsituations:
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeofforongoaround

approachandproceduralgoaroundwithoneengineinoperative

approachandlanding,missedapproachprocedure,withoneengineinoperative

ATCliaisonandcompliance,R/Tprocedures
+ MaybeperformedineitherSection4orSection5

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APPENDIX8
CROSSCREDITINGOFTHEIRPARTOFATYPEORCLASSRATINGPROFICIENCYCHECK
A.

Aeroplanes

Credits shallbegrantedonlywhentheholderis revalidatingIRprivileges forsingleengineandsingle

pilotmultiengineaeroplanes,asappropriate.

Whenaproficiencycheckincluding
IRisperformed,andtheholder

CreditisvalidtowardstheIRpartinaproficiency
checkfor:

hasavalid:
(1)
MPtyperating

(2)
a. SEclass*and

b. SEtyperating*,and

c. SPMEclassandtyperating,onlycredits
forSection3boftheskilltestinPointB.1
ofAppendix9

SPMEtyperating,operatedas

a. SPMEclassandtyperating,and

singlepilot
b. SEclassandtyperating

SPMEtyperating,restrictedto

a.SPMEclassandtyperating*,and

MPoperation
b.SEclassandtyperating*

SPMEclassrating,operatedas

a. SEclassandtyperating,and

singlepilot
b. SPMEclassandtyperating

SPMEclassrating,restrictedto

a. SEclassandtyperating*,and

MPoperation
b. SPMEclassandtyperating*

SPSEclassrating

SEclassandtyperating

SPSEtyperating

SEclassandtyperating

* Provided within the preceding 12 months the applicant has flown at least 3 IFR departures and
approachesonanSPclassortypeofaeroplaneinsinglepilotoperations,or,formultiengineaeroplanes,
theapplicanthaspassedSection6oftheskilltestforsinglepilotaeroplanesflownsolelybyreferenceto
instrumentsinsinglepilotoperation.

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3Jun2008

Helicopters

Credits shallbegrantedonlywhentheholderis revalidatingIRprivileges forsingleengineandsingle

pilotmultienginehelicoptersasappropriate.

Whenaproficiencycheck,includingIRis

CreditisvalidtowardstheIRpartina

performedandtheholderhasavalid:

proficiencycheckfor:

(1)
MPHtyperating

(2)
a.

SEtyperating*,and

b.

SPMEtyperating,

a.

SEtyperating

b.

SPMEtyperating

SPMEtyperating,restrictedtomultipilot

a.

SEtyperating

operation

b.

SPMEtyperating

SPMEtyperating,operatedassinglepilot

* Provided that within the preceding 12 months at least 3 IFR departures and approaches have been
performedonanSPtypeofhelicopterinanSPoperation.

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APPENDIX9
SKILLTESTANDPROFICIENCYCHECKFORATPL,TYPEANDCLASSRATINGS,AND
PROFICIENCYCHECKFORINSTRUMENTRATINGS
A.
1
2
3

GENERAL

Anapplicantforaskilltestshallhavereceivedinstructiononthesametypeorclassofaircrafttobe
usedinthetest.
Failuretoachieveapassinallsectionsofthetestintwoattemptswillrequirefurthertraining.
Thereisnolimittothenumberofskillteststhatmaybeattempted.

CONTENTOFTHESKILLTEST/PROFICIENCYCHECK
4

ThesyllabusofflightinstructionshallcomplywiththesyllabusapprovedinaccordancewithPart
21.Whenrelevant,thesyllabusmaybereducedtogivecreditforpreviousexperienceonsimilar
aircrafttypes.

ExceptinthecaseofskilltestsfortheissueofanATPL,whenestablishedbythesyllabusapproved
in accordance with Part21, credit may be given for skill test items common to other types or
variantswherethepilotisqualified.

CONDUCTOFTHETEST
6

The examiner may choose between different skill test/proficiency check scenarios containing
simulatedlineoperationsdevelopedandapprovedbythecompetentauthority.

During the proficiency check, the examiner shall verify that the holder of the type/class rating
maintainsanadequateleveloftheoreticalknowledge.

Should the applicant choose to terminate a skill test for reasons considered inadequate by the
examiner, the applicant shall retake the entire skill test. If the test is terminated for reasons
consideredadequatebytheexaminer,onlythosesectionsnotcompletedshallbetestedinafurther
flight.

Anymanoeuvreorprocedureofthetestmayberepeatedoncebytheapplicant.Theexaminermay
stopthetestatanystageifitisconsideredthattheapplicantsdemonstrationofflyingskillrequires
acompleteretest.

10

An applicant shall be required to fly the aircraft from a position where the pilotincommand
functions can be performed and to carry out the test as if there is no other crew member.
Responsibilityfortheflightshallbeallocatedinaccordancewithnationalregulations.

11

An applicant shall indicate to the examiner the checks and duties carried out, including the
identificationofradiofacilities.Checksshallbecompletedinaccordancewiththechecklistforthe
aircraftonwhichthetestisbeingtakenand,ifapplicable,withtheMCCconcept.Performancedata
for takeoff, approach and landing shall be calculated by the applicant in compliance with the
operations manual or flight manual for the aircraft used. Decision heights/altitude, minimum
descentheights/altitudesandmissedapproachpointshallbeagreedwiththeexaminer

12

Duringpreflightpreparationforthetesttheapplicantisrequiredtodeterminepowersettingsand
speeds.Performancedatafortakeoff,approachandlandingshallbecalculatedbytheapplicantin
compliancewiththeoperationsmanualorflightmanualfortheaircraftused.

13

The examiner shall take no part in the operation of the aircraft except where intervention is
necessaryintheinterestsofsafetyortoavoidunacceptabledelaytoothertraffic.

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SKILL TEST FOR MULTIPILOT AIRCRAFT TYPE RATINGS AND FOR
ATPL
14

The skill test for a multipilot aircraft shall be performed in a multicrew environment. Another
applicantoranotherqualifiedpilotmayfunctionassecondpilot.Ifanaircraftisused,thesecond
pilotshallbetheinstructor.

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15

The applicant shall operate as pilot flying (PF) during all sections of the skill test, except for
abnormal and emergency procedures, which may be conducted as PF or pilot not flying (PNF) in
accordance withmulticrew cooperation. The applicant for the initial issue of a multipilot aircraft
type rating or ATPL shall also demonstrate the ability to act as PNF. The applicant may choose
either the left hand or the right hand seat for theskill test if all items canbeexecuted fromthe
selectedseat.

16

ThefollowingmattersshallbespecificallycheckedbytheexaminerforapplicantsfortheATPLora
type rating for multipilot aircraft extending to the duties of a pilotincommand, irrespective of
whethertheapplicantactsasPForPNF:
(a) managementofcrewcooperation
(b) maintainingageneralsurveyoftheaircraftoperationbyappropriatesupervisionand
(c) setting priorities and making decisions in accordance with safety aspects and relevant rules
andregulationsappropriatetotheoperationalsituation,includingemergencies.

17

Thetest/checkshouldbeaccomplishedunderIFR,iftheIRratingisincluded,andasfaraspossible
beaccomplishedinasimulatedcommercialairtransportenvironment.Anessentialelementtobe
checkedistheabilitytoplanandconducttheflightfromroutinebriefingmaterial.

18

Whenthetyperatingcoursehasincludedlessthan2hoursflighttrainingontheaircraft,theskill
testmaybeconductedinaflightsimulatoronlyandmaybecompletedbeforetheflighttrainingon
the aircraft. In that case, acertificate of completion of the type rating course including the flight
trainingontheaircraftshallbeforwardedtotheAuthoritybeforethenewtyperatingisenteredin
theapplicantslicence
B.

Specificrequirementsfortheaeroplanecategory

PASSMARKS
1

In the case of single pilot aeroplanes, the applicant shall pass all sections of the skill
test/proficiencycheck.Ifanyiteminasectionisfailed,thatsectionisfailed.Failureinmorethan
onesectionwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Anyapplicantfailingonly
one section shall take the failed section again. Failure in any section of the retest/recheck
includingthosesectionsthathavebeenpassedatapreviousattemptwillrequiretheapplicantto
taketheentiretest/checkagain.

In the case of multipilot aeroplanes, the applicant shall pass all sections of the skill
test/proficiencycheck.Failureofmorethanfiveitemswillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentire
test/checkagain.Anyapplicantfailing5orlessitemsshalltakethefaileditemsagain.Failurein
anyitemontheretest/checkincludingthoseitemsthathavebeenpassedatapreviousattempt
willrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentirecheck/testagain.

IftheapplicantonlyfailsordoesnottakeSection6,thetyperatingwillbeissuedwithoutCatIIor
IIIprivileges.Section6isnotpartoftheATPLorMPLskilltest.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
4

Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:
(a) operatetheaeroplanewithinitslimitations
(b) completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy
(c) exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship
(d) applyaeronauticalknowledge
(e) maintaincontroloftheaeroplaneatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeof
aprocedureormanoeuvreisneverindoubt
(f)

understandandapplycrewcoordinationandincapacitationprocedures,ifapplicableand

(g) communicateeffectivelywiththeothercrewmembers,ifapplicable.

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The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheaeroplaneused

Height
Generally
Startingagoaroundatdecisionheight
Minimumdescentheight/altitude

100feet
+50feet/0feet
+50feet/0feet

Tracking
onradioaids
Precisionapproach

5
halfscaledeflection,azimuthandglidepath

Heading
allenginesoperating
withsimulatedenginefailure

5
10

Speed
allenginesoperating
withsimulatedenginefailure

5knots
+10knots/5knots

CONTENTOFTHESKILLTEST/PROFICIENCYCHECK
1.

Singlepilotaeroplanes

Thefollowingsymbolsmean:
P

= TrainedasPilotinCommandfortheissueoftheclass/typeratingasapplicable.

= Flightsimulatorsshallbeusedforthisexercise,ifavailable,otherwiseanaeroplaneshall
beusedifappropriateforthemanoeuvreorprocedure.

Thepracticaltrainingshallbeconductedatleastatthetrainingequipmentlevelshownas(P),ormaybe
conductedonanyhigherlevelofequipmentshownbythearrow(>)
Thefollowingabbreviationsareusedtoindicatethetrainingequipmentused:
A

= Aeroplane

FS

= FlightSimulator

FTD = FlightTrainingDevice(includingFNPTIIforMEclassrating)
Thestarred(*)itemsofsection3Band,formultiengineSection6,shallbeflownsolelybyreferenceto
instruments if revalidation/renewal of an instrument rating is included in the skill test or proficiency
check.Ifthestarred(*)itemsarenotflownsolelybyreferencetoinstrumentsduringtheskilltestor
proficiencycheck,andwhenthereisnocreditingofinstrumentratingprivileges,thetype/classratingwill
berestrictedtoVFRonly.
Section 3A shall be completed to revalidate a type or multiengine class rating, VFR only, where the
requiredexperienceof10routesectorswithintheprevious12monthshasnotbeencompleted.Section
3Aisnotrequiredifsection3Biscompleted.
Where the letter M appears in the skill test/proficiency check column this will indicate the mandatory
exerciseorachoicewheremorethanoneexerciseappears.
Whenaproficiencycheckonasinglepilotaeroplaneisperformedinamultipilotoperationinaccordance
withPartOPS,thetype/classratingwillberestrictedtomultipilot.
AnFSTDshallbeusedforpracticaltrainingfortypeormultiengineclassratingsiftheFSTDformspart
ofanapprovedtypeorclassratingcourse.Thefollowingconsiderationswillapplytotheapprovalofthe
course:

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(a) thequalificationoftheFSTDassetoutinPartMS
(b) thequalificationsoftheinstructors
(c) theamountofFSTDtrainingprovidedonthecourseand
(d) thequalificationsandpreviousexperienceonsimilartypesofthepilotundertraining.
TYPE/CLASS
RATINGSKILL
TEST/
PROFCHECK
Instructors Chkdin Examiners
initials
initials
when
whentest
training
completed
completed

PRACTICALTRAINING

Manoeuvres/Procedures

SECTION1
1
Departure
1.1
Preflightincluding:
Documentation
MassandBalance
Weatherbriefing
1.2
Prestartchecks
External/internal
1.3
Enginestarting:
Normal
Malfunctions
1.4
Taxiiing
1.5
Predeparturechecks:
Enginerunup(ifapplicable)
1.6
Takeoffprocedure:
NormalwithFlightManualflap
settings
Crosswind(ifconditionsavailable)
1.7
Climbing:
Vx/Vy
Turnsontoheadings
Leveloff
1.8
ATCliaisonCompliance,R/T
procedure
SECTION2
2
Airwork([VMC])
2.1
Straightandlevelflightatvarious
airspeedsincludingflightat
criticallylowairspeedwithand
withoutflaps(includingapproach
toVMCA whenapplicable)
2.2
Steepturns(360leftandrightat45
bank)
2.3
Stallsandrecovery:
i.
cleanstall
ii.
Approachtostallindescending
turn with bank with approach
configurationandpower
iii. Approach to stall in landing
configurationandpower
iv. Approach to stall, climbing turn
with takeoff flap and climb
power(singleengineaeroplane
only)
2.4
Handlingusingautopilotandflight
director(maybeconductedin
Section3)ifapplicable
2.5
ATCliaisonCompliance,R/T
procedure

P>

P>

>

>

P>

>

>

>

P>

>

P>

>

P>

>

P>

>

P>

>

P>

>

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TYPE/CLASS
RATINGSKILL
TEST/
PROFCHECK
Instructors Chkdin Examiners
initials
initials
when
whentest
training
completed
completed

PRACTICALTRAINING

Manoeuvres/Procedures

SECTION3A
3A
EnrouteproceduresVFR
(seeB.1,note3and4)
3A.1 Flightplan,deadreckoningandmap
reading
3A.2 Maintenanceofaltitude,headingand
speed
3A.3 Orientation,timingandrevisionof
ETAs
3A.4 Useofradionavigationaids(if
applicable)
3A.5 Flight management (flight log, routine checks including
fuel,systemsandicing
3A.6 ATCliaisonCompliance,R/T
procedure
SECTION3B
3B
Instrumentflight
P>
3B.1* DepartureIFR
3B.2* EnrouteIFR
P>
3B.3* Holdingprocedures
P>
3B.4* ILS to DH/A of 200 (60 m) or to
P>
procedureminima (autopilotmay be
usedtoglideslopeintercept)
3B.5* NonprecisionapproachtoMDH/A
P>
andMAP
3B.6* Flight exercises including simulated
failure of the compass and attitude
P> >
indicator:Rate1turns
Recoveriesfromunusualattitudes
3B.7* Failureoflocaliserorglideslope
P> >
3B.8* ATCliaisonCompliance,R/T
procedure
SECTION4
4
Arrivalandlandings
4.1
Aerodromearrivalprocedure
4.2
Normallanding
4.3
Flaplesslanding
4.4
Crosswindlanding(ifsuitable
conditions)
4.5
Approachandlandingwithidlepower
from up to 2000 above the runway
(singleengineaeroplaneonly)
4.6
Goaroundfromminimumheight
4.7
Nightgoaroundandlanding(if
P>
applicable)
4.8
ATCliaisonCompliance,R/T
procedure
SECTION5
5
Abnormal
and
emergency
procedures
(This Section may be combined with
Sections1through4)
5.1
Rejectedtakeoffatareasonable
speed

>
>
>

M
M
M

>

>

>

>

P>

>

P>
P>

>
>

M
M

P>

>

P>

>

P>

>

>

>

P>

>

Page127of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

TYPE/CLASS
RATINGSKILL
TEST/
PROFCHECK
Instructors Chkdin Examiners
initials
initials
when
whentest
training
completed
completed

PRACTICALTRAINING

Manoeuvres/Procedures

5.2

Simulated engine failure after takeoff

(singleengineaeroplanesonly)
5.3
Simulated forced landing without
power(singleengineaeroplanesonly)
5.4
Simulatedemergencies:
i.
Fireorsmokeinflight
ii.
Systemsmalfunctionsas
appropriate
5.5
Engineshutdownandrestart(MEskill
testonly)
5.6
ATCliaisonCompliance,R/T
procedure
SECTION6
6
Simulatedasymmetricflight
6.1* (This Section may be combined with
Sections1through5)
Simulated engine failure during take
off (at a safe altitude unless carried
outinFSorFNPTII)
6.2* Asymmetricapproachandgoaround
6.3* Asymmetric approach and full stop
landing
6.4
ATCliaisonCompliance,R/T
procedure

2.

P>

>

>

P>

>

>

P>

>

>X

P>

>

>

P>

>

>

Multipilotaeroplanes

Thefollowingsymbolsmean:
P

= Trained as Pilotincommand or Copilot and as Pilot Flying (PF) and Pilot Not Flying
(PNF)fortheissueofatyperatingasapplicable.

X = Simulatorsshallbeusedforthisexercise,ifavailableotherwiseanaircraftshallbeused
ifappropriateforthemanoeuvreorprocedure.
P#= thetrainingshallbecomplementedbysupervisedaeroplaneinspection
Thepracticaltrainingshallbeconductedatleastatthetrainingequipmentlevelshownas(P),ormaybe
conducteduptoanyhigherequipmentlevelshownbythearrow(>).
Thefollowingabbreviationsareusedtoindicatethetrainingequipmentused:
A
FS
FTD
OTD

=
=
=
=

Aeroplane
FlightSimulator
FlightTrainingDevice
OtherTrainingDevices

Thestarreditems(*)shallbeflownsolelybyreferencetoinstruments.Ifthisconditionisnotmetduring
theskilltestorproficiencycheck,thetyperatingwillberestrictedtoVFRonly.
Where the letter M appears in the skill test/proficiency check column this will indicate the mandatory
exercise.
A flight simulator shall be used for practical training and testing if the simulator forms part of an
approvedtyperatingcourse.Thefollowingconsiderationswillapplytotheapprovalofthecourse:

Page128of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

(a) thequalificationoftheflightsimulatororFNPTII
(b) thequalificationsoftheinstructor
ATPL/MPL/TYPE
RATING
SKILLTEST/PROF
CHECK
Instructors
Chkdin Examiners
initials
initials
whentraining
when
completed
test
completed

PRACTICALTRAINING

Manoeuvres/Procedures
(includingMultiCrewCooperation)

SECTION1
1
Flightpreparation
1.1 Performancecalculation
1.2 Aeroplane
ext.
visual
inspect. location of each
item and purpose of
inspection
1.3 Cockpitinspection
1.4 Use of checklist prior to
starting engines, starting
procedures,
radio
and
navigation equipment check,
selection and setting of
navigation
and
communicationfrequencies
1.5 Taxiing in compliance with
air
traffic
control
or
instructionsofinstructor
1.6 Beforetakeoffchecks
SECTION2
2
Takeoffs
2.1 Normal take offs with
different
flap
settings,
includingexpeditedtakeoff
2.2* Instrument
takeoff
transition to instrument
flight is required during
rotation orimmediately after
becomingairborne
2.3 Crosswindtakeoff
2.4 Takeoff at maximum take
off mass (actual or
simulatedmaximum
takeoffmass)
2.5 Takeoffs with simulated
enginefailure
2.5.1* shortlyafterreachingV2,
(In aeroplanes which are not
certificated as transport category
aeroplanes,theenginefailureshall
not be simulated until reaching a
minimum height of 500ft above
runway end. In aeroplanes having
the same performance as a
transport category aeroplane
regarding takeoff mass and
density altitude, the instructormay
simulate the engine failure shortly
afterreachingV2.)
2.5.2* betweenV1 andV2

P
P#

P> >

>

>

P> >

P> >

>

P> >

P> >

P> >
P> >

P> >

M
FS
Only

Page129of647

NPA200817b

ATPL/MPL/TYPE
RATING
SKILLTEST/PROF
CHECK
Instructors
Chkdin Examiners
initials
initials
whentraining
when
completed
test
completed

PRACTICALTRAINING

Manoeuvres/Procedures
(includingMultiCrewCooperation)

2.6 Rejected takeoff at a

reasonable speed before
reachingV1.
SECTION3
3
Flight Manoeuvres and
Procedures
3.1 Turns with and without
spoilers
3.2 Tuck under and Mach buffets
after reaching the critical
Mach number, and other
specific flight characteristics
of the aeroplane (e.g. Dutch
Roll)

P>

P> >
P> >X
An
aircraft
may
not
beused
forthis
exercise

3.3 Normal operation of systems

P> >
andcontrolsengineerspanel
3.4 Normal
and
abnormal
operations
of following
systems:

3.4.0 Engine
(if
necessary
propeller)
3.4.1 Pressurisationand
airconditioning
3.4.2 Pitot/staticsystem
3.4.3 Fuelsystem
3.4.4 Electricalsystem
3.4.5 Hydraulicsystem
3.4.6 Flight control and Trim
system
3.4.7 Anti and deicing system,
Glareshieldheating
3.4.8Autopilot/Flightdirector
3.4.9 Stallwarningdevicesorstall
avoidance devices, and
stability
augmentation
devices
3.4.10 Ground proximity warning
systemWeather radar, radio
altimeter,transponder
3.4.11 Radios,
navigation
equipment,
instruments,
flightmanagementsystem
3.4.12 Landinggearandbrake
3.4.13 Slatandflapsystem
3.4.14 Auxiliarypowerunit

3Jun2008

>

>
M

P> >

>

>

P> >

>

>

P>
P>
P>
P>

>
>
>
>

>
>
>
>

>
>
>
>

P> >

>

>

P> >

>

>

P> >

>

>

P> >

>

>

P> >

>

P> >

>

>

P> >
P> >
P> >

>
>
>

>
>
>

Amandatory
minimumof3
abnormalshall
beselected
from3.4.0to
3.4.14
inclusive.

Page130of647

NPA200817b

ATPL/MPL/TYPE
RATING
SKILLTEST/PROF
CHECK
Instructors
Chkdin Examiners
initials
initials
whentraining
when
completed
test
completed
A mandatory
minimum of 3
items shall be
M
selected from
3.6.1 to 3.6.9
inclusive

PRACTICALTRAINING

Manoeuvres/Procedures
(includingMultiCrewCooperation)

3.6 Abnormal and emergency

procedures:

3.6.1 Fire drills e.g. Engine,

APU,
cabin,
cargo
compartment, flight deck, wing
and electrical fires including
evacuation.
3.6.2 Smoke
control
and
removal
3.6.3 Engine failures, shutdown
andrestartatasafeheight
3.6.4 Fueldumping(simulated)
3.6.5 Windshear at Take off/
landing
3.6.6 Simulated cabin pressure
failure/Emergencydescent
3.6.7 Incapacitationofflightcrew
member
3.6.8 Other
emergency
procedures as outlined in the
appropriate Aeroplane Flight
Manual
3.6.9 ACASevent
3.7
Steepturnswith45bank,
180to360leftandright
3.8Early recognition and counter
measures on approaching stall
(up to activation of stall
warning device) in takeoff
configuration (flaps in takeoff
position), in cruising flight
configuration and in landing
configuration (flaps in landing
position,gearextended)
3.8.1 Recovery from full stall or
after activation of stall warning
device in climb, cruise and
approachconfiguration

P> >

>

P> >

>

P> >

>

P> >

>

3Jun2008

FS
only

P> >

P> >

>

P> >

>

>

An
Aircraft
May
notbe
used

>

P> >

FSonly

>

P> >

Page131of647

NPA200817b

3.

3Jun2008

Classratingssea

Section6shallbecompletedtorevalidateamultiengineclassratingsea,VFRonly,wheretherequired
experienceof10routesectorswithintheprevious12monthshasnotbeencompleted.

PRACTICALTRAINING
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhen
trainingcompleted

Examinersinitials
whentestcompleted

SECTION1
Departure
Preflightincluding:
1
Documentation
1.1
MassandBalance
Weatherbriefing
Prestartchecks
1.2
External/internal.
Enginestartupandshut
1.3
down
NormalMalfunctions
1.4
Taxiing
1.5
Steptaxiing
Mooring:Beach
1.6
Jettypier
Buoy
1.7
Engineoffsailing
Predeparturechecks:
1.8
Enginerunup(if
applicable)
Takeoffprocedure:
NormalwithFlightManual
1.9
flapsettings
Crosswind(ifconditions
available)
Climbing
1.10
Turnsontoheadings
Leveloff
ATCliaisonCompliance,
1.11
R/T
procedure
SECTION2
Airwork(VFR)
Straightandlevelflightat
variousairspeeds
includingflightatcritically
2.1
lowairspeedwithand
withoutflaps(including
approachtoVMCAwhen
applicable)
Steepturns(360leftand
2.2
rightat45bank)
Stallsandrecovery:
i.Cleanstall
ii.approachtostallin
descendingturnwithbank
withapproach
2.3
configurationandpower
iii.Approachtostallin
landingconfigurationand
power
iv.Approachtostall,
climbingturnwithtakeoff

Page132of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

PRACTICALTRAINING
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhen
trainingcompleted

Examinersinitials
whentestcompleted

flapandclimbpower
(singleengineaeroplane
only
ATCliaisonCompliance,
2.4
R/T
procedure
SECTION3
3
Enrouteprocedures
3.1
VFRFlightplan,dead
reckoningand map
reading
Maintenanceofaltitude,
headingandspeed
Orientation,timingand
3.3
revisionofETAs
Useofradionavigation
3.4
aids(ifapplicable)
Flightmanagement(flight
log,routinechecks
3.5
includingfuel,systems
andicing
ATCliaison
3.6
Compliance,R/T
procedure.
SECTION4
Arrivalsandlandings
4
Aerodromearrival
4.1
procedure
4.2
Normallanding.
4.3
Flaplesslanding
Crosswindlanding(if
4.4
suitableconditions)
Approachandlandingwith
idlepowerfromupto
4.5
2000abovethewater
(singleengineaeroplane
only)
Goaroundfromminimum
4.6
height
Glassywaterlanding
4.7
Roughwaterlanding
ATCliaisonCompliance,
4.8
R/Tprocedure
SECTION5
Abnormalandemergency
procedures(ThisSectionmay
5
becombinedwithSections1
through4)
5.1
Rejectedtakeoffata
reasonablespeed
Simulatedenginefailureafter
5.2
takeoff(singleengine
aeroplanesonly)
Simulatedforcedlanding
5.3
withoutpower(singleengine
aeroplanesonly)
Simulatedemergencies:
5.4
i.Fireorsmokeinflight
3.2

Page133of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

PRACTICALTRAINING
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhen
trainingcompleted

Examinersinitials
whentestcompleted

ii.Systemsmalfunctions
asappropriate
ATCliaisonCompliance,
5.5
R/Tprocedure
SECTION6
Simulatedasymmetricflight
(ThisSectionmaybe
combinedwithSections1
6
through5)
Simulatedenginefailure
6.1
duringtakeoff(atasafe
altitudeunlesscarriedoutin
FSandFNPTII)
Engineshutdownandrestart
6.2
(MEskilltestonly)
Asymmetricapproachand
6.3
goaround
Asymmetricapproachand
6.4
fullstop
landing
ATCliaisonCompliance,
6.5
R/Tprocedure

C.

Specificrequirementsforthehelicoptercategory

1 Incaseofskilltest/proficiencycheckfortyperatingsandtheATPLtheapplicantshallpasssections
1 to 4 and 6 (as applicable) of the skill test/proficiency check. Failure in more than 5 items will
requiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Anapplicantfailingnotmorethan5items
shall takethe failed items again.Failure inany item of the retest/recheck or failure in anyother
itemsalreadypassedwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Allsectionsofthe
skilltest/proficiencycheckshallbecompletedwithinsixmonths.
2 In case of proficiency check for an instrument rating the applicant shall pass section 5 of the
proficiency check. Failure in more than 3 items will require the applicant to take the entire check
again. Anapplicant failing notmore than 3 items shall take the failed items again. Failure in any
itemoftherecheckorfailureinanyotheritemsalreadypassedwillrequiretheapplicanttotakethe
entirecheckagain.
FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3

Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:
a) operatethehelicopterwithinitslimitations
b) completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy
c) exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship
d) applyaeronauticalknowledge
e) maintaincontrolofthehelicopteratalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeofa
procedureormanoeuvreisneverindoubt
f) understandandapplycrewcoordinationandincapacitationprocedures,ifapplicableand
g) communicateeffectivelywiththeothercrewmembers,ifapplicable.

The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheaeroplaneused.
IFRflightlimits

Page134of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Height
Generally

100feet

Startingagoaroundatdecisionheight/altitude

+50feet/0feet

Minimumdescentheight/altitude

+50feet/0feet

Tracking
Onradioaids

Precisionapproach

halfscaledeflection,azimuthandglidepath

Heading
normaloperations

abnormaloperations/emergencies

10

Speed
generally

10knots

withsimulatedenginefailure

+10knots/5knots

VFRflightlimits
Height
generally

100feet

Heading
normaloperations

abnormaloperations/emergencies

10

Speed
generally

10knots

withsimulatedenginefailure

+10knots/5knots

Grounddrift
T.O.hoverI.G.E.

3feet

Landing

2feet(with0feetrearwardorlateralflight)

CONTENTOFTHESKILLTEST/PROFICIENCYCHECK
GENERAL
Thefollowingsymbolsmean:
P

TrainedasPilotincommandfortheissueofatyperating.

Thepracticaltrainingshallbeconductedatleastatthetrainingequipmentlevelshownas(P),ormaybe
conducteduptoanyhigherequipmentlevelshownbythearrow(>).
Thefollowingabbreviationsareusedtoindicatethetrainingequipmentused:
FS =

FlightSimulator

FTD=

FlightTrainingDevice

Helicopter

Thestarreditems (*)shallbeflowninactualorsimulatedIMC,onlybyapplicants wishingtorenewor

revalidateanIR(H),orextendtheprivilegesofthatratingtoanothertype.
Instrument flight procedures (Section 5) shall be performed only by applicants wishing to renew or
revalidateanIR(H)orextendtheprivilegesofthatratingtoanothertype.AnFSorFTD2/3maybeused
forthispurpose.

Page135of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Where the letter M appears in the skill test/proficiency check column this will indicate the mandatory
exercise.
AnFSTDshallbeusedforpracticaltrainingandtestingiftheFSTDformspartofanapprovedtyperating
course.Thefollowingconsiderationswillapplytotheapprovalofthecourse:
a) thequalificationoftheFSTDassetoutinPartMS
b) thequalificationsoftheinstructorandexaminer
c) theamountofFSTDtrainingprovidedonthecourse
d) thequalificationsandpreviousexperienceinsimilartypesofthepilotundertrainingand
e) theamountofsupervisedflyingexperienceprovidedaftertheissueofthenewtyperating.
MULTIPILOTHELICOPTERS
Applicants fortheskilltest fortheissueofthemultipilothelicoptertyperatingandATPL(H)shalltake
onlySections1to4and,ifapplicable,Section6.
Applicantsfortherevalidationorrenewalofthemultipilothelicoptertyperatingproficiencycheckshall
takeonlySections1to4and,ifapplicableSection6.
PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

Examiners

(IncludingMCC)

completed

in

initials
when
test/check
passed

FTD
SECTION1Preflightpreparationsandchecks

FS

FS,H

1.1

Helicopter exterior visual inspection

location of each item and purpose of
inspection

1.2

Cockpitinspection

>

1.3

Startingprocedures,radioandnavigation P
equipmentcheck,selectionandsettingof
navigation
and
communication
frequencies

>

>

1.4

Taxiing/air taxiing in compliance with air

traffic control instructions or on
instructionsofaninstructor

>

1.5

Pretakeoffproceduresandchecks

>

>

SECTION2Flightmanoeuvresandprocedures

2.1

Takeoffs(variousprofiles)

>

2.2

Slopinggroundtakeoffs&landings

>

2.3

Takeoff at maximum takeoff mass P

(actual or simulated maximum takeoff
mass)

>

>

>

2.4.1 Takeoffwithsimulatedenginefailure

Page136of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

Examiners

(IncludingMCC)

completed

in

initials
when
test/check
passed

FTD

FS

FS,H

2.4.2 Take off with simulated engine failure

shortlyafterreachingTDP,orDPATO

>

2.5

Climbing and descending turns to P

specifiedheadings,

>

>

2.5.1 Turnswith30degreesbank,180degrees P
to 360 degrees left and right, by sole
referencetoinstruments

>

>

2.6

>

>

2.6.1 Autorotative landing(SHE only) orpower

recovery

>

2.7

>

2.7.1 Goaround or landing following simulated

enginefailurebeforeLDPorDPBL

>

2.7.2 Landingfollowingsimulatedenginefailure
afterLDPorDPBL

>

shortlybeforereachingTDP,orDPATO

Autorotativedescent

Landings,variousprofiles

SECTION3Normalandabnormaloperationsofthefollowingsystemsandprocedures:

Normalandabnormaloperationsofthe

followingsystemsandprocedures:

3.1

Engine

>

>

3.2

Airconditioning(heating,ventilation)

>

>

3.3

Pitot/staticsystem

>

>

3.4

FuelSystem

>

>

3.5

Electricalsystem

>

>

3.6

Hydraulicsystem

>

>

3.7

FlightcontrolandTrimsystem

>

>

3.8

Antianddeicingsystem

>

>

3.9

Autopilot/Flightdirector

>

>

3.10

Stabilityaugmentationdevices

>

>

3.11

Weather
radar,
transponder

altimeter, P

>

>

3.12

AreaNavigationSystem

>

>

radio

Amandatory
minimumof
3itemsshall
beselected
fromthis
section

Page137of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

Examiners

(IncludingMCC)

completed

in

initials
when
test/check
passed

FTD

FS

3.13

Landinggearsystem

>

>

3.14

Auxiliarypowerunit

>

>

>

>

3.15

Radio,navigationequipment,instruments P
flightmanagementsystem
SECTION4Abnormalandemergencyprocedures

Abnormalandemergencyprocedures

4.1

Fire drills
applicable)

4.2

Smokecontrolandremoval

(including

evacuation

FS,H

if P

>

>

>

>

4.3

Engine failures, shut down and restart at P

asafeheight

>

>

4.4

Fueldumping(simulated)

>

>

4.5

Tailrotorcontrolfailure(ifapplicable)

>

>

>

Helicopter

4.5.1 Tailrotorloss(ifapplicable)

A
mandatory
minimum of
3
items
shall
be
selected
from
this
section

shallnot
beused
forthis
exercise
4.6

Incapacitationofcrewmember

>

>

4.7

Transmissionmalfunctions

>

>

4.8

Other emergency procedures as outlined P

intheappropriateFlightManual

>

>

SECTION5InstrumentFlightProcedures(TobeperformedinIMCorsimulatedIMC)

5.1

Instrument
takeoff:
transition
to P*
instrument flight is required as soon as
possibleafterbecomingairborne

>*

>*

5.1.1 Simulatedenginefailureduringdeparture

P*

>*

>*

M*

5.2

P*

>*

>*

M*

Adherencetodepartureandarrival

Page138of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

Examiners

(IncludingMCC)

completed

in

initials
when
test/check
passed

FTD

FS

FS,H

routesandATCinstructions
5.3

Holdingprocedures

P*

>*

>*

5.4

ILSapproaches down to CAT 1 decision P*

height

>*

>*

>*

>*

5.4.1 Manually,withoutflightdirector

P*

M*
(Skill
testonly)

5.4.2 Manually,withflightdirector

P*

>*

>*

5.4.3 Withcoupledautopilot

P*

>*

>*

5.5

Nonprecision approach down to the P*

minimumdescentaltitudeMDA/H

>*

>*

M*

5.6

Manuallyflownapproach,withoneengine P*
simulatedinoperative.(Enginefailurehas
to be simulated during final approach
before passing the outer marker (OM)
orequivalentpositionandcontinuedeither
to touchdown or until completion of the
missedapproachprocedure)

>*

>*

M*

5.7

Goaround with all engines operating on P*

reachingDA/DHorMDA/MDH

>*

>*

>*

>*

5.7.1 Othermissedapproachprocedures

P*

5.7.2 Goaround with one engine simulated P*

inoperative on reaching DA/DH or
MDA/MDH
5.8

IMCautorotationwithpowerrecovery

M*

P*

>*

>*

M*

5.9
Recoveryfromunusualattitudes
SECTION6UseofOptionalEquipment

P*

>*

>*

M*

>

>

Useofoptionalequipment

Page139of647

NPA200817b

D.

3Jun2008

Specificrequirementsforthepoweredliftcategory

1. Inthecaseofskilltests orproficiencychecks forpoweredlifttyperatings theapplicantshallpass

sections1to5and6(asapplicable)oftheskilltest/proficiencycheck.Failureinmorethan5items
will require the applicant to take the entire test/check again. An applicant failing not more than 5
items shall take the failed items again.Failure inany itemof the retest/recheck or failure in any
otheritemsalreadypassedwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Allsections
oftheskilltest/proficiencycheckshallbecompletedwithinsixmonths.
FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
2. Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:
a) operatethepoweredliftwithinitslimitations
b) completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy
c) exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship
d) applyaeronauticalknowledge
e) maintaincontrolofthepoweredliftatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeof
aprocedureormanoeuvreisneverindoubt
f) understandandapplycrewcoordinationandincapacitationproceduresand
g) communicateeffectivelywiththeothercrewmembers.
3. The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceofthepoweredliftused.
IFRflightlimits

Height:
Generally

100feet

Startingagoaroundatdecisionheight/altitude

+50feet/0feet

Minimumdescentheight/altitude

+50feet/0feet

Tracking:
Onradioaids

Precisionapproach

halfscaledeflection,azimuthandglidepath

Heading:
Normaloperations

Abnormaloperations/emergencies

10

Speed:
Generally

10knots

Withsimulatedenginefailure

+10knots/5knots

VFRflightlimits
Height:
Generally

100feet

Heading:
Normaloperations

Abnormaloperations/emergencies

10

Speed:
Generally

10knots

Page140of647

NPA200817b

Withsimulatedenginefailure

3Jun2008

+10knots/5knots

Grounddrift:
T.O.hoverI.G.E.

3feet

Landing

2feet(with0feetrearwardorlateralflight)

CONTENTOFTHESKILLTEST/PROFICIENCYCHECK
4

Thefollowingsymbolsmean:
P = TrainedasPilotincommandorCopilotandasPilotFlying(PF)andPilotNotFlying(PNF)for
theissueofatyperatingasapplicable.

The practical training shall be conducted at least at the training equipment level shown as (P), or
maybeconducteduptoanyhigherequipmentlevelshownbythearrow(>).

Thefollowingabbreviationsareusedtoindicatethetrainingequipmentused:
FFS = FullFlightSimulator
FTD = FlightTrainingDevice
OTD = OtherTrainingDevice
PL

= Poweredliftaircraft

6.1 ApplicantsfortheskilltestfortheissueofthepoweredlifttyperatingshalltakeSections1
to5and,ifapplicable,Section6.
6.2 Applicants for the revalidation or renewal of the poweredlift type rating proficiency check
shalltakeSections1to5and,ifapplicableSection6and/or7.
6.3 The starreditems (*)shallbeflownsolelybyreferencetoinstruments.Ifthis conditionis
not met during the skill test or proficiency check, the type rating will be restricted to VFR
only.
7

Where the letter M appears in the skill test/ proficiency check column this will indicate the
mandatoryexercise.

FlightSimulationTrainingDevicesshallbeusedforpracticaltrainingandtestingiftheyformpartof
an approved typerating course. The following considerations will apply to the approval of the
course:
a) thequalificationoftheflightsimulationtrainingdevicesassetoutinPartFSTD
b) thequalificationsoftheinstructor
PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

completed

in

OTD
SECTION1Preflightpreparationsandchecks

1.1

FTD

FFS

Poweredliftexteriorvisualinspection

PL

Examiners
Initials when
test/check
passed

FFS,PL

location of each item and purpose of

inspection
1.2

Cockpitinspection

>

>

>

Page141of647

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PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

completed

in

OTD

FTD

FFS

PL

FFS,PL

>

>

>

>

>

Pre takeoff procedures and checks

P
includingPowerCheck
SECTION2Flightmanoeuvresandprocedures

>

>

>

2.1

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

MFS

1.3

Starting procedures, radio and

navigation equipment check, selection
and setting of navigation and
communicationfrequencies

1.4

Taxiing in compliance with air traffic

controlinstructions or on instructions of
aninstructor

1.5

NormalVFRtakeoffprofiles

Examiners
Initials when
test/check
passed

a. Runwayoperations(STOLand
VTOL)includingcrosswind
b. Elevatedheliports
c. Groundlevelheliports
2.2

Takeoff at maximum takeoff mass

(actual or simulated maximum takeoff
mass)

2.3.1 Rejectedtakeoff
a. Duringrunwayoperations
b. Duringelevatedheliportoperations
c. Duringgroundleveloperations
2.3.2 Take off with simulated engine failure
afterpassingdecisionpoint
a. Duringrunwayoperations
b. Duringelevatedheliportoperations
c.Duringgroundleveloperations
2.4

Autorotativedescentinhelicoptermode
toground(Anaircraftshallnotbeused
forthisexercise)

only

2.4.1 Windmilldescentinaeroplanemode(An
aircraft shall not be used for this
exercise)

2.5.1 NormalVFRlandingprofiles

MFS

>

only
>

>

a. Runwayoperations(STOLand
VTOL)
b. Elevatedheliports
c.Groundlevelheliports

Page142of647

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PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

completed

in

OTD

FTD

FFS

>

PL

Examiners
Initials when
test/check
passed

FFS,PL

2.5.2 Landing with simulated engine failure

afterreachingdecisionpoint
a. Duringrunwayoperations
b. Duringelevatedheliportoperations
c.Duringgroundleveloperations
2.6.1 Goaround orlandingfollowing simulated
enginefailurebeforedecisionpoint

SECTION3Normalandabnormaloperationsofthefollowingsystemsandprocedures:

Normal and abnormal operations of the

followingsystemsandprocedures:

Amandatory
minimumof3

(maybecompletedinanFSTDifqualified
fortheexercise)

itemsshallbe
selectedfrom
thissection

3.1

Engine

>

>

3.2

Pressurisation and
(heating,ventilation)

conditioning P

>

>

3.3

Pitot/staticsystem

>

>

3.4

FuelSystem

>

>

3.5

Electricalsystem

>

>

3.6

Hydraulicsystem

>

>

3.7

FlightcontrolandTrimsystem

>

>

3.8

Anti and deicing system, glare shield P

heating(iffitted)

>

>

3.9

Autopilot/Flightdirector

>

>

3.10

Stall warning devices or stall avoidance P

devices and stability augmentation
devices

>

>

3.11

Weather
radar,
radio
altimeter, P
transponder, ground proximity warning
system(iffitted)

>

>

3.12

Landinggearsystem

>

>

3.13

Auxiliarypowerunit

>

>

3.14

Radio,navigationequipment,instruments P
andflightmanagementsystem

>

>

>

>

air

3.15 Flapsystem
P
SECTION4Abnormalandemergencyprocedures

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3Jun2008

PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

completed

in

OTD
4

FTD

FFS

PL

Abnormalandemergencyprocedures

Examiners
Initials when
test/check
passed

FFS,PL
M

(maybecompletedinanFSTDifqualified
fortheexercise)

Amandatory
minimumof3
itemsshallbe
selectedfrom
thissection

4.1

Fire drills, engine, APU, cargo P

compartment,flightdeck&electricalfires
includingevacuationifapplicable

>

>

4.2

Smokecontrolandremoval

>

>

4.3

Enginefailures,shutdownandrestart

>

>

(An aircraft shall not be used for this

exercise) including OEI conversion from
helicopter to aeroplane modes and vice
versa.
4.4

Fueldumping(simulated,iffitted)

4.5

Windshearattakeoffandlanding.

FFS
only

>

>
P

(An aircraft shall not be used for this

exercise)

FFS
only

4.6

Simulated
cabin
pressure P
failure/emergency descent (An aircraft
shallnotbeusedforthisexercise)

>

>

FFSonly

4.7

ACASevent

>

>

FFSonly

(An aircraft shall not be used for this

exercise)
4.8

Incapacitationofcrewmember

>

>

4.9

Transmissionmalfunctions

>

>

FFSonly

4.10

Recovery from a full stall (power on and P

off) or after activation of stall warning
devices in climb, cruise and approach
configurations.

>

>

FFSonly

>

>

(An aircraft shall not be used for this

exercise)
4.11

Otheremergencyproceduresasdetailed

intheappropriateFlightManual
SECTION5InstrumentFlightProcedures(TobeperformedinIMCorsimulatedIMC)

5.1

Instrument takeoff: transition to P*

instrument flight is required as soon as
possibleafterbecomingairborne

>*

>*

5.1.1 Simulatedenginefailureduringdeparture P*
afterdecisionpoint

>*

>*

M*

Page144of647

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PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

completed

in

OTD

FTD

FFS

5.2

Adherencetodepartureandarrivalroutes P*
andATCinstructions

>*

>*

5.3

Holdingprocedures

P*

>*

>*

5.4

Precision approach down to a decision P*

heightnotlessthan60m(200ft)

>*

>*

>*

>*

5.4.1 Manually,withoutflightdirector

P*

PL

Examiners
Initials when
test/check
passed

FFS,PL
M*

M*(Skill
test
only)

5.4.2 Manually,withflightdirector

P*

>*

>*

5.4.3 Withuseofautopilot

P*

>*

>*

5.4.4 Manually, with one engine simulated P*

inoperative engine failure has to be
simulated during final approach before
passing the outer marker (OM) and
continuedeithertotouchdown,orthrough
tothecompletionofthemissedapproach
procedure)

>*

>*

M*

5.5

Nonprecision approach down to the P*

minimumdescentaltitudeMDA/H

>*

>*

M*

5.6

Goaround with all engines operating on P*

reachingDA/DHorMDA/MDH

>*

>*

>*

>*

5.6.1 Othermissedapproachprocedures

P*

5.6.2 Goaround with one engine simulated P*

inoperative on reaching DA/DH or
MDA/MDH
5.7

5.8

M*

IMC autorotation with power recovery to P*

land on runway in helicopter mode only
(An aircraft shall not be used for this
exercise)

>*

Recoveryfromunusualattitudes

>*

P*

>*

M*FFS
only

>*

M*

(this one depends on the quality of the

simulator)
SECTION 6 Additional authorisation on a type rating for instrument approaches down to a decision
heightoflessthan60m(CATII/III)

Page145of647

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PracticalTraining

SkillTest/
ProficiencyCheck

Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructorsinitialswhentraining

Chkd.

completed

in

OTD
6

FTD

FFS

PL

Examiners
Initials when
test/check
passed

FFS,PL

Additional authorisation on a type rating

for instrument approaches down to a
decision height of less than 60m (CAT
II/III).
The
following
manoeuvres
and
procedures are the minimum training
requirements to permit instrument
approaches down to a DH of less than
60m (200 FT). During the following
instrument approaches and missed
approach procedures all poweredlift
equipment required for the type
certification of instrument approaches
down to a DH of less than 60m (200ft)
shallbeused.

6.1

Rejected takeoff atminimum authorised

RVR.

>

M*

6.2

ILSapproaches

>

>

M*

>

>

M*

>

In simulated instrument flight conditions

down to the applicable DH, using flight
guidance system. Standard procedures
of crew coordination (SOPs) shall be
observed.
6.3

Goaround
After approaches as indicated in 6.2 on
reaching DH. The training shall also
include a goaround due to (simulated)
insufficient RVR, windshear, aircraft
deviationinexcessofapproachlimitsfor
a
successful
approach,
and
ground/airborneequipmentfailurepriorto
reaching DH and, goaround with
simulatedairborneequipmentfailure.

6.4

Landing(s)

M*

With visual reference established at DH fol

instrument approach. Depending on the specific flight
guidancesystem,anautomaticlandingshallbe
performed.
Section7 Optionalequipment

Useofoptionalequipment

E.

>

>

Specificrequirementsfortheairshipcategory

1. In the case of skill tests or proficiency checks for airship type ratings the applicant shall pass
sections1to5and6(asapplicable)oftheskilltest/proficiencycheck.Failureinmorethan5items
Page146of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

will require the applicant to take the entire test/check again. An applicant failing not more than 5
items shall take the failed items again.Failure inany itemof the retest/recheck or failure in any
otheritemsalreadypassedwillrequiretheapplicanttotaketheentiretest/checkagain.Allsections
oftheskilltest/proficiencycheckshallbecompletedwithinsixmonths.
FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
2. Theapplicantshalldemonstratetheabilityto:
a) operatetheairshipwithinitslimitations
b) completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy
c) exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship
d) applyaeronauticalknowledge
e) maintaincontroloftheairshipatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeofa
procedureormanoeuvreisneverindoubt
f) understandandapplycrewcoordinationandincapacitationproceduresand
g) communicateeffectivelywiththeothercrewmembers.
3. The following limits shall apply, corrected to make allowance for turbulent conditions and the
handlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheairshipused.

IFRflightlimits

Height:
Generally

100feet

Startingagoaroundatdecisionheight/altitude

+50feet/0feet

Minimumdescentheight/altitude

+50feet/0feet

Tracking:
Onradioaids

Precisionapproach

halfscaledeflection,azimuthandglidepath

Heading:
Normaloperations

Abnormaloperations/emergencies

10

VFRflightlimits
Height:
Generally

100feet

Heading:
Normaloperations

Abnormaloperations/emergencies

10

CONTENTOFTHESKILLTEST/PROFICIENCYCHECK
1

Thefollowingsymbolsmean:
P = TrainedasPilotincommandorCopilotandasPilotFlying(PF)andPilotNotFlying(PNF)for
theissueofatyperatingasapplicable.

Page147of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

The practical training shall be conducted at least at the training equipment level shown as (P), or
maybeconducteduptoanyhigherequipmentlevelshownbythearrow(>).

Thefollowingabbreviationsareusedtoindicatethetrainingequipmentused:
FS

= FlightSimulator

FTD = FlightTrainingDevice
OTD = OtherTrainingDevice
AS
3.1

= Airship
a) ApplicantsfortheskilltestfortheissueoftheairshiptyperatingshalltakeSections1to
5and,ifapplicable,Section6.
b) Applicantsfortherevalidationorrenewaloftheairshiptyperatingproficiencycheckshall
takeSections1to5and,ifapplicableSection6.

3.2

The starreditems (*)shallbeflownsolelybyreferencetoinstruments.Ifthis conditionis

not met during the skill test or proficiency check, the type rating will be restricted to VFR
only.

Where the letter M appears in the skill test/ proficiency check column this will indicate the
mandatoryexercise.

FlightSimulationTrainingDevicesshallbeusedforpracticaltrainingandtestingiftheyformpartof
an approved typerating course. The following considerations will apply to the approval of the
course:
a) thequalificationoftheflightsimulationtrainingdevicesassetoutinPartFSTD
b) thequalificationsoftheinstructor

SkillTest/

PracticalTraining

ProficiencyCheck
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructors
completed

OTD

FTD

initials

when

training Chkd.
in

FS

AS

Examiners
initials
when
test/check
passed

FS,AS

SECTION1Preflightpreparationsandchecks

1.1

PreflightInspection

1.2

Cockpitinspection

1.3

Startingprocedures,radioandnavigation
equipmentcheck,selectionandsettingof
navigation
and
communication
frequencies

1.4

Off Mast procedure

Manoeuvring

1.5

Pretakeoffproceduresandchecks

and

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

Ground
P

>

SECTION2Flightmanoeuvresandprocedures

Page148of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

SkillTest/

PracticalTraining

ProficiencyCheck
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructors
completed

OTD

FTD

initials

when

training Chkd.
in

FS

AS

Examiners
initials
when
test/check
passed

FS,AS

2.1

NormalVFRtakeoffprofile

>

2.2

Takeoffwithsimulatedenginefailure

>

2.3

Takeoffwithheaviness>0(HeavyT/O)

>

2.4

Takeoffwithheaviness<0(Light/TO)

>

2.5

Normalclimbprocedure

>

2.6

ClimbtoPressureHeight

>

2.7

RecognisingofPressureHeight

>

2.8

FlightatorclosetoPressureHeight

>

2.9

Normaldescentandapproach

>

2.10

NormalVFRlandingprofile

>

2.11

Landingwithheaviness>0(HeavyLdg.)

>

2.12

Landingwithheaviness<0(LightLdg.)

>

Intentionallyleftblank
SECTION3Normalandabnormaloperationsofthefollowingsystemsandprocedures:

Normal and abnormal operations of the

followingsystemsandprocedures:

(maybecompletedinanFSTDifqualified
fortheexercise)

3.1

Engine

>

>

>

3.2

EnvelopePressurisation

>

>

>

3.3

Pitot/staticsystem

>

>

>

3.4

FuelSystem

>

>

>

3.5

Electricalsystem

>

>

>

3.6

Hydraulicsystem

>

>

>

3.7

FlightcontrolandTrimsystem

>

>

>

3.8

Ballonetsystem

>

>

>

3.9

Autopilot/Flightdirector

>

>

>

3.10

Stabilityaugmentationdevices

>

>

>

3.11

Weather
radar,
radio
altimeter, P
transponder, ground proximity warning
system(iffitted)

>

>

>

3.12

Landinggearsystem

>

>

>

Amandatory
minimum of
3itemsshall
be selected
from
this
section

Page149of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

SkillTest/

PracticalTraining

ProficiencyCheck
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructors
completed

initials

when

training Chkd.
in

OTD

FTD

FS

AS

3.13

Auxiliarypowerunit

>

>

>

3.14

Radio,navigationequipment,instruments P
andflightmanagementsystem

>

>

>

Examiners
initials
when
test/check
passed

FS,AS

Intentionallyleftblank
SECTION4Abnormalandemergencyprocedures

Abnormalandemergencyprocedures

(maybecompletedinanFSTDifqualified
fortheexercise)

4.1

Fire drills, engine, APU, cargo P

compartment,flightdeck&electricalfires
includingevacuationifapplicable

>

>

>

4.2

Smokecontrolandremoval

>

>

>

4.3

Enginefailures,shutdownandrestart

>

>

>

Amandatory
minimum of
3itemsshall
be selected
from
this
section

In particular phases of flight, inclusive

multipleenginefailure
4.4

Incapacitationofcrewmember

>

>

>

4.5

Transmission/Gearboxmalfunctions

>

>

>

4.6

Other emergency procedures as outlined P

intheappropriateFlightManual

>

>

>

FS
only

SECTION5InstrumentFlightProcedures(TobeperformedinIMCorsimulatedIMC)

5.1

Instrument takeoff: transition to P*

instrument flight is required as soon as
possibleafterbecomingairborne

>*

>*

>*

P*

>*

>*

>*

M*

5.2

Adherencetodepartureandarrivalroutes P*
andATCinstructions

>*

>*

>*

M*

5.3

Holdingprocedures

P*

>*

>*

>*

5.4

Precision approach down to a decision P*

heightnotlessthan60m(200ft)

>*

>*

>*

5.1.1 Simulatedenginefailureduringdeparture

5.4.1 Manually,withoutflightdirector

P*

>*

>*

>*

5.4.2 Manually,withflightdirector

P*

>*

>*

>*

5.4.3 Withuseofautopilot

P*

>*

>*

>*

M*
(Skill
test
only)

Page150of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

SkillTest/

PracticalTraining

ProficiencyCheck
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructors
completed

OTD

initials

when

training Chkd.
in

FTD

FS

AS

FS,AS

5.4.4 Manually, with one engine simulated P*

inoperative engine failure has to be
simulated during final approach before
passing the outer marker (OM) and
continued to touchdown, or until
completion of the missed approach
procedure)

>*

>*

>*

M*

5.5

Nonprecision approach down to the P*

minimumdescentaltitudeMDA/H

>*

>*

>*

M*

5.6

Goaround with all engines operating on P*

reachingDA/DHorMDA/MDH

>*

>*

>*

>*

>*

>*

5.6.1 Othermissedapproachprocedures

P*

5.6.2 Goaround with one engine simulated P*

inoperative on reaching DA/DH or
MDA/MDH
5.7

Recoveryfromunusualattitudes

P*

Examiners
initials
when
test/check
passed

M*

>*

>*

>*

M*

(this one depends on the quality of the

simulator)
SECTION 6 Additional authorisation on a typerating for instrument approaches downtoa decision height of less
than60m(CATII/III)

Additional authorisation on a type rating

for instrument approaches down to a
decision height of less than 60m (CAT
II/III).
Thefollowingmanoeuvresandprocedures
are the minimum training requirements to
permit instrument approaches down to a
DHoflessthan60m(200FT).Duringthe
following instrument approaches and
missed approach procedures all airship
equipment required for the type
certification of instrument approaches
down to a DH of less than 60m (200ft)
shallbeused.

6.1

Rejected takeoff at minimum authorised

RVR.

>

M*

6.2

ILSapproaches

>

M*

>

M*

In simulated instrument flight conditions

down to the applicable DH, using flight
guidancesystem.Standardproceduresof
crew coordination (SOPs) shall be
observed.
6.3

Goaround
After approaches as indicated in 6.2 on
reachingDH.

Page151of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

SkillTest/

PracticalTraining

ProficiencyCheck
Manoeuvres/Procedures

Instructors
completed

OTD

initials

when

training Chkd.
in

FTD

FS

>

>

AS

Examiners
initials
when
test/check
passed

FS,AS

Thetrainingshallalsoincludeagoaround
due to (simulated) insufficient RVR,
windshear, aircraft deviation in excess of
approachlimitsforasuccessfulapproach,
and ground/airborne equipment failure
prior to reaching DH and, goaround with
simulatedairborneequipmentfailure.
6.4

Landing(s)

M*

With visual reference established at DH

following an instrument approach.
Depending on the specific flight guidance
system, an automatic landing shall be
performed.
Section7 Optionalequipment

Useofoptionalequipment

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3Jun2008

APPENDIX10
COURSEOFADDITIONALTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGEFORACLASSORTYPERATINGFOR
HIGHPERFORMANCESINGLEPILOTAEROPLANES
COURSESYLLABUS
1

ThecourseshallcoveratleastthefollowingitemsoftheaeroplanesyllabustotheATPL(A)level:

SubjectRef:

SyllabusContent:

021000000

AIRFRAMEANDSYSTEMS,ELECTRICS,POWERPLANT

021020201

Alternatingcurrentgeneral

to

Generators

021020203

ACpowerdistribution

021010803

Pressurisation(Airdrivensystemspistonengines)

021010904

Pressurisation(Airdrivensystemsturbojetandturbopropeller)

021030106

Engineperformancepistonengines

021030107

Poweraugmentation(turbo/supercharging)

021030108

Fuel

021030109

Mixture

021030200

Turbineengines

to
021030409
021040500

Aircraftoxygenequipment

032020000

PERFORMANCECLASSBMEAEROPLANES

032020100

Performance of multiengine aeroplanes not certificated under JAR/FAR 25

Entiresubject

to
032020401
040020000

HUMANPERFORMANCE

040020100

Basichumanphysiology

to

and

040020103

Highaltitudeenvironment

050000000

METEOROLOGYWINDSANDFLIGHTHAZARDS

050020700

Jetstreams

to

CAT

050020801

Standingwaves

050090100

Flighthazards

to

Icingandturbulence

050090405

Thunderstorms

062020000

BASICRADARPRINCIPLES

062020100

Basicradarprinciples

to

Airborneradar

062020500

SSR

Page153of647

NPA200817b

081000000

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTAEROPLANES

081020100

TransonicaerodynamicsEntiresubject

to

Machnumber/shockwaves

081020302

buffetmargin/aerodynamicceiling

3Jun2008

ApassinanytheoreticalknowledgesubjectsaspartoftheHPAcoursewillnotbecreditedagainst
meetingfuturetheoreticalexaminationrequirementsforissueofaCPL(A),IR(A)orATPL(A).

Page154of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

APPENDIX11
CROSSCREDITINGOFPROFICIENCYCHECKSFORREVALIDATIONOFTYPERATINGS
HELICOPTERS

Manufacturer

HelicopterTypeand
LicenceEndorsement

AgustaBell
SEpiston

Bell47

BellHelicopters
SEpiston

Bell47

Brantley
SEpiston

BrantleyB2

BredaNardi
SEpiston

HU269

Enstrom
SEpiston

ENF28

Hiller
SEpiston

UH12

Hughes/Schweitzer
SEpiston

HU269

Westland
SEpiston

Bell47

Page155of647

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3Jun2008

APPENDIX12
SKILLTEST,PROFICIENCYCHECKANDVERBALTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
FORTHEINSTRUCTORCERTIFICATE

GENERAL
1

TheformatandapplicationformfortheskilltestshallbedeterminedbytheAuthority.

The instructorskilltestshallcompriseoraltheoreticalexaminationsontheground,preflightand
post flight briefings and inflight demonstrations during skill tests in the appropriate aircraft
category.

An applicant for the skill test shall have received instruction on the same type or class as of the
aircraft used for the test. The aircraft used for the test shall meet the requirements set out in
Appendix4,B.1,C.1andD.1.

Before taking the skill test an applicant shall havecompleted the required training. Theapproved
trainingorganisationshallproducetheapplicantstrainingrecordswhenrequiredbytheexaminer.

Theexaminershallbethepilotincommand,exceptincircumstancesagreeduponbytheexaminer
whenanotherinstructorisdesignatedaspilotincommandfortheflight.

Duringtheskilltesttheapplicantshalloccupytheseatnormallyoccupiedbytheinstructor,except
in the case of balloons. The examiner or another instructor shall function as the student. The
applicant shall be required toexplain the relevant exercises and todemonstrate their conduct to
the student, where appropriate. Thereafter, the student shall execute the same manoeuvres
includingtypicalmistakesofinexperiencedstudents.Theapplicantisexpectedtocorrectmistakes
orallyor,ifnecessary,byintervening.

CONTENT
6

Thecontentoftheskilltestshall,inadditiontothecompetenciesdescribedinFCL.920,includethe
following:

SECTION1
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEORAL
Airlaw
AircraftGeneralKnowledge
FlightPerformanceandPlanning
HumanPerformanceandLimitations
Meteorology
Navigation
OperationalProcedures
PrinciplesofFlight
TrainingAdministration
SECTIONS2AND3SELECTEDMAINEXERCISE:
SECTION2
PREFLIGHTBRIEFING
VisualPresentation
TechnicalAccuracy

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ClarityofExplanation
ClarityofSpeech
InstructionalTechnique
UseofModelsandAids
StudentParticipation
SECTION3
FLIGHT
ArrangementofDemo
SynchronisationofSpeechwithDemo
CorrectionofFaults
AircraftHandling
InstructionalTechnique
GeneralAirmanship/Safety
Positioning,useofAirspace
SECTION4
MULTIENGINEEXERCISES
1

ActionsfollowinganEnginefailureshortlyaftertakeoff

Asingleengineapproachandgoaround

Asingleengineapproachandlanding

TheseexercisesshallbedemonstratedattheskilltestforthesinglepilotmultiengineCRIratingand
foranyairshipinstructorcertificate.

SECTION5
POSTFLIGHTDEBRIEFING

VisualPresentation
TechnicalAccuracy
ClarityofExplanation
ClarityofSpeech
InstructionalTechnique
UseofModelsandAids
StudentParticipation

(a) Section1,theoraltheoreticalknowledgeexaminationpartoftheskilltest,isforallinstructor
certificatesandshallbesubdividedintotwoparts:
(i)

theapplicantisrequiredtogivealectureundertestconditionstootherstudent(s),one
ofwhomwillbetheexaminer.ThetestlectureistobeselectedfromitemsaiofSection
1.Theamountoftimeforpreparationofthetestlectureshallbeagreeduponbeforehand
withtheexaminer.Appropriateliteraturemaybeusedbytheapplicant.Thetestlecture

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shouldnotexceed45minutes.
(ii) theapplicantistestedorallybyanexaminerforknowledgeofitemsaiofSection1and
thecoreinstructorcompetenciesteachingandlearningcontentgivenintheinstructor
courses.
(b) Section 2, 3 and 5 are for all instructor certificates. These sections comprise exercises to
demonstrate the ability to be an FI (i.e. instructor demonstration exercises) chosen by the
examinerfromthe flightsyllabus oftheFItrainingcourses.Theapplicantwillberequiredto
demonstrateFIabilities,includingbriefing,flightinstructionanddebriefing.
(c) Section 4comprises additional instructor demonstration exercises for an instructorcertificate
for multiengine aircraft. This section, if required, shall use a multiengine aircraft, or a
simulator or FNPT II simulating a multiengine aircraft. This section shall be completed in
additiontoSection2,3and5.
7

Theskilltestshallalsoincludeadditionaldemonstrationexercises,asdecidedbytheexaminerand
agreed upon with the applicant before the skill test. For an instructor certificate for instrument
ratings (IR), theseadditional exercises shall be related to the training requirements for the initial
issueofanIR.

AllrelevantSectionsshallbecompletedwithinaperiodof6months.However,allSectionsshould,
wherepossible,becompletedonthesameday.Failureinanyexerciserequiresaretestcoveringall
exercises, with the exception of those in Sections 1 and 5, which, if failed, may be retaken
separately. The examiner shall terminate the test at any stage if they consider that a retest is
required.

PROFICIENCYCHECK
9

Anapplicantwhofailstoachieveapassinallsectionsofaproficiencycheckbeforetheexpirydate
of an instructorcertificate shall notexercise the privileges of that certificate until theproficiency
checkhassuccessfullybeencompleted.

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ANNEXIIITOTHEIMPLEMENTINGREGULATION
REQUIREMENTSFORTHEACCEPTANCEOFLICENCESISSUEDBYORONBEHALFOFTHIRD
COUNTRIES

1.

ApilotlicenceissuedincompliancewiththerequirementsofICAOAnnex1byathirdcountrymay
be accepted by the competent authority of a Member State in the case of pilots involved in the
operationofaircraftregisteredinathirdcountryandusedbyanoperatorforwhichanyMember
Stateensuresoversightofoperationsorusedinto,withinoroutoftheCommunitybyanoperator
establishedorresidingintheCommunity.

2.

Inthecaseofpilotlicencesforcommercialairtransportandotherprofessionalactivities,theholder
shallcomplywiththefollowingrequirements:
(a) complete,asaskilltest,thetypeorclassratingrevalidationrequirementsofPartFCLrelevant
totheprivilegesofthelicenceheld
(b) demonstratethathehasacquiredknowledgeoftherelevantpartsofPartOPSandPartFCL
(c) demonstrateknowledgeofEnglishinaccordancewithFCL.055.
(d) holdavalidClass1medicalcertificate,issuedinaccordancewithPartMedical
(e) Inthecaseofaeroplanes,complywiththeexperiencerequirementssetoutinthefollowing:

Licenceheld

Totalflyinghoursexperience

Privileges

(1)

(2)

(3)

ATPL(A)
ATPL(A)
CPL(A)/IR*

>1500 hours as PIC on multi Commercialairtransportinmulti (a)

pilotaeroplanes
pilotaeroplanesasPIC
or >1500 hours as PIC or copilot Commercialairtransportinmulti (b)
on
multipilot
aeroplanes pilotaeroplanesascopilot
according
to
operational
requirements

CPL(A)/IR

>1000 hours as PIC in Commercial air transport

commercial air transport since singlepilotaeroplanesasPIC
gaininganIR

in (c)

CPL(A)/IR

>1000 hours as PIC or as co Commercial air transport in (d)

pilot in singlepilot aeroplanes singlepilotaeroplanes as copilot
according
to
operational accordingtoPartOPS
requirements

CPL(A)

>700 hours in aeroplanes other Activitiesinaeroplanesotherthan (e)

thanTMGs,including200hoursin commercialairtransport
the activity role for which
acceptance is sought, and 50
hours in that role in the last 12
months

*CPL(A)/IR holders on multipilot aeroplanes shall have demonstrated ICAO ATPL(A) level knowledge
beforeacceptance.
(f) In the case of helicopters, comply with the experience requirements set out in the following
table:

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Licenceheld

Totalflyinghoursexperience

Privileges

(1)

(2)

(3)

ATPL(H)valid
IR

>1000hoursasPIConmultipilot
helicopters

Commercialairtransportinmulti
pilothelicoptersasPICinVFRand
IFRoperations

(a)

ATPL(H)noIR
privileges

>1000hoursasPIConmultipilot
helicopters

Commercialairtransportinmulti
pilothelicoptersasPICinVFR
operations

(b)

ATPL(H)valid
IR

>1000hoursaspilotonmultipilot Commercialairtransportinmulti
helicopters
pilothelicoptersascopilotinVFR
andIFRoperations

(c)

ATPL(H)noIR
privileges

>1000hoursaspilotonmultipilot Commercialairtransportinmulti
helicopters
pilothelicoptersascopilotinVFR
operations

(d)

CPL(H)/IR*

>1000hoursaspilotonmultipilot Commercialairtransportinmulti
helicopters
pilothelicoptersascopilot

(e)

CPL(H)/IR

>1000hoursasPICincommercial
airtransportsincegaininganIR

CPL(H)

>700hoursinhelicoptersother
Activitiesinhelicoptersotherthan
thanthosecertificatedunderCS commercialairtransport
27/29orequivalent,including200
hoursintheactivityroleforwhich
acceptanceissought,and50
hoursinthatroleinthelast12
months

Commercialairtransportinsingle (f)
pilothelicoptersasPIC
(g)

*CPL(H)/IRholdersonmultipilothelicoptersshallhavedemonstratedICAOATPLlevelknowledgebefore
acceptance
3

4.

In the case of private pilot licences with an instrument rating, the holder shall comply with the
followingrequirements:
(a)

complete the skill test for instrument rating and the type or class ratings relevant to the
privilegesofthelicenceheld,inaccordancewithAppendix7andAppendix9toPartFCL

(b)

demonstrate knowledge of Air Law, Aeronautical Weather codes, Flight Planning and
Performance(IR),andHumanPerformance

(c)

demonstrateknowledgeofEnglishinaccordancewithFCL.055

(d)

holdatleastavalidClass2medicalcertificateissuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1

(f)

have a minimum experience of at least 100 hours of instrument flight time as pilotin
commandintherelevantcategoryofaircraft.

Inthecaseofprivatepilotlicences,theholdershallcomplywiththefollowingrequirements:
(a)

demonstrateknowledgeofAirLawandHumanPerformance

(b)

passthePPLskilltestassetoutPartFCL

(c)

fulfil the relevant requirements of PartFCL for the issuance of a type or class rating as
relevanttotheprivilegesofthelicenceheld

(d)

holdatleastaClass2medicalcertificateissuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1

(e)

demonstratelanguageproficiencyinaccordancewithFCL.055

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(f)
5.

3Jun2008

haveaminimumexperienceofatleast100hoursaspilotintherelevantcategoryofaircraft.

The period of acceptance of a licence shall not exceed one year, provided that the basic licence
remainsvalid.
TheuserofalicenceacceptedbyaMemberStateshallcomplywiththerequirementsstatedinPart
FCL.

6.

Notwithstandingtheprovisionsoftheparagraphsabove,inthecaseofintroductionofnewaircraft
types Member States may accept a licence issued in accordance with ICAO Annex 1 by third
countries for a maximum of 12 months in the case of specific tasks of limited duration, such as
instruction flights for initial entry into service, demonstration, ferry or test flights, provided the
applicantcomplieswiththefollowingrequirements:
(a)

holds an appropriate licence and medical certificate and associated ratings or qualifications
issuedinaccordancewithICAOAnnex1

(b)

isemployed,directlyorindirectly,byanaeroplanemanufacturer

Inthiscase,theprivilegesoftheholdershallbelimitedtoperformingflightinstructionandtesting
forinitialissueoftyperatings,thesupervisionofinitiallineflyingbytheoperatorspilots,delivery
orferryflights,initiallineflying,flightdemonstrationsortestflights.

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ANNEXIVTOTHEIMPLEMENTINGREGULATION
REQUIREMENTSFORTHECONVERSIONOFNATIONALLICENCESANDRATINGSFOR
AEROPLANESANDHELICOPTERS
A.

Aeroplanes

Pilotlicences

ApilotlicenceissuedbyaMemberStateinaccordancewithnationalrequirementsshallbeconvertedinto
aPartFCLlicenceprovidedtheapplicantcomplieswiththefollowingrequirements:
(a)

for ATPL(A)andCPL(A), completeasaproficiency checkthe revalidation requirements of Part

FCLfortype/classandinstrumentrating,relevanttotheprivilegesofthelicenceheld

(b)

demonstrateknowledgeoftherelevantpartsofPartOPSandPartFCL

(c)

demonstratelanguageproficiencyinaccordancewithFCL.055

(d)

complywiththerequirementssetoutinthetablebelow:

National
licence
held

Totalflyinghours
experience

Anyfurther
requirements

(1)

(2)

(3)

Replacement
PartFCLlicenceand
Removalofconditions
conditions
(whereapplicable)
(4)

(5)

ATPL(A)

>1500asPICon
None
multipilotaeroplanes

ATPL(A)

Notapplicable

(a)

ATPL(A)

>1500onmultipilot
aeroplanes

None

asin(c)(4)

asin(c)(5)

(b)

ATPL(A)

>500onmultipilot
aeroplanes

demonstrate
knowledgeofflight
planningand
performanceas
requiredbyAppendix
2toPartFCL

ATPL(A), with type Demonstrate ability to (c)

rating restricted to co actasPICasrequired
pilot
byAppendix9toPart
FCL

(i)demonstrate
knowledgeofflight
planningand
performanceas
requiredby
Appendix2toPart
FCL

CPL/IR(A) with ATPL Notapplicable

theorycredit

CPL/IR(A)
and
passedan
ICAO
ATPL
theorytest
inthe
Member
Stateof
licence
issue

(d)

(ii)meetremaining
requirementsof
FCL.720.A(c)

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NPA200817b

National
licence
held

Totalflyinghours
experience

Anyfurther
requirements

(1)

(2)

(3)

3Jun2008

Replacement
PartFCLlicenceand
Removalofconditions
conditions
(whereapplicable)
(4)

(5)

CPL/IR(A) >500onmultipilot
(i)topassan
CPL/IR(A)withATPL Notapplicable
aeroplanes,orin
examinationfor
theorycredit
multipilotoperations
ATPL(A)knowledge
onsinglepilot
intheMemberState
aeroplanesCS23
oflicenceissue*
commutercategoryor
(ii)meetremaining
equivalentin
requirementsof
accordancewiththe
FCL.720.A(c)
requirementsofPart
OPSforcommercial
airtransport.

(e)

CPL/IR(A) >500asPICon
none
singlepilotaeroplanes

CPL/IR(A)with
type/classratings
restrictedtosingle
pilotaeroplanes

(f)

CPL/IR(A) <500asPICon
demonstrate
singlepilotaeroplanes knowledgeofflight
planningandflight
performanceas
requiredbyAppendix
2toPartFCL

as(4)(f)

CPL(A)

>500asPICon
nightrating,if
singlepilotaeroplanes applicable

CPL(A),withtype/
classratingsrestricted
tosinglepilot
aeroplanes

(h)

CPL(A)

<500asPICon
(i)nightrating,if
singlepilotaeroplanes applicable

as(4)(h)

(i)

Obtainmultipilottype (g)
ratinginaccordance
withPartFCL

(ii)demonstrate
knowledgeofflight
performanceand
planningasrequired
byAppendix2to
PartFCL
PPL/IR(A) 75inaccordance
withIFR

nightratingifnight
flyingprivilegesare
notincludedinthe
instrumentrating

PPL/IR(A)(theIR
restrictedtoPPL)

PPL(A)

demonstratetheuse
ofradionavigation
aids

PPL(A)

70onaeroplanes

demonstrate
(j)
knowledgeofflight
performanceand
planningasrequired
byAppendix2toPart
FCL
(k)

*CPLholdersalreadyholdingatyperatingforamultipilotaeroplanearenotrequiredtohavepassedan
examinationforATPL(A)theoreticalknowledgewhilsttheycontinuetooperatethatsameaeroplanetype,
butwillnotbegivenATPL(A)theorycreditforaPartFCLlicence.Iftheyrequireanothertyperatingfora
differentmultipilotaeroplane,theymustcomplywithcolumn(3),row(e)(i)oftheabovetable.

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Instructorcertificates

An instructor certificate issued by a Member State in accordance with national requirements shall be
convertedintoaPartFCLcertificateprovidedtheapplicantcomplieswiththefollowingrequirements:

National certificate Experience

orprivilegesheld

Anyfurtherrequirements Replacement
certificate

(1)

(3)

(2)

PartFCL

(4)

FI(A)/IRI(A)/TRI(A)/ as required under demonstrate knowledge FI(A)/IRI(A)/TRI(A)/CRI(A

CRI(A)
PartFCL for the of the relevant parts of )
relevantrating
PartFCLandPartOPS

SFIcertificate

ASFIcertificateissuedbyaMemberStateinaccordancewithnationalrequirementsshallbeconverted
intoaPartFCLcertificateprovidedthattheholdercomplieswiththefollowingrequirements:

Nationalcertificate
held

Experience

Anyfurtherrequirements

ReplacementPartFCL
certificate

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

SFI(A)

>1500 hrs as pilot (i) hold or have held a CPL, SFI(A)

ofMPA
MPL or ATPL for aeroplanes
issuedbyaMemberState
(ii) have completed the flight
simulator content of the
applicable type rating course
includingMCC.

SFI(A)

3 years recent have completed the flight SFI(A)

experience as a simulator content of the
SFI
applicable type rating course
includingMCC

The conversion shall be valid for a maximum period of 3 years. Revalidation shall be subject to the
completionoftherelevantrequirementssetoutinPartFCL.

B.

Helicopters

Pilotlicences

ApilotlicenceissuedbyaMemberStateinaccordancewithnationalrequirementsshallbeconvertedinto
aPartFCLlicenceprovidedtheapplicantcomplieswiththefollowingrequirements:
(a)

complete as a proficiency check the revalidation requirements of PartFCL for type and
instrumentrating,relevanttotheprivilegesofthelicenceheld

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(b)

demonstrateknowledgeoftherelevantpartsofPartOPSandPartFCL

(c)

demonstratelanguageproficiencyinaccordancewithFCL.055

(d)

complywiththerequirementssetoutinthetablebelow:

National
licenceheld

Totalflyinghours
experience

Anyfurther
requirements

ReplacementPart
FCLlicenceand
conditions
(whereapplicable)

Removalof
conditions

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

ATPL(H)valid
IR(H)

>1000asPICon
multipilot
helicopters

none

ATPL(H)andIR

ATPL(H)no
IR(H)
privileges

>1000asPICon
multipilot
helicopters

none

ATPL(H)

ATPL(H)valid
IR(H)

>1000onmulti
pilothelicopters

None

ATPL(H),andIR
withtyperating
restrictedtoco
pilot

demonstrate
abilitytoactas
PICasrequiredby
Appendix9to
PartFCL

(c)

ATPL(H)no
IR(H)
privileges

>1000onmulti
pilothelicopters

None

ATPL(H)type
demonstrate
ratingrestrictedto abilitytoactas
copilot
PICasrequiredby
Appendix9to
PartFCL

(d)

ATPL(H)valid
IR(H)

>500onmulti
pilothelicopters

Demonstrate
as(4)(c)
knowledgeof
flightplanningand
flightperformance
asrequiredby
Appendix2to
PartFCL

as(5)(c)

(e)

ATPL(H)no
IR(H)
privileges

>500onmulti
pilothelicopters

as(3)(e)

as(4)(d)

as(5)(d)

(f)

(i)demonstrate
knowledgeof
flightplanningand
flightperformance
asrequiredby
Appendix2toPart
FCL

CPL/IR(H)

Notapplicable

(g)

CPL/IR(H)and
passedan
ICAOATPL(H)
theorytestin
theMember
Stateoflicence
issue*

(ii)meet
remaining
requirementsof
FCL.720.H(b)

Notapplicable

(a)

(b)

withATPL(H)
theorycredit,
providedthatthe
ICAOATPL(H)
theorytestis
assessedasbeing
atPartFCLATPL
level

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National
licenceheld

Totalflyinghours
experience

Anyfurther
requirements

ReplacementPart
FCLlicenceand
conditions
(whereapplicable)

Removalof
conditions

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

CPL/IR(H)

>500hrson
multipilot
helicopters

(i)topassan
examinationfor
PartFCLATPL(H)
theoretical
knowledgeinthe
MemberStateof
licenceissue.

CPL/IR(H)

Notapplicable

(h)

withPartFCL
ATPL(H)theory
credit

(ii)meet
remaining
requirementsof
FCL.720.H(b)
CPL/IR(H)

>500asPICon
singlepilot
helicopters

None

CPL/IR(H)with
typeratings
restrictedto
singlepilot
helicopters

CPL/IR(H)

<500asPICon
singlepilot
helicopters

Demonstrate
as(4)(h)
knowledgeof
flightplanningand
flightperformance
asrequiredby
Appendix2to
PartFCL

(i)

(j)

obtainmultipilot
typeratingas
requiredbyPart
FCL

CPL(H)

>500asPICon
singlepilot
helicopters

nightrating

CPL(H),withtype
ratingsrestricted
tosinglepilot
helicopters

CPL(H)

<500asPICon
singlepilot
helicopters

nightrating,
demonstrate
knowledgeof
flightperformance
andplanningas
requiredby
Appendix2to
PartFCL

as(4)(j)

(l)

CPL(H)

>500asPICon
singlepilot
helicopters

As(4)(k)and
restrictedtoday
VFRoperations

(m
)

<500asPICon
singlepilot
helicopters

Demonstrate
As(4)(k)and
knowledgeof
restrictedtoday
flightplanningand VFRoperations
flightperformance
asrequiredby
Appendix2to
PartFCL

Withoutnight
rating
CPL(H)
Withoutnight
rating

Obtainmultipilot
typeratingas
requiredbyPart
FCLandanight
rating

(k)

(n)

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National
licenceheld

Totalflyinghours
experience

Anyfurther
requirements

ReplacementPart
FCLlicenceand
conditions
(whereapplicable)

Removalof
conditions

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

PPL/IR(H)

75in
accordancewith
IFR

nightratingif
nightflying
privilegesarenot
includedinthe
instrumentrating

PPL/IR(H)(theIR
restrictedtoPPL)

PPL(H)

75on
helicopters

demonstratethe
useofradio
navigationaids.

PPL(H)

demonstrate
knowledgeof
flightperformance
andplanningas
requiredby
Appendix2to
PartFCL.

(o)

(p)

Instructorcertificates

An instructor certificate issued by a Member State in accordance with national requirements shall be
convertedintoaPartFCLratingprovidedtheapplicantcomplieswiththefollowingrequirements

National
certificateor
privilegesheld

Experience

Anyfurtherrequirements

Replacementcertificate

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

FI(H)/IRI(H)/T
RI(H)

asrequiredunderPartFCL
fortherelevantrating

demonstrateaknowledge
oftherelevantpartsof
PartFCLandPartOPS

FI(H)/IRI(H)/TRI(H)*

Revalidationofthecertificateshallbesubjecttothecompletionoftherelevantrequirementssetoutin
PartFCL.

SFIcertificate

ASFIcertificateissuedbyaMemberStateinaccordancewithnationalrequirementsshallbeconverted
intoaPartFCLcertificateprovidedthattheholdercomplieswiththefollowingrequirements:

National
certificateheld

Experience

Anyfurtherrequirements

Replacementcertificate

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

SFI(H)

>1000hrsaspilotofMPH

(i)holdorhaveheldaCPL,
MPLorATPLissuedbya
MemberState

SFI(H)

(ii)havecompletedthe
flightsimulatorcontentof
theapplicabletyperating
courseincludingMCC.

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National
certificateheld

Experience

Anyfurtherrequirements

Replacementcertificate

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

SFI(H)

3yearsrecentexperience
asaSFI.

havecompletedthe
simulatorcontentofthe
applicabletyperating
courseincludingMCC

SFI(H)

Revalidationofthecertificateshallbesubjecttothecompletionoftherelevantrequirementssetoutin
PartFCL.

STIcertificate

A STI certificate issuedby a Member State in accordance with the national requirements of that State
maybeconvertedintoaPartFCLcertificateprovidedthattheholdercomplieswiththerequirementsset
outinthetablebelow:

National
certificateheld

Experience

Anyfurtherrequirements

Replacementcertificate

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

STI(H)

>500hrsaspilotonSPH

(i)holdorhaveheldapilot
licenceissuedbyaMember
State

STI(H)

(ii)havecompleteda
proficiencycheckin
accordancewithAppendix9
toPartFCLinaFSTD
appropriatetothe
instructionintended
STI(H)

3yearsrecentexperience
asaSTI.

havecompleteda
STI(H)
proficiencycheckin
accordancewithAppendix9
toPartFCLinaFSTD
appropriatetothe
instructionintended

Revalidationofthecertificateshallbesubjecttothecompletionoftherelevantrequirementssetoutin
PartFCL.

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II

3Jun2008

DraftDecisionAMCandGMforPartFCL

AcceptableMeansofComplianceandGuidancematerial
to
PartFCL

SubpartA
GENERALREQUIREMENTS

GMtoFCL.010
DefinitionsandAbbreviations
A.Interpretativematerial
1.

Whenever licences, ratings, approvals or certificates are mentioned in PartFCL, these

are meant to be licences, ratings, approvals or certificates issued in accordance with
PartFCL. In all other cases these documents are specified as e.g. ICAO or national
licences.

2.

Whenever a reference is made to Member State for the purpose of mutual recognition of
licences,ratings,approvalsorcertificates,thismeansanEuropeanUnionMemberStateand
StatesassociatedtoEASAinaccordancewitharticle55oftheBasicRegulation.

B.Definitions
Airmanship
Theconsistentuseofgoodjudgementandwelldevelopedknowledge,skillsandattitudes
toaccomplishflightobjectives.
Competencyelement
Anactionthatconstitutesataskthathasatriggeringeventandaterminatingeventthat
clearlydefinesitslimits,andanobservableoutcome.
Competencyunit
Adiscretefunctionconsistingofanumberofcompetencyelements.
Credit
Recognitionofalternativemeansorpriorqualifications.
Error
An action or inaction by the flight crew that leads to deviations from organizational or
flightintentionsorexpectations.
Errormanagement
The process of detecting and respondingtoerrors with countermeasures that reduceor
eliminatetheconsequencesoferrors,andmitigatetheprobabilityoferrorsorundesired
aircraftstates.
Instrumenttime
Instrumentflighttimeorinstrumentgroundtime.
Multipilotoperation
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An operation approved by the Authority requiring at least two pilots using multicrew
cooperationonmultipilothelicopters.
Othertrainingdevices
Trainingaidsotherthanflightsimulators,flighttrainingdevicesorflightandnavigation
procedures trainers which provide means for training where a complete flight deck
environmentisnotnecessary.
Performancecriteria
A simple, evaluative statement on the required outcome of the competency element
andadescriptionofthecriteriausedtojudgeiftherequiredlevelofperformancehas
beenachieved.
Privatepilot
A pilot who holds a licence which prohibits the piloting of aircraft in operations for
whichremunerationisgiven.
Proficiencychecks
Demonstrations of skill to revalidate or renew ratings, and including such oral
examinationastheexaminermayrequire.
Renewal(ofe.g.aratingorapproval)
Theadministrative action taken aftera rating or approval has lapsed that renews the
privileges of the rating or approval fora furtherspecified period consequentuponthe
fulfilmentofspecifiedrequirements.
Revalidation(ofe.g.aratingorapproval)
Theadministrativeactiontakenwithintheperiodofvalidityofaratingorapprovalthat
allows the holder to continue to exercise the privileges of a rating or approval for a
furtherspecifiedperiodconsequentuponthefulfilmentofspecifiedrequirements.
Skilltests
Skill tests are demonstrations of skill for licence or rating issue, including such oral
examinationastheexaminermayrequire.
Studentpilotincommand(SPIC)
Flight time during which the flight instructor will only observe the student acting as
pilotincommandandshallnotinfluenceorcontroltheflightoftheaircraft.
Threat
Eventsorerrorsthatoccurbeyondtheinfluenceoftheflightcrew,increaseoperational
complexityandwhichmustbemanagedtomaintainthemarginofsafety.
Threatmanagement
The process of detecting and responding to the threats with countermeasures that
reduceoreliminatetheconsequencesofthreats,andmitigatetheprobabilityoferrors
orundesiredaircraftstates.

C.Abbreviations
A

Aeroplane

A/C

Aircraft

AIS

AeronauticalInformationServices

AMC

AcceptableMeansofCompliance

AeMC

AeromedicalCentre

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AME

AuthorisedMedicalExaminer

As

Airship

ATC

AirTrafficControl

ATO

ApprovedTrainingOrganisation

ATP

AirlineTransportPilot

ATPL

AirlineTransportPilotLicence

Balloon

BPL

BalloonPilotLicence

CFI

ChiefFlyingInstructor

CGI

ChiefGroundInstructor

CP

Copilot

CPL

CommercialPilotLicence

CRE

ClassRatingExaminer

CRI

ClassRatingInstructor

CRM

CrewResourceManagement

CQB

CentralQuestionBank

FCL

FlightCrewLicensing

FE

FlightExaminer

F/E

FlightEngineer

FI

FlightInstructor

FIE

FlightInstructorExaminer

FNPT

FlightandNavigationProceduresTrainer

FS

FlightSimulator

FTD

FlightTrainingDevice

Helicopter

HPA

HighPerformanceAeroplane

HT

HeadofTraining

ICAO

InternationalCivilAviationOrganisation

IFR

InstrumentFlightRules

IMC

InstrumentMeteorologicalConditions

IR

InstrumentRating

IRE

InstrumentRatingExaminer

IRI

InstrumentRatingInstructor

3Jun2008

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LPL

LeisurePilotLicence

LOFT

LineOrientatedFlightTraining

MCC

MultiCrewCooperation

ME

Multiengine

MEL

MinimumEquipmentList

MEP

MultienginePiston

MET

MultiengineTurboprop

MPA

MultipilotAeroplane

MPL

MulticrewPilotLicence

MPH

MultipilotHelicopter

nm

NauticalMiles

OML

OperationalMulticrewLimitation

OSL

OperationalSafetyPilotLimitation

OTD

OtherTrainingDevices

PF

PilotFlying

PIC

PilotInCommand

PICUS

PilotInCommandUnderSupervision

PL

Poweredlift

PNF

PilotNotFlying

PPL

PrivatePilotLicence

R/T

Radiotelephony

SE

Singleengine

SEP

SingleEnginePiston

SET

SingleengineTurboprop

SFE

SyntheticFlightExaminer

SFI

SyntheticFlightInstructor

SPA

SinglepilotAeroplane

SPH

SinglepilotHelicopter

SPIC

StudentPilotInCommand

SPL

SailplanePilotLicence

STD

SyntheticTrainingDevices

STI

SyntheticTrainingInstructor

TEM

ThreatandErrorManagement

3Jun2008

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TMG

TouringMotorGlider

TR

TypeRating

TRE

TypeRatingExaminer

TRI

TypeRatingInstructor

VFR

VisualFlightRules

VMC

VisualMeteorologicalConditions

ZFTT

ZeroFlightTimeTraining

3Jun2008

AMCtoFCL.050
Recordingofflighttime
1.

Therecordoftheflightsflownshouldcontainatleastthefollowinginformation:
1.1

PersonaldetailsNameandaddressofthepilot

1.2

Foreachflight:
a.

NameofPilotincommand

b.

Dateofflight

c.

Placeandtimeofdepartureandarrival

d.

Type,includingmake,modelandvariant,andregistrationoftheaircraft

e.

Indicationiftheaircraftissingleengineormultiengine

f.

Totaltimeofflight

g. Accumulatedtotaltimeofflight
1.3

2.

ForeachflightsimulatororFNPTsession:
a.

Typeandqualificationnumberofthetrainingdevice

b.

Synthetictrainingdeviceinstruction

c.

Date

d.

Totaltimeofsession

e.

Accumulatedtotaltime

1.4

Detailsonpilotfunction,namelypilotincommand,includingsolo,studentpilotin
command and pilot in command under supervision time, copilot, dual, flight
instructororflightexaminer

1.5

Operational conditions, namely if the operation takes place at night, or is

conductedunderinstrumentflightrules.

Loggingoftime
2.1. Pilotincommandflighttime
a.

The holder of a licence may log as pilotincommand time all of the flight
timeduringwhichheisthepilotincommand.

b.

Theapplicantforortheholderofapilotlicencemaylogaspilotincommand
timeallsoloflighttimeandflighttimeasstudentpilotincommandprovided
thatsuchSPICtimeiscountersignedbytheinstructor.

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c.

Theholderofaninstructorcertificatemaylogaspilotincommandallflight
timeduringwhichheactsasaninstructorinanaircraft..

d.

Theholderofanexaminerscertificatemaylogaspilotincommandallflight
time during which he occupies a pilots seat and acts as an examiner in an
aircraft.

e.

A copilot acting as pilotincommand under supervision on an aircraft on

which more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the
aircraft or as required by PartOPS provided such pilotincommand time
undersupervisioniscountersignedbythepilotincommand.

f.

Iftheholderofalicencecarriesoutanumberofflightsuponthesameday
returning on each occasion to the same place of departure and the interval
between successive flights does not exceed thirty minutes, such series of
flightsmayberecordedasasingleentry.

2.2. Copilotflighttime.Theholderofapilotlicenceoccupyingapilotseatascopilot
maylogallflighttimeascopilotflighttimeonanaircraftonwhichmorethanone
pilotisrequiredunderthetypecertificationoftheaircraft,ortheregulationsunder
whichtheflightisconducted.
2.3. Cruisereliefcopilotflighttime.Acruisereliefcopilotpilotmaylogallflighttime
ascopilotwhenoccupyingapilotsseat.
2.4. Instruction time. A summary of all time logged by an applicant for a licence or
rating as flight instruction, instrument flight instruction, instrument ground time,
etc. may be logged if certified by the appropriately rated and/or authorised
instructorfromwhomitwasreceived.
2.5. PICUS (Pilotincommand under supervision). Provided that the method of
supervision is acceptable to the Authority, a copilot may log as PIC flight time
flown as PICUS, when all of the duties and functions of PIC on that flight were
carriedout,suchthattheinterventionofthePICintheinterestofsafetywasnot
required.
3.

Formatoftherecord.
Details of flights flown under commercial air transport may be recorded in a
computerised formatmaintained bytheoperator.In thiscaseanoperatorshould make
the records of all flights operated by the pilot, including differences and familiarisation
training,availableonrequesttotheflightcrewmemberconcerned.
For other types of flight, the pilot should record the details of the flights flown in the
followinglogbookformat.

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PILOTLOGBOOK

Holdersname

Holderslicencenumber

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HOLDERSADDRESS:

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

[spaceforaddresschange]

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________
_________________________________
[spaceforaddresschange]

[spaceforaddresschange]

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________
_________________________________
[space foraddresschange]

[spaceforaddresschange]

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NPA200817b

DATE

DEPARTURE

ARRIVAL

AIRCRAFT

(dd/mm/
yy)
PLACE

TIME

PLACE

TIME

MAKE,MODEL,
VARIANT

3Jun2008

5
SINGLE
PILOT
TIME

MULTI
PILOT
TIME

REGISTRATION SE ME

TOTAL
TIMEOF

NAMEPIC

LANDINGS

FLIGHT

DAY

NIGHT

TOTALTHISPAGE
TOTALFROM
PREVIOUSPAGES
TOTALTIME

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10

11

12

OPERATIONAL
CONDITIONTIME

PILOTFUNCTIONTIME

SYNTHETICTRAININGDEVICES
SESSION

REMARKS

NIGHT

IFR

PILOTIN
COMMAND

CO
PILOT

DUAL

INSTRUCT
OR

DATE
(dd/mm/yy)

TYPE

ANDENDORSEMENTS

TOTALTIME
OFSESSION

Icertifythattheentriesinthislog
aretrue.
TOTALTHISPAGE

___________________

TOTALFROM
PREVIOUSPAGES

PILOTSSIGNATURE

TOTALTIME

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INSTRUCTIONSFORUSE
1.

FCL.050 requires holders of a pilot licence to record details of all flights flown. This logbook enables pilot licence holders to record flying
experienceinamannerwhichwillfacilitatethisprocess whileprovidingapermanentrecordofthelicenceholdersflying.Pilotswhoflyregularly
aeroplanesandhelicoptersorotheraircrafttypesarerecommendedtomaintainseparatelogbooksforeachtypeofflying.

2.

Flightcrewlogbookentriesshouldbemadeassoonaspracticableafteranyflightundertaken.Allentriesinthelogbookshouldbemadeininkor
indeliblepencil.

3.

Theparticularsofeveryflightinthecourseofwhichtheholderofaflightcrewlicenceactsasamemberoftheoperatingcrewofanaircraftareto
berecordedintheappropriatecolumnsusingonelineforeachflight,providedthatifanaircraftcarriesoutanumberofflightsuponthesameday
returningoneachoccasiontothesameplaceofdepartureandtheintervalbetweensuccessiveflightsdoesnotexceedthirtyminutes,suchseries
offlightsmayberecordedasasingleentry.

4.

Flighttimeisrecorded:
(i)

for aeroplanes, touring motor gliders and powered lift, from the moment an aircraft first moves for the purpose of taking off until the
momentitfinallycomestorestattheendoftheflight.

(ii)

forhelicopters,fromthemomentahelicoptersrotorbladesstartturninguntilthemomentthehelicopterfinallycomestorestattheendof
theflight,andtherotorbladesarestopped.

(iii) forairships,fromthemomentanairshipisreleasedfromthemastforthepurposeoftakingoffuntilthemomenttheairshipfinallycomes
torestattheendoftheflight,andissecuredonthemast
5.

Whenanaircraftcarriestwoormorepilotsasmembersoftheoperatingcrew,oneofthemshall,beforetheflightcommences,bedesignatedby
the operator as the aircraft pilotincommand, in accordance with PartOPS, who may delegate the conduct of the flight to another suitable
qualified pilot. All flying carried out as pilotincommand is entered in the log book as pilotincommand. A pilot flying as pilotincommand
under supervision or studentpilotincommandenters flying timesas pilotincommand butall suchare certified bythe pilotincommand or
flightinstructorintheRemarkscolumnofthelogbook.

6.

Notesonrecordingofflighttime:

Column1: enterdate(dd/mm/yy)onwhichtheflightcommences.

Column2/3:enterplaceofdepartureanddestinationeitherinfullortheinternationallyrecognisedthreeorfourletterdesignator.Alltimes
shouldbeUTC.

Column5: Indicatewhethertheoperationwassingleormultipilot,andforsinglepilotoperationwhethersingleormultiengine.

Example:
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DATE

DEPARTURE

ARRIVAL

AIRCRAFT

(dd/mm/
yy)
MAKE,MODEL,
VARIANT

3Jun2008

PLACE

TIME

PLAC
E

TIME

REGISTRATI
ON

14/11/98

LFAC

1025

EGBJ

1240

PA34250

GSENE

15/11/98

EGBJ

1810

EGBJ

1930

C152

GNONE

22/11/98

LGW

1645

LAX

0225

B747400

GABCD

SINGLE
PILOT
TIME

MULTI
PILOT
TIME

SE ME

TOTAL
TIMEOF

NAMEPIC

LANDINGS

FLIGHT

4
0

DAY

NIGHT

2 15

SELF

1 20

SELF

9 40

SPEAKIN

Column6: totaltimeofflightmaybeenteredinhoursandminutesordecimalnotationasdesired.

Column7: enternameofpilotincommandorSELFasappropriate.

Column8: indicatenumberoflandingsaspilotflyingbydayand/ornight.

Column9: enterflighttimeundertakenatnightorunderinstrumentflightrulesifapplicable.

Column10: Pilotfunctiontime:

enter flight time as pilotincommand (PIC), student pilotincommand (SPIC) and pilotincommand under
supervision(PICUS)asPIC.

all time recorded as SPIC or PICUS is countersigned by the aircraft pilotincommand/flight instructor in the
Remarks(column12).

instructortimeshouldberecordedasappropriateandalsoenteredasPIC.

Column11: FlightSimulator(FS)orFlightNavigationProceduresTrainer(FNPT):

for FSenter type of aircraft and qualificationnumber of thedevice. For other flight trainingdevices entereither
FNPTIorFNPTIIasappropriate.

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Totaltimeofsessionincludesallexercisescarriedoutinthedevice,includingpreandafterflightchecks.
EntertypeofexerciseperformedintheRemarks(column12),e.g.operatorproficiencycheck,revalidation.

Column12: the Remarks column may be used to record details of the flight at the holders discretion. The following entries,
however,shouldalwaysbemade:

instrumentflighttimeundertakenaspartoftrainingforalicenceorrating
detailsofallskilltestsandproficiencychecks
signatureofPICifthepilotisrecordingflighttimeasSPICorPICUS
signatureofinstructorifflightispartofasingleenginepistonortouringmotorgliderclassratingrevalidation

7.
Wheneachpageiscompleted,accumulatedflighttimesshouldbeenteredintheappropriatecolumnsandcertifiedbythepilotin the
Remarkscolumn.

Example:

10

11

OPERATIONAL
CONDITIONTIME

PILOTFUNCTIONTIME

SYNTHETICTRAININGDEVICESSESSION

NIGHT

IFR

2 15
1 20

PILOT
IN
COMMAN
D

COPILOT

DUAL

INSTRUCT
OR

DATE

TYPE

(dd/mm/
yy)

TOTAL
TIMEOF
SESSION

2 15
1 20

9 40

REMARKS
ANDENDORSEMENTS

1 20

Night rating training (A L

Pilot)
20/11/98

8 10

12

9 40

B747400
(Q1234)

4 10

RevalidationProfCheck
PIC(US)CSpeaking

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AMCNo1toFCL.055
Languageproficiency
1.

The language proficiency assessment should be designed to reflect a range of tasks

undertaken by pilots but with the specific focus on language rather than operational
procedures.

2.

Theassessmentshoulddeterminetheapplicantsabilityto:

communicateeffectivelyusingstandardradiotelephonyphraseologyand

deliver and understand messages in plain language in both usual and unusual
situationsthatnecessitatedeparturefromstandardradiotelephonyphraseology.

Refer to the Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements (ICAO
Doc9835),AppendixAPartIIIandAppendixBforfurtherguidance.
ASSESSMENT
3.

Theassessmentmaybesubdividedintothreeelements,asfollows:
i.

Listeningassessmentofcomprehension

ii.

Speakingassessmentofpronunciation,fluency,structureandvocabulary

iii.

Interaction
3.1

Thethreeelementsmentionedabovemaybecombinedandtheycanbecovered
byusingawidevarietyofmeans/technologies.

3.2

Whereappropriate,someoralloftheseelementsmaybeachievedthroughthe
useof theradiotelephonytestingarrangements.

3.3

Whentheelementsofthetestingareassessedseparately,thefinalassessment
should be consolidated in the language proficiency endorsement issued by the
Authority.

3.4

The assessment may be conducted during one of the several existing

checking or training activities, such as licence issue or rating issue and
revalidation,linetraining,operatorlinechecksorproficiencychecks.

4.

The Authority may use its own resources in developing or conducting the language
proficiencyassessment,ormaydelegatethistasktolanguageassessmentbodies.

5.

TheAuthorityshouldestablishanappealprocedureforapplicants.

6.

The licence holder should receive a statement containing the level and validity of the
languageendorsements

WheretheassessmentmethodforEnglishlanguageestablishedbythecompetentauthority
are equivalent to those established for the assessment of use of English language in
accordancewithAMCNo2toFCL.055,thesameassessmentmaybeusedforbothpurposes.

BASICASSESSMENTREQUIREMENTS
7.

Theaimoftheassessmentistodeterminetheabilityofanapplicantforapilotlicenceora
licence holder to speak and understand the language used for radiotelephony
communications.
7.1

7.2

Theassessmentshoulddeterminetheabilityoftheapplicanttouseboth:

standardradiotelephonyphraseologyand

plain language, in situations when standardised phraseology cannot serve an

intendedtransmission.

Theassessmentshouldinclude:
voiceonlyand/orfacetofacesituations

common,concreteandworkrelatedtopicsforpilots.

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7.3

Theapplicantsshoulddemonstratetheirlinguisticabilityindealingwithanunexpected
turnofevents,andinsolvingapparentmisunderstandings.

7.4

The assessment should determine the applicants speaking and listening abilities.
Indirect assessments, of grammatical knowledge, reading and writing, are not
appropriate.

7.5

Theassessmentshoulddeterminethelanguageskillsoftheapplicantinthefollowing
areas:
a. Pronunciation:
theextenttowhichthepronunciation,stress,rhythmandintonationareinfluenced
bytheapplicantsfirstlanguageornationalvariationsand
howmuchtheyinterferewitheaseofunderstanding.
b. Structure:
theabilityoftheapplicanttousebothbasicandcomplexgrammaticalstructures
and
theextenttowhichtheapplicantserrorsinterferewiththemeaning.
c. Vocabulary:
therangeandaccuracyofthevocabularyusedand
theabilityoftheapplicanttoparaphrasesuccessfullywhenlackingvocabulary
d. Fluency:
tempo
hesitancy
rehearsedversusspontaneousspeech
useofdiscoursemarkersandconnectors
e. Comprehension:

oncommon,concreteandworkrelatedtopicsand

whenconfrontedwithalinguisticorsituationalcomplicationoranunexpectedturn
ofevents,

NOTE: Theaccentorvarietyofaccentsusedinthetestmaterialshouldbesufficiently
intelligibleforaninternationalcommunityofusers.
f. Interactions

qualityofresponse(immediate,appropriate,andinformative)

theabilitytoinitiateandmaintainexchanges:
oncommon,concreteandworkrelatedtopicsand
whendealingwithanunexpectedturnofevents

the ability to deal with apparent misunderstandings by checking, confirming or

clarifying.

NOTE: Theassessmentofthelanguageskillsintheareasmentionedaboveisconductedusingthe
RatingScalebellow.
7.6

When the assessment is not conducted in a facetoface situation, it should use

appropriatetechnologiesfortheassessmentoftheapplicantsabilitiesinlisteningand
speaking, and for enabling interactions (for example: simulated pilot/controller
communication).

ASSESSORS
8.

Itisessentialthatthepersonsresponsibleforlanguageproficiencyassessment(assessors)
are suitablytrainedandqualified.Theyshouldbeeitheraviationspecialists(i.e.currentor
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formerflightcrewmembersorairtrafficcontrollers),orlanguagespecialistswithadditional
aviationrelated training. An alternative approach would be to form an assessment team
consistingofanoperationalexpertandalanguageexpert.
8.1

Theassessorsshouldbetrainedonthespecificrequirementsoftheassessment.

8.2

Assessorsshouldnottestapplicantstowhomtheyhavegivenlanguagetraining.

CRITERIAFORTHEACCEPTABILITYOFLANGUAGEASSESSMENTBODIES
9.

In order to ensure an impartial assessment process, the language assessment should be

independentofthelanguagetraining.
9.1

Inordertobeaccepted,thelanguageassessmentbodiesshoulddemonstrate:
a. Appropriatemanagementandstaffing,and
b. Quality System established and maintained to ensure compliance with, and
adequacyof,assessmentrequirements,standardsandprocedures.

9.2

The Quality system established by a language assessment body should address the
following:
a. Management
b. Policyandstrategy
c. Processes
d. TherelevantprovisionsofICAO/JARFCL,standardsandassessmentprocedures
e. Organisationalstructure
f. Responsibilityforthedevelopment,establishmentandmanagementoftheQuality
System
g. Documentation
h. QualityAssuranceProgramme
i. HumanResourcesandtraining(initial,recurrent)
j. Assessmentrequirements
k. Customersatisfaction

9.3

The assessment documentation and records should be kept for a period of time
determinedbytheAuthorityandmadeavailabletotheAuthority,onrequest.

9.4

Theassessmentdocumentationshouldincludeatleastthefollowing:
a. Assessmentobjectives
b. Assessment layout, time scale, technologies used, assessment samples, voice
samples
c. Assessmentcriteriaandstandards(atleastforthelevels4,5and6oftheRating
Scalebellow)
d. Documentationdemonstratingtheassessmentvalidity,relevanceandreliability
e. Assessmentproceduresandresponsibilities
Preparationofindividualassessment
Administration: location(s), identity check and invigilation, assessment
discipline,confidentiality/security
ReportinganddocumentationprovidedtotheAuthorityand/ortotheapplicant,
includingsamplecertificate
Retentionofdocumentsandrecords

NOTE: Refer to the Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements
(ICAODoc9835)forfurtherguidance.
LanguageProficiencyRatingScale

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LEVEL

PRONUNCIATIO
N

Assumes
a
dialect and/or
accent
intelligible
to
the aeronautical
community

Expert
(Level6)

Extended
(Level5)

Operational
(Level4)

STRUCTURE

VOCABULARY

FLUENCY

COMPREHENSI
ON

INTERACTIONS

Vocabulary
range
and
accuracy
are
sufficient
to
communicate
effectively on a
wide variety of
familiar
and
unfamiliar
topics.
Vocabulary
is
idiomatic,
nuanced
and
sensitive
to
register.

Abletospeakat
length with a
natural,
effortless flow.
Varies speech
flow for stylistic
effect, e.g. to
emphasize
a
point.

Comprehension
is consistently
accurate
in
nearly
all
contexts
and
includes
comprehension
of linguistic and
cultural
subtleties.

Interacts with
ease in nearly
all situations. Is
sensitive
to
verbal and non
verbal
cues,
andrespondsto
them
appropriately.

Vocabulary
range
and
accuracy
are
sufficient
to
communicate
effectively
on
common,
concrete, and
work
related
topics.
Paraphrases
consistentlyand
successfully.
Vocabulary
is
sometimes
idiomatic.

Abletospeakat
length
with
relative ease on
familiar topics,
but may not
vary
speech
flow
as
a
stylistic device.
Can make use
of appropriate
discourse
markers
or
connectors.

Comprehension
is accurate on
common,
concrete, and
work
related
topics
and
mostly accurate
when
the
speaker
is
confronted with
a linguistic or
situational
complication or
an unexpected
turnofevents.

Responses are
immediate,
appropriate,
and
informative.
Manages
the
speaker/listener
relationship
effectively.

Vocabulary
range
and
accuracy
are
usually
sufficient
to
communicate
effectively
on
common,
concrete, and
work
related
topics.

Produces
stretches
of
language at an
appropriate
tempo.

Relevant
grammatical
structures and
sentence
patterns
are
determined by
language
functions
appropriate to
thetask

Pronunciation,
stress, rhythm,
and intonation,
though possibly
influenced
by
the
first
language
or
regional
variation,
almost
never
interfere
with
ease
of
understanding.

Both basic and

complex
grammatical
structures and
sentence
patterns
are
consistently
wellcontrolled.

Pronunciation,
stress, rhythm,
and intonation,
though
influenced
by
the
first
language
or
regional
variation, rarely
interfere
with
ease
of
understanding.

Basic
grammatical
structures and
sentence
patterns
are
consistently
well controlled.
Complex
structures are
attempted but
with
errors
which
sometimes
interfere
with
meaning.

Pronunciation,
stress, rhythm,
and intonation
are influenced
by the first
language
or
regional
variation
but
only sometimes
interfere
with
ease
of
understanding.

3Jun2008

Basic
grammatical
structures and
sentence
patterns
are
used creatively
and are usually
well controlled.
Errors
may
occur,
particularly in
unusual
or
unexpected
circumstances,

Can
often
paraphrase
successfully

Uses
appropriate
discourse
markers
and
connectors
spontaneously

Is
able
to
comprehend a
range of speech
varieties
(dialect and/or
accent)
or
registers.

Comprehension
is
mostly
accurate
on
common,
concrete, and
work
related
There may be topics when the
occasional loss accent
or
of fluency on variety used is
transition from sufficiently
rehearsed
or intelligible for
formulaic
an international
speech
to community of
spontaneous
users.
interaction, but

Responses are
usually
immediate,
appropriate,
and
informative.
Initiates
and
maintains
exchanges even
when
dealing
with
an
unexpectedturn
ofevents.Deals
adequately with

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LEVEL

PRONUNCIATIO
N

Assumes
a
dialect and/or
accent
intelligible
to
the aeronautical
community

Pre
operational
(Level3)

Elementary
(Level2)

Pre
elementary
(Level1)

Pronunciation,
stress, rhythm,
and intonation
are influenced
by the first
language
or
regional
variation
and
frequently
interfere
with
ease
of
understanding.

STRUCTURE

Relevant
grammatical
structures and
sentence
patterns
are
determined by
language
functions
appropriate to
thetask
but
rarely
interfere
with
meaning.

Basic
grammatical
structures and
sentence
patterns
associated with
predictable
situations are
not always well
controlled.
Errors
frequently
interfere
with
meaning.

3Jun2008

VOCABULARY

FLUENCY

COMPREHENSI
ON

when
lacking
vocabulary
particularly in
unusual
or
unexpected
circumstances.

this does not

prevent
effective
communication.
Can
make
limited use of
discourse
markers
and
connectors.
Fillers are not
distracting.

Vocabulary
range
and
accuracy
are
often sufficient
to communicate
effectively
on
common,
concrete, and
work
related
topicsbutrange
is limited and
the word choice
often
inappropriate.
Is often unable
to paraphrase
successfully
when
lacking
vocabulary.

Produces
stretches
of
language, but
phrasing
and
pausing
are
often
inappropriate.
Hesitations or
slowness
in
language
processing may
prevent
effective
communication.
Fillers
are
sometimes
distracting.

Comprehension
is
often
accurate
on
common,
concrete, and
work
related
topics when the
accent
or
variety used is
sufficiently
intelligible for
an international
community of
users.

When
the
speaker
is
confronted with
a linguistic or
situational
complication or
an unexpected
turn of events,
comprehension
may be slower
or
require
clarification
strategies.

May
fall
to
understand
a
linguistic
or
situational
complication or
an unexpected
turnofevents.

INTERACTIONS

apparent
misunderstandi
ngs
by
checking,
confirming, or
clarifying.

Responses are
sometimes
immediate,
appropriate,
and
informative.
Can initiate and
maintain
exchanges with
reasonable ease
on
familiar
topics and in
predictable
situations.
Generally
inadequate
when
dealing
with
an
unexpectedturn
ofevents.

Pronunciation,
stress, rhythm,
and intonation
are
heavily
influenced
by
the
first
language
or
regional
variation
and
usuallyinterfere
with ease of
understanding.

Shows
only
limited control
of few simple
memorized
grammatical
structures and
sentence
patterns.

Limited
vocabulary
rangeconsisting
only of isolated
words
and
memorized
phrases.

Can
produce
very
short,
isolated,
memorized
utterances with
frequent
pausing and a
distracting use
of
filers
to
search
for
expressions and
articulate less
familiarwords.

Comprehension
is limited to
isolated,
memorized
phrases when
they
are
carefully
and
slowly
articulated.

Response time
is slow, and
often
inappropriate.
Interaction
is
limited
to
simple routine
exchanges.

Performs at a
level below the
Elementary
level.

Performs at a
level below the
Elementary
level.

Performs at a
level below the
Elementary
level.

Performs at a
level below the
Elementary
level.

Performs at a
level below the
Elementary
level.

Performs at a
level below the
Elementary
level.

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3Jun2008

NOTE: The Operational Level (Level 4) is the minimum required proficiency level for
radiotelephonycommunication.
Levels 1 through 3 describe Preelementary, Elementary and Preoperational levels of
language proficiency respectively, all of which describe a level below the language
proficiencyrequirement.
Levels 5 and 6 describe Extended and Expert levels at levels of proficiency more
advancedthantheminimumrequiredstandard.
AMCNo2toFCL.055
LanguageproficiencySpecificrequirementsforholdersofanIR
USEOFENGLISHLANGUAGE
1.

The requirement of FCL.055(d) includes the ability to use the English language for the
followingpurposes:
(a) flight:
Radiotelephonyrelevanttoallphasesofflight,includingemergencysituations.
(b) ground:
Allinformationrelevanttotheaccomplishmentofaflight,e.g.
*

beabletoreadanddemonstrateanunderstandingoftechnicalmanualswritten
inEnglish,e.g.anOperationsManual,aHelicopterFlightManual,etc.

preflight planning, weather information collection, NOTAMs, ATC Flight Plan,

etc.

useofallaeronauticalenroute,departureandapproachchartsandassociated
documentswritteninEnglish.

(c) communication:
Be able to communicate with other crew members in English during all phases of
flight,includingflightpreparation.
2.

Alternatively,theitemsin1.abovemaybedemonstrated:
2.1

By having passed a specific examination given by the Authority after having

undertaken a course of training enabling the applicant to meet all the objectives
listedin1(a),(b)and(c)aboveor

2.2. Theitemin1.(a)aboveisconsideredtobefulfilled,iftheapplicanthaspassedan
IR, MPL or ATPL skill test or proficiency check during which the twoway
radiotelephonycommunicationisperformedinEnglish.

3.

2.3

Theitemin1.(b)aboveisconsideredtobefulfillediftheapplicanthasgraduated
from a IR, MPL or ATP course given in English or if he/she has passed the
theoreticalIRorATPLexaminationinEnglish

2.4

Theitemin(c)aboveisconsideredtobefulfilled,iftheapplicantforortheholder
of an IR has graduated from a MCC course given in English and is holding a
certificate of satisfactory completion of that course in accordance or if he has
passed a multipilot skill test/proficiency check for the issue of a class or type
rating during which the twoway radiotelephony communication and the
communicationwithothercrewmembersareperformedinEnglish.

Where the examination methods referred above meet are equivalent to those
established for the language proficiency requirements in accordance with AMC No 1 to

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3Jun2008

FCL.055, the examination may be used for the purpose of issuing a Language
Proficiencyendorsement.
AMCtoFCL.060(b)(4)
Recentexperiencenoncomplexhelicopters
Groupingofnoncomplexhelicopterswithsimilarhandlingandoperationalcharacteristics:

Group1:Bell206/206L,Bell407

Group2:Hughes369,MD500N,MD520N,MD600

Group3:SA341/342,EC120,EC130

Group4:SA313/318,SA315/316/319,AS350

Group5:alltypeslistedinAppendix11toPartFCL,R22,R44.

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3Jun2008

SUBPARTB
LEISUREPILOTLICENCELPL
AMCtoFCL.115andFCL.120
SYLLABUSOFTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGEFORTHELEISUREPILOTLICENCE
The following tables contain the syllabi for the courses of theoretical knowledge, as well as for the
theoretical knowledge examinations for the LPL. The training and examination should cover aspects
relatedtonontechnicalskillsinanintegratedmanner,takingintoaccounttheparticularrisksassociated
tothelicenceandtheactivity.
I.

COMMONSUBJECTS
(FORBASICLPL,LPL(A),LPL(H),LPL(S)ANDLPL(B))

1.

AIRLAWANDATCPROCEDURES

1.1.

INTERNATIONALLAW:CONVENTIONS,AGREEMENTSANDORGANISATIONS

1.2.

AIRWORTHINESSOFAIRCRAFT

1.3.

AIRCRAFTNATIONALITYANDREGISTRATIONMARKS

1.4.

PERSONNELLICENSING

1.5.

RULESOFTHEAIR

1.6.

PROCEDURESFORAIRNAVIGATIONAIRCRAFTOPERATIONS

1.7.

AIRTRAFFICREGULATIONSAIRSPACESTRUCTURE

1.8.

AIRTRAFFICSERVICESANDAIRTRAFFICMANAGEMENT

1.9.

AIRTRAFFICREGULATIONSAIRSPACESTRUCTURE

1.10.

AERONAUTICALINFORMATIONSERVICE

1.11.

AERODROMES,EXTERNALTAKEOFFSITES

1.12.

SEARCHANDRESCUE

1.13.

SECURITY

1.14.

ACCIDENTREPORTING

1.15.

NATIONALLAW

2.

HUMANPERFORMANCE

2.1.

HUMANFACTORS:BASICCONCEPTS

2.2.

BASICAVIATIONPHYSIOLOGYANDHEALTHMAINTENANCE

2.3.

BASICAVIATIONPSYCHOLOGY

3.

METEOROLOGY

3.1.

THEATMOSPHERE

3.2.

WIND

3.3.

THERMODYNAMICS

3.4.

CLOUDSANDFOG

3.5.

PRECIPITATION

3.6.

AIRMASSESANDFRONTS

3.7.

19. PRESSURESYSTEMS

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NPA200817b

3.8.

CLIMATOLOGY

3.9.

FLIGHTHAZARDS

3.10.

METEOROLOGICALINFORMATION

4.

COMMUNICATIONS

4.1.

VFRCOMMUNICATIONS

4.2.

DEFINITIONS

4.3.

GENERALOPERATINGPROCEDURES

4.4.

RELEVANTWEATHERINFORMATIONTERMS(VFR)

4.5.

ACTIONREQUIREDTOBETAKENINCASEOFCOMMUNICATIONFAILURE

4.6.

DISTRESSANDURGENCYPROCEDURES

4.7.

GENERALPRINCIPLESOFVHFPROPAGATIONANDALLOCATIONOF
FREQUENCIES

II.

ADDITIONALSUBJECTSFOREACHCATEGORY

II.A.

3Jun2008

AEROPLANES

5.

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHT

5.1.

SUBSONICAERODYNAMICS

5.2.

STABILITY

5.3.

CONTROL

5.4.

LIMITATIONS

5.5.

PROPELLERS

5.6.

FLIGHTMECHANICS

6.

OPERATIONALPROCEDURESAEROPLANE

6.1.

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

6.2.

SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCEDURESANDHAZARDS(GENERALASPECTS)

6.3.

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES

7.

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNINGAEROPLANES

7.1.

MASSANDBALANCEAEROPLANES

7.1.2.

PURPOSEOFMASSANDBALANCECONSIDERATIONS

7.1.3.

LOADING

7.1.4.

FUNDAMENTALSOFCGCALCULATIONS

7.1.5.

MASSANDBALANCEDETAILSOFAIRCRAFT

7.1.6.

DETERMINATIONOFCGPOSITION

7.2.

PERFORMANCEAEROPLANES

7.2.1.

GENERAL

7.2.2.

SINGLEENGINEAEROPLANES

7.3.

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDFLIGHTMONITORING

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NPA200817b

7.3.1.

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORVFRFLIGHTS

7.3.2.

FUELPLANNING

7.3.3.

PREFLIGHTPREPARATION

7.3.4.

ICAOFLIGHTPLAN(ATSFlightPlan)

7.3.5.

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTREPLANNING

8.

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGEAIRFRAMEANDSYSTEMS,
ELECTRICS,POWERPLANT,EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

8.1.1.

SYSTEMDESIGN,LOADS,STRESSES,MAINTENANCE

8.1.2.

AIRFRAME

8.1.3.

HYDRAULICS

8.1.4.

LANDINGGEAR,WHEELS,TYRES,BRAKES

8.1.5.

FLIGHTCONTROLS

8.1.6.

ANTIICINGSYSTEMS

8.1.7.

FUELSYSTEM

8.1.8.

ELECTRICS

8.1.9.

PISTONENGINES

8.2.

AIRCRAFTINSTRUMENTATION

8.2.1

SENSORSANDINSTRUMENTS

8.2.2.

MEASUREMENTOFAIRDATAPARAMETERS

8.2.3.

MAGNETISMDIRECTREADINGCOMPASS

8.2.4.

GYROSCOPICINSTRUMENTS

8.2.5.

COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

8.2.6.

ALERTINGSYSTEMS,PROXIMITYSYSTEMS

8.2.7.

INTEGRATEDINSTRUMENTSELECTRONICDISPLAYS

9.

NAVIGATIONAEROPLANE

9.1.

GENERALNAVIGATION

9.2.

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

9.3.

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

9.4.

CHARTS

9.5.

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

9.6.

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

9.7.

RADIONAVIGATION(BASICS)

9.7.1.

BASICRADIOPROPAGATIONTHEORY

9.7.2.

RADIOAIDS

9.7.3.

RADAR

3Jun2008

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NPA200817b

9.7.4.
II.B.

3Jun2008

GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS
HELICOPTERS

5.

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTHELICOPTERS

5.1.

SUBSONICAERODYNAMICS

5.2.

TRANSONICAERODYNAMICSandCOMPRESSIBILITYEFFECTS

5.3.

ROTORCRAFTTYPES

5.4.

MAINROTORAERODYNAMICS

5.5.

MAINROTORMECHANICS

5.6.

TAILROTORS

5.7.

EQUILIBRIUM,STABILITYANDCONTROL

5.8.

HELICOPTERPERFORMANCES

6.

OPERATIONALPROCEDURESHELICOPTER

6.1.

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

6.2.

SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCEDURESANDHAZARDS(GENERALASPECTS)

6.3.

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES

7.

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNINGHELICOPTER

7.1.

MASSANDBALANCEHELICOPTERS

7.1.1.

PURPOSEOFMASSANDBALANCECONSIDERATIONS

7.1.2.

LOADING

7.1.3.

FUNDAMENTALSOFCGCALCULATIONS

7.1.4.

MASSANDBALANCEDETAILSOFAIRCRAFT

7.1.5.

DETERMINATIONOFCGPOSITION

7.2.

PERFORMANCEHELICOPTERS

7.2.1.

GENERAL

7.2.2.

SINGLEENGINEHELICOPTERS

7.3.

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDFLIGHTMONITORING

7.3.1.

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORVFRFLIGHTS

7.3.2.

FUELPLANNING

7.3.3.

PREFLIGHTPREPARATION

7.3.4.

ICAOFLIGHTPLAN(ATSFlightPlan)

7.3.5.

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTREPLANNING

8.

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGEAIRFRAMEANDSYSTEMS,
ELECTRICS,POWERPLANT,EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

8.1.1.

SYSTEMDESIGN,LOADS,STRESSES,MAINTENANCE

8.1.2.

AIRFRAME

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NPA200817b

8.1.3.

HYDRAULICS

8.1.4.

LANDINGGEAR,WHEELS,TYRES,BRAKES

8.1.5.

FLIGHTCONTROLS

8.1.6.

ANTIICINGSYSTEMS

8.1.7.

FUELSYSTEM

8.1.8.

ELECTRICS

8.1.9.

PISTONENGINES

8.1.10.

TURBINEENGINES

8.1.11.

PROTECTIONANDDETECTIONSYSTEMS

8.1.12.

MISCELLANEOUSSYSTEMS

8.1.13.

ROTORHEADS

8.1.14.

TRANSMISSION

8.1.15.

BLADES

8.2.

AIRCRAFTINSTRUMENTATION

8.2.1

INSTRUMENTANDINDICATIONSYSTEMS

8.2.2.

MEASUREMENTOFAERODYNAMICPARAMETERS

8.2.3.

MAGNETISMDIRECTREADINGCOMPASS

8.2.4.

GYROSCOPICINSTRUMENTS

8.2.5.

COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

8.2.6.

ALERTINGSYSTEMS,PROXIMITYSYSTEMS

8.2.7.

INTEGRATEDINSTRUMENTSELECTRONICDISPLAYS

9.

NAVIGATIONHELICOPTER

9.1.

GENERALNAVIGATION

9.2.

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

9.3.

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

9.4.

CHARTS

9.5.

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

9.6.

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

9.7.

RADIONAVIGATION(BASICS)

9.7.1.

BASICRADIOPROPAGATIONTHEORY

9.7.2.

RADIOAIDS

9.7.3.

RADAR

9.7.4.

GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS

II.C.

3Jun2008

SAILPLANES

5.

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTSAILPLANE

5.1.

AERODYNAMICS(AIRFLOW)

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5.2.

FLIGHTMECHANICS

5.3.

STABILITY

5.4.

CONTROL

5.5.

LIMITATIONS(LOADFACTORANDMANOEUVRES)

5.6.

STALLINGANDSPINNING

6.

OPERATIONALPROCEDURESSAILPLANE

6.1.

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

6.2.

LAUNCHMETHODS

6.3.

SOARINGTECHNIQUES

6.4.

CIRCUITSANDLANDING

6.5.

OUTLANDING

6.6.

SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCEDURESANDHAZARDS)

6.7.

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES

7.

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNINGSAILPLANE

7.1.

VERIFYINGMASSANDBALANCE

7.2.

SPEEDPOLAROFSAILPLANES/CRUISINGSPEED

7.3.

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDTASKSETTING

7.4.

ICAOFLIGHTPLAN(ATSFlightPlan)

7.5.

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTREPLANNING

8.

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGEAIRFRAMEANDSYSTEMS,
EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

8.1.

AIRFRAME

8.2.

SYSTEMDESIGN,LOADS,STRESSES

8.3.

LANDINGGEAR,WHEELS,TYRES,BRAKES

8.4.

MASSANDBALANCE

8.5.

FLIGHTCONTROLS

8.6.

INSTRUMENTS

8.7.

MANUALSANDDOCUMENTS

8.8.

AIRWOTHINESS,MAINTENANCE

9.

NAVIGATIONSAILPLANE

9.1.

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

9.2.

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

9.3.

CHARTS

9.4.

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

9.5.

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

9.6.

GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS

3Jun2008

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II.D.

3Jun2008

BALLOONS

5.

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTBALLOON

5.1.

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTBALLOONS

5.2.

AEROSTATICS

5.3.

LOADINGLIMITATIONS

5.4.

OPERATIONALLIMITATIONS

6.

OPERATIONALPROCEDURESBALLOON

6.1.

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

6.2.

SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCEDURESANDHAZARDS(GENERALASPECTS)

6.3.

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES

7.

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNINGBALLOON

7.1.

MASS BALLOONS

7.1.1.

PURPOSEOFMASSCONSIDERATIONS

7.1.2.

LOADING

7.2.

PERFORMANCEBALLOONS

7.2.1.

GENERAL

7.3.

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDFLIGHTMONITORING

7.3.1.

FLIGHTPLANNINGGENERAL

7.3.2.

FUELPLANNING

7.3.3.

PREFLIGHTPREPARATION

7.3.4.

ICAOFLIGHTPLAN(ATSFlightPlan)

7.3.5.

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTREPLANNING

8.

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGEENVELOPEANDSYSTEMS,
EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

8.1.

SYSTEMDESIGN,LOADS,STRESSES,MAINTENANCE

8.2.

ENVELOPE

8.3.

BURNER(HOTAIRBALLOON,HOTAIRAIRSHIP)

8.4.

FUELCYLINDERS(HOTAIRBALLOON/AIRSHIP)

8.5.

BASKET/GONDOLA

8.6.

LIFTINGGAS(GASBALLOON)

8.7.

BURNINGGAS(HOTAIRBALLOON,AIRSHIP)

8.8.

BALLAST(GASBALLOON)

8.9.

ENGINE(HOTAIRAIRSHIPONLY)

8.10.

INSTRUMENTS

8.11.

EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

9.

NAVIGATIONBALLOON

9.1.

GENERALNAVIGATION

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9.2.

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

9.3.

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

9.4.

CHARTS

9.5.

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

9.6.

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

9.7.

GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS

3Jun2008

AMCtoFCL.120andFCL.125
TheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestfortheLPL
1.

2.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
1.1

The examinations should be in written form and should comprise a total of 120
multiplechoicequestionscoveringallthesubjects.

1.2

Communicationpracticalclassroomtestingmaybeconducted.

1.3

Thecompetentauthorityshouldinformapplicantsofthelanguage(s)inwhichthe
examinationswillbeconducted.

1.4

Theperiodof18monthsmentionedinFCL.025(b)shouldbecountedfromtheend
ofthecalendarmonthwhentheapplicantfirstattemptedanexamination.

SKILLTEST
2.1

3.

Further training may be required following any failed skill test or part thereof.
Thereshouldbenolimittothenumberofskillteststhatmaybeattempted.

CONDUCTOFTHETEST
3.1

If the applicant chooses to terminate a skill test for reasons considered

inadequatebytheflightexaminer,theapplicantshouldretaketheentireskilltest.
If the test is terminated for reasons consideredadequateby the flight examiner,
onlythosesectionsnotcompletedshouldbetestedinafurtherflight.

3.2

Anymanoeuvreorprocedureofthetestmayberepeatedoncebytheapplicant.
The flight examiner may stop the test at any stage if it is considered that the
applicantsdemonstrationofflyingskillrequiresacompleteretest.

3.3

Anapplicantshouldberequiredtoflytheaircraftfromapositionwherethepilot
incommandfunctionscanbeperformedandtocarryoutthetestasifthereisno
othercrewmember.Responsibilityfortheflightshouldbeallocatedinaccordance
withnationalregulations.

AMCNo1toFCL.125
ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaBasicLPL(A)andaLPL(A)
1.

Theroutetobeflownfortheskilltestshouldbechosenbytheflightexaminer(FE).The
routeshouldendattheaerodromeofdeparture(BasicLPL(A))oratanotheraerodrome
(LPL(A)).Theapplicantshouldberesponsiblefortheflightplanningandshouldensure
thatallequipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.The
navigation section of the test for the LPL(A) should have a duration of at least 30
minuteswhichallowsthepilottodemonstratehis/herabilitytocompletearoutewithat
least two identifiedwaypointsandmay,as agreed between applicant and FE, be flown
asaseparatetest.

2.

An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out, including the
identificationofradiofacilities.Checksshouldbecompletedinaccordancewiththeflight
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3Jun2008

manual and/or the authorised check list for the aeroplane or touring motor glider on
which the test is being taken. During preflight preparation for the test the applicant
should be requiredtodetermine power settings and speeds. Performancedata for take
off, approach and landing should be calculated by the applicant in compliance with the
operationsmanualorflightmanualfortheaeroplane/touringmotorgliderused.
FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3.

4.

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheaeroplane/touringmotorgliderwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintain control of the aeroplane / touring motor glider at all times in such a
mannerthatthesuccessfuloutcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriously
indoubt.

The following limits are for general guidance. The FE should make allowance for
turbulent conditions and the handling qualities and performance of the aeroplane /
touringmotorgliderused.
Height
normalflight

150feet

withsimulatedenginefailure

200feet

Speed

5.

takeoffandapproach

+15/5knots

allotherflightregimes

15knots

ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaBasicLPL(A)

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
Useofchecklist,airmanship(controlofaeroplanebyexternalvisualreference,anti/deicing
procedures,etc.)applyinallsections.
a

Preflightdocumentationandweatherbrief

Massandbalanceandperformancecalculation

Aeroplane/touringmotorgliderinspectionandservicing

Enginestartingandafterstartingprocedures

Taxiingandaerodromeprocedures,pretakeoffprocedures

Takeoffandaftertakeoffchecks

Aerodromedepartureprocedure

ATCliaisoncompliance
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK

ATCliaisoncompliance

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Straightandlevelflight,withspeedchanges

Climbing:

3Jun2008

i.Bestrateofclimb
ii.Climbingturns
iii.Levellingoff
d

Medium(30 bank)turns,lookoutproceduresandcollisionavoidance

Flightatcriticallylowairspeedwithandwithoutflaps

Stalling:
i.Cleanstallandrecoverwithpower
ii.Approachtostalldescendingturnwithbankangle20,approachconfiguration
iii.Approachtostallinlandingconfiguration

Descending:
i.Withandwithoutpower
ii.Descendingturns(steepglidingturns)
iii.Levellingoff
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

Deadreckoningandmapreading

Maintenanceofaltitude,headingandspeed

Orientation,airspacestructure,

Diversiontoalternateaerodrome(planningandimplementation)

Flight management (checks, fuel systems and carburettor icing, etc.) ATC liaison
compliance
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Aerodromearrivalprocedure

Collisionavoidance(lookoutprocedures)

*Precisionlanding(shortfieldlanding),crosswind,ifsuitableconditionsavailable

*Flaplesslanding(ifapplicable)

*Approachtolandingwithidlepower

Touchandgo

Goaroundfromlowheight

ATCliaisoncompliance

Actionsafterflight
SECTION5

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ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4.
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff

*Simulatedforcedlanding

*Simulatedprecautionarylanding

Simulatedemergencies

Oralquestions

*Theseitemsmaybecombined,atthediscretionoftheFE.
6.

ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaLPL(A)
SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE

Useofchecklist,airmanship(controlofaeroplanebyexternalvisualreference,anti/deicing
procedures,etc.)applyinallsections.
a

Preflightdocumentationandweatherbrief

Massandbalanceandperformancecalculation

Aeroplane/touringmotorgliderinspectionandservicing

Enginestartingandafterstartingprocedures

Taxiingandaerodromeprocedures,pretakeoffprocedures

Takeoffandaftertakeoffchecks

Aerodromedepartureprocedures

ATCliaisoncompliance
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK

ATCliaisoncompliance

Straightandlevelflight,withspeedchanges

Climbing:
i.Bestrateofclimb
ii.Climbingturns
iii.Levelingoff

Medium(30 bank)turns,lookoutproceduresandcollisionavoidance

Steep(45 bank)turns

Flightatcriticallylowairspeedwithandwithoutflaps

Stalling:
i.Cleanstallandrecoverwithpower
ii.Approachtostalldescendingturnwithbankangle20,approachconfiguration
iii.Approachtostallinlandingconfiguration

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Descending:
i.Withandwithoutpower
ii.Descendingturns(steepglidingturns)
iii.Levellingoff
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

Flightplan,deadreckoningandmapreading

Maintenanceofaltitude,headingandspeed

Orientation,airspacestructure,timingandrevisionofETAs,logkeeping

Diversiontoalternateaerodrome(planningandimplementation)

Flight management (checks, fuel systems and carburettor icing, etc.) ATC liaison
compliance
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Aerodromearrivalprocedures

Collisionavoidance(lookoutprocedures)

*Precisionlanding(shortfieldlanding),crosswind,ifsuitableconditionsavailable

*Flaplesslanding(ifapplicable)

*Approachtolandingwithidlepower

Touchandgo

Goaroundfromlowheight

ATCliaisoncompliance

Actionsafterflight
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES

ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4.
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff

*Simulatedforcedlanding

Simulatedprecautionarylanding

Simulatedemergencies

Oralquestions
* Theseitemsmaybecombined,atthediscretionoftheFE.

AMCNo2toFCL.125
ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaBasicLPL(H)andaLPL(H)

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1.

Theareaandroutetobeflownfortheskilltestshouldbechosenbytheflightexaminer
(FE).Therouteshouldendattheaerodromeofdeparture(BasicLPL(H))oratanother
aerodrome (LPL(H)). The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and
shouldensurethatallequipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightare
onboard.ThenavigationsectionofthetestfortheLPL(H)shouldconsistofatleasttwo
legs,eachlegofaminimumdurationof10minutes.Theskilltestmaybeconductedin
2flights.

2.

An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out, including the
identificationofradiofacilities.Checksshouldbecompletedinaccordancewiththeflight
manualand/ortheauthorisedchecklistorpilotoperatinghandbookforthehelicopteron
which the test is being taken. During preflight preparation for the test the applicant
should be requiredtodetermine power settings and speeds. Performancedata for take
off, approach and landing should be calculated by the applicant in compliance with the
operationsmanualorflightmanualforthehelicopterused.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3.

4.

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatethehelicopterwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintaincontrolofthehelicopteratalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessful
outcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

The following limits are for general guidance. The FE should make allowance for
turbulentconditionsandthehandlingqualitiesandperformanceofthehelicopterused.
Height
normalforwardflight

150feet

withsimulatedmajoremergency

200feet

hoveringI.G.E.flight

2feet

Speed
takeoffapproach

10knots/+15knots

allotherflightregimes

15knots

Grounddrift

5.

T.O.hoverI.G.E.

3feet

landing

nosidewaysorbackwardsmovement

ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaBasicLPL(H)

NOTE: Use of checklist, airmanship, control of helicopter by external visual reference, anti
icingprocedures,etc.,applyinallsections.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHT/POSTFLIGHTCHECKSANDPROCEDURES
a

Helicopterknowledge,(e.g.technicallog,fuel,massandbalance,performance),Flight
Planning,NOTAMS,Weather

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Preflightinspection/action,locationofpartsandpurpose

Cockpitinspection,Startingprocedure

Communicationandnavigationequipmentchecks,selectingandsettingfrequencies

Pretakeoffprocedure,ATCliaison

Parking,ShutdownandPostflightprocedure

3Jun2008

SECTION2
HOVERMANOEUVRES,ADVANCEDHANDLINGANDCONFINEDAREAS
a

Takeoffandlanding(liftoffandtouchdown)

Taxi,hovertaxi

Stationaryhoverwithhead/cross/tailwind

Stationaryhoverturns,360leftandright(spotturns)

Forward,sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring

Simulatedenginefailurefromthehover

Quickstopsintoanddownwind

Takeoffs(variousprofiles)

Crosswind,downwindtakeoff(ifpracticable)

Takeoffatmaximumtakeoffmass(actualorsimulated)

Approaches(variousprofiles)

Limitedpowertakeoffandlanding

Autorotations,(FEtoselecttwoitemsfromBasic,range,lowspeed,and360turns)

Autorotativelanding

Practiceforcedlandingwithpowerrecovery

Powerchecks,reconnaissancetechnique,approachanddeparturetechnique
SECTION3
NAVIGATIONENROUTEPROCEDURES

Navigationandorientation,mapreading

Altitude/height,speed,headingcontrol,observationofairspace,altimetersetting

Monitoringofflightprogress,fuelusage,endurance,assessmentoftrackerrorand
reestablishmentofcorrecttrack,instrumentmonitoring

Observationofweatherconditions

Collisionavoidance(lookoutprocedures)

ATCliaison
SECTION4
FLIGHTPROCEDURESANDMANOEUVRES

Levelflight,controlofheading,altitude/heightandspeed

Climbinganddescendingturnstospecifiedheadings

Levelturnswithupto30bank,180to360leftandright,
SECTION5

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ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
(SIMULATEDWHEREAPPROPRIATE)
Note:TheFEselects4itemsfromthefollowing:
a

Enginemalfunctions,includinggovernorfailure,carburettor/engineicing,oilsystem,as
appropriate

Fuelsystemmalfunction

Electricalsystemmalfunction

Hydraulicsystemmalfunction,includingapproachandlandingwithouthydraulics,as
applicable

Mainrotorand/orantitorquesystemmalfunction(flightsimulatorordiscussiononly)

Firedrills,includingsmokecontrolandremoval,asapplicable

OtherabnormalandEmergencyproceduresasoutlinedinappropriateflightmanual

6.

ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaLPL(H)

NOTE: Useofchecklist,airmanship,controlofhelicopterbyexternalvisualreference,antiicing
procedures,etc.,applyinallsections.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHT/POSTFLIGHTCHECKSANDPROCEDURES
a

Helicopterknowledge,(e.g.technicallog,fuel,massandbalance,performance),Flight
Planning,NOTAMS,Weather

Preflightinspection/action,locationofpartsandpurpose

Cockpitinspection,Startingprocedure

Communicationandnavigationequipmentchecks,selectingandsettingfrequencies

Pretakeoffprocedure,ATCliaison

Parking,ShutdownandPostflightprocedure
SECTION2
HOVERMANOEUVRES,ADVANCEDHANDLINGANDCONFINEDAREAS

Takeoffandlanding(liftoffandtouchdown)

Taxi,hovertaxi

Stationaryhoverwithhead/cross/tailwind

Stationaryhoverturns,360leftandright(spotturns)

Forward,sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring

Simulatedenginefailurefromthehover

Quickstopsintoanddownwind

Slopingground/unpreparedsiteslandingsandtakeoffs

Takeoffs(variousprofiles)

Crosswind,downwindtakeoff(ifpracticable)

Takeoffatmaximumtakeoffmass(actualorsimulated)
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Approaches(variousprofiles)

Limitedpowertakeoffandlanding

Autorotations,(FEtoselecttwoitemsfromBasic,range,lowspeed,and360turns)

Autorotativelanding

Practiceforcedlandingwithpowerrecovery

Powerchecks,reconnaissancetechnique,approachanddeparturetechnique
SECTION3
NAVIGATIONENROUTEPROCEDURES

Navigationandorientationatvariousaltitudes/heights,mapreading

Altitude/height,speed,headingcontrol,observationofairspace,altimetersetting

Monitoringofflightprogress,flightlog,fuelusage,endurance,ETA,assessmentoftrack
errorandreestablishmentofcorrecttrack,instrumentmonitoring

Observationofweatherconditions,diversionplanning

Collisionavoidance(lookoutprocedures)

ATCliaisonandobservanceofregulations,etc.
SECTION4
FLIGHTPROCEDURESANDMANOEUVRES

Levelflight,controlofheading,altitude/heightandspeed

Climbinganddescendingturnstospecifiedheadings

Levelturnswithupto30bank,180to360leftandright
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
(SIMULATEDWHEREAPPROPRIATE)

Note:TheFEselects4itemsfromthefollowing:
a

Enginemalfunctions,includinggovernorfailure,carburettor/engineicing,oilsystem,as
appropriate

Fuelsystemmalfunction

Electricalsystemmalfunction

Hydraulicsystemmalfunction,includingapproachandlandingwithouthydraulics,as
applicable

Mainrotorand/orantitorquesystemmalfunction(flightsimulatorordiscussiononly)

Firedrills,includingsmokecontrolandremoval,asapplicable

OtherabnormalandEmergencyproceduresasoutlinedinappropriateflightmanual

AMCNo1toFCL.125andtoFCL.235
ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaLPL(S)andofanSPL
1.

The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all
equipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.

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2.

3Jun2008

AnapplicantshouldindicatetotheFEthechecksanddutiescarriedout.Checksshouldbe
completed in accordance with the flight manual and/or the authorised check list for the
sailplaneonwhichthetestisbeingtaken.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3.

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatethesailplanewithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintain control of thesailplane at all times in such a manner that the successful
outcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
Useofchecklist,airmanship(controlofsailplanebyexternalvisualreference),lookout,
applyinallsections.
a

Preflightsailplane(daily)inspection,documentationandweatherbrief

Verifyinginlimitsmassandbalanceandperformancecalculation

Sailplaneservicingcompliance

Pretakeoffchecks
SECTION2
LAUNCHMETHOD

Note:Atleastforoneofthethreelaunchmethodsallthementioneditemsarefully
exercisedduringtheskilltest.
SECTION2(A)
WINCHORCARLAUNCH
a

Signalsbeforeandduringlaunch,includingmessagestowinchdriver

Adequateprofileofwinchlaunch

Launchfailures(simulated)

Situationalawareness
SECTION2(B)
AEROTOWLAUNCH

Signals before and during launch, including signals to / communications with tow
planepilotforanyproblems

Initialroll,takeoffclimb

Launchabandonment(simulationonlyortalkthrough)

Correctpositioningduringstraightflightandturns

Outofpositionandrecovery

Correctreleasefromtow

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Lookoutandairmanshipthroughwholelaunchphase
SECTION2(C)
SELFLAUNCH(poweredsailplanesonly)

ATCliaisoncompliance

Aerodromedepartureprocedures

Initialroll,takeoffclimb

Lookoutandairmanshipduringthewholetakeoff

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff

Engineshutdownandstowage
SECTION3
GENERALAIRWORK

Maintainstraightandlevelflightattitudeandspeedcontrol

Coordinatedmedium(30 bank)turns,lookoutproceduresandcollisionavoidance

Turningontoselectedheadingsvisuallyandwithuseofcompass

Flightathighangleofattack(criticallylowairspeed)

Cleanstallandrecovery

Spinavoidanceandrecovery

Steep(45bank)turns,lookoutproceduresandcollisionavoidance
SECTION4
CIRCUIT,APPROACHANDLANDING

Aerodromecircuitjoiningprocedure

Collisionavoidancelookoutprocedures

Prelandingchecks

Circuit,approachcontrol,landing

Precisionlanding(simulationofoutlandingshortfield)

Crosswindlandingifsuitableconditionsavailable

AMCNo2toFCL.125andFCL.235
ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaLPL(B)andaBPL
1.

The take off site should be chosen by the applicant depending on the actual meteorological
conditions, the area which has to be over flown and the possibleoptions for suitable landing
sites. The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all
equipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.

2.

An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out. Checks should be
completedinaccordancewiththeflightmanualand/ortheauthorisedchecklistfortheballoon
onwhichthetestisbeingtaken.Duringpreflightpreparationforthetesttheapplicantshould
berequiredtoperformcrewandpassengerbriefingsanddemonstratecrowdcontrol.Theload
calculationshouldbe performedby the applicant in compliancewith the operations manualor
flightmanualfortheballoonused.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
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3.

4.

3Jun2008

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheballoonwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintain control of the balloon at all times in such a manner that the successful
outcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

TheskilltestcontentsandsectionssetoutinthispartoftheAMCshouldbeusedfortheskill
testfortheissueofaLPL(B)andBPL(HOTAIRBALLOON)

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONS,INFLATIONANDTAKEOFF
Useofchecklist,airmanship,controlofballoonbyexternalvisualreference,lookout
procedures,etc.applyinallsections.
a

Preflightdocumentation,flightplanningandweatherbrief

Ballooninspectionandservicing

Loadcalculation

Crowdcontrol,crewandpassengerbriefings

Assemblyandlayout

Inflationandpretakeoffprocedures

Takeoff

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK

Climbtolevelflight

Levelflight

Descenttolevelflight

Operatingatlowlevel

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

Deadreckoningandmapreading

Markingpositionsandtime

Orientation,airspacestructure

Maintenanceofaltitude

Fuelmanagement

Communicationwithretrievecrew

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)

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SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES
a

Approachfromlowlevel,missedapproach/flyon

Approachfromhighlevel,missedapproach/flyon

Prelandingchecks

Selectionoflandingfield

Landing,dragginganddeflation

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)

Actionsafterflight
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES

ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4
a

SimulatedFireonthegroundandintheair

Simulatedpilotlightandburnerfailures

Other abnormal and emergency procedures as outlined in the appropriate flight

manual.

Oralquestions

5.

TheskilltestcontentsandsectionssetoutinthefollowingpartoftheAMCshouldbeusedfor
theskilltestfortheissueofaLPL(B)andBPL(GASBALLOON).

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONS,INFLATIONANDTAKEOFF
Useofchecklist,airmanship,controlofballoonbyexternalvisualreference,lookout
procedures,etc.applyinallsections.
a

Preflightdocumentation,flightplanningandweatherbrief

Ballooninspectionandservicing

Loadcalculation

Crowdcontrol,crewandpassengerbriefings

Assemblyandlayout

Inflationandpretakeoffprocedures

Takeoff

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK

Climbtolevelflight

Levelflight

Descenttolevelflight

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Operatingatlowlevel

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)

3Jun2008

SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES
a

Deadreckoningandmapreading

Markingpositionsandtime

Orientation,airspacestructure

Maintenanceofaltitude

Ballastmanagement

Communicationwithretrievecrew

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Approachfromlowlevel,missedapproach/flyon

Approachfromhighlevel,missedapproach/flyon

Prelandingchecks

Selectionoflandingfield

Landing,dragginganddeflation

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)

Actionsafterflight
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES

ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4.
a

Simulatedclosedappendixduringtakeoffandclimb

Simulatedparachute/valvefailure

Other abnormal and emergency procedures as outlined in the appropriate flight

manual.

Oralquestions

AMCNo1toFCL.110.BA/H
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHEBASICLEISUREPILOTLICENCEBASICLPL(A)
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

TheBasicLPL(A)flightinstructionsyllabusshouldtakeintoaccounttheprinciples
of threatanderrormanagementandalsocover:
(a)

preflight operations, including mass and balance determination, aircraft

inspectionandservicing

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2.2

3.

3Jun2008

(b)

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceprecautionsand
procedures

(c)

controloftheaircraftbyexternalvisualreference

(d)

flightat critically lowairspeeds, recognition of, and recovery from, incipient

andfullstalls

(e)

flight at critically high airspeeds, recognition of, and recovery from, spiral
dive

(f)

normalandcrosswindtakeoffsandlandings

(g)

maximumperformance (short field andobstacle clearance)takeoffs, short

fieldlandings

(h)

emergency operations,
malfunctionsand

(i)

compliancewithairtrafficservicesprocedures

including

simulated

aeroplane

equipment

Before allowing the applicant for a Basic LPL(A) to undertake his/her first solo
flight, the flight instructor should ensure that the applicant can operate the
requiredsystemsandequipment.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION
3.1. The numberingofexercises should beusedprimarily as anexercise reference list
and as a broad instructional sequencing guide therefore the demonstrations and
practices need not necessarily be given I the order listed. The actual order and
contentwilldependuponthefollowinginterrelatedfactors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment
Applicabilityoftheexercisestotheaeroplane/touringmotorglidertype
3.2. Each of the exercises involves the need for the pilotundertraining to be aware
the needs of good airmanship and lookout, which should be emphasised at all
times.

Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththeaeroplane/touringmotorglider
characteristicsoftheaeroplane/touringmotorglider
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,drills,controls

Exercise1EEmergencydrills
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
enginecabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailure
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits

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Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
flightauthorisationandaeroplane/touringmotorglideracceptance
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
externalchecks
internalchecks
harness,seatorrudderpaneladjustments
startingandwarmupchecks
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine
parking,securityandpicketing(e.g.tiedown)
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Airexperience
flightexercise
Exercise4:Effectsofcontrols
primaryeffectswhenlaterallylevelandwhenbanked
furthereffectsofaileronandrudder
effectsof:
airspeed
slipstream
power
trimmingcontrols
flaps
othercontrols,asapplicable
operationof:
mixturecontrol
carburettorheat
cabinheating/ventilation
Exercise5:Taxiing
pretaxichecks
starting,controlofspeedandstopping
enginehandling
controlofdirectionandturning
turninginconfinedspaces
parkingareaprocedureandprecautions
effectsofwindanduseofflyingcontrols
effectsofgroundsurface
freedomofruddermovement
marshallingsignals
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instrumentchecks
airtrafficcontrolprocedures
Exercise5E:Emergencies
Brakeandsteeringfailure
Exercise6:Straightandlevel
atnormalcruisingpower,attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
flightatcriticallyhighairspeeds
demonstrationofinherentstability
controlinpitch,includinguseoftrim
laterallevel,directionandbalance,trim
atselectedairspeeds(useofpower)
duringspeedandconfigurationchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise7:Climbing
entry,maintainingthenormalandmaxrateclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
enrouteclimb(cruiseclimb)
climbingwithflapdown
recoverytonormalclimb
maximumangleofclimb
useofinstrumentsforprecision

Exercise8:Descending
entry,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
glide,poweredandcruisedescent(includingeffectofpowerandairspeed)
sideslipping(orsuitabletypes)
useofinstrumentsforprecisionflight
Exercise9:Turning
entryandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
resumingstraightflight
faultsintheturn(incorrectpitch,bank,balance)
climbingturns
descendingturns
slippingturns(orsuitabletypes)
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise10A:Slowflight

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NOTE:

3Jun2008

Theobjectiveis toimprovethestudentsabilitytorecogniseinadvertentflightat
critically low speeds and provide practice in maintaining the aeroplane / touring
motorgliderinbalancewhilereturningtonormalairspeed.
safetychecks
introductiontoslowflight
controlledflightdowntocriticallyslowairspeed
application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achieve normal
climbspeed

Exercise10B:Stalling
safetychecks
symptoms
recognition
cleanstallandrecoverywithoutpowerandwithpower
recoverywhenawingdrops
approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations, with and
withoutpower,recoveryattheincipientstage
NOTE1:
Additional and spin avoidance flight training should be completed during the
additionaltrainingforthefullLPL(A).
NOTE2:
Consideration of manoeuvre limitations and the need to refer to the aeroplane
manualandmassandbalancecalculations.
Exercise11:Takeoffandclimbtodownwindposition
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
safeguardingthenosewheel
crosswindtakeoff
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
short takeoff and soft field procedure/techniques including performance
calculations
noiseabatementprocedures
Exercise12:Circuit,approachandlanding
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
poweredapproachandlanding
safeguardingthenosewheel
effectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds,useofflaps
crosswindapproachandlanding
glideapproachandlanding
shortlandingandsoftfieldprocedures/techniques
flaplessapproachandlanding
wheellanding(tailwheelaeroplanes)
missedapproach/goaround

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noiseabatementprocedures
Exercise11/12E: Emergencies
abandonedtakeoff
enginefailureaftertakeoff
mislanding/goaround
missedapproach
In the interests of safety it will be necessary for pilots trained on nosewheel aeroplanes to
undergodualconversiontrainingbeforeflyingtailwheelaeroplanes,andviceversa.
Exercise13:Firstsolo
instructorsbriefingincludinglimitations
useoftherequiredequipment
observationofflightanddebriefingbyinstructor
NOTE:

During flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation the following
shouldberevised.
proceduresforleavingandrejoiningthecircuit
thelocalarea,restrictions,mapreading
turnsusingmagneticcompass,compasserrors

Exercise14:Forcedlandingwithoutpower
forcedlandingprocedure
choiceoflandingarea,provisionforchangeofplan
glidingdistance
descentplan
keypositions
enginecooling
enginefailurechecks
useofradio
baseleg
finalapproach
landing
actionsafterlanding
Exercise15:Precautionarylanding
fullprocedureawayfromaerodrometobreakoffheight
occasionsnecessitating
inflightconditions
landingareaselection
normalaerodrome
disusedaerodrome
ordinaryfield
circuitandapproach

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actionsafterlanding
Exercise16A:Navigation(basics)
NOTE 1:Additional navigation flight training should be completed during the additional
trainingforthefullLPL(A).Thefollowingbasicitemsshouldbetrained:
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals
calculations
magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
massandperformance
flightinformation
NOTAMSetc.
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternateaerodromes
aeroplanedocumentation
notificationoftheflight
preflightadministrativeprocedures
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedures
altimetersettings
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
maintenanceofaltitudeandheading
logkeeping
useofradio
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
diversionprocedures
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringthetrafficpattern
circuitprocedures
parking
securityofaeroplane/touringmotorglider
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refuelling
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise16B:Navigationproblemsatlowerlevelsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,andterrain)
effectsofwindandturbulence
verticalsituationalawareness(avoidanceofcontrolledflightintoterrain)
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
AMCNo2toFCL.110.BA/H
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHEBASICLEISUREPILOTLICENCEBASICLPL(H)
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

2.2

3.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

TheBasicLPL(H)flightinstructionsyllabusshouldtakeintoaccountthe principles
of threatanderrormanagementandalsocover:
(a)

preflight operations, including mass and balance determination, helicopter

inspectionandservicing

(b)

aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and

procedures

(c)

controlofthehelicopterbyexternalvisualreference

(d)

takeoffs,landings,hovering,lookoutturnsandnormaltransitionsfromandto
thehover

(e)

emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure, ground

resonancerecoveryifrelevanttotype

(f)

sidewaysandbackwardsflight,turnsonthespot

(g)

incipientvortexringrecognitionandrecovery

(h)

touchdown autorotations or powered recovery, simulated engineoff landings,

practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency
proceduresrelatingtomalfunctionsofengines,controls,electricalandhydraulic
circuits

(i)

steepturns

(j)

transitions,quickstops,outofwindmanoeuvresandlandingsandtakeoffs

(k)

operations to and from aerodromes and compliance with air traffic services
procedures.

Before allowing the applicant for a Basic LPL(H) to undertake his/her first solo
flight, the flight instructor should ensure that the applicant can operate the
requiredsystemsandequipment.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION
3.1. The numberingofexercises should beusedprimarily as anexercise reference list
and as a broad instructional sequencing guide therefore the demonstrations and

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practices need not necessarily be given I the order listed. The actual order and
contentwilldependuponthefollowinginterrelatedfactors:
-

Theapplicantsprogressandability

Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight

Theflighttimeavailable

Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations

Thelocaloperatingenvironment

Applicabilityoftheexercisestothehelicoptertype

3.2. Each of the exercises involves the need for the pilotundertraining to be aware
the needs of good airmanship and lookout, which should be emphasised at all
times.
Exercise1a:Familiarisationwiththehelicopter
characteristicsofthehelicopter,externalfeatures
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,procedures,controls
Exercise1b:Emergencyprocedures
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
engine,cabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailures
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
flightauthorisationandhelicopteracceptance
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
externalchecks
internalchecks
seat,harnessandflightcontrolsadjustments
startingandwarmupchecksclutchengagement,startingrotors
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine
parking,securityandpicketing
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Airexperience
tointroducethestudenttorotarywingflight
flightexercise
Exercise4:Effectsofcontrols
functionofflightcontrols,primaryandsecondaryeffect
effectofairspeed
effectofpowerchanges(torque)

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effectofyaw(sideslip)
effectofdiscloading(bankandflare)
effectoncontrolsofselectinghydraulicson/off
effectofcontrolfriction
instruments
useofcarburettorheat/antiicingcontrol
Exercise5:Powerandattitudechanges
relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude,
airspeed
flapback
powerrequireddiagraminrelationtoairspeed
powerandairspeedchangesinlevelflight
useofinstrumentsforprecision
engineandairspeedlimitations
Exercise6a:Straightandlevel
atnormalcruisingpower,attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
controlinpitch,includinguseofcontrolfrictionand/ortrim
maintainingdirectionandbalance,(ball/yawstringuse)
settingpowerforselectedairspeeds/speedchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6b:Climbing
optimumclimbspeed,bestangle/rateofclimbfrompowerrequireddiagram
initiation,maintainingthenormalandmaximumrateofclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes/heights
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6c:Descending
optimum descent speed, best angle/rate of descent from power required
diagram
initiation,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes/heights
descent(includingeffectofpowerandairspeed)
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6d:Turning
initiationandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
resumingstraightflight
altitude,bankandcoordination
climbinganddescendingturnsandeffectonrateofclimb/descent
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise7:Basicautorotation
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safetychecks,verbalwarning,lookout
entry,developmentandcharacteristics
controlofairspeedandRRPM,rotorandenginelimitations
effectofAUM,IAS,discloading,Gforcesanddensityaltitude
reengagementandgoaroundprocedures(throttleoverride/ERPMcontrol)
vortexconditionduringrecovery
gentle/mediumturnsinautorotation
demonstrationofvariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise8a:Hovering
demonstrate hover I.G.E, importance of wind effect and attitude, ground
cushion,stabilityinthehover,effectsofovercontrolling
studentholdingcyclicstickonly
studenthandlingcollectivelever(andthrottle)only
studenthandlingcollectivelever,(throttle)andpedals
studenthandlingallcontrols
demonstrationofgroundeffect
demonstrationofwindeffect
demonstrategentleforwardrunningtouchdown
specifichazardse.g.snow,dust,litter
Exercise8b:Hovertaxiing,spotturns
revisehovering
precisegroundspeed/heightcontrol
effectofwinddirectiononhelicopterattitudeandcontrolmargin
control,coordinationduringspotturns
carefullyintroducegentleforwardrunningtouchdown
Exercise8C:Hovering,taxiingemergencies
revise hovering and gentle forward running touchdown, explain (demonstrate
whereapplicable)effectofhydraulicsfailureinthehover
demonstratesimulatedenginefailureinthehoverandhovertaxi
demonstratedangersofmishandlingandoverpitching
Exercise9:Takeoffandlanding
pretakeoffchecks/drills
lookoutprocedures
liftingtohover
aftertakeoffchecks
dangerofhorizontalmovementnearground
dangerofmishandlingandoverpitching
landing(withoutsidewaysorbackwardsmovement)
afterlandingchecks/drills
takeoffandlandingcrosswind,downwind
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Exercise10:Transitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover
lookoutprocedures
revisetakeoffandlanding
groundeffect,translationalliftanditseffects
flapbackanditseffects
effectofwindspeed/directionduringtransitionsfrom/tothehover
theconstantangleapproach
demonstrationofvariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise11a:Circuit,approachandlanding
revisetransitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
approachandlandingwithpower
prelandingchecks
effectofwindonapproachandI.G.E.hover
crosswindapproachandlanding
goaround
noiseabatementprocedures
Exercise11b:Steepandlimitedpowerapproachesandlandings
revisetheconstantangleapproach
thesteepapproach(explaindangerofhighsinkrateandlowairspeed)
limitedpowerapproach(explaindangerofhighspeedattouchdown)
useofthegroundeffect
variableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise11c:Emergencyprocedures
abandonedtakeoff
missedapproach/goaround
hydraulicOFFlanding,(ifapplicable)
tailrotorcontrolortailrotordrivefailure(briefingonly)
simulatedemergenciesinthecircuittoinclude:
hydraulicsfailure
simulatedenginefailureontakeoff,crosswind,downwindandbaseleg
governorfailure
Exercise12:Firstsolo
instructorsbriefingincludinglimitations
warnofchangeofattitudefromreducedandlaterallydisplacedweight
warnoflowtail,lowskid/wheelduringhover,landing
warnofdangersoflossofRRPMandoverpitching
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff

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proceduresduringandaftertakeoff
normalcircuit,approachesandlandings
actionintheeventofanEmergency
observationofflightanddebriefingbyinstructor
Exercise13:Sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring
manoeuvringsidewaysflightheadingintowind
manoeuvringbackwardsflightheadingintowind
combinationofsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
manoeuvringsidewaysandbackwards,headingoutofwind
stability,weathercocking
recoveryfrombackwardsmanoeuvring,(pitchnosedown)
groundspeedlimitationsforsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
Exercise14:Spotturns
revisehoveringintowindanddownwind
turnonspotthrough360:

aroundpilotsposition

aroundtailrotor

aroundhelicoptergeometriccentre

square,safevisibilityclearingturn

rotorRPMcontrol,torqueeffect,cycliclimitingstopsduetoCofGpositionand
windspeed/direction
Exercise15:Hoveroutofgroundeffect(OGE),vortexring
establishinghoverO.G.E
drift/height/powercontrol
demonstrationofincipientstageofvortexring,recognitionandrecovery(from
asafealtitude)
lossoftailrotoreffectiveness
Exercise16:Simulatedengineofflandings(EOL)
theeffectofweight,discloading,densityattitude,RRPMdecay
revisebasicautorotationentry
optimumuseofcyclicandcollectivetocontrolspeed/RRPM
variableflaresimulatedEOL
demonstrateconstantattitudesimulatedEOL
demonstratesimulatedEOLfromhover/hovertaxi
demonstratesimulatedEOLfromtransitionandlowlevel
Exercise17:Advancedautorotation
overaselectedpointatvariousheightandspeed
revisebasicautorotationnotegrounddistancecovered
rangeautorotation
lowspeedautorotation
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constantattitudeautorotation(terminateatsafealtitude)
Sturns
turnsthrough180and360
effectsonanglesofdescent,IAS,RRPMandeffectofAUM
Exercise18:Practiceforcedlandings
procedureandchoiceoftheforcedlandingarea
forcedlandingchecksandcrashaction
reengagementandgoaroundprocedures
Exercise19:Transitions
revisegroundeffect,translationallift,flapback
maintainingconstantheight,(2030feetAGL):
-

transitionfromhovertominimum50knotsIASandbacktohover

demonstrateeffectofwind
Exercise20:Quickstops
useofpowerandcontrols
effectofwind
quickstopsintowind
quickstopsfromcrosswindanddownwindterminatingintowind
dangerofvortexring
dangerofhighdiscloading
Exercise21a:Basicnavigation
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals
mapselectionandpreparationanduse
calculations
magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
flightinformation
NOTAMsetc
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternatelandingsites
helicopterdocumentation
notificationoftheflight
preflightadministrativeprocedures
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedures
altimetersettings

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ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
maintenanceofheight/altitudeandheading
useofradio
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
transitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure

ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace

altimetersetting

enteringthetrafficpattern

circuitprocedures

parking
securityofhelicopter
refuelling
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise21b:Navigationproblemsatlowheightsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,otheraircraft)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwindandturbulence
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
appropriateproceduresandchoiceoflandingarea
Exercise22:Advancedtakeoff,landings,transitions
landingandtakeoffoutofwind(performancereduction)
ground effect, translational lift and directional stability variation when out of
wind
downwindtransitions
verticaltakeoffoverobstacles
reconnaissanceoflandingsite
runninglanding
zerospeedlanding
crosswindanddownwindlandings
steepapproach
goaround

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Exercise23:Limitedpower
takeoffpowercheck
verticaltakeoffoverobstacles
inflightpowercheck
runninglanding
zerospeedlanding
approachtolowhover
approachtohover
approachtohoverOGE
steepapproach
goaround
AMCtoFCL.110.A
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHELEISUREPILOTLICENCELPL(A)
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

3.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

The LPL (A) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of
threatanderrormanagementandalsocover:
(a)

preflight operations, including mass and balance determination, aircraft

inspectionandservicing

(b)

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceprecautionsand
procedures

(c)

controloftheaircraftbyexternalvisualreference

(d)

flightat critically lowairspeeds, recognition of, and recovery from, incipient

andfullstalls

(e)

flight at critically high airspeeds, recognition of, and recovery from, spiral
dive

(f)

normalandcrosswindtakeoffsandlandings

(g)

maximumperformance (short field andobstacle clearance)takeoffs, short

fieldlandings

(h)

crosscountry flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radio

navigationaids

(i)

emergency operations,
malfunctionsand

(j)

operationsto,fromandtransitingcontrolledaerodromes,compliancewithair
trafficservicesproceduresandcommunicationprocedures

2.2

Before allowing the applicant for a LPL(A) to undertake his/her first solo
flight,theflightinstructorshouldensurethattheapplicantcanoperatethe
requiredsystemsandequipment..

including

simulated

aeroplane

equipment

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION

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3.1. The numberingofexercises should beusedprimarily as anexercise reference list

and as a broad instructional sequencing guide therefore the demonstrations and
practices need not necessarily be given I the order listed. The actual order and
contentwilldependuponthefollowinginterrelatedfactors:
-

Theapplicantsprogressandability

Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight

Theflighttimeavailable

Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations

Thelocaloperatingenvironment

Applicabilityoftheexercisestotheaeroplane/touringmotorglidertype

3.2. Each of the exercises involves the need for the pilotundertraining to be aware
the needs of good airmanship and lookout, which should be emphasised at all
times.
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththeaeroplane/touringmotorglider
characteristicsoftheaeroplane/touringmotorglider
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,drills,controls
Exercise1E:Emergencydrills
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
enginecabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailure
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
flightauthorisationandaeroplane/touringmotorglideracceptance
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
externalchecks
internalchecks
harness,seatorrudderpaneladjustments
startingandwarmupchecks
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine
parking,securityandpicketing(e.g.tiedown)
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Airexperience
flightexercise
Exercise4:Effectsofcontrols
primaryeffectswhenlaterallylevelandwhenbanked
furthereffectsofaileronandrudder

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effectsof:
airspeed
slipstream
power
trimmingcontrols
flaps
othercontrols,asapplicable
operationof:
mixturecontrol
carburettorheat
cabinheating/ventilation
Exercise5:Taxiing
pretaxichecks
starting,controlofspeedandstopping
enginehandling
controlofdirectionandturning
turninginconfinedspaces
parkingareaprocedureandprecautions
effectsofwindanduseofflyingcontrols
effectsofgroundsurface
freedomofruddermovement
marshallingsignals
instrumentchecks
airtrafficcontrolprocedures
Exercise5E:Emergencies
Brakeandsteeringfailure
Exercise6:Straightandlevel
atnormalcruisingpower,attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
flightatcriticallyhighairspeeds
demonstrationofinherentstability
controlinpitch,includinguseoftrim
laterallevel,directionandbalance,trim
atselectedairspeeds(useofpower)
duringspeedandconfigurationchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise7:Climbing
entry,maintainingthenormalandmaxrateclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
enrouteclimb(cruiseclimb)
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climbingwithflapdown
recoverytonormalclimb
maximumangleofclimb
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise8:Descending
entry,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
glide,poweredandcruisedescent(includingeffectofpowerandairspeed)
sideslipping(orsuitabletypes)
useofinstrumentsforprecisionflight
Exercise9:Turning
entryandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
resumingstraightflight
faultsintheturn(incorrectpitch,bank,balance)
climbingturns
descendingturns
slippingturns(orsuitabletypes)
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise10A:Slowflight
NOTE: The objective is to improve the students ability to recognise inadvertent flight at
criticallylowspeedsandprovidepracticeinmaintainingtheaeroplane/touringmotor
gliderinbalancewhilereturningtonormalairspeed.
safetychecks
introductiontoslowflight
controlledflightdowntocriticallyslowairspeed
application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achieve normal
climbspeed
Exercise10B:Stalling
safetychecks
symptoms
recognition
cleanstallandrecoverywithoutpowerandwithpower
recoverywhenawingdrops
approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations, with and
withoutpower,recoveryattheincipientstage
Exercise11:Takeoffandclimbtodownwindposition
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
safeguardingthenosewheel(ifapplicable)

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crosswindtakeoff
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
short takeoff and soft field procedure/techniques including performance
calculations
noiseabatementprocedures
Exercise12:Circuit,approachandlanding
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
poweredapproachandlanding
safeguardingthenosewheel(ifapplicable)
effectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds,useofflaps
crosswindapproachandlanding
glideapproachandlanding
shortlandingandsoftfieldprocedures/techniques
flaplessapproachandlanding
wheellanding(tailwheelaeroplanes)
missedapproach/goaround
noiseabatementprocedures
Exercise11/12E:Emergencies
abandonedtakeoff
enginefailureaftertakeoff
mislanding/goaround
missedapproach
In the interests of safety it will be necessary for pilots trained on nosewheel aeroplanes to
undergodualconversiontrainingbeforeflyingtailwheelaeroplanes,andviceversa.
Exercise13:Firstsolo
instructorsbriefingincludinglimitations,
useofrequiredequipment
observationofflightanddebriefingbyinstructor
NOTE:During flights immediately following thesolo circuit consolidation the followingshould
berevised.
proceduresforleavingandrejoiningthecircuit
thelocalarea,restrictions,mapreading
useofradioaidsforhoming
turnsusingmagneticcompass,compasserrors
Exercise14:Advancedturning
steepturns(45),levelanddescending
stallingintheturnandrecovery
recoveriesfromunusualattitudes,includingspiraldives
Exercise15:Forcedlandingwithoutpower
forcedlandingprocedure
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choiceoflandingarea,provisionforchangeofplan
glidingdistance
descentplan
keypositions
enginecooling
enginefailurechecks
useofradio
baseleg
finalapproach
landing
actionsafterlanding
Exercise16:Precautionarylanding
fullprocedureawayfromaerodrometobreakoffheight
occasionsnecessitating
inflightconditions
landingareaselection
normalaerodrome
disusedaerodrome
ordinaryfield
circuitandapproach
actionsafterlanding
Exercise17A:Navigation
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals
mapselectionandpreparation
choiceofroute
airspacestructure
safetyaltitudes
calculations
magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
massandperformance
flightinformation
NOTAMSetc.
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternateaerodromes
aeroplane/touringmotorgliderdocumentation
notificationoftheflight
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preflightadministrativeprocedures
flightplanform
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedures
altimetersettings
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
notingofETAs
maintenanceofaltitudeandheading
revisionsofETAandheading
logkeeping
useofradio
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
transitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
diversionprocedures
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringthetrafficpattern
circuitprocedures
parking
securityofaeroplane/touringmotorglider
refuelling
closingofflightplan,ifappropriate
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise17B:Navigationproblemsatlowerlevelsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,andterrain)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwindandturbulence
verticalsituationalawareness(avoidanceofcontrolledflightintoterrain)
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
Exercise17C:Radionavigation(basics)
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UseofGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems
-

selectionofwaypoints

to/fromindications,orientation

errormessages

UseofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
availability,AIP,frequencies
R/TproceduresandATCliaison
obtainingaQDMandhoming
Useofenroute/terminalradar
availability,AIP
proceduresandATCliaison
pilotsresponsibilities
secondarysurveillanceradar
transponders
codeselection
interrogationandreply
AMCtoFCL.110.H
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHELEISUREPILOTLICENCELPL(H)
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

The LPL(H) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of
threatanderrormanagementandalsocover:
(a)

preflight operations, including mass and balance determination, helicopter

inspectionandservicing

(b)

aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and

procedures

(c)

controlofthehelicopterbyexternalvisualreference

(d)

takeoffs,landings,hovering,lookoutturnsandnormaltransitionsfromandto
thehover

(e)

emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure, ground

resonancerecoveryifrelevanttotype

(f)

sidewaysandbackwardsflight,turnsonthespot

(g)

incipientvortexringrecognitionandrecovery

(h)

touchdown autorotations, simulated engineoff landings, practice forced

landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures
relatingtomalfunctionsofengines,controls,electricalandhydrauliccircuits

(i)

steepturns

(j)

transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and
takeoffs

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(k)

limitedpowerandconfinedareaoperationsincludingselectionofandoperations
toandfromunpreparedsites

(l)

crosscountry flying by using visual reference, dead reckoning and, where

available,radionavigationaids

(m) operations to and from aerodromes compliance with air traffic services
proceduresandcommunicationprocedures.
2.2

3.

BeforeallowingtheapplicantforaLPL(H)toundertakehis/herfirstsoloflight,the
flightinstructorshouldensurethattheapplicantcanoperatetherequiredsystems
andequipment.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION
3.1. The numberingofexercises should beusedprimarily as anexercise reference list
and as a broad instructional sequencing guide therefore the demonstrations and
practices need not necessarily be given I the order listed. The actual order and
contentwilldependuponthefollowinginterrelatedfactors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment
Applicabilityoftheexercisestothehelicoptertype
3.2. Each of the exercises involves the need for the pilotundertraining to be aware
the needs of good airmanship and lookout, which should be emphasised at all
times.
Exercise1a:Familiarisationwiththehelicopter
characteristicsofthehelicopter,externalfeatures
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,procedures,controls
Exercise1b:Emergencyprocedures
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
engine,cabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailures
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
flightauthorisationandhelicopteracceptance
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
externalchecks
internalchecks
seat,harnessandflightcontrolsadjustments
startingandwarmupchecksclutchengagement,startingrotors
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine

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parking,securityandpicketing
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Airexperience
tointroducethestudenttorotarywingflight
flightexercise
Exercise4:Effectsofcontrols
functionofflightcontrols,primaryandsecondaryeffect
effectofairspeed
effectofpowerchanges(torque)
effectofyaw(sideslip)
effectofdiscloading(bankandflare)
effectoncontrolsofselectinghydraulicson/off
effectofcontrolfriction
instruments
useofcarburettorheat/antiicingcontrol
Exercise5:Powerandattitudechanges
relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude,
airspeed
flapback
powerrequireddiagraminrelationtoairspeed
powerandairspeedchangesinlevelflight
useofinstrumentsforprecision
engineandairspeedlimitations
Exercise6a:Straightandlevel
atnormalcruisingpower,attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
controlinpitch,includinguseofcontrolfrictionand/ortrim
maintainingdirectionandbalance,(ball/yawstringuse)
settingpowerforselectedairspeeds/speedchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6b:Climbing
optimumclimbspeed,bestangle/rateofclimbfrompowerrequireddiagram
initiation,maintainingthenormalandmaximumrateofclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes/heights
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6c:Descending
optimum descent speed, best angle/rate of descent from power required
diagram
initiation,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes/heights
descent(includingeffectofpowerandairspeed)
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useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6d:Turning
initiationandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
resumingstraightflight
altitude,bankandcoordination
climbinganddescendingturnsandeffectonrateofclimb/descent
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise7:Basicautorotation
safetychecks,verbalwarning,lookout
entry,developmentandcharacteristics
controlofairspeedandRRPM,rotorandenginelimitations
effectofAUM,IAS,discloading,Gforcesanddensityaltitude
reengagementandgoaroundprocedures(throttleoverride/ERPMcontrol)
vortexconditionduringrecovery
gentle/mediumturnsinautorotation
demonstrationofvariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise8a:Hovering
demonstrate hover I.G.E, importance of wind effect and attitude, ground
cushion,stabilityinthehover,effectsofovercontrolling
studentholdingcyclicstickonly
studenthandlingcollectivelever(andthrottle)only
studenthandlingcollectivelever,(throttle)andpedals
studenthandlingallcontrols
demonstrationofgroundeffect
demonstrationofwindeffect
demonstrategentleforwardrunningtouchdown
specifichazardse.g.snow,dust,litter
Exercise8b:Hovertaxiing,spotturns
revisehovering
precisegroundspeed/heightcontrol
effectofwinddirectiononhelicopterattitudeandcontrolmargin
control,coordinationduringspotturns
carefullyintroducegentleforwardrunningtouchdown
Exercise8C:Hovering,taxiingemergencies
revise hovering and gentle forward running touchdown, explain (demonstrate
whereapplicable)effectofhydraulicsfailureinthehover
demonstratesimulatedenginefailureinthehoverandhovertaxi
demonstratedangersofmishandlingandoverpitching
Exercise9:Takeoffandlanding
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pretakeoffchecks/drills
lookout
liftingtohover
aftertakeoffchecks
dangerofhorizontalmovementnearground
dangerofmishandlingandoverpitching
landing(withoutsidewaysorbackwardsmovement)
afterlandingchecks/drills
takeoffandlandingcrosswind,downwind
Exercise10:Transitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover
lookout
revisetakeoffandlanding
groundeffect,translationalliftanditseffects
flapbackanditseffects
effectofwindspeed/directionduringtransitionsfrom/tothehover
theconstantangleapproach
demonstrationofvariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise11a:Circuit,approachandlanding
revisetransitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
approachandlandingwithpower
prelandingchecks
effectofwindonapproachandI.G.E.hover
crosswindapproachandlanding
goaround
noiseabatementprocedures
Exercise11b:Steepandlimitedpowerapproachesandlandings
revisetheconstantangleapproach
thesteepapproach(explaindangerofhighsinkrateandlowairspeed)
limitedpowerapproach(explaindangerofhighspeedattouchdown)
useofthegroundeffect
variableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise11c:Emergencyprocedures
abandonedtakeoff
missedapproach/goaround
hydraulicOFFlanding,(ifapplicable)
tailrotorcontrolortailrotordrivefailure(briefingonly)
simulatedemergenciesinthecircuittoinclude:
hydraulicsfailure

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simulatedenginefailureontakeoff,crosswind,downwindandbaseleg
governorfailure
Exercise12:Firstsolo
instructorsbriefing,observationofflightanddebriefing
warnofchangeofattitudefromreducedandlaterallydisplacedweight
warnoflowtail,lowskid/wheelduringhover,landing
warnofdangersoflossofRRPMandoverpitching
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
proceduresduringandaftertakeoff
normalcircuit,approachesandlandings
actionintheeventofanEmergency
Exercise13:Sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring
manoeuvringsidewaysflightheadingintowind
manoeuvringbackwardsflightheadingintowind
combinationofsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
manoeuvringsidewaysandbackwards,headingoutofwind
stability,weathercocking
recoveryfrombackwardsmanoeuvring,(pitchnosedown)
groundspeedlimitationsforsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
Exercise14:Spotturns
revisehoveringintowindanddownwind
turnonspotthrough360:
aroundpilotsposition
aroundtailrotor
aroundhelicoptergeometriccentre
square,safevisibilityclearingturn
rotorRPMcontrol,torqueeffect,cycliclimitingstopsduetoCofGpositionand
windspeed/direction
Exercise15:Hoveroutofgroundeffect(OGE),vortexring
establishinghoverO.G.E
drift/height/powercontrol
demonstrationofincipientstageofvortexring,recognitionandrecovery(from
asafealtitude)
lossoftailrotoreffectiveness
Exercise16:Simulatedengineofflandings(EOL)
theeffectofweight,discloading,densityattitude,RRPMdecay
revisebasicautorotationentry
optimumuseofcyclicandcollectivetocontrolspeed/RRPM
variableflaresimulatedEOL
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demonstrateconstantattitudesimulatedEOL
demonstratesimulatedEOLfromhover/hovertaxi
demonstratesimulatedEOLfromtransitionandlowlevel
Exercise17:Advancedautorotation
overaselectedpointatvariousheightandspeed
revisebasicautorotationnotegrounddistancecovered
rangeautorotation
lowspeedautorotation
constantattitudeautorotation(terminateatsafealtitude)
Sturns
turnsthrough180and360
effectsonanglesofdescent,IAS,RRPMandeffectofAUM
Exercise18:Practiceforcedlandings
procedureandchoiceoftheforcedlandingarea
forcedlandingchecksandcrashaction
reengagementandgoaroundprocedures
Exercise19:Steepturns
steep(level)turns(30bank)
maximumrateturns(45 bankifpossible)
steepautorotativeturns
faultsintheturnbalance,attitude,bankandcoordination
RRPMcontrol,discloading
vibrationandcontrolfeedback
effectofwindatlowlevel
Exercise20:Transitions
revisegroundeffect,translationallift,flapback
maintainingconstantheight,(2030feetAGL):
transitionfromhovertominimum50knotsIASandbacktohover
demonstrateeffectofwind
Exercise21:Quickstops
useofpowerandcontrols
effectofwind
quickstopsintowind
quickstopsfromcrosswindanddownwindterminatingintowind
dangerofvortexring
dangerofhighdiscloading
Exercise22a:Navigation
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals

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mapselectionandpreparationanduse
choiceofroute
controlledairspace,dangerandprohibitedareas
safetyaltitudesandnoiseabatementconsiderations
calculations

magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute

fuelconsumption

massandbalance

flightinformation
NOTAMsetc
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternatelandingsites
helicopterdocumentation
notificationoftheflight
preflightadministrativeprocedures
flightplanform(whereappropriate)
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedures
altimetersettings
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
notingofETAs
maintenanceofheight/altitudeandheading
revisionsofETAandheading
10line,doubletrackandtrackerror,closingangle
1in60rule
amendinganETA
logkeeping
useofradio
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
transitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringthetrafficpattern
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circuitprocedures
parking
securityofhelicopter
refuelling
closingofflightplan,(ifappropriate)
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise22b:Navigationproblemsatlowheightsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,otheraircraft)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwindandturbulence
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
[appropriateproceduresandchoiceoflandingarea]
Exercise22C:Radionavigation(basics)
UseofGlobalPositioningSystems
-

Selectionofwaypoints

to/fromindications,orientation

errormessages

UseofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
availability,AIP,frequencies
R/TproceduresandATCliaison
obtainingaQDMandhoming
Useofenroute/terminalradar
availability,AIP
proceduresandATCliaison
pilotsresponsibilities
secondarysurveillanceradar
transponders
codeselection
interrogationandreply
Exercise23:Advancedtakeoff,landings,transitions
landingandtakeoffoutofwind(performancereduction)
ground effect, translational lift and directional stability variation when out of
wind
downwindtransitions
verticaltakeoffoverobstacles
reconnaissanceoflandingsite

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runninglanding
zerospeedlanding
crosswindanddownwindlandings
steepapproach
goaround
Exercise24:Slopingground
limitations,assessingslopeangle
windandsloperelationshipbladeandcontrolstops
effectofCofGwhenonslope
groundeffectonslope,powerrequired
rightskidupslope
leftskidupslope
noseupslope
avoidanceofdynamicrollover,dangerssoftgroundandsidewaysmovementon
touchdown
dangerofstrikingmain/tailrotorbyharshcontrolmovementnearground
Exercise25:Limitedpower
takeoffpowercheck
verticaltakeoffoverobstacles
inflightpowercheck
runninglanding
zerospeedlanding
approachtolowhover
approachtohover
approachtohoverOGE
steepapproach
goaround
Exercise26:Confinedareas
landingcapability,performanceassessment
locatinglandingsite,assessingwindspeed/direction
reconnaissanceoflandingsite
selectmarkers
selectdirectionandtypeofapproach
circuit
approachtocommittedpointandgoaround
approach
clearingturn
landing
powercheck,performanceassessmentinandoutofgroundeffect

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normaltakeofftobestangleofclimbspeed
verticaltakeofffromhover
AMCtoFCL.110.SandtoFCL.210.S
FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR THE LEISURE PILOT (SAILPLANES) AND THE SAILPLANE
PILOTLICENCE(SPL)
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

2.2

3.

Before starting training an applicant should be informed that the appropriate

medicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

TheLPL(S)/SPLflightinstructionsyllabusshouldtakeintoaccounttheprinciples
ofthreatanderrormanagementandalsocover:
(a)

preflight operations, including verifying mass and balance, aircraft

inspectionandservicing

(b)

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceprecautionsand
procedures

(c)

controloftheaircraftbyexternalvisualreference

(d)

flight at high angle of attack (critically low airspeeds), recognition of, and
recoveryfrom,incipientandfullstallsandspins

(e)

flight at critically high airspeeds, recognition of, and recovery from spiral
dive

(f)

normalandcrosswindtakeoffsinrespectwiththedifferentlaunchmethods

(g)

normalandcrosswindlandings

(h)

short field landings and outlandings field selection, circuit and landing
hazardsandprecautions

(i)

crosscountry flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and available

navigationaids

(j)

soaringtechniquesasappropriatetositeconditions

(k)

emergencyactions

(l)

compliance with air traffic services procedures and communication

procedures.

Before allowing the applicant for a LPL(S) / SPL to undertake his/her first solo
flight, the flight instructor should ensure that the applicant can operate the
requiredsystemsandequipment.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION
3.1. The numberingofexercises should beusedprimarily as anexercise reference list
and as a broad instructional sequencing guide therefore the demonstrations and
practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and
contentwilldependuponthefollowinginterrelatedfactors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment

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Applicabilityoftheexercisestothesailplanetype
3.2. At the discretion of the instructors some of the exercises may be combined and
someotherexercisesmaybedoneinseveralflights.
3.3. Each of the exercises involves the need for the pilotundertraining to be aware
the needs of good airmanship and lookout, which should be emphasised at all
times.
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththesailplane
characteristicsofthesailplane
cockpitlayoutinstrumentsandequipment
flightcontrolsstick,pedals,airbrakes,flaps,cablerelease,undercarriage
checklists,drills,controls
Exercise2:Proceduresintheeventofemergencies
useofsafetyequipment(parachute)
actionintheeventofsystemfailures
bailoutprocedures
Exercise3:Preparationforflight
preflightbriefings
requireddocumentsonboard
equipmentrequiredfortheintendedflight
groundhandling/movements/towout,parking,security
preflightexternalandinternalchecks
verifyinginlimitsmassandbalance
harness,seatand/orrudderpaneladjustments
prelaunchchecks
Exercise4:Initialairexperience
areafamiliarization
lookoutprocedures
Exercise5:Effectsofcontrols
lookoutprocedures
useofvisualreferences
primaryeffectswhenlaterallylevelandwhenbanked
referenceattitudeandeffectofelevator
relationshipbetweenattitudeandspeed
effectsof:
flaps(ifavailable)
airbrakes
Exercise6:ModerateBankingandCoordination
lookoutprocedures
furthereffectsofaileron(adverseyaw)andrudder(roll)
coordination
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bankingatmoderateangle,returntolevelflight
Exercise7:Straightflying
lookoutprocedures
maintainingstraightflight
flightatcriticallyhighairspeeds
demonstrationofinherentpitchstability
controlinpitch,includinguseoftrim
laterallevel,directionandbalance,trim
airspeed:instrumentmonitoringandcontrol
Exercise8:Turning
lookoutprocedures
demonstrationandcorrectionofadverseyaw
entrytoturn(mediumlevelturns)
stabilizingturns
exitingturns
faultsintheturn(slipping/skidding)
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofcompass
useofinstruments(ballindicatorand/orslipstring)forprecision
Exercise9A:Slowflight
NOTE: The objective is to improve the students ability to recognise inadvertent flight
atcriticallylowspeeds(highangleofattack)andtoprovidepracticeinmaintainingthe
sailplaneinbalancewhilereturningtonormalattitude(speed).
safetychecks
introductiontocharacteristicsofslowflight
controlledflightdowntocriticallyhighangleofattack(slowairspeed)
Exercise9B:Stalling
safetychecks
prestallsymptoms,recognitionandrecovery
stallsymptoms,recognitionandrecovery
recoverywhenawingdrops
approachtostallintheapproachandinthelandingconfigurations
recognitionandrecoveryfromacceleratedstalls
Exercise10:Spinrecognitionandavoidance
safetychecks
stallingandrecoveryattheincipientspinstage(stallwithexcessivewingdrop,
about45)
Instructorinduceddistractionsduringthespinentry
NOTE: Consideration ofmanoeuvre limitationsand the need to referto the sailplane manual
andmassandbalancecalculations.
Exercise11:Takeoff/Launchmethods

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NOTE:Atleastonelaunchmethodmustbetaughtcontainingallthesubjectbelow.
Exercise11A:Winchlaunch
signalsand/orcommunicationbeforeandduringlaunch
useofthelaunchingequipment
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
crosswindtakeoff
optimumprofileofwinchlaunchandlimitations
launchfailureprocedures
Exercise11B:Aerotow
signalsand/orcommunicationbeforeandduringlaunch
useofthelaunchequipment
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
crosswindtakeoff
ontowstraightflight/turning/slipstream
outofpositionintowandrecovery
descendingontow(towingaircraftandsailplane)
launchfailureandabandonment
Exercise11C:Selflaunch
engineextendingandretractionprocedures
enginestartingandsafetyprecautions
pretakeoffchecks
noiseabatementprocedures
checksduringandaftertakeoff
intowindtakeoff
crosswindtakeoff
powerfailures/procedures
abandonedtakeoff
maximumperformance(shortfieldandobstacleclearance)takeoff
short takeoff and soft field procedure / techniques and performance
calculations
Exercise11D:Carlaunch
signalsbeforeandduringlaunch
useofthelaunchequipment
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
crosswindtakeoff
optimumlaunchprofileandlimitations

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launchfailureprocedures
Exercise11E:Bungeelaunch
signalsbeforeandduringlaunch
useofthelaunchequipment
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
Exercise12:Soaringtechniques
Exercise12A:Thermalling
lookoutprocedures
detectionandrecognitionofthermals
useofaudiosoaringinstruments
joiningathermalandgivingway
flyingincloseproximitytoothersailplanes
centringinthermals
leavingthermals
Exercise12B:Ridgeflying(ifapplicableduringtrainingandifpossibleattrainingsite)
lookoutprocedures
practicalapplicationofridgeflyingrules
optimisationofflightpath
speedcontrol
Exercise12C:Waveflying(ifapplicableduringtrainingandifpossibleattrainingsite)
lookoutprocedures
waveaccesstechniques
speedlimitationswithincreasingheight
useofoxygen
Exercise13:Circuit,approachandlanding
proceduresforrejoiningthecircuit
collisionavoidance,lookouttechniquesandprocedures
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
effectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds
useofflaps(ifapplicable)
visualisationofanaimingpoint
approachcontrolanduseofairbrakes
normalandcrosswindapproachandlanding
shortlandingprocedures/techniques
Exercise14:Firstsolo
instructorsbriefingincludinglimitations
awarenessoflocalarea,restrictions
useofrequiredequipment
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observationofflightanddebriefingbyinstructor
Exercise15:Advancedturning
steepturns(45)
stallingandspinavoidanceintheturnandrecovery
recoveriesfromunusualattitudes,includingspiraldives
Exercise16:Outlandings
glidingrange
restartprocedures(onlyforselflaunchingandselfsustainingsailplanes)
selectionoflandingarea
circuitjudgementandkeypositions
circuitandapproachprocedures
actionsafterlanding
Exercise17:Crosscountryflying
Exercise17A:FlightPlanning
weatherforecastandactuals
NOTAMS,airspaceconsiderations
mapselectionandpreparation
routeplanning
radiofrequencies(ifapplicable)
preflightadministrativeprocedure
flightplanwhererequired
massandperformance
alternateaerodromesandlandingareas
safetyaltitudes
Exercise17B:InFlightNavigation
maintainingtrackandreroutingconsiderations
altimetersettings
useofradioandphraseology
inflightplanning
proceduresfortransitingregulatedairspace/ATCliaisonwhererequired
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
useofadditionalequipmentwhererequired
joining,arrivalandcircuitproceduresatremoteaerodrome
Exercise17C:Crosscountrytechniques
-

lookoutprocedures

maximisingpotentialcrosscountryperformance

riskreductionandthreatreaction

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AMCtoFCL.135.SandFCL.225.S
ExtensionofprivilegestotouringmotorglidersLPL(S)andSPL
1.

TheaimoftheflighttrainingistoqualifyLPL(S)/SPLholderstoexercisetheprivilegesof
thelicenceonaTMG.

2.

The approved training organisation should issue a certificate of satisfactory completion

ofthetraining.

3.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
Thetheoreticalknowledgesyllabusshouldcovertherevisionand/orexplanationof:
3.1. Principlesofflight
-

operatinglimitations(additiontouringmotorgliders)

propellers

flightmechanics

3.2. OperationalProceduresfortouringmotorgliders
-

specialoperationalproceduresandhazards

emergencyprocedures

3.3.

Flightperformanceandplanning
-

massandbalanceconsiderations

loading

CGcalculation

loadandtrimsheet

performanceoftouringmotorgliders

flightplanningforVFRflights

fuelplanning

preflightpreparation

ICAOflightplan

flightmonitoringandinflightreplanning

3.4.

Aircraftgeneralknowledge
-

systemdesigns,loads,stresses,maintenance

airframe

Hydraulics

landinggear,wheels,tyres,brakes

fuelsystem

electrics

pistonengines

propellers

instrumentandindicationsystems

measurementofaerodynamicparameters

3.5.

Navigation
-

deadreckoningnavigation(additionpoweredflyingelements)

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4.

inflightnavigation(additionpoweredflyingelements)

basicradiopropagationtheory

radioaids(basics)

radar(basics)

globalnavigationsatellitesystems

3Jun2008

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
The flying exercises should cover the revision and/or explanation of the following
exercises:
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththetouringmotorglider
characteristicsofthetouringmotorglider
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,drills,controls
Exercise1E:Emergencydrills
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
enginecabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailure
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
externalchecks
internalchecks
harness,seatorrudderpaneladjustments
startingandwarmupchecks
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine
parking,securityandpicketing(e.g.tiedown)
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Taxiing
pretaxichecks
starting,controlofspeedandstopping
enginehandling
controlofdirectionandturning
turninginconfinedspaces
parkingareaprocedureandprecautions
effectsofwindanduseofflyingcontrols
effectsofgroundsurface
freedomofruddermovement

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marshallingsignals
instrumentchecks
airtrafficcontrolprocedures
Exercise3E:Emergencies
Brakeandsteeringfailure
Exercise4:Straightandlevel
atnormalcruisingpower,attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
flightatcriticallyhighairspeeds
demonstrationofinherentstability
controlinpitch,includinguseoftrim
laterallevel,directionandbalance,trim
atselectedairspeeds(useofpower)
duringspeedandconfigurationchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
airmanship
Exercise5:Climbing
entry,maintainingthenormalandmaxrateclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
enrouteclimb(cruiseclimb)
climbingwithflapdown
recoverytonormalclimb
maximumangleofclimb
useofinstrumentsforprecision
airmanship
Exercise6:Descending
entry,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
glide,poweredandcruisedescent(includingeffectofpowerandairspeed)
sideslipping(orsuitabletypes)
useofinstrumentsforprecisionflight
airmanship
Exercise7:Turning
entryandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
resumingstraightflight
faultsintheturn(incorrectpitch,bank,balance)
climbingturns
descendingturns
slippingturns(orsuitabletypes)
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
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useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise8A:Slowflight
NOTE:Theobjectiveistoimprovethepilotsabilitytorecogniseinadvertentflightatcritically
low speeds and provide practice in maintaining the touring motor glider in balance
whilereturningtonormalairspeed.
safetychecks
introductiontoslowflight
controlledflightdowntocriticallyslowairspeed
application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achieve normal
climbspeed
airmanship
Exercise8B:Stalling
airmanship
safetychecks
symptoms
recognition
cleanstallandrecoverywithoutpowerandwithpower
recoverywhenawingdrops
approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations, with and
withoutpower,recoveryattheincipientstage
Exercise9:Takeoffandclimbtodownwindposition
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
safeguardingthenosewheel(ifapplicable)
crosswindtakeoff
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
short takeoff and soft field procedure/techniques including performance
calculations
noiseabatementprocedures
airmanship
Exercise10:Circuit,approachandlanding
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
poweredapproachandlanding
safeguardingthenosewheel(ifapplicable)
effectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds,useofflaps
crosswindapproachandlanding
glideapproachandlanding
shortlandingandsoftfieldprocedures/techniques
flaplessapproachandlanding
wheellanding(tailwheelaeroplanes)

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missedapproach/goaround
noiseabatementprocedures
airmanship
Exercise9/10E: Emergencies
abandonedtakeoff
enginefailureaftertakeoff
mislanding/goaround
missedapproach
In the interests of safety it will be necessary for pilots trained on nosewheel touring motor
gliderstoundergodualconversiontrainingbeforeflyingtailwheeltouringmotorgliders,and
viceversa.
Exercise11:Advancedturning
steepturns(45),levelanddescending
stallingintheturnandrecovery
recoveriesfromunusualattitudes,includingspiraldives
airmanship
Exercise12:Forcedlandingwithoutpower
forcedlandingprocedure
choiceoflandingarea,provisionforchangeofplan
glidingdistance
descentplan
keypositions
enginecooling
enginefailurechecks
useofradio
baseleg
finalapproach
landing
actionsafterlanding
airmanship
Exercise13:Precautionarylanding
fullprocedureawayfromaerodrometobreakoffheight
occasionsnecessitating
inflightconditions
landingareaselection
normalaerodrome
disusedaerodrome
ordinaryfield
circuitandapproach

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actionsafterlanding
airmanship
Exercise14A:Navigation
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals
mapselectionandpreparation
choiceofroute
airspacestructure
safetyaltitudes
calculations
magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
massandperformance
flightinformation
NOTAMSetc.
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternateaerodromes
touringmotorgliderdocumentation
notificationoftheflight
preflightadministrativeprocedures
flightplanform
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedures
altimetersettings
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
notingofETAs
maintenanceofaltitudeandheading
revisionsofETAandheading
logkeeping
useofradio
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
transitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
diversionprocedures
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
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Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure
ATCliaisoninregulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringthetrafficpattern
circuitprocedures
parking
securityoftouringmotorglider
refuelling
closingofflightplan,ifappropriate
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise14B:Navigationproblemsatlowerlevelsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,andterrain)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwindandturbulence
verticalsituationalawareness(avoidanceofcontrolledflightintoterrain)
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
Exercise14C:Radionavigation(basics)
UseofGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems
-

Selectionofwaypoints

to/fromindications,orientation

errormessages

UseofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
availability,AIP,frequencies
R/TproceduresandATCliaison
obtainingaQDMandhoming
Useofenroute/terminalradar
availability,AIP
proceduresandATCliaison
pilotsresponsibilities
secondarysurveillanceradar
transponders
codeselection
interrogationandreply

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AMCtoFCL.110.BandtoFCL.210.B
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHELEISUREPILOTLICENCEBALLOON
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHEBALLOONPILOTLICENCE(BPL)
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

2.2

3.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

TheLPL(B)/BPLflightinstructionsyllabusshouldtakeintoaccounttheprinciples
ofthreatanderrormanagementandalsocover:
(a)

preflight operations, including load calculations, balloon inspection and

servicing

(b)

crewandpassengerbriefings

(c)

inflationandcrowdcontrol

(d)

controloftheballoonbyexternalvisualreference

(e)

takeoffindifferentwindconditions

(f)

approachfromlowandhighlevel:

(g)

landingsinsurfacewindsbelowandabove8knots

(h)

crosscountryflyingusingvisualreferenceanddeadreckoning

(i)

tetheredflight(Hotairballoonsonly)

(j)

emergencyoperations,includingsimulatedballoonequipmentmalfunctions

(k)

compliance with air traffic services procedures and communication

procedures

(l)

landownerrelations

Before allowing the applicant for a BPL / LPL(B) to undertake his/her first solo
flight, the flight instructor should ensure that the applicant can operate the
requiredsystemsandequipment.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION(HOTAIRBALLOON)
3.1. The numberingofexercises should beusedprimarily as anexercise reference list
and as a broad instructional sequencing guide therefore the demonstrations and
practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and
contentwilldependuponthefollowinginterrelatedfactors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment
Applicabilityoftheexercisestotheballoontype
3.2. Each of the exercises involves the need for the pilotundertraining to be aware
the needs of good airmanship and lookout, which should be emphasised at all
times.
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththeballoon
characteristicsoftheballoon

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thecomponents/systems
instrumentsandequipment
useofchecklist(s)andprocedures
Exercise2:Preparationforflight
documentationandequipment
weatherforecastandactuals
flightPlanning
Notam
Airspacestructure
Sensitiveareas
Expectedtrackanddistance
Preflightpicture
Possiblelandingfields
launchField
Permission
Fieldselection
Behaviour
AdjacentFields
loadCalculations
Exercise3:CrewandPassengerBriefing
clothing
crewBriefing
passengerBriefing
Exercise4:Assemblyandlayout
crowdcontrol
riggingenvelope,basketandburner
burnerTest
preinflationchecks
Exercise5:Inflation
crowdcontrol
coldinflation
Useofrestraintline
Useoftheinflationfan
hotinflation
Exercise6:Takeoffinwindlessthan8knots
pretakeoffchecksandbriefings
heatingforcontrolledclimb
Handsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
useofquickrelease
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assessmentofwindandobstacles
Exercise7:Takeoffinwindwithoutshelter
pretakeoffchecksandbriefings
heatingforcontrolledclimb
Handsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
useofquickrelease
assessmentofwindandobstacles
Exercise8:Takeoffinwindmorethan8knots
pretakeoffchecksandbriefings
heatingforcontrolledclimb
Handsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
preparationforfalselift
useofquickrelease
assessmentofwindandobstacles
Exercise9:Climbtolevelflight
climbingwithapredeterminedrateofclimb
lookoutprocedures
effectonenvelopetemperature
maximumrateofclimbaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
levellingoffatselectedaltitude
Exercise10:Levelflight
maintaininglevelflightby
Useofinstrumentsonly
Useofvisualreferencesonly
Allavailablemeans
useofparachuteandturningvents(ifapplicable)
Exercise11:Descenttolevelflight
descentwithapredeterminedrateofdescent
fastdescent
lookoutprocedures
maximumrateofdescentaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
useofparachute
parachutestall
colddescent
levellingoffatselectedaltitude
Exercise12:Emergenciessystems
pilotlightfailure
burnerfailure,valveleaks,flameout,relight
gasleaks
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envelopeovertemperature
envelopedamageinflight
parachute/Rapiddeflationsystemfailure
Exercise13:Otheremergencies
fireextinguishers
fireonground
fireintheair
contactwithelectricalpowerlines
obstacleavoidance
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipment
Exercise14:Navigation
mapsselection
plottingexpectedtrack
markingpositionsandtime
calculationofdistance,speedandfuelconsumption
ceilinglimitations(ATC,Weather,Envelopetemperature)
planningahead
monitoringofweatherdevelopmentandactingaccordingly
monitoringoffuelconsumptionandenvelopetemperature
ATCliaison(ifapplicable)
communicationwithretrievecrew
useofGPS(ifapplicable)
Exercise15:FuelManagement
cylinderarrangementandburnersystems
pilotlightsupply(vapour/liquid)
useofmastercylinders(ifapplicable)
fuelrequirementandexpectedfuelconsumption
fuelstateandpressure
fuelreserves
cylindercontentsgaugeandchangeprocedure
useofcylindermanifolds
Exercise16:Approachfromlowlevel
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
useofburnerandparachute
lookoutprocedures
missedapproach/flyon
Exercise17:Approachfromhighlevel
prelandingchecks
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selectionoffield
rateofdescent
useofburnerandparachute
lookoutprocedures
missedapproach/flyon
Exercise18:Operatingatlowlevel
useofburnerandparachute
lookoutprocedures
avoidanceoflowlevelobstacles
landownerrelations
Exercise19:Landinginwindlessthan8knots
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
useofburnerandpilotlights
useofparachuteandturningvents(ifapplicable)
lookout
draggingandDeflation
landownerrelations
airmanship
Exercise20:Landinginwindmorethan8knots
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
turbulence
useofburnerandpilotlights
useofparachuteandturningvents(ifapplicable)
lookoutprocedures
draggingandDeflation
landownerrelations
Exercise21:Tetheredflight
groundpreparations
weathersuitability
tetherpoints
Upwind
Downwind
tetherropes
maximumallupweightlimitation
crowdcontrol
pretakeoffchecksandbriefings
heatingforcontrolledliftoff
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Handsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
assessmentofwindandobstacles
Exercise22:FirstSolo
supervisedflightpreparation
instructorsbriefing,observationofflightanddebriefing
4.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION(GASBALLOON)
4.1. The numberingofexercises should beusedprimarily as anexercise reference list
and as a broad instructional sequencing guide therefore the demonstrations and
practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and
contentwilldependuponthefollowinginterrelatedfactors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment
Applicabilityoftheexercisestotheballoontype
4.2. Each of the exercises involves the need for the pilotundertraining to be aware
the needs of good airmanship and lookout, which should be emphasised at all
times.
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththeballoon
characteristicsoftheballoon
thecomponents/systems
instrumentsandequipment
useofchecklist(s)andprocedures
Exercise2:Preparationforflight
documentationandEquipment
weatherforecastandactuals
flightPlanning
Notam
Airspacestructure
Sensitiveareas
Expectedtrackanddistance
Preflightpicture
Possiblelandingfields
launchField
Permission
Behaviour
AdjacentFields
loadCalculations
Exercise3:CrewandPassengerBriefing

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clothing
crewBriefings
passengerBriefing
Exercise4:Assemblyandlayout
crowdcontrol
riggingenvelopeandbasket(Balloonwithnet)
riggingenvelopeandbasket(Netlessballoon)
ballastcheck
Exercise5:Inflation
crowdcontrol
inflationprocedureaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
avoidingelectrostaticdischarge
Exercise6:Takeoffinwindlessthan8knots
pretakeoffchecksandbriefings
prepareforcontrolledclimb
Handsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
assessmentofwindandobstacles
Exercise7:Takeoffinwindmorethan8knots
pretakeoffchecksandbriefings
preparationforcontrolledclimb
Handsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
preparationforfalselift
assessmentofwindandobstacles
Exercise8:Climbtolevelflight
climbwithapredeterminedrateofclimb
lookoutprocedures
maximumrateofclimbaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
levellingoffatselectedaltitude
Exercise9:Levelflight
maintaininglevelflightby
Useofinstrumentsonly
Useofvisualreferencesonly
Allavailablemeans
useofparachute/valve
Exercise10:Descenttolevelflight
descentwithapredeterminedrateofdescent
fastdescent
lookoutprocedures
maximumrateofdescentaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
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useofparachute/valve
levellingoffatselectedaltitude
Exercise11:Emergencies
closedappendixduringtakeoffandclimb
envelopedamageinflight
parachute/valvefailure
contactwithelectricalpowerlines
obstacleavoidance
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipment
Exercise12:Navigation
mapselection
plottingexpectedtrack
markingpositionsandtime
calculationofdistance,speedandballastconsumption
ceilinglimitations(ATC,Weather,Ballast)
planningahead
monitoringofweatherdevelopmentandactingaccordingly
monitoringofballastconsumption
ATCliaison(ifapplicable)
communicationwithretrievecrew
useofGPS(ifapplicable)
Exercise13:BallastManagement
minimumballast
arrangementandsecuringofballast
ballastrequirementandexpectedballastconsumption
ballastreserves
Exercise14:Approachfromlowlevel
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
useofballastandparachute/valve
useoftrailrope(ifapplicable)
lookoutprocedures
missedapproach/flyon
Exercise15:Approachfromhighlevel
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
rateofdescent
useofballastandparachute/valve
useoftrailrope(ifapplicable)
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lookoutprocedures
missedapproach/flyon
Exercise16:Operatingatlowlevel
useofballastandparachute/valve
lookoutprocedures
avoidanceoflowlevelobstacles
landownerrelations
Exercise17:Landinginwindlessthan8knots
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
useofballastandparachute/valve
lookoutprocedures
useofrippanel
deflation
avoidingelectrostaticdischarge
landownerrelations
Exercise18:Landinginwindmorethan8knots
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
turbulence
useofballastandparachute/valve
lookout
useofrippanel
dragging
deflation
avoidingelectrostaticdischarge
landownerrelations
Exercise19:FirstSolo
supervisedflightpreparation
instructorsbriefing,observationofflightanddebriefing
AMCNo1toFCL.135.BandtoFCL.225.B
FLIGHT INSTRUCTION (THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE) FOR THE EXTENSIONTO ANOTHER
BALLOONCLASS:LEISUREPILOTLICENCEBALLOON/BALLOONPILOTLICENCE(BPL)
1.

2.

Theaim of the flight instruction is toqualify LPL(B) orBPLholders to exercise the privileges
onadifferentclassofballoons.
Thefollowingclassesarerecognised:

hotairballoons
gasballoons
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hotairairships

3.

4.

3Jun2008

The approved training organisation should issue a certificate of satisfactory completion of the
instructionforthepurposeoflicenceendorsement.
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
Thetheoreticalknowledgesyllabusshouldcovertherevisionand/orexplanationof:
4.1

4.2

4.3

Principlesofflight
operatinglimitations
loadinglimitations
OperationalProcedures
specialoperationalproceduresandhazards
emergencyprocedures
Flightperformanceandplanning
massconsiderations
loading
performance(hotair/gas/hotairairship)
flightplanning
fuelplanning
flightmonitoring

4.4. Aircraftgeneralknowledge

systemdesigns,loads,stresses,maintenance
envelope
burner(onlyextensiontohotairballoon/airship)
fuelcylinders(exceptgasballoons)
basket/gondola
liftingorburninggas
ballast(onlygasballoon)
engine(onlyhotairairship)
instrumentsandindicationsystems
emergencyequipment

AMCNo2toFCL.135.BandtoFCL.225.B
FLIGHT INSTRUCTION (THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE) FOR THE EXTENSIONTO ANOTHER
BALLOONCLASS:LEISUREPILOTLICENCEBALLOON/BALLOONPILOTLICENCE(BPL)
ADDITIONAL SYLLABUS OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR THE EXTENSION OF PRIVILEGES FOR
THEBALLOONPILOTLICENCE/LEISUREPILOTLICENCE(BALLOONS)HOTAIRBALLOONTO
HOTAIRAIRSHIP
TheprerequisitefortheextensionofprivilegestohotairairshipsisavalidBPLorLPLforhotair
balloons becauseahotairairshipwithafailedengine must behandledinasimilarmanneras a
hotairballoon.Theconversiontraininghastoconcentratethereforeontheaddedcomplicationof
theengine,itscontrolsandthedifferentoperatinglimitationsofahotairairship.
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththehotairairship
characteristicsofthehotairairship
thecomponents/systems

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instrumentsandequipment

useofchecklist(s)andprocedures

Exercise2:Preparationforflight
documentationandequipment
weatherforecastandactuals
flightPlanning
Notam
Airspacestructure
Sensitiveareas
Expectedtrackanddistance
Preflightpicture
Possiblelandingfields
launchField
Permission
Behaviour
Fieldselection
AdjacentFields
loadandfuelcalculations
Exercise3:Crewandpassengerbriefing.
clothing
crewBriefing
passengerBriefing
Exercise4:Assemblyandlayout
crowdcontrol
riggingenvelope,gondola,burnerandengine
burnertest
preinflationchecks
Exercise5:Inflation
crowdcontrol
coldinflation
Useofrestraintline
Useoftheinflationfan
hotinflation
Exercise6:Engine
identificationofmainpartsandcontrols
familiarisationwithoperationandcheckingoftheengine
enginechecksbeforetakeoff
Exercise7:Pressurisation
pressurisationfanoperation
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superpressureandbalancebetweenpressureandtemperature
pressurelimitations
Exercise8:Takeoff
pretakeoffchecksandbriefings
heatingforcontrolledclimb
procedureforgroundcrew
assessmentofwindandobstacles
Exercise9:Climbtolevelflight.
climbingwithapredeterminedrateofclimb
effectonenvelopetemperatureandpressure
maximumrateofclimbaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
leveloffatselectedaltitude
Exercise10:Levelflight.
maintaininglevelflightby
Useofinstrumentsonly
Useofvisualreferencesonly
Allavailablemeans
maintaininglevelflightatdifferentairspeedstakingaccountofaerodynamiclift
Exercise11:Descenttolevelflight.
descentwithapredeterminedrateofdescent
maximumrateofdescentaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
levellingoffatselectedaltitude
Exercise12:Emergenciessystems.
enginefailure
pressurisationfailure
rudderfailure
pilotlightfailure
burnerfailure,valveleaks,flameout,relight
gasleaks
envelopeovertemperature
envelopedamageinflight
Exercise13:Otheremergencies
fireextinguishers
fireonground
fireintheair
contactwithelectricalpowerlines
obstacleavoidance
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipment
Exercise14:Navigation
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mapselectionandpreparation
plottingandsteeringexpectedtrack
markingpositionsandtime
calculationofdistance,speedandfuelconsumption
ceilinglimitations(ATC,Weather,Envelopetemperature)
planningahead
monitoringofweatherdevelopmentandactingaccordingly
monitoringoffuelandenvelopetemperature/pressure
ATCliaison(ifapplicable)
communicationwithgroundcrew
useofGPS(ifapplicable)
Exercise15:FuelManagement
enginearrangementandtanksystem.
cylinderarrangementandburnersystems
pilotlightsupply(vapour/liquid)
fuelrequirementandexpectedfuelconsumptionforengineandburner
fuelstateandpressure
fuelreserves
cylinderandpetroltankcontentsgauge
Exercise16:Approachandgoaround.
prelandingchecks
selectionoffieldintowind
useofburnerandengine
lookoutprocedures
missedapproach/goaround
Exercise17:Approachwithsimulatedenginefailure.
prelandingchecks
selectionoffield
useofburner
lookoutprocedures
missedapproach/goaround
Exercise18:Operatingatlowlevel
useofburnerandengine
lookoutprocedures
avoidanceoflowlevelobstacles
landownerrelations
Exercise19:Steering
assessmentofwind
correctingforwindtosteeragivencourse
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Exercise20:Finallanding
prelandingchecks
useofburnerandengine
lookout
deflation
landownerrelations
AMCNo3toFCL.135.BandFCL.225.B
CONTENTS OF THE SKILL TEST FOR THE EXTENSION OF A LPL(B) OR A BPL TO ANOTHER
BALLOONCLASS(HOTAIRAIRSHIP)
1

The take off site should be chosen by the applicant depending on the actual meteorological
conditions, the area which has to be overflown and the possible options for suitable landing
sites. The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all
equipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.

An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out. Checks should be
completedinaccordancewiththeflightmanualand/ortheauthorisedchecklistfortheballoon
onwhichthetestisbeingtaken.Duringpreflightpreparationforthetesttheapplicantshould
berequiredtoperformcrewandpassengerbriefingsanddemonstratecrowdcontrol.Theload
calculationshouldbe performedby the applicant in compliancewith the operations manualor
flightmanualforthehotairairshipused.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatethehotairairshipwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintaincontroloftheairshipatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcome
ofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

TheskilltestcontentsandsectionssetoutinthisAMCshouldbeusedfortheskilltestforthe
issueofaLPL(B)andBPLHotAirAirshipextension.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONS,INFLATIONANDTAKEOFF
Useofchecklist,airmanship,controlofhotairairshipbyexternalvisualreference,lookout
procedures,etc.applyinallsections.
a

Preflightdocumentation,flightplanningandweatherbrief

Hotairairshipinspectionandservicing

Loadcalculation

Crowdcontrol,crewandpassengerbriefings

Assemblyandlayout

Inflationandpretakeoffprocedures

Takeoff

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)
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SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK
a

Climbtolevelflight

Levelflight

Descenttolevelflight

Operatingatlowlevel

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

Deadreckoningandmapreading

Markingpositionsandtime

Orientation,airspacestructure

Plottingandsteeringexpectedtrack

Maintenanceofaltitude

Fuelmanagement

Communicationwithgroundcrew

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Approach,missedapproach/goaround

Prelandingchecks

Selectionoflandingfield

Landinganddeflation

ATCliaisoncompliance(ifapplicable)

Actionsafterflight
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES

ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4.
a

SimulatedFireonthegroundandintheair

Simulatedpilotlight,burnerandenginefailure

Approachwithsimulatedenginefailure,missedapproach/goaround

Otherabnormalandemergencyproceduresasoutlinedintheappropriateflightmanual.

Oralquestions

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SUBPARTC
PRIVATEPILOTLICENCE(PPL),SAILPLANEPILOTLICENCE(SPL)andBALLOONPILOT
LICENCE(BPL)
AMCNo1toFCL.210andFCL.215
Syllabus of theoretical knowledge for the private pilot licence aeroplanes
andhelicopters
The following tables contain the syllabi for the courses of theoretical knowledge, as well as for the
theoretical knowledgeexaminations for the PPL(A)and (H). The trainingand examinationshouldcover
aspects related to nontechnical skills in an integratedmanner, taking into account the particular risks
associatedtothelicenceandtheactivity.
Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL Brid PPL Brid
ge
ge
0100000 AIRLAWANDATCPROCEDURES
00
0100100 INTERNATIONALLAW:CONVENTIONS,
00
AGREEMENTSANDORGANISATIONS
0100101 TheConventiononinternationalcivilaviation
00
(Chicago)
Doc.7300/6
0100101 PartI AirNavigationrelevantpartsofthe
01
followingchapters:

generalprinciplesandapplicationofthe
convention

flightoverterritoryofContractingStates

nationalityofaircraft

measurestofacilitateairnavigation

conditionstobefulfilledwithrespecttoaircraft

internationalstandardsandrecommended
practices

validityofendorsedcertificatesandlicences

notificationofdifferences

0100101 PartII TheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation

02
(ICAO)

objectivesandcomposition

Commonandregistrationmarks

Certificateofregistration,Aircraftnationality

0100200 ANNEX8AIRWORTHINESSOFAIRCRAFT
00
0100201
foreword,definitions
00
0100202
00

certificateofairworthiness

0100300 ANNEX7AIRCRAFTNATIONALITYAND
00
REGISTRATIONMARKS
0100301
Foreword,definitions
00
0100302
00
0100303
00

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Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL Brid PPL Brid
ge
ge
0100400 ANNEX1PERSONNELLICENSING
00
0100401
00

Definitions

operationoftransponders

phraseology

0100701 Definitions
00

0100704 Generalprovisionsforairtrafficservices
00
0100706 Visualseparationinthevicinityofaerodromes.
00

0100707 Proceduresforaerodromecontrolservices
00

0100708 Radarservices
00

0100709 Flightinformationserviceandalertingservice
00
0100712 Phraseologies
00

0100715 Proceduresrelatedtoemergencies,communication
00
failureandcontingencies

0100402
RelevantpartsofAnnex1connectedtoJAR
00
FCL1,2&3
0100500 ANNEX2RULESOFTHEAIR
00
0100501
essentialdefinitions,applicabilityoftherulesof
theair,generalrules(exceptwateroperations),
00
visualflightrules,signals,interceptionofcivil
aircraft.
0100600 PROCEDURESFORAIRNAVIGATIONAIRCRAFT
00
OPERATIONSDoc.8168OPS/611,VOLUME1
0100606 Altimetersettingprocedures(includingICAO
Doc.7030regionalsupplementary
00
procedures)
0100606
Basicrequirements(excepttables),procedures
applicabletooperatorsandpilots(except
01
tables)
0100607 Secondarysurveillanceradartransponder
00
operatingprocedures(includingICAODoc.7030
regionalsupplementaryprocedures)
0100607
01
0100607
03

0100700 ANNEX11,Doc.4444AIRTRAFFIC
00
MANAGEMENT

0100800 ANNEX15AERONAUTICALINFORMATION
00
SERVICE
0100801 Introduction,essentialdefinitions
00

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Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL Brid PPL Brid
ge
ge
x

0100901 Essentialdefinitions
00

0100902 Aerodromedata:
00

conditionsofthemovementareaandrelated
facilities

0100903 Visualaidsfornavigation
00

indicatorsandsignallingdevices

markings

lights

signs

markers

0100904 Visualaidsfordenotingobstacles
00

markingofobjects

lightingofobjects

0100905 Visualaidsfordenotingrestricteduseofareas
00

0100906 Emergencyandotherservices
00

rescueandfirefighting

apronmanagementservice

0101101 Essentialdefinitions
00
0101104 Operatingprocedures
00

proceduresforpilotsincommandatthescene
ofanaccident

proceduresforpilotsincommandinterceptinga
distresstransmission

searchandrescuesignals

0101105 Searchandrescuesignals:
00

signalswithsurfacecraft

ground/airvisualsignalcode

air/groundsignals

0100802 AIP,NOTAM,AIRAC,AIC
00
0100900 ANNEX14,Vol1&2AERODROMES
00

0101100 ANNEX12SEARCHANDRESCUE
00

0101200 ANNEX17SECURITY
00
0101201 General:aimsandobjectives
00

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Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL Brid PPL Brid
ge
ge
0101300 ANNEX13AIRCRAFTACCIDENT
00
INVESTIGATION
0101301 Essentialdefinitions
00
0101302 Applicability
00

0101500 NATIONALLAW
00
0101501 NationallawanddifferencestorelevantICAO
00
Annexes,JARsandEASAregulations.

Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL Brid PPL Brid
ge
ge
0210000
00

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGEAIRFRAME
ANDSYSTEMS,ELECTRICS,POWERPLANT,
EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

0210100
00

SYSTEMDESIGN,LOADS,STRESSES,
MAINTENANCE

0210102
00

Loadsandcombinationloadingsappliedtoan
aircraftsstructure

0210200
00

AIRFRAME

0210203
00

Wings,tailsurfacesandcontrolsurfaces

0210203
01

Designandconstructions

0210203
02

Structuralcomponentsandmaterials

0210203
03

Stresses

0210203
04

Structurallimitations

0210204
00

Fuselage,doors,floor,windscreenand
windows

0210204
01

Designandconstructions

0210204
02

Structuralcomponentsandmaterials

0210204
03

Stresses

0210204
04

Structurallimitations

Page272of647

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PPL Brid PPL Brid
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ge
0210205
00

Flightandcontrolsurfaces

0210205
01

Designandconstructions

0210205
02

Structuralcomponentsandmaterials

0210205
03

Stresses,aeroelasticvibrations

0210205
04

Structurallimitations

0210300
00

HYDRAULICS

0210301
00

Hydromechanics:basicprinciples

0210302
00

Hydraulicsystems

0210302
01

Hydraulicfluids:types,characteristics,limitations

0210302
02

Systemcomponents:design,operation,degraded
modesofoperation,indicationsandwarnings

0210400
00

LANDINGGEAR,WHEELS,TYRES,BRAKES

0210401
00

Landinggear

0210401
01

Typesandmaterials

0210402
00

Nosewheelsteering:design,operation

0210403
00

Brakes

0210403
01

Typesandmaterials

0210403
02

Systemcomponents,design,operation,indications
andwarnings

0210404
00

WheelsandTyres

0210404
01

Types,operationallimitations

0210405
00

Helicopterequipments

0210500
00

FLIGHTCONTROLS

0210501
00

FlightControls

0210501
01

Mechanical/powered

Page273of647

NPA200817b

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PPL Brid PPL Brid
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ge
0210501
03

Controlsystems,mechanical

0210501
04

Systemcomponents,design,operation,indications
andwarnings,degradedmodesofoperation,
jamming

0210502
00

SecondaryFlightControls

0210502
01

Systemcomponents,design,operation,degraded
modesofoperation,indicationsandwarnings

0210700
00

ANTIICINGSYSTEMS

0210701
00

Types,operation(pitot,windshield)

0210800
00

FUELSYSTEM

0210801
00

Pistonengine

0210801
01

Design,operation,systemcomponents,degraded
modesofoperation,indicationsandwarnings

0210802
00

Turbineengine

0210802
00

Design,operation,systemcomponents,degraded
modesofoperation,indicationsandwarnings

0210900
00

ELECTRICS

0210901
00

Electrics:general,definitions

0210901
01

DirectCurrent:

0210901
02

AlternatingCurrent:

0210901
04

Circuits:series,parallel

0210901
05

Magneticfield:effectsinanelectricalcircuit

0210902
00

Batteries

0210902
01

Types,characteristicsandlimitations

0210902
02

Batterychargers,characteristicsandlimitations

0210903
00

Staticelectricity:general

voltage,current,resistance,conductivity,
Ohmslaw,power,work
voltage,current,amplitude,phase,
frequency,resistance

Page274of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

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0210903
01

Basicprinciples

0210903
02

Staticdischargers

0210903
03

Protectionagainstinterference

0210903
04

Lightningeffects

0210904
00

Generation:production,distribution,use

0210904
01

DCGeneration:

0210904
02

ACGeneration:

0210905
00

Electriccomponents

0210905
01

Basicelements:
basicprinciplesofswitches,circuitbreakers,
relays

0210906
00

Distribution

0210906
01

General:

0211000
00

PISTONENGINES

0211001
00

General

0211001
01

Typesofinternalcombustionengine:basic
principles,definitions

0211001
02

Engine:design,operation,componentsand
materials

0211002
00

Fuel

0211002
01

Types,grades,characteristics,limitations

0211002
02

Alternatefuel:characteristics,limitations

0211003
00

Carburettor/Injectionsystem

0211003
01

Carburettor:design,operation,degradedmodesof
operation,indicationsandwarnings

0211003
02

Injection:design,operation,degradedmodesof
operation,indicationsandwarnings

types,design,operation,degradedmodesof
operation,indicationsandwarnings
types,design,operation,degradedmodesof
operation,indicationsandwarnings

busbar,commonearth,priority
ACandDCcomparison

Page275of647

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0211003
03

Icing

0211004
01

Aircoolingsystems

0211004
01

Design,operation,degradedmodesofoperation,
indicationsandwarnings

0211005
00

Lubricationsystems

0211005
01

Lubricants:types,characteristics,limitations

0211005
02

Design,operation,degradedmodesofoperation,
indicationsandwarnings

0211006
01

Ignitioncircuits

0211006
01

Design,operation,degradedmodesofoperation

0211007
01

Mixture

0211007
01

Definition,characteristicmixtures,control
instruments,associatedcontrollevers,indications

0211008
00

Propellers

0211008
01

Definitions,general:

Aerodynamicparameters
Types

Operatingmodes

0211008
02

Constantspeedpropeller:

0211008
04

Propellerhandling:

0211009
00

Performanceandenginehandling

0211009
01

Performance:influenceofengineparameters,
influenceofatmosphericconditions,limitations,
poweraugmentationsystems

0211009
02

Enginehandling:powerandmixturesettingsduring
variousflightphases,operationallimitations

0211100
00

TURBINEENGINES

0211102
00

Definitions

0211102
01

Coupledturbineengine:design,operation,
componentsandmaterials

0211102
02

Freeturbineengine:design,operation,components
andmaterials

Design,operation,systemcomponents
Associatedcontrollevers,degradedmodes
ofoperation,indicationsandwarnings

Page276of647

NPA200817b

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0211103
00

Fuel

0211103
01

Types,characteristics,limitations

0211104
00

Mainenginecomponents

0211104
02

Compressor

0211104
03

0211104
04

0211104
05

Types,design,operation,componentsand
materials

Stressesandlimitations

Stall,surge,meansofprevention

Combustionchamber

Types,design,operation,componentsand
materials

Stressesandlimitations
Emissionproblems

Turbine

Types,design,operation,componentsand
materials

Stresses,creepandlimitations

Exhaust

Design,operation,materials

Noisereduction

0211104
06

Fuelcontrolunits

0211104
07

Helicopter:Airintake

0211105
00

Additionalcomponentsandsystems

0211105
02

Helicopter:Additionalcomponentsandsystems:

0211106
00

Performanceaspects

0211106
02

Torque,performanceaspects,enginehandlingand
limitations:

Types,operation,sensors
Differenttypes,design,operation,materials,
optionalequipments

Lubricationsystem,ignitioncircuit,starter,
accessorygearbox,freewheelunits:design,
operation,components

Engineratings

Engineperformanceandlimitations

Enginehandling

0211200
00

PROTECTIONANDDETECTIONSYSTEMS

0211203
00

Firedetectionsystems

Page277of647

NPA200817b

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0211203
01

Operation,indications

0211400
00

MISCELLANEOUSSYSTEMS

0211403
00

Rotordesign

0211500
00

ROTORHEADS

0211501
00

Mainrotor

0211501
01

Types

0211501
02

Structuralcomponentsandmaterials,stresses,
structurallimitations

0211501
03

Designandconstruction

0211501
04

Adjustment

0211502
00

Tailrotor

0211502
01

Types

0211502
02

Structuralcomponentsandmaterials,stresses,
structurallimitations

0211502
03

Designandconstruction

0211502
04

Adjustment

0211600
00

TRANSMISSION

0211601
00

Maingearbox

0211601
01

Differenttypes,design,operation,limitations

0211602
00

Rotorbrake

0211602
01

Differenttypes,design,operation,limitations

0211603
00

Auxiliarysystems

0211604
00

Driveshaftandassociatedinstallation

0211605
00

Intermediateandtailgearbox

Page278of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

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0211605
01

Differenttypes,design,operation,limitations

0211700
00

BLADES

0211701
00

Mainrotorblade

0211701
01

Design,construction

0211701
02

Structuralcomponentsandmaterials

0211701
03

Stresses

0211701
04

Structurallimitations

0211701
05

Adjustment

0211701
06

Tipshape

0211702
00

Tailrotorblade

0211702
01

Design,construction

0211702
02

Structuralcomponentsandmaterials

0211702
03

Stresses

0211702
04

Structurallimitations

0211702
05

Adjustment

Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL Brid PPL Brid
ge
ge
0220000
00

AIRCRAFTGENERALKNOWLEDGE
INSTRUMENTATION

0220100
00

INSTRUMENTANDINDICATIONSYSTEMS

0220101
00

Pressuregauge

022010101 Differenttypes,design,operation,characteristics,
accuracy
0220102
00

Temperaturesensing

Page279of647

NPA200817b

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022010201 Differenttypes,design,operation,characteristics,
accuracy
0220103
00

Positiontransmitter

022010501 Differenttypes,design,operation,characteristics,
accuracy
0220106
00

Flowmeter

022010401 Differenttypes,design,operation,characteristics,
accuracy
0220105
00

Fuelgauge

022010301 Differenttypes,design,operation,characteristics,
accuracy
0220104
00

Torquemeter

022010601 Design,operation,characteristics,accuracy
0220107
00

Tachometer

022010701 Design,operation,characteristics,accuracy

022020101 Staticpressure,dynamicpressure,density:
definitions

022020102 Design,operation,errors,accuracy

022020202 Design,operation,errors,accuracy

022020203 Displays

x
x

022020301 Design,operation,errors,accuracy

022020302 Displays

0220200
00

MEASUREMENTOFAERODYNAMIC
PARAMETERS

0220201
00

Pressuremeasurement

0220202
00

0220203
00

0220205
00

Temperaturemeasurement:Aeroplane

Temperaturemeasurement:Helicopter

Altimeter

022020501 Standardatmosphere

022020502 Thedifferentbarometricreferences(QNH,QFEand
1013.25)

022020503 Height,indicatedaltitude,truealtitude,pressure
altitudeanddensityaltitude

022020504 Design,operation,errors,accuracy

Page280of647

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022020505 Displays

022020601 Design,operation,errors,accuracy

022020602 Displays

022020701 ThedifferentspeedsIAS,CAS,TAS:definition,
usageandrelationships

022020702 Design,operation,errors,accuracy

022020703 Displays

022030201 Design,operation,dataprocessing,accuracy,
deviation

022030202 Turningandaccelerationerrors

022040101 Definitions,design

022040102 Fundamentalproperties

022040103 Drifts

0220206
00

0220207
00

VerticalSpeedIndicator

AirspeedIndicator

0220300
00

MAGNETISMDIRECTREADINGCOMPASS

0220301
00

Earthmagneticfield

0220302
00

Directreadingcompass

0220400
00

GYROSCOPICINSTRUMENTS

0220401
00

Gyroscope:basicprinciples

0220402
00

Turnandbankindicator

022040201 Design,operation,errors
0220403
00

Attitudeindicator

022040301 Design,operation,errors,accuracy
0220404
00

Directionalgyroscope

022040401 Design,operation,errors,accuracy
0221000
00

COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

0221001
00

Transmissionmodes:VHF,HF,Satcom

022100101 Principles,bandwidth,operationallimitations,use

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0221002
00

Voicecommunication

022100201 Definitions,general,applications
0221200
00

ALERTINGSYSTEMS,PROXIMITYSYSTEMS

0221202
00

FlightWarningsystems

022120201 Design,operation,indicationsandalarms
0221203
00

Stallwarning

022120301 Design,operation,indicationsandalarms
0221208
00

Radioaltimeter

022120801 Design,operation,errors,accuracy,indications
0221210
00

Rotor/engineoverspeedalertsystem

022121001 Design,operation,displays,alarms
0221300
00

INTEGRATEDINSTRUMENTSELECTRONIC
DISPLAYS

0221301
00

Displayunits

022130101 Design,differenttechnologies,limitations

Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

Brid
ge

031010101 Importanceinregardtostructurallimitations

031010102 Importanceinregardtoperformancelimitations

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x

0300000
00

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNING

0310000
00

MASSANDBALANCE
AEROPLANES/HELICOPTERS

0310100
00

PURPOSEOFMASSANDBALANCE
CONSIDERATIONS

0310101
00

Masslimitations

0310102
00

Centreofgravity(CG)limitations

031010201 Importanceinregardtostabilityandcontrollability
031010202 Importanceinregardtoperformance

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PPL

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PPL

Brid
ge

031020101 Massterms

031020102 Loadterms(includingFuelTerms)

031020201 Structurallimitations

031020202 Performancelimitations

031020203 Baggagecompartmentlimitations

031020301 MaximummassesforTakeoffandLanding

031020303 Useofstandardmassesforpassengers,baggage
andcrew

031030100 Definitionofcentreofgravity

031030200 Conditionsofequilibrium(BalanceofForcesand
BalanceofMoments)
031030300 BasiccalculationsofCG

031040101 Datum,momentarm

031040102 CGpositionasdistancefromdatum

031040301 BasicEmptyMass(BEM)

031040302 CGpositionand/ormomentatBEM

031040303 Deviationsfromstandardconfiguration

031050101 Arithmeticmethod

031050102 Graphicmethod

0310200
00

LOADING

0310201
00

Terminology

0310202
00

0310203
00

0310300
00

Masslimits

Masscalculations

FUNDAMENTALSOFCGCALCULATIONS

0310400
00

MASSANDBALANCEDETAILSOFAIRCRAFT

0310401
00

Contentsofmassandbalancedocumentation

0310403
00

Extractionofbasicmassandbalancedata
fromaircraftdocumentation

0310500
00

DETERMINATIONOFCGPOSITION

0310501
00

Methods

0310502
00

LoadandTrimSheet

031050201 Generalconsiderations

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PPL

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PPL

Brid
ge

032010100 Performanceclasses

032010200 Stagesofflight

032010300 Effectofaeroplanemass,wind,altitude,runway
slope,runwayconditions

032010400 Gradients

032020301 Useofaeroplaneflightdata

032020302 Effectofdensityaltitudeandaeroplanemass

032020303 Enduranceandtheeffectsofthedifferent
recommendedpower/thrustsettings

032020304 Stillairrangewithvariouspower/thrustsettings

031050202 LoadsheetandCGenvelopeforlightaeroplanes
andforhelicopters
0320000
00

PERFORMANCEAEROPLANES

0320100
00

INTRODUCTION

0320200
00

SINGLEENGINEAEROPLANES

032020100 Definitionsoftermsandspeeds
0320202
00

Takeoffandlandingperformance

032020202 Useofaeroplaneflightmanualdata
0320203
00

Climbandcruiseperformance

Aeroplane Helicopter
PPL Brid PPL Brid
ge
ge
0330000
00

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDFLIGHTMONITORING

0330100
00

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORVFRFLIGHTS

0330101
00

VFRNavigationplan

033010101 Routes,airfields,heightsandaltitudesfromVFR
charts

033010102 CoursesanddistancesfromVFRcharts

033010103 AerodromeChartsandAerodromeDirectory

033010104 CommunicationsandRadioNavigationplanningdata

033010105 Completionofnavigationplan

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0330300
00

FUELPLANNING

033030100 Generalknowledge

033030204 CalculationofExtrafuel

033030205 Completionofthefuelsectionofthenavigationplan
(fuellog)andcalculationoftotalfuel

033040101 Groundfacilitiesandservices

033040102 Departure,destinationandalternateaerodromes

033040103 Airwayroutingsandairspacestructure

033050201 Formatofflightplan

033050202 Completionoftheflightplan

033050300 Submissionoftheflightplan

033060101 Monitoringoftrackandtime

033060102 Inflightfuelmanagement

033060200 Inflightreplanningincaseofdeviationfrom
planneddata

0330302
00

Preflightcalculationoffuelrequired

0330400
00

PREFLIGHTPREPARATION

0330401
00

AIPandNOTAMbriefing

0330402
00

Meteorologicalbriefing

033040201 Extractionandanalysisofrelevantdatafrom
meteorologicaldocuments
0330500
00

ICAOFLIGHTPLAN(ATSFlightPlan)

0330502
00

IndividualflightPlan

0330600
00

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTRE
PLANNING

0330601
00

Flightmonitoring

0340000
00

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

PERFORMANCEHELICOPTERS

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Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

034010101 Stagesofflight

034010102 Effectonperformanceofatmospheric,
airport/heliportandhelicopterconditions

0340100
00

GENERAL

0340101
00

Introduction

Brid
ge

0340102
00

ApplicabilityofAirworthinessRequirements

0340103
00

Definitionsandterminology

0340600
00

PERFORMANCESINGLEENGINEHELICOPTERS

0340601
00

DEFINITIONSOFTERMS

masses

velocities:Vx,Vy

velocityofbestrangeandofmaximum
endurance

powerlimitations

altitudes
0340602
00

TAKEOFFCRUISELANDINGPERFORMANCE

Useandinterpretationofdiagramsand
tables
Takeoff

takeoffrunanddistanceavailable

takeoffandinitialclimb

effectsofmass,windanddensityaltitude

effectsofgroundsurfaceandgradient
Landing

effectsofmass,wind,densityaltitudeand
approachspeed

effectsofgroundsurfaceandgradient
Inflight

relationshipbetweenpowerrequiredand
poweravailable

performancediagram

effectsofconfiguration,mass,temperature
andaltitude

reductionofperformanceduringclimbing
turns

autorotation

adverseeffects(icing,rain,conditionofthe
airframe)

Page286of647

NPA200817b

0400000
00

HUMANPERFORMANCE

0400100
00

HUMANFACTORS:BASICCONCEPTS

0400101
00

HumanFactorsinaviation

0400101
02

Becomingacompetentpilot

0400200
00

BASICAVIATIONPHYSIOLOGYANDHEALTH
MAINTENANCE

0400201
01

Theatmosphere

0400201
02

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

composition
gasLaws

Respiratoryandcirculatorysystems

3Jun2008

oxygenrequirementoftissues
functionalanatomy
mainformsofhypoxia(hypoxicandanaemic)
sources,effectsandcountermeasuresof
carbonmonoxide
countermeasures,hypoxia
symptomsofhypoxia
hyperventilation
theeffectsofaccelerationsonthecirculatory
system
hypertensionandcoronaryheartdisease

0400202
00

ManandEnvironment

0400202
01
0400202
02

Central,peripheralandautonomicnervoussystems

Vision

0400202
03

functionalanatomy
visualfield,fovealandperipheralvision
binocularandmonocularvision
monocularvisioncues
nightvision
visualscanninganddetectiontechniquesand
importanceoflookout

defectivevision
Hearing

descriptiveandfunctionalanatomy
flightrelatedhazardstohearing
hearingloss

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NPA200817b

0400202
04

0400202
05

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Equilibrium

functionalanatomy

motionandacceleration

motionsickness
Integrationofsensoryinputs

Bodyrhythmandsleep

rhythmdisturbances

symptoms,effects,management
Problemareasforpilots

Brid
ge

spatialdisorientation:forms,recognition,
avoidance

illusions:forms,recognition,avoidance
physicalorigin
physiologicalorigin
psychologicalorigin

approachandlandingproblems
0400203
00

Healthandhygiene

0400203
01

Personalhygiene

0400203
02

0400203
03

personalfitness

commonminorailmentsincludingcold,
influenzaand
gastrointestinalupset

entrappedgases,barotrauma,(scubadiving)

obesity

foodhygiene

infectiousdiseases

nutrition

varioustoxicgasesandmaterials
0400203
04

Intoxication

tobacco
alcohol
caffeine
drugsandselfmedication

0400300
00

BASICAVIATIONPSYCHOLOGY

0400301
00

Humaninformationprocessing

0400301
01

Attentionandvigilance

0400301
02

selectivityofattention
dividedattention

Perception

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NPA200817b

0400301
03

perceptualillusions

subjectivityofperception

processesofperception
Memory

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

sensorymemory

working/shorttermmemory

longtermmemorytoincludemotormemory
(skills)
0400302
00

Humanerrorandreliability

0400302
01

Reliabilityofhumanbehaviour

0400302
04

Errorgeneration

0400303
00

Decisionmaking

0400303
01

Decisionmakingconcepts

socialenvironment(group,organisation)

structure(phases)
limits
riskassessment
practicalapplication

0400304
00

Avoidingandmanagingerrors:cockpit
management

0400304
01

Safetyawareness

riskareaawareness

situationalawareness
Communication

0400304
04

verbalandnonverbalcommunication

0400305
00

Humanbehaviour

0400305
01

Personalityandattitudes

development
environmentalinfluences

0400305
03

Identificationofhazardousattitudes(error
proneness)

0400306
00

Humanoverloadandunderload

0400306
01

Arousal

0400306
02

Stress

definition(s)
anxietyandstress
effectsofstress

Page289of647

NPA200817b

0400306
05

Fatigueandstressmanagement

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

types,causesandsymptomsoffatigue
effectsoffatigue
copingstrategies
managementtechniques
healthandfitnessprogrammes

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

050 00METEOROLOGY
00
00
050 01 00
THEATMOSPHERE
00
050 01 01 Composition,extent,verticaldivision
00
050 01 01 Structureoftheatmosphere
01

050 01 01 Troposphere
02

050 01 02 Definitionandunits
01

050 01 02 Verticaldistributionoftemperature
02

050 01 02 Transferofheat
03

050 01 02 Lapserates,stabilityandinstability
04

050 01 02 Developmentofinversions,typesofinversions
05

050 01 02 Temperature near the earths surface, surface effects,

06
diurnalandseasonalvariation,effectofclouds,effectof
wind

050 01 03 Barometricpressure,isobars
01

050 01 03 Pressurevariationwithheight
02

050 01 03 Reductionofpressuretomeansealevel
03

050 01 03 Relationship between surface pressure centres and

04
pressurecentresaloft

050 01 02 Airtemperature
00

050 01 03 Atmosphericpressure
00

050 01 04 Airdensity
00

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Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

050 01 06 Terminologyanddefinitions
01

050 01 06 Altimeterandaltimetersettings
02

050 01 06 Calculations
03

050 01 06 Effectofacceleratedairflowduetotopography
04

050 02 02 Primarycauseofwind,pressuregradient,coriolisforce,
01
gradientwind

050 02 02 Variationofwindinthefrictionlayer
02

050 02 02 Effectsofconvergenceanddivergence
03

050 01 04 Relationship between pressure, temperature and

01
density

Brid
ge

050 01 05 ICAOStandardAtmosphere(ISA)
00
050 01 05 ICAOStandardAtmosphere
01
050 01 06 Altimetry
00

050 02 00 WIND
00
050 02 01 Definitionandmeasurementofwind
00
050 02 01 Definitionandmeasurement
01
050 02 02 Primarycauseofwind
00

0600000
00

NAVIGATION

0610000
00

GENERALNAVIGATION

0610100
00

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

0610101
00

Thesolarsystem

0610101
01

Seasonalandapparentmovementsofthesun

0610102
00

Theearth

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

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3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

0610102
01

Greatcircle,smallcircle,rhumbline

0610102
03

Latitude,differenceoflatitude

0610102
04

Longitude,differenceoflongitude

0610102
05

Useoflatitudeandlongitudecoordinatestolocate
anyspecificposition

0610103
00

Timeandtimeconversions

0610103
01

Apparenttime

0610103
02

UTC

0610103
03

LMT

0610103
04

Standardtimes

0610103
05

Dateline

0610103
06

Definitionofsunrise,sunsetandciviltwilight

0610104
00

Directions

0610104
01

Truenorth,magneticnorth,compassnorth

0610104
03

Compassdeviation

0610104
04

Magneticpoles,isogonals,relationshipbetweentrue
andmagnetic

0610105
00

Distance

0610105
01

Unitsofdistanceandheightusedinnavigation:
nauticalmiles,statutemiles,kilometres,metresand
feet

0610105
02

Conversionfromoneunittoanother

0610105
03

Relationshipbetweennauticalmilesandminutesof
latitudeandminutesoflongitude

0610200
00

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

0610201
00

GeneralPrinciples

0610201
01

Terrestrialmagnetism

Brid
ge

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Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

0610201
02

Resolutionoftheearthstotalmagneticforceinto
verticalandhorizontalcomponents

0610201
04

Variationannualchange

0610202
00

Aircraftmagnetism

0610202
02

Theresultingmagneticfields

0610202
04

Keepingmagneticmaterialsclearofthecompass

0610300
00

CHARTS

0610301
00

Generalpropertiesofmiscellaneoustypesof
projections

0610301
01

DirectMercator

0610301
02

Lambertconformalconic

0610302
00

Therepresentationofmeridians,parallels,
greatcirclesandrhumblines

0610302
01

DirectMercator

0610302
02

Lambertconformalconic

0610303
00

Theuseofcurrentaeronauticalcharts

0610303
01

Plottingpositions

0610303
02

Methodsofindicatingscaleandrelief(ICAO
topographicalchart)

0610303
03

Conventionalsigns

0610303
02

Measuringtracksanddistances

0610303
03

Plottingbearingsanddistances

0610400
00

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

0610401
00

Basisofdeadreckoning

0610401
01

Track

0610401
02

Heading(compass,magnetic,true)

Brid
ge

Page293of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

0610401
03

Windvelocity

0610401
04

Airspeed(IAS,CAS,TAS)

0610401
05

Groundspeed

0610401
06

ETA

0610401
07

Drift,windcorrectionangle

0610401
08

DRpositionfix

0610402
00

Useofthenavigationalcomputer

0610402
01

Speed

0610402
02

Time

0610402
03

Distance

0610402
04

Fuelconsumption

0610402
05

Conversions

0610402
06

Airspeed

0610402
07

Windvelocity

0610402
08

Truealtitude

0610403
00

Thetriangleofvelocities

0610403
01

Heading

0610403
02

Groundspeed

0610403
03

Windvelocity

0610403
04

Trackanddriftangle

0610405
00

MeasurementofDRelements

0610405
01

Calculationofaltitude

0610405
03

Determinationofappropriatespeed

Brid
ge

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NPA200817b

0610500
00

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

0610501
00

Useofvisualobservationsandapplicationto
inflightnavigation

0610503
00

Navigationincruisingflight,useoffixesto
revisenavigationdata

0610503
01

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Groundspeedrevision

0610503
02

Offtrackcorrections

0610503
03

Calculationofwindspeedanddirection

0610503
04

ETArevisions

0610504
00

FlightLog

0620000
00

RADIONAVIGATION

0620100
00

BASICRADIOPROPAGATIONTHEORY

0620102
00

Antennas

0620102
01

Characteristics

0620103
00

Wavepropagation

0620103
04

Propagationwiththefrequencybands

0620200
00

RADIOAIDS

0620201
00

GroundD/F

0620201
01

Brid
ge

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Principles

0620201
02

Presentationandinterpretation

0620201
03

Coverage

0620201
04

Range

Brid
ge

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NPA200817b

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Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

0620201
05

Errorsandaccuracy

0620201
06

Factorsaffectingrangeandaccuracy

0620202
00

NDB/ADF

0620202
01

Principles

0620202
02

Presentationandinterpretation

0620202
03

Coverage

0620202
04

Range

0620202
05

Errorsandaccuracy

0620202
06

Factorsaffectingrangeandaccuracy

0620203
00

VOR

0620203
01

Principles

0620203
02

Presentationandinterpretation

0620203
03

Coverage

0620203
04

Range

0620203
05

Errorsandaccuracy

0620203
06

Factorsaffectingrangeandaccuracy

0620204
00

DME

0620204
01

Principles

0620204
02

Presentationandinterpretation

0620204
03

Coverage

0620204
04

Range

0620204
05

Errorsandaccuracy

0620204
06

Factorsaffectingrangeandaccuracy

Brid
ge

Page296of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

0620300
00

RADAR

0620302
00

GroundRadar

0620302
01

Principles

0620302
02

Presentationandinterpretation

0620302
03

Coverage

0620302
04

Range

0620302
05

Errorsandaccuracy

0620302
06

Factorsaffectingrangeandaccuracy

0620304
00

SecondarySurveillanceRadarandtransponder

0620304
01

Principles

0620304
02

Presentationandinterpretation

0620304
03

Modesandcodes

0620600
00

GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS

0620601
00

GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO

0620601
01

Principles

0620601
02

Operation

0620601
03

Errorsandaccuracy

0620601
04

Factorsaffectingaccuracy

Aeroplane

Brid
ge

Helicopter

PPL Bridg PPL Bridg

e
e
0700000
00

OPERATIONALPROCEDURES

0710100
00

GENERAL

Page297of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL Bridg PPL Bridg

e
e
0710101
00

OperationofaircraftICAOAnnex6,General
requirements

0710101
03
0710101
04

Definitions

Applicability

0710200
00

SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCEDURESAND
HAZARDS(GENERALASPECTS)

0710204
00

Noiseabatement

0710204
01

Noiseabatementprocedures

0710204
02
0710205
00

Influenceoftheflightprocedure(departure,cruise,
approach)
Fire/smoke

0710205
01
0710205
02

Carburettorfire

Enginefire

0710205
03

Fireinthecabin,cockpit,(choiceofextinguishing
agentsaccordingtofireclassification,useofthe
extinguishers)
Smokeinthecockpitandcabin(effectsandaction
tobetaken)

0710205
04
0710207
00

Windshearandmicroburst

0710207
01

Effectsandrecognitionduringdepartureand
approach

0710207
02
0710208
00

Actionstoavoidandactionstakenduringencounter

0710208
01
0710208
02

Cause

Listofrelevantparameters

0710208
03
0710210
00

Actionstakenwhencrossingtraffic,duringtakeoff
andlanding
Emergencyandprecautionarylandings

0710210
01

Definition

0710210
02

Cause

0710210
03
0710210
04

Passengerinformation

Evacuation

0710210
05

Actionafterlanding

Waketurbulence

Page298of647

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3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL Bridg PPL Bridg

e
e
0710213
00

Contaminatedrunways

0710213
01
0710213
02

Kindsofcontamination

Estimatedsurfacefriction,frictioncoefficient

0710214
00

Rotordownwash

0710215
00

Operationinfluencebymeteorological
conditions(Helicopter)

0710215
01

Whiteout/sand/dust

0710215
02
0710215
03

Strongwinds

Mountainenvironment

0710300
00

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES

0710301
00

Influencebytechnicalproblems

0710301
01
0710301
02

Enginefailure

Fireincabin/cockpit/engine

0710301
03
0710301
04

Tail/rotor/directionalcontrolfailure

Groundresonance

0710301
05

Bladestall

0710301
06

Settlingwithpower(vortexring)

0710301
07
0710301
08

Overpitch

Overspeed:rotor/engine

0710301
09
0710301
10

Dynamicrollover

Mastbumping

0800000
00

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHT

0810000
00

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTAEROPLANE

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

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NPA200817b

0810100
00

SUBSONICAERODYNAMICS

0810101
00

Basicsconcepts,lawsanddefinitions

0810101
01

Lawsanddefinitions

conversionofunits

Newtonslaws
Bernoullisequation,venturi

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

Brid
ge

staticpressure,dynamicpressure,total
pressure

density

0810101
02

0810101
03

0810101
04

0810101
05

IAS,TAS

Basicsaboutairflow

streamline

twodimensionalairflow
threedimensionalairflow

Aerodynamicforcesonsurfaces

resultingairforce

lift

drag
angleofattack

Shapeofanaerofoilsection

thicknesstochordratio

chordline

camberline

camber
angleofattack

Thewingshape

aspectratio
rootchord

tipchord
taperedwings

wingplanform

0810102
00

Thetwodimensionalairflowaboutanaerofoil

0810102
01

Streamlinepattern

0810102
02

Stagnationpoint

0810102
03

Pressuredistribution

0810102
04

Centreofpressure

Page300of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

0810102
07

Influenceofangleofattack

0810102
08

Flowseparationathighanglesofattack

0810102
09

TheLift a graph

0810103
00

Thecoefficients

0810103
01

TheliftcoefficientC l

0810103
02

ThedragcoefficientC d

0810104
00

Thethreedimensionalairflowroundawing
andafuselage

0810104
01

Streamlinepattern

0810104
02

theliftformula

thedragformula

spanwiseflowandcauses

tipvorticesandangleofattack

upwashanddownwashduetotipvortices

waketurbulencebehindanaeroplane(causes,
distribution,durationofthephenomenon)

Induceddrag

influenceoftipvorticesontheangleofattack
theinducedlocal a

influenceofinducedangleofattackonthe
directionoftheliftvector

induceddragandangleofattack

0810105
00

Drag

0810105
01

Theparasitedrag

0810105
02

Theparasitedragandspeed

0810105
03

Theinduceddragandspeed

0810105
04

Thetotaldrag

0810106
00

Thegroundeffect

0810106
04

Effectontakeoffandlandingcharacteristicsofan
aeroplane

0810108
00

Thestall

0810108

Flowseparationatincreasinganglesofattack

Brid
ge

pressuredrag
interferencedrag
frictiondrag

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NPA200817b

01

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

Brid
ge

theboundarylayer:
laminarlayer
turbulentlayer
transition

separationpoint

influenceofangleofattack
influenceon:
pressuredistribution
locationofcentreofpressure
C L
C D
pitchmoments

0810108
02

buffet
useofcontrols

Thestallspeed

intheliftformula

1gstallspeed

influenceof:
thecentreofgravity
powersetting
altitude(IAS)
wingloading
loadfactorn:
definition
turns

0810108
03

0810108
04

0810108
05

forces

Theinitialstallinspanwisedirection

influenceofplanform

geometrictwist(washout)
useofailerons

Stallwarning

importanceofstallwarning

speedmargin

buffet

stallstrip
flapperswitch

recoveryfromstall

Specialphenomenaofstall

thepoweronstall

climbinganddescendingturns
Ttailedaeroplane

avoidanceofspins:
spindevelopment
spinrecognition
spinrecovery

ice(instagnationpointandonsurface):

Page302of647

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3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

Brid
ge

absenceofstallwarning
abnormalbehaviouroftheaircraftduring
stall
0810109
00

CL augmentation

0810109
01

Trailingedgeflapsandthereasonsforuseintake
offandlanding

influenceonC L graph
differenttypesofflaps

flapasymmetry

influenceonpitchmovement

0810109
02

Leadingedgedevicesandthereasonsforusein
takeoffandlanding

0810111
00

Theboundarylayer

0810111
01

Differenttypes

0810112
00

Specialcircumstances

0810112
01

Iceandothercontamination

laminar
turbulent

iceinstagnationpoint

iceonthesurface(frost,snow,clearice)

rain

contaminationoftheleadingedge
effectsonstall

effectsonlossofcontrollability

effectsoncontrolsurfacemoment

influenceonhighliftdevicesduringtakeoff,
landingandlowspeeds

0810400
00

STABILITY

0810401
00

Conditionofequilibriuminsteadyhorizontal
flight

0810401
01

Preconditionforstaticstability

0810401
02

Equilibrium

liftandweight

dragandthrust

0810402
00

Methodsofachievingbalance

0810402
01

Wingandempennage(tailandcanard)

0810402
02

Controlsurfaces

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NPA200817b

0810402
03

Ballastorweighttrim

0810403
00

Staticanddynamiclongitudinalstability

0810403
01

Basicsanddefinitions

0810403
05

staticstability,positive,neutralandnegative

preconditionfordynamicstability
dynamicstability,positive,neutralandnegative

Locationofcentreofgravity

aftlimit,minimumstabilitymargin

forwardposition

effectsonstaticanddynamicstability

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

0810406
00

Dynamiclateral/directionalstability

0810406
02

Spiraldive,correctiveactions

0810500
00

CONTROL

0810501
00

General

0810501
01

Basics,thethreeplanesandthreeaxis

0810501
03

Angleofattackchange

0810502
00

Pitchcontrol

0810502
01

Elevator

0810502
02

Downwasheffects

0810502
04

Locationofcentreofgravity

0810503
00

Yawcontrol

0810503
01

Pedal/Rudder

0810504
00

Rollcontrol

0810504
01

Ailerons

0810504
04

Adverseyaw

0810504
05

Meanstoavoidadverseyaw

Brid
ge

functionindifferentphasesofflight

friseailerons

differentialaileronsdeflection
Page304of647

NPA200817b

0810506
00

Meanstoreducecontrolforces

0810506
01

Aerodynamicbalance

balancetab,antibalancetab

servotab

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

0810507
00

Massbalance

0810507
01

Reasonstobalance

0810508
00

Trimming

0810508
01

Reasonstotrim

0810508
02

Trimtabs

0810600
00

LIMITATIONS

0810601
00

Operatinglimitations

0810601
01

Flutter

0810601
03

VFE

0810601
04

VNO ,VNE

0810602
00

Manoeuvringenvelope

0810602
01

Manoeuvringloaddiagram

Brid
ge

means

loadfactor
acceleratedstallspeed

VA

manoeuvringlimitloadfactor/certification
category
0810602
02

Contributionof:

mass

0810603
00

Gustenvelope

0810603
01

Gustloaddiagram

0810603
02

Factorscontributingtogustloads

0810700
00

PROPELLERS

0810701

Conversionofenginetorquetothrust

Page305of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

Brid
ge

PPL

Brid
ge

00
0810701
01

Meaningofpitch

0810701
02

Bladetwist

0810701
05

Effectsoficeonpropeller

0810702
00

Enginefailureorenginestop

0810702
01

Windmillingdrag

0810704
00

Momentsduetopropelleroperation

0810704
01

Torquereaction

0810704
03

Asymmetricslipstreameffect

0810704
04

Asymmetricbladeeffect

0810800
00

FLIGHTMECHANICS

0810801
00

Forcesactingonanaeroplane

0810801
01

Straighthorizontalsteadyflight

0810801
02

Straightsteadyclimb

0810801
03

Straightsteadydescent

0810801
04

Straightsteadyglide

0810801
05

Steadycoordinatedturn

bankangle

loadfactor

turnradius
rateoneturn

Aeroplane
PPL Brid
ge

Helicopter
PPL Brid
ge

0820000
00

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTHELICOPTER

0820100
00

SUBSONICAERODYNAMICS

Page306of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

0820101
00

Basicconcepts,lawsanddefinitions

0820101
01

Conversionofunits

0820101
02

Definitionsandbasicconceptsaboutair

Theatmosphere,InternationalStandard
Atmosphere

Density

Influenceofpressureandtemperatureon
density
NewtonsLaws

0820101
03

0820101
04

Newtonssecondlaw:Momentumequation
Newtonsthirdlaw:actionandreaction

Basicconceptsaboutairflow

Steadyairflowandunsteadyairflow
Bernoullisequation
Staticpressure,dynamicpressure,total
pressure,stagnationpoint

TAS,IAS,

Twodimensionalairflow,threedimensional
airflow

Viscosity,boundarylayer
0820102
00

Twodimensionalairflow

0820102
01

Aerofoilsectiongeometry

0820102
02

Aerodynamicforcesonaerofoilelements

0820102
03

Aerofoilsection
Chordline,thickness,thicknesstochordratio
ofasection
Camberline,camber
Symmetricalandasymmetricalaerofoils
sections

Angleofattack
Pressuredistribution
Liftandliftcoefficient
Relationliftcoefficientangleofattack
Profiledraganddragcoefficient
Relationdragcoefficientangleofattack
Resultingforce,centreofpressure,pitching
moment

Stall

Boundarylayerandreasonsforstalling
Variationofliftanddragasafunctionofangle
ofattack

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NPA200817b

0820102
04

0820103
00
0820103
01

0820103
02

Thewing

0820103
03
0820103
04

Brid
ge

Causes,vortices

Theairflowroundanfuselage

PPL

Brid
ge

Spanwiseflowonupperandlowersurface
Tipvortices
Spanwiseliftdistribution

Induceddrag

PPL

Planform,rectangularandtaperedwings
Wingtwist

Airflowpatternandinfluenceonlift

Helicopter

Icecontamination
Iceonthesurface(frost,snow,clearice)

Thethreedimensionalairflowroundawinganda
fuselage

Aeroplane

Displacementofthecentreofpressure,
pitchingmoment

Disturbancesduetoprofilecontamination

3Jun2008

Componentsofafuselage
Parasitedrag
Variationwithspeed

0820200
00

TRANSONICAERODYNAMICSand
COMPRESSIBILITYEFFECTS

0820201
00

Airflowvelocities

0820201
01

Airflowspeeds

0820201
02

Shockwaves

0820201
03

Speedofsound
Subsonic,highsubsonicandsupersonicflows

Compressibilityandshockwaves
Thereasonsfortheirformationatupstream
highsubsonicairflow
Theireffectonlift,drag

Influenceofwingplanform

Sweepangle

0820300
00

ROTORCRAFTTYPES

0820301
00

Rotorcraft

0820301
01

Rotorcrafttypes

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NPA200817b

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Helicopters

Helicoptersconfigurations

0820302
00
0820302
01

3Jun2008

Brid
ge

Autogyro
Helicopter

Thesinglemainrotorhelicopter

0820302
02

Thehelicopter,characteristicsandassociated
terminology

Generallayout,fuselage,engine,gearbox

Tailrotor,Fenestron,NoTailRotor(Notar)

Engines(reciprocatingandturboshaftengines)

Powertransmission

Rotorshaftaxis,rotorhubandrotorblades

Rotordiscandrotordiscarea

Teeteringrotor(twoblades)androtorswith
morethantwoblades

Skidsandwheels

Helicopteraxes,fuselagecentreline

Rollaxis,pitchaxis,normaloryawaxis

Grossmassandgrossweight,discloading

0820400
00

MAINROTORAERODYNAMICS

0820401
00

Hoverflightoutsidegroundeffect

0820401
01

Airflowthroughtherotordiscsandroundtheblades

0820401
02

Circumferentialvelocityofthebladesections
Inducedairflow,throughthediscand
downstream
Downwardfuselagedrag
Equilibriumofrotorthrust,weightandfuselage
drag
Rotordiscinducedpower
Relativeairflowtotheblade
Pitchangleandangleofattackofablade
section
Liftandprofiledragonthebladeelement
Resultingliftandthrustonthebladeandrotor
thrust
Collectivepitchanglechanges,necessityof
bladefeathering
Requiredtotalmainrotortorqueandrotor
power
Influenceoftheairdensity

Antitorqueforceandtailrotor

Forceoftailrotorasafunctionofmainrotor
torque
Antitorquerotorpower

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NPA200817b

0820401
03

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

Necessityofbladefeatheringoftailrotor
blades,yawpedals

MaximumhoveraltitudeOGE

3Jun2008

Totalpowerrequired,poweravailable
Maximumhoveraltitudeasafunctionof
pressurealtitude,OAT.

0820402
00

Verticalclimb

0820402
01

Relativeairflowandanglesofattack

0820402
02

ClimbvelocityVC ,inducedandrelative
velocity,angleofattack
Collectivepitchangleandbladefeathering

Powerandverticalspeed

Inducedpower,climbpower,profilepower
Totalmainrotorpowerandmainrotortorque
Tailrotorpower
Totalpowerrequirementinverticalflight

0820403
00

Forwardflight

0820403
01

Airflowandforcesinuniforminflowdistribution

0820403
02

Theflare(powerflight)

0820403
04

Assumptionofuniforminflowdistributionon
rotordisc
Advancingblade(90)andretreatingblade
(270)
Airflowvelocityrelativetothebladesections,
areaofreverseflow
Liftontheadvancingandretreatingbladesat
constantpitchangles
Necessityofcyclicpitchchanges
Compressibilityeffectsontheadvancingblade
tipandspeedlimitations
Highangleofattackontheretreatingblade,
bladestallandspeedlimitations
Thrustonrotordiscandtiltofthrustvector
Verticalcomponentofthethrustvectorand
grossweightequilibrium
Horizontalcomponentofthethrustvectorand
dragequilibrium

Thrustreversal,increaseinrotorthrust
IncreaseofrotorRPMonnongovernedrotor

Powerandmaximumspeed

Inducedpowerasafunctionofhelicopter
speed

Page310of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

Rotorprofilepowerasafunctionofhelicopter
speed
Fuselagedragandparasitepowerasafunction
offorwardspeed
Tailrotorpower,powerancillaryequipment
Totalpowerrequirementasafunctionof
forwardspeed
Influenceofhelicoptermass,airdensityand
dragofadditionalexternalequipment
Translationalliftandinfluenceonpower
required

0820404
00

Hoverandforwardflightingroundeffect

0820404
01

Airflowingroundeffect,downwash

Rotorpowerdecreaseasafunctionofrotor
heightabovethegroundatconstanthelicopter
mass

0820405
00

Verticaldescent

0820405
01

Verticaldescent,poweron

0820405
02

Airflowthroughtherotor,lowandmoderate
descentspeeds
Vortexringstate,settlingwithpower,
consequences

Autorotation

Collectiveleverpositionafterfailure
Upflowthroughtherotor,autorotationand
antiautorotationrings

Tailrotorthrustandyawcontrol
ControlofrotorRPMwithcollectivelever
Landingafterincreaseofrotorthrustbypulling
collective,reductioninverticalspeed

0820406
00

ForwardflightAutorotation

0820406
01

Airflowthroughtherotordisc

0820406
02

Descentspeedandupflowthroughthedisc
Theflare,increaseinrotorthrust,reductionof
verticalspeedandgroundspeed

Flightandlanding

Turning
Flare
Autorotativelanding
Height/velocityavoidancegraph,deadmans
curve

Page311of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

0820500
00

MAINROTORMECHANICS

0820501
00

Flappingofthebladeinhover

0820501
01

Forcesandstressesontheblade

0820501
03

Centrifugalforceonthebladeandattachments
LimitsofrotorRPM
Liftonthebladeandbendingstressesona
rigidattachment
Theflappinghingeofthearticulatedrotor,
flappinghingeoffset
Theflappingofthehingelessrotor,flexible
element

Coningangleinhover

Liftandcentrifugalforceinhover,bladeweight
negligible
Flapping,tippathplaneanddiscarea

0820502
00

Flappinganglesofthebladeinforwardflight

0820502
01

Forcesonthebladeinforwardflightwithoutcyclic
feathering

0820502
02

Aerodynamicforcesontheadvancingand
retreatingbladeswithoutcyclicfeathering
Periodicforcesandstresses,fatigue,flapping
hinge
Phaselagbetweentheforceandtheflapping
angle(about90)
Flappingmotionofthehingedbladesandtilting
ofthecone,flapbackofrotor
Rotordiscattitudeandthrustvectortilt

Cyclicpitch(feathering)inhelicoptermode,forward
flight

Necessityofforwardrotordisctiltandthrust
vectortilt
Flappingandtippathplane,virtualrotation
axisornoflappingaxis,planeofrotation
Shaftaxisandhubplane
Cyclicpitchchange(feathering)androtor
thrustvectortilt
Collectivepitchchange,collectivelever,swash
plate,pitchlinkandpitchhorn
Cyclicstick,rotatingswashplateandpitchlink
movement,phaseangle

0820503
00

Bladelagmotion

0820503
01

Forcesonthebladeinthediscplane(tippath
plane)inforwardflight

Page312of647

NPA200817b

0820503
02

0820503
03

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

Thedraghingeinthefullyarticulatedrotor
Thelagflexureinthehingelessrotor
Dragdampers

Groundresonance

Aeroplane

ForcesduetotheCorioliseffectbecauseofthe
flapping
Alternatingstressesandtheneedofthedrag
orlaghinge

Thedragorlaghinge

3Jun2008

Bladelagmotionandmovementofthecentre
ofgravityofthebladesandtherotor
Oscillatingforceonthefuselage
Fuselageandundercarriage,resonance

0820504
00

Rotorsystems

0820504
01

Seesaworteeteringrotor

0820504
02

Fullyarticulatedrotor

Threehingesarrangement
Bearingsandelastomerichinges

0820504
03

Hingelessrotor,bearinglessrotor

0820505
00

Bladesailing

0820506
00

LowrotorRPMandeffectofadversewind
Minimisingthedanger
Droopstops

Vibrationsduetomainrotor

Originsofthevibrations,inplaneandvertical
Bladetrackingandbalancing

0820600
00

TAILROTORS

0820601
00

Conventionaltailrotor

0820601
01

Rotordescription

0820601
02

Twobladestailrotorswithteeteringhinge
Rotorswithmorethantwoblades
Featheringbearingsandflappinghinges
Dangerstopeopleandtothetailrotor,rotor
heightandsafety

Aerodynamics

Inducedairflowandtailrotorthrust

Page313of647

NPA200817b

0820602
00
0820603
00
0820604
00

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

Technicallayout

Vibrations

Helicopter

Technicallayout

TheNOTAR

Aeroplane

Thrustcontrolbyfeathering,tailrotordriftand
roll
Effectoftailrotorfailure,vortexring

Thefenestron

3Jun2008

Highfrequencyvibrationsduetothetailrotors

0820700
00

EQUILIBRIUM,STABILITYANDCONTROL

0820701
00

Equilibriumandhelicopterattitudes

0820701
01

Hover

_Forcesandequilibriumconditions

0820701
02

Helicopterpitchingmomentandpitchangle
Helicopterrollingmomentandrollangle

Forwardflight
_Forcesandequilibriumconditions

Helicoptermomentsandangles
Effectofspeedonfuselageattitude

0820703
00

Control

0820703
02

Controlpower

Staticanddynamicrollover

HELICOPTERPERFORMANCES

0820801
00

Engineperformances

0820801
01

Pistonengines

0820703
03

Fullyarticulatedrotor
Hingelessrotor
Teeteringrotor

0820800
00

0820801
02

Poweravailable
Effectsofdensityaltitude

Turbineengines

Poweravailable
Effectsofambientpressureandtemperature.

Page314of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

Brid
ge

0820802
00

Helicopterperformances

0820802
01

Hoverandverticalflight

0820802
02

Forwardflight

0820802
03

Maximumspeed
Maximumrateofclimbspeed
Maximumangleofclimbspeed
Rangeandendurance
InfluenceofAUM,pressure,temperature,
density

Manoeuvring

0820802
04

Powerrequiredandpoweravailable
OGEandIGEmaximumhoverheight
InfluenceofAUM,pressure,temperature,
density

Loadfactor
Bankangleandnumberofgs
Manoeuvringlimitloadfactor

Specialconditions

Operatingwithlimitedpower
Overpitch,overtorque
Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

0900000
00

COMMUNICATIONS

0910000
00

VFRCOMMUNICATIONS

0910100
00

DEFINITIONS

0910101
00

Meaningsandsignificanceofassociatedterms

0910102
00

AirTrafficServicesabbreviations

0910103
00

QcodegroupscommonlyusedinRTFairground
communications

0910104
00

Categoriesofmessages

0910200
00

GENERALOPERATINGPROCEDURES

Brid
ge

Page315of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Aeroplane

Helicopter

PPL

PPL

Brid
ge

0910201
00

Transmissionofletters

0910202
00

Transmissionofnumbers(includinglevel
information)

0910203
00

Transmissionoftime

0910204
00

Transmissiontechnique

0910205
00

Standardwordsandphrases(relevantRTF
phraseologyincluded)

0910206
00

Radiotelephonycallsignsforaeronauticalstations
includinguseofabbreviatedcallsigns

0910207
00

Radiotelephonycallsignsforaircraftincludinguse
ofabbreviatedcallsigns

0910208
00

Transferofcommunication

0910209
00

Testproceduresincludingreadabilityscale

0910210
00

Readbackandacknowledgementrequirements

0910300
00

RELEVANTWEATHERINFORMATIONTERMS
(VFR)

0910301
00

Aerodromeweather

0910302
00

Weatherbroadcast

0910400
00

ACTIONREQUIREDTOBETAKENINCASEOF
COMMUNICATIONFAILURE

0910500
00

DISTRESSANDURGENCYPROCEDURES

0910501
00

Distress(definitionfrequencieswatchofdistress
frequenciesdistresssignaldistressmessage)

0910502
00

Urgency(definitionfrequenciesurgencysignal
urgencymessage)

0910600
00

GENERALPRINCIPLESOFVHFPROPAGATION
ANDALLOCATIONOFFREQUENCIES

Brid
ge

Page316of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

AMCNo2toFCL.210andFCL.215
Syllabusoftheoreticalknowledgefortheprivatepilotlicence airships
The following table contains the syllabi for the courses of theoretical knowledge, as well as for the
theoreticalknowledgeexaminations forthePPL(As).The trainingandexaminationshouldcoveraspects
relatedtonontechnicalskillsinanintegratedmanner,takingintoaccounttheparticularrisksassociated
tothelicenceandtheactivity.

PPL
010000000

AIRLAWANDATCPROCEDURES

010010000

INTERNATIONAL
LAW:
CONVENTIONS,
ORGANISATIONS

010020000

AIRWORTHINESSOFAIRCRAFT

010030000

AIRCRAFTNATIONALITYANDREGISTRATIONMARKS

010040000

PERSONNELLICENSING

010050000

RULESOFTHEAIR

010060000

PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES AIRCRAFT X

OPERATIONS

010070000

AIRTRAFFICSERVICESANDAIRTRAFFICMANAGEMENT

010080000

AERONAUTICALINFORMATIONSERVICE

010090000

AERODROMES

010110000

SEARCHANDRESCUE

010120000

SECURITY

010130000

AIRCRAFTACCIDENTANDINCIDENTINVESTIGATION

010150000

NATIONALLAW

AGREEMENTS

AND X

PPL
023000000

AIRSHIP GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ENVELOPE, AIRFRAME AND

SYSTEMS,ELECTRICS,POWERPLANT,EMERGENCYEQUIPMENT

023010000

DESIGN,MATERIALS,LOADS,STRESSES

023020000

ENVELOPEANDAIRBAGS

023030000

FRAMEWORK

023040000

GONDOLA

023050000

FLIGHTCONTROLS

023060000

LANDINGGEAR

023070000

HYDRAULICSANDPNEUMATICS

023080000

HEATINGANDAIRCONDITIONING

023090000

FUELSYSTEM

023100000

PISTONENGINES(PROPELLERS)

023110000

TURBINEENGINES(BASICS)

023120000

ELECTRICS

023130000

FIREPROTECTIONANDDETECTIONSYSTEMS

X
Page317of647

NPA200817b

023140000

MAINTENANCE

3Jun2008

PPL
024000000

AIRSHIPGENERALKNOWLEDGEINSTRUMENTATION

024010000

SENSORSANDINSTRUMENTS

024020000

MEASUREMENTOFAIRDATAANDGASPARAMETERS

024030000

MAGNETISMDIRECTREADINGCOMPASSANDFLUXVALVE

024040000

GYROSCOPICINSTRUMENTS

024050000

COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

024060000

ALERTINGSYSTEMS

024070000

INTEGRATEDINSTRUMENTSELECTRONICDISPLAYS

024080000

FLIGHTMANAGEMENTSYSTEM(GENERALBASICS)

024090000

DIGITALCIRCUITSANDCOMPUTERS

PPL
030000000

FLIGHTPERFORMANCEANDPLANNING

031000000

MASSANDBALANCEAIRSHIPS

031010000

PURPOSEOFMASSANDBALANCECONSIDERATIONS

031020000

LOADING

031030000

FUNDAMENTALSOFCGCALCULATIONS

031040000

MASSANDBALANCEDETAILSOFAIRCRAFT

031050000

DETERMINATIONOFCGPOSITION

031060000

PASSENGER,CARGOANDBALLASTHANDLING

PPL
035000000

PERFORMANCEAIRSHIPS

035010000

AIRWORTHINESSREQUIREMENTS

035020000

BASICSOFAIRSHIPPERFORMANCE

035030000

DEFINITIONSANDTERMS

035040000

STAGESOFFLIGHT

035050000

USEOFFLIGHTMANUAL

Page318of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

PPL
033000000

FLIGHTPLANNINGANDFLIGHTMONITORING

033010000

FLIGHTPLANNINGFORVFRFLIGHTS

033030000

FUELPLANNING

033040000

PREFLIGHTPREPARATION

033050000

ATSFLIGHTPLAN

033060000

FLIGHTMONITORINGANDINFLIGHTREPLANNING

PPL
040000000

HUMANPERFORMANCE

040010000

HUMANFACTORS:BASICCONCEPTS

040020000

BASICAVIATIONPHYSIOLOGYANDHEALTHMAINTENANCE

040030000

BASICAVIATIONPSYCHOLOGY

PPL
050000000

METEOROLOGY

050010000

THEATMOSPHERE

050020000

WIND

050030000

THERMODYNAMICS

050040000

CLOUDSANDFOG

050050000

PRECIPITATION

050060000

AIRMASSESANDFRONTS

050070000

PRESSURESYSTEMS

050080000

CLIMATOLOGY

050090000

FLIGHTHAZARDS

050100000

METEOROLOGICALINFORMATION

PPL
060000000

NAVIGATION

061000000

GENERALNAVIGATION

061010000

BASICSOFNAVIGATION

061020000

MAGNETISMANDCOMPASSES

061030000

CHARTS

061040000

DEADRECKONINGNAVIGATION(DR)

061050000

INFLIGHTNAVIGATION

Page319of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

PPL
062000000

RADIONAVIGATION

062010000

BASICRADIOPROPAGATIONTHEORY

062020000

RADIOAIDS

062030000

RADAR

062060000

GLOBALNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS

PPL
070000000

OPERATIONALPROCEDURESAIRSHIP

073010000

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

073020000

SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS (GENERAL X

ASPECTS)

073030000

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES

PPL
080000000

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHT

083000000

PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTAIRSHIPS

083010000

BASICSOFAEROSTATICS

083020000

BASICSOFSUBSONICAERODYNAMICS

083030000

AERODYNAMICSOFAIRSHIPS

083040000

STABILITY

083050000

CONTROLLABILITY

083060000

LIMITATIONS

083070000

PROPELLERS

083080000

BASICSOFAIRSHIPFLIGHTMECHANICS

PPL
090000000

COMMUNICATIONS

091000000

VFRCOMMUNICATIONS

091010000

DEFINITIONS

091020000

GENERALOPERATINGPROCEDURES

091030000

RELEVANTWEATHERINFORMATIONTERMS(VFR)

091040000

ACTION REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN CASE OF COMMUNICATION X

FAILURE

091050000

DISTRESSANDURGENCYPROCEDURES

091060000

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION AND ALLOCATION OF X

FREQUENCIES

Page320of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

AMCNo3toFCL.210andFCL.215
Syllabus of theoretical knowledge for the balloon pilot licence and the sailplane
pilotlicence
ThesyllabiforthetheoreticalknowledgeinstructionandexaminationfortheLPL(B)andLPL(S)inAMCto
FCL.115andFCL.120shouldbeusedfortheBPLandSPL,respectively.
AMCtoFCL.215andFCL.220
TheoreticalknowledgeexaminationandskilltestforthePPL
1.

2.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEEXAMINATION
1.1

The examinations should comprise a total of 120 multiple choice questions

coveringallthesubjects.

1.2

Communicationpracticalclassroomtestingmaybeconducted.

1.3

Theperiodof18monthsmentionedinFCL.215(c)shouldbecountedfromtheend
ofthecalendarmonthwhentheapplicantfirstattemptedanexamination.

SKILLTEST
2.1

3.

Further training may be required following any failed skill test or part thereof.
Thereshouldbenolimittothenumberofskillteststhatmaybeattempted.

CONDUCTOFTHETEST
3.1

If the applicant chooses to terminate a skill test for reasons considered

inadequatebytheflightexaminer,theapplicantshouldretaketheentireskilltest.
If the test is terminated for reasons consideredadequateby the flight examiner,
onlythosesectionsnotcompletedshouldbetestedinafurtherflight.

3.2

Anymanoeuvreorprocedureofthetestmayberepeatedoncebytheapplicant.
The flight examiner may stop the test at any stage if it is considered that the
applicantsdemonstrationofflyingskillrequiresacompleteretest.

3.3

Anapplicantshouldberequiredtoflytheaircraftfromapositionwherethepilot
incommandfunctionscanbeperformedandtocarryoutthetestasifthereisno
othercrewmember.Responsibilityfortheflightshouldbeallocatedinaccordance
withnationalregulations.

AMCNo1toFCL.220
ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaPPL(A)
1

The route to be flown for the navigation test should be chosen by the flight examiner
(FE). The route may end at the aerodrome of departure or at another aerodrome. The
applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all
equipment and documentation for the execution of the flight are on board. The
navigation section of the test should have a duration that allows the pilot to
demonstratehis/herabilitytocompletearoutewithatleastthreeidentifiedwaypoints
andmay,asagreedbetweenapplicantandFE,beflownasaseparatetest.

An applicant should indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out, including the
identification of radio facilities. Checks should be completed in accordance with the
authorisedchecklistfortheaeroplaneonwhichthetestisbeingtaken.Duringpreflight
preparationforthetesttheapplicantshouldberequiredtodeterminepowersettingsand
speeds.Performancedatafortakeoff,approachandlandingshouldbecalculatedbythe
applicant in compliance with the operations manual or flight manual for the aeroplane
used.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheaeroplanewithinitslimitations
Page321of647

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3Jun2008

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintaincontroloftheaeroplaneatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessful
outcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

The following limits are for general guidance. The FE should make allowance for
turbulentconditionsandthehandlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheaeroplaneused.
Height
normalflight

150feet

withsimulatedenginefailure

200feet

Heading/Trackingofradioaids
normalflight

10

withsimulatedenginefailure

15

Speed

takeoffandapproach

+15/5knots

allotherflightregimes

15knots

Theskilltestcontents and sectionssetoutinthis AMCshouldbeusedfortheskilltest

fortheissueofaPPL(A)onsingleengine.
SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE

Useofchecklist,airmanship(controlofaeroplanebyexternalvisualreference,anti/deicing
procedures,etc.)applyinallsections.
a

Preflightdocumentationandweatherbrief

Massandbalanceandperformancecalculation

Aeroplaneinspectionandservicing

Enginestartingandafterstartingprocedures

Taxiingandaerodromeprocedures,pretakeoffprocedures

Takeoffandaftertakeoffchecks

Aerodromedepartureprocedures

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedure

Straightandlevelflight,withspeedchanges

Climbing:
i.Bestrateofclimb
ii.Climbingturns
iii.Levellingoff

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NPA200817b

Medium(30 bank)turns

Steep(45 bank)turns(includingrecognitionandrecoveryfromaspiraldive)

Flightatcriticallylowairspeedwithandwithoutflaps

Stalling:

3Jun2008

i.Cleanstallandrecoverwithpower
ii.Approachtostalldescendingturnwithbankangle20,approachconfiguration
iii.Approachtostallinlandingconfiguration
h

Descending:
i.Withandwithoutpower
ii.Descendingturns(steepglidingturns)
iii.Levellingoff
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

Flightplan,deadreckoningandmapreading

Maintenanceofaltitude,headingandspeed

Orientation,timingandrevisionofETAs,logkeeping

Diversiontoalternateaerodrome(planningandimplementation)

Useofradionavigationaids

Basicinstrumentflyingcheck(180 turninsimulatedIMC)

Flight management (checks, fuel systems and carburettor icing, etc.) ATC liaison
compliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Aerodromearrivalprocedures

*Precisionlanding(shortfieldlanding),crosswind,ifsuitableconditionsavailable

*Flaplesslanding

*Approachtolandingwithidlepower

Touchandgo

Goaroundfromlowheight

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures

Actionsafterflight

SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4.
a

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff

*Simulatedforcedlanding

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NPA200817b

Simulatedprecautionarylanding

Simulatedemergencies

Oralquestions

3Jun2008

*Theseitemsmaybecombined,atthediscretionoftheFE.
AMCNo2toFCL.220
ContentsoftheskilltestfortheissueofaPPL(H)
1.

Theareaandroutetobeflownshouldbechosenbytheflightexaminer(FE)andalllow
levelandhoverworkshouldbeatanadequateaerodrome/site.Routesusedforsection
3 may end at the aerodrome of departure or at another aerodrome. The applicant
shouldbe responsible for the flight planningandshouldensurethatall equipment and
documentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.Thenavigationsectionofthe
test, as set out in this AMC should consist of at least 3 legs, each leg of a minimum
durationof10minutes.Theskilltestmaybeconductedin2flights.

2.

An applicantshould indicate to the FE the checks and duties carried out, including the
identification of radio facilities. Checks should be completed in accordance with the
authorisedchecklistorpilotoperatinghandbookforthehelicopteronwhichthetestis
being taken. During preflight preparation for the test the applicant is required to
determine power settings and speeds. Performance data for takeoff, approach and
landingshouldbecalculatedbytheapplicantincompliancewiththeoperations manual
orflightmanualforthehelicopterused.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3.

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

4.

operatethehelicopterwithinitslimitations
completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy
exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship
applyaeronauticalknowledgeand
maintaincontrolofthehelicopteratalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessful
outcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

The following limits are for general guidance. The FE should make allowance for
turbulentconditionsandthehandlingqualitiesandperformanceofthehelicopterused.

Height
normalforwardflight

150feet

withsimulatedmajoremergency

200feet

hoveringI.G.E.flight

2feet

Heading/Trackingofradioaids
normalflight

10

withsimulatedmajoremergency

15

takeoffapproach

10knots/+15knots

allotherflightregimes

15knots

Speed

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3Jun2008

Grounddrift
T.O.hoverI.G.E.

3feet

landing

nosidewaysorbackwardsmovement

CONTENTOFTHESKILLTEST
5.

Theskilltestcontents and sectionssetoutinthis AMCshouldbeusedfortheskilltest

fortheissueofaPPL(H)onsingleormultienginehelicopters.

NOTE: Use of checklist, airmanship, control of helicopter by external visual reference, anti
icingprocedures,etc.,applyinallsections.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHT/POSTFLIGHTCHECKSANDPROCEDURES
a

Helicopterknowledge,(e.g.technicallog,fuel,massandbalance,performance),Flight
Planning,NOTAMS,Weather

Preflightinspection/action,locationofpartsandpurpose

Cockpitinspection,Startingprocedure

Communicationandnavigationequipmentchecks,selectingandsettingfrequencies

Pretakeoffprocedure,R/Tprocedure,ATCliaisoncompliance

Parking,ShutdownandPostflightprocedure
SECTION2
HOVERMANOEUVRES,ADVANCEDHANDLINGANDCONFINEDAREAS

Takeoffandlanding(liftoffandtouchdown)

Taxi,hovertaxi

Stationaryhoverwithhead/cross/tailwind

Stationaryhoverturns,360leftandright(spotturns)

Forward,sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring

Simulatedenginefailurefromthehover

Quickstopsintoanddownwind

Slopingground/unpreparedsiteslandingsandtakeoffs

Takeoffs(variousprofiles)

Crosswind,downwindtakeoff(ifpracticable)

Takeoffatmaximumtakeoffmass(actualorsimulated)

Approaches(variousprofiles)

Limitedpowertakeoffandlanding

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3Jun2008

Autorotations,(FEtoselecttwoitemsfromBasic,range,lowspeed,and360turns)

Autorotativelanding

Practiceforcedlandingwithpowerrecovery

Powerchecks,reconnaissancetechnique,approachanddeparturetechnique
SECTION3
NAVIGATIONENROUTEPROCEDURES

Navigationandorientationatvariousaltitudes/heights,mapreading

Altitude/height,speed,headingcontrol,observationofairspace,altimetersetting

Monitoringofflightprogress,flightlog,fuelusage,endurance,
ETA,assessmentof
trackerrorandreestablishmentofcorrecttrack,instrumentmonitoring

Observationofweatherconditions,diversionplanning

Useofnavigationaids(whereavailable)

ATCliaisonandobservanceofregulations,etc.
SECTION4
FLIGHTPROCEDURESANDMANOEUVRES

Levelflight,controlofheading,altitude/heightandspeed

Climbinganddescendingturnstospecifiedheadings

Levelturnswithupto30bank,180to360leftandright

Levelturns180leftandrightbysolereferencetoinstruments
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
(SIMULATEDWHEREAPPROPRIATE)

Note(1)Wherethetestisconductedonamultienginehelicopterasimulatedenginefailuredrill,
includingasingleengineapproachandlandingshouldbeincludedinthetest.
Note(2)TheFEshouldselect4itemsfromthefollowing:
a

Enginemalfunctions,includinggovernorfailure,carburettor/engineicing,oilsystem,as
appropriate

Fuelsystemmalfunction

Electricalsystemmalfunction

Hydraulicsystemmalfunction,includingapproachandlandingwithouthydraulics,as
applicable

Mainrotorand/orantitorquesystemmalfunction(flightsimulatorordiscussiononly)

Firedrills,includingsmokecontrolandremoval,asapplicable

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OtherabnormalandEmergencyproceduresasoutlinedinappropriateflightmanualandwith
referencetoAppendix9B.1toPartFCL,sections7and8,includingformultiengine
helicopters:
Simulatedenginefailureattakeoff:
rejectedtakeoffatorbeforeTDPorsafeforcedlandingatorbeforeDPATO
shortlyafterTDPorDPATO
Landingwithsimulatedenginefailure:
landingorgoaroundfollowingenginefailurebeforeLDPorDPBL
followingenginefailureafterLDPorsafeforcedlandingafterDPBL

AMCNo3toFCL.235
ContentoftheskilltestfortheissueofthePPL(As)
1

Theareaandroutetobeflownis chosenbytheFE.Routesusedforsection3mayendatthe
aerodrome ofdeparture orat another aerodrome and onedestination should be acontrolled
aerodrome. The skill test may be conducted in 2 flights. The total duration of the flight(s)
shouldbeatleast60minutes.

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheairshipwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgementandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

maintaincontroloftheairshipatalltimesinsuchamannerthatthesuccessfuloutcome
ofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCES
3

Thefollowinglimitsshouldapply,correctedtomakeallowanceforturbulentconditionsandthe
handlingqualitiesandperformanceoftheairshipused.
Height
normalflight

200feet

simulatedmajoremergency

300feet

Trackingonradioaids

15

Heading
normalflight

15

simulatedmajoremergency

20

CONTENTOFTHETEST
4

ItemsinSections5and6maybeperformedinanFNPT(AS)oraflightsimulator(As).Useof
airship checklists, airmanship, control of airship by external visual reference, antiicing
procedures,andprinciplesofthreatanderrormanagementapplyinallsections.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
a

Preflight,including:
Flightplanning,Documentation,Massandbalancedetermination,Weatherbriefing

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Airshipinspectionandservicing

Offmastprocedure,groundmanoeuvringandtakeoff

Performanceconsiderationsandtrim

Aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations

Departureprocedure,altimetersetting,collisionavoidance(lookout)

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures

3Jun2008

SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK
a

Control of the airship by external visual reference, including straight and level, climb,
descent,lookout

Flightclosetopressureheight

Turns

Steepdescentsandclimbs

Flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments,including:
i. Levelflight,controlofheading,altitudeandairspeed
ii. Climbinganddescendingturns
iii. Recoveriesfromunusualattitudes

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES

FlightPlan,deadreckoningandmapreading

Maintenanceofaltitude,headingandspeed,collisionavoidance(lookoutprocedures)

Orientation,timingandrevisionofETAs,logkeeping

Observation of weather conditions, diversion to alternate aerodrome (planning and

implementation)

Useofradionavigationaids

Flight management (checks, fuel systems, etc.) ATC liaison compliance, R/T
procedures
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES

Aerodromearrivalprocedures,altimetersetting,checks,lookout

ATCliaison:compliance,R/Tprocedures

Goaroundaction

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Normallanding,

Shortfieldlanding

Postflightactions

3Jun2008

SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
Thissectionmaybecombinedwithsections1through4.
a
b

Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff(atasafealtitude),firedrill
Equipmentmalfunctions

Forcedlanding(simulated)

ATCliaison:compliance,R/Tprocedures

Oralquestions
SECTION6
RELEVANTTYPEITEMS

ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through5.
a

Simulatedenginefailureduringtakeoff(atasafealtitudeunlesscarriedoutinaflight
simulator)

approachandgoaroundwithfailedengine(s)

approachandfullstoplandingwithfailedengine(s)

Malfunctionsintheenvelopepressuresystem

ATCliaisoncompliance,R/Tprocedures,Airmanship

Asdeterminedby the Flight Examiner any relevant items of the type ratingskill test
toinclude,ifapplicable:
i. Airshipsystems
ii. Operationofenvelopepressuresystem

Oralquestions

AMCtoFCL.210.A
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHEPRIVATEPILOTLICENCEAEROPLANE
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION

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2.1

3Jun2008

The PPL(A) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of
threatanderrormanagementandcover:
(a)

preflight operations, including mass and balance determination, aircraft

inspectionandservicing

(b)

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceprecautionsand
procedures

(c)

controloftheaircraftbyexternalvisualreference

(d)

flightat critically lowairspeeds, recognition of, and recovery from, incipient

andfullstalls

(e)

flight at critically high airspeeds, recognition of, and recovery from, spiral
dive

(f)

normalandcrosswindtakeoffsandlandings

(g)

maximumperformance (short field andobstacle clearance)takeoffs, short

fieldlandings

(h)

flight by referencesolelyto instruments, including thecompletion ofa level

180degreesturn

(i)

crosscountry flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radio

navigationaids

(j)

emergency operations,
malfunctionsand

(k)

operationsto,fromandtransitingcontrolledaerodromes,compliancewithair
trafficservicesprocedures,communicationproceduresandphraseology.

including

simulated

aeroplane

equipment

2.2Before allowing the applicant for aPPL(A) to undertake his/her firstsolo flight, the
flight instructor should ensure that the applicant can use radiotelephony (R/T)
communication
3.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththeaeroplane
characteristicsoftheaeroplane
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,drills,controls
Exercise1E:Emergencydrills
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
enginecabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailure
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
flightauthorisationandaeroplaneacceptance
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
externalchecks
internalchecks
harness,seatorrudderpaneladjustments
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startingandwarmupchecks
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine
parking,securityandpicketing(e.g.tiedown)
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Airexperience
flightexercise
Exercise4:Effectsofcontrols
primaryeffectswhenlaterallylevelandwhenbanked
furthereffectsofaileronandrudder
effectsof:
airspeed
slipstream
power
trimmingcontrols
flaps
othercontrols,asapplicable
operationof:
mixturecontrol
carburettorheat
cabinheating/ventilation
airmanship
Exercise5:Taxiing
pretaxichecks
starting,controlofspeedandstopping
enginehandling
controlofdirectionandturning
turninginconfinedspaces
parkingareaprocedureandprecautions
effectsofwindanduseofflyingcontrols
effectsofgroundsurface
freedomofruddermovement
marshallingsignals
instrumentchecks
airtrafficcontrolprocedures
airmanship
Exercise5E:Emergencies
Brakeandsteeringfailure
Exercise6:Straightandlevel
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atnormalcruisingpower,attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
flightatcriticallyhighairspeeds
demonstrationofinherentstability
controlinpitch,includinguseoftrim
laterallevel,directionandbalance,trim
atselectedairspeeds(useofpower)
duringspeedandconfigurationchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
airmanship
Exercise7:Climbing
entry,maintainingthenormalandmaxrateclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
enrouteclimb(cruiseclimb)
climbingwithflapdown
recoverytonormalclimb
maximumangleofclimb
useofinstrumentsforprecision
airmanship
Exercise8:Descending
entry,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
glide,poweredandcruisedescent(includingeffectofpowerandairspeed)
sideslipping(onsuitabletypes)
useofinstrumentsforprecisionflight
airmanship
Exercise9:Turning
entryandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
resumingstraightflight
faultsintheturn(incorrectpitch,bank,balance)
climbingturns
descendingturns
faultsintheturns(slipping/skiddingonsuitabletypes)
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
airmanship
Exercise10A:Slowflight
NOTE:The objective is to improve the students ability to recognise inadvertent flight at
critically low speeds and provide practice in maintaining the aeroplane in balance while
returningtonormalairspeed.
safetychecks
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introductiontoslowflight
controlledflightdowntocriticallyslowairspeed
application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achieve normal climb
speed
airmanship
Exercise10B:Stalling
airmanship
safetychecks
symptoms
recognition
cleanstallandrecoverywithoutpowerandwithpower
recoverywhenawingdrops
approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations, with and
withoutpower,recoveryattheincipientstage
Exercise11:Spinavoidance
airmanship
safetychecks
stalling and recovery at the incipient spin stage (stall with excessive wing drop,
about45)
instructorinduceddistractionsduringthestall
NOTE 1:At least two hours of stall awareness and spin avoidance flight training should be
completedduringthecourse.
NOTE 2:Consideration of manoeuvre limitations and the need to refer to the aeroplane
manualandmassandbalancecalculations.
Exercise12:Takeoffandclimbtodownwindposition
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
safeguardingthenosewheel
crosswindtakeoff
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
shorttakeoffandsoftfieldprocedure/techniquesincludingperformancecalculations
noiseabatementprocedures
airmanship
Exercise13:Circuit,approachandlanding
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
poweredapproachandlanding
safeguardingthenosewheel
effectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds,useofflaps
crosswindapproachandlanding
glideapproachandlanding
shortlandingandsoftfieldprocedures/techniques
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flaplessapproachandlanding
wheellanding(tailwheelaeroplanes)
missedapproach/goaround
noiseabatementprocedures
airmanship
Exercise12/13E:Emergencies
abandonedtakeoff
enginefailureaftertakeoff
mislanding/goaround
missedapproach
Intheinterestsofsafetyitwillbenecessaryforpilotstrainedonnosewheelaeroplanestoundergo
dualconversiontrainingbeforeflyingtailwheelaeroplanes,andviceversa.
Exercise14:Firstsolo
instructorsbriefing,observationofflightanddebriefing
NOTE:During flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation the following should be
revised.
proceduresforleavingandrejoiningthecircuit
thelocalarea,restrictions,mapreading
useofradioaidsforhoming
turnsusingmagneticcompass,compasserrors
airmanship
Exercise15:Advancedturning
steepturns(45),levelanddescending
stallingintheturnandrecovery
recoveriesfromunusualattitudes,includingspiraldives
airmanship
Exercise16:Forcedlandingwithoutpower
forcedlandingprocedure
choiceoflandingarea,provisionforchangeofplan
glidingdistance
descentplan
keypositions
enginecooling
enginefailurechecks
useofradio
baseleg
finalapproach
landing
actionsafterlanding

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airmanship
Exercise17:Precautionarylanding
fullprocedureawayfromaerodrometobreakoffheight
occasionsnecessitating
inflightconditions
landingareaselection
normalaerodrome
disusedaerodrome
ordinaryfield
circuitandapproach
actionsafterlanding
airmanship
Exercise18A:Navigation
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals
mapselectionandpreparation
choiceofroute
controlledairspace
danger,prohibitedandrestrictedareas
safetyaltitudes
calculations
magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
massandperformance
flightinformation
NOTAMSetc.
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternateaerodromes
aeroplanedocumentation
notificationoftheflight
preflightadministrativeprocedures
flightplanform
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedures
altimetersettings
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
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notingofETAs
maintenanceofaltitudeandheading
revisionsofETAandheading
logkeeping
useofradio
useofnavaids
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
transitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
diversionprocedures
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringthetrafficpattern
circuitprocedures
parking
securityofaeroplane
refuelling
closingofflightplan,ifappropriate
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise18B:Navigationproblemsatlowerlevelsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,andterrain)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwindandturbulence
verticalsituationalawareness(avoidanceofcontrolledflightintoterrain)
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
Exercise18C:Radionavigation
UseofVHFOmniRange
availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
omnibearingselector(OBS)
to/fromindications,orientation
coursedeviationindicator(CDI)
determinationofradial
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interceptingandmaintainingaradial
VORpassage
obtainingafixfromtwoVORs
Useofautomaticdirectionfindingequipment(ADF)nondirectionalbeacons(NDBs)
availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
orientationrelativetothebeacon
homing
UseofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
availability,AIP,frequencies
R/TproceduresandATCliaison
obtainingaQDMandhoming
Useofenroute/terminalradar
availability,AIP
proceduresandATCliaison
pilotsresponsibilities
secondarysurveillanceradar
transponders
codeselection
interrogationandreply
Useofdistancemeasuringequipment(DME)
stationselectionandidentification
modesofoperation
distance,groundspeed,timetorun
Exercise19:Basicinstrumentflight
physiologicalsensations
instrumentappreciation
attitudeinstrumentflight
instrumentlimitations
airmanship
basicmanoeuvres
straightandlevelatvariousairspeedsandconfigurations
climbinganddescending
standardrateturns,climbinganddescending,ontoselectedheadings
recoveriesfromclimbinganddescendingturns
4.

BASICINSTRUMENTTRAININGDEVICES(BITD)
4.1

ABITDmaybeusedforflighttrainingfor:
flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments
navigationusingradionavigationaidsand
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basicinstrumentflight

TheuseoftheBITDshouldbesubjecttothefollowing:
thetrainingshouldbecomplementedbyexercisesonanaeroplane
therecordoftheparametersoftheflightmustbeavailableand
AFI(A)orSTI(A)shouldconducttheinstruction
AMCtoFCL.210.H
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHEPRIVATEPILOTLICENCE(HELICOPTER)
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

The PPL(H) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of
threatanderrormanagementandcover:
(a) preflight operations, including mass and balance determination, helicopter
inspectionandservicing
(b)

aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions

andprocedures

(c)

controlofthehelicopterbyexternalvisualreference

(d)

takeoffs, landings, hovering, look out turns and normal transitions from
andtothehover

(e)

emergencyprocedures,basicautorotations,simulatedenginefailure,ground
resonancerecoveryifrelevanttotype

(f)

sidewaysandbackwardsflight,turnsonthespot

(g)

incipientvortexringrecognitionandrecovery

(h)

touchdown autorotations, simulated engineoff landings, practice forced

landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures
relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic
circuits

(i)

steepturns

(j)

transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings

andtakeoffs

(k)

limited power and confined area operations including selection of and

operationstoandfromunpreparedsites

(l)

flightbysolereferencetobasicflightinstruments includingcompletionofa
level180 turnandrecoveryfromunusualattitudestosimulateinadvertent
entryintocloud(thistrainingmaybeconductedbyanFI(H))

(m) crosscountry flying by using visual reference, dead reckoning and, where
available,radionavigationaids
(n)
2.2

3.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes compliance with

airtrafficservicesprocedures,communicationproceduresandphraseology

BeforeallowingtheapplicantforaPPL(H)toundertakehis/herfirstsoloflight,the
flight instructor should ensure that the applicant can use radiotelephony (R/T)
communication

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION

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NOTE:Airmanshipshouldbeincludedasrequiredineachexercise
Exercise1a:Familiarisationwiththehelicopter
characteristicsofthehelicopter,externalfeatures
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,procedures,controls
Exercise1b:Emergencyprocedures
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
engine,cabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailures
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
flightauthorisationandhelicopteracceptance
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
externalchecks
internalchecks
seat,harnessandflightcontrolsadjustments
startingandwarmupchecksclutchengagement,startingrotors
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine
parking,securityandpicketing
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Airexperience
tointroducethestudenttorotarywingflight
flightexercise
Exercise4:Effectsofcontrols
functionofflightcontrols,primaryandsecondaryeffect
effectofairspeed
effectofpowerchanges(torque)
effectofyaw(sideslip)
effectofdiscloading(bankandflare)
effectoncontrolsofselectinghydraulicson/off
effectofcontrolfriction
instruments
useofcarburettorheat/antiicingcontrol
Exercise5:Powerandattitudechanges
relationshipbetweencycliccontrolposition,discattitude,fuselageattitude,airspeed
flapback

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powerrequireddiagraminrelationtoairspeed
powerandairspeedchangesinlevelflight
useofinstrumentsforprecision
engineandairspeedlimitations
Exercise6a:Straightandlevel
atnormalcruisingpower,attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
controlinpitch,includinguseofcontrolfrictionand/ortrim
maintainingdirectionandbalance,(ball/yawstringuse)
settingpowerforselectedairspeeds/speedchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6b:Climbing
optimumclimbspeed,bestangle/rateofclimbfrompowerrequireddiagram
initiation,maintainingthenormalandmaximumrateofclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes/heights
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6c:Descending
optimumdescentspeed,bestangle/rateofdescentfrompowerrequireddiagram
initiation,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes/heights
descent(includingeffectofpowerandairspeed)
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise6d:Turning
initiationandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
resumingstraightflight
altitude,bankandcoordination
climbinganddescendingturnsandeffectonrateofclimb/descent
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
Exercise7:Basicautorotation
safetychecks,verbalwarning,lookout
entry,developmentandcharacteristics
controlofairspeedandRRPM,rotorandenginelimitations
effectofAUM,IAS,discloading,Gforcesanddensityaltitude
reengagementandgoaroundprocedures(throttleoverride/ERPMcontrol)
vortexconditionduringrecovery
gentle/mediumturnsinautorotation
demonstrationofvariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise8a:Hovering

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demonstrate hover I.G.E, importance of wind effect and attitude, ground cushion,
stabilityinthehover,effectsofovercontrolling
studentholdingcyclicstickonly
studenthandlingcollectivelever(andthrottle)only
studenthandlingcollectivelever,(throttle)andpedals
studenthandlingallcontrols
demonstrationofgroundeffect
demonstrationofwindeffect
demonstrategentleforwardrunningtouchdown
specifichazardse.g.snow,dust,litter
Exercise8b:Hovertaxiing,spotturns
revisehovering
precisegroundspeed/heightcontrol
effectofwinddirectiononhelicopterattitudeandcontrolmargin
control,coordinationduringspotturns
carefullyintroducegentleforwardrunningtouchdown
Exercise8C:Hovering,taxiingemergencies
revise hovering and gentle forward running touchdown, explain (demonstrate where
applicable)effectofhydraulicsfailureinthehover
demonstratesimulatedenginefailureinthehoverandhovertaxi
demonstratedangersofmishandlingandoverpitching
Exercise9:Takeoffandlanding
pretakeoffchecks/drills
lookout
liftingtohover
aftertakeoffchecks
dangerofhorizontalmovementnearground
dangerofmishandlingandoverpitching
landing(withoutsidewaysorbackwardsmovement)
afterlandingchecks/drills
takeoffandlandingcrosswind,downwind
Exercise10:Transitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover
lookout
revisetakeoffandlanding
groundeffect,translationalliftanditseffects
flapbackanditseffects
effectofwindspeed/directionduringtransitionsfrom/tothehover
theconstantangleapproach
demonstrationofvariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise11a:Circuit,approachandlanding
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revisetransitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover
circuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
approachandlandingwithpower
prelandingchecks
effectofwindonapproachandI.G.E.hover
crosswindapproachandlanding
goaround
noiseabatementprocedures
Exercise11b:Steepandlimitedpowerapproachesandlandings
revisetheconstantangleapproach
thesteepapproach(explaindangerofhighsinkrateandlowairspeed)
limitedpowerapproach(explaindangerofhighspeedattouchdown)
useofthegroundeffect
variableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Exercise11c:Emergencyprocedures
abandonedtakeoff
missedapproach/goaround
hydraulicOFFlanding,(ifapplicable)
tailrotorcontrolortailrotordrivefailure(briefingonly)
simulatedemergenciesinthecircuittoinclude:
hydraulicsfailure
simulatedenginefailureontakeoff,crosswind,downwindandbaseleg
governorfailure
Exercise12:Firstsolo
instructorsbriefing,observationofflightanddebriefing
warnofchangeofattitudefromreducedandlaterallydisplacedweight
warnoflowtail,lowskid/wheelduringhover,landing
warnofdangersoflossofRRPMandoverpitching
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
proceduresduringandaftertakeoff
normalcircuit,approachesandlandings
actionintheeventofanEmergency
Exercise13:Sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring
manoeuvringsidewaysflightheadingintowind
manoeuvringbackwardsflightheadingintowind
combinationofsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
manoeuvringsidewaysandbackwards,headingoutofwind
stability,weathercocking

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recoveryfrombackwardsmanoeuvring,(pitchnosedown)
groundspeedlimitationsforsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
Exercise14:Spotturns
revisehoveringintowindanddownwind
turnonspotthrough360:
aroundpilotsposition
aroundtailrotor
aroundhelicoptergeometriccentre
square,safevisibilityclearingturn
rotorRPMcontrol,torqueeffect,cycliclimitingstopsduetoCofGpositionandwind
speed/direction
Exercise15:Hoveroutofgroundeffect(OGE),vortexring
establishinghoverO.G.E
drift/height/powercontrol
demonstrationofincipientstageofvortexring,recognitionandrecovery(fromasafe
altitude)
lossoftailrotoreffectiveness
Exercise16:Simulatedengineofflandings(EOL)
theeffectofweight,discloading,densityattitude,RRPMdecay
revisebasicautorotationentry
optimumuseofcyclicandcollectivetocontrolspeed/RRPM
variableflaresimulatedEOL
demonstrateconstantattitudesimulatedEOL
demonstratesimulatedEOLfromhover/hovertaxi
demonstratesimulatedEOLfromtransitionandlowlevel
Exercise17:Advancedautorotation
overaselectedpointatvariousheightandspeed
revisebasicautorotationnotegrounddistancecovered
rangeautorotation
lowspeedautorotation
constantattitudeautorotation(terminateatsafealtitude)
Sturns
turnsthrough180and360
effectsonanglesofdescent,IAS,RRPMandeffectofAUM
Exercise18:Practiceforcedlandings
procedureandchoiceoftheforcedlandingarea
forcedlandingchecksandcrashaction
reengagementandgoaroundprocedures
Exercise19:Steepturns
steep(level)turns(30bank)
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maximumrateturns(45 bankifpossible)
steepautorotativeturns
faultsintheturnbalance,attitude,bankandcoordination
RRPMcontrol,discloading
vibrationandcontrolfeedback
effectofwindatlowlevel
Exercise20:Transitions
revisegroundeffect,translationallift,flapback
maintainingconstantheight,(2030feetAGL):
transitionfromhovertominimum50knotsIASandbacktohover
demonstrateeffectofwind
Exercise21:Quickstops
useofpowerandcontrols
effectofwind
quickstopsintowind
quickstopsfromcrosswindanddownwindterminatingintowind
dangerofvortexring
dangerofhighdiscloading
Exercise22a:Navigation
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals
mapselectionandpreparationanduse
choiceofroute
controlledairspace,dangerandprohibitedareas
safetyaltitudesandnoiseabatementconsiderations
calculations
magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
flightinformation
NOTAMsetc
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternatelandingsites
helicopterdocumentation
notificationoftheflight
preflightadministrativeprocedures
flightplanform(whereappropriate)
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload

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departureprocedures
altimetersettings
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
notingofETAs
maintenanceofheight/altitudeandheading
revisionsofETAandheading
10line,doubletrackandtrackerror,closingangle
1in60rule
amendinganETA
logkeeping
useofradio
useofnavaids(iffitted)
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
transitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringthetrafficpattern
circuitprocedures
parking
securityofhelicopter
refuelling
closingofflightplan,(ifappropriate)
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise22b:Navigationproblemsatlowheightsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,otheraircraft)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwindandturbulence
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
appropriateproceduresandchoiceoflandingarea
Exercise22c:Radionavigation
UseofVHFOmniRange

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availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
omnibearingselector(OMB)
to/fromindications,orientation
coursedeviationindicator(CDI)
determinationofradial
interceptingandmaintainingaradial
VORpassage
obtainingafixfromtwoVORs
useofautomaticdirectionfindingequipment(ADF)/nondirectionalbeacons(NDBs)
availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
orientationrelativetothebeacon
homing
useofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
availability,AIP,frequencies
RTFproceduresandATCliaison
obtainingaQDMandhoming
useofenroute/terminalradar
availability,AIP
proceduresandATCliaison
pilotsresponsibilities
secondarysurveillanceradar(iftransponderfitted)
transponders
codeselection
interrogationandreply
useofdistancemeasuringequipment(DME)
stationselectionandidentification
modesofoperation
distance,groundspeed,timetorun
Exercise23:Advancedtakeoff,landings,transitions
landingandtakeoffoutofwind(performancereduction)
groundeffect,translationalliftanddirectionalstabilityvariationwhenoutofwind
downwindtransitions
verticaltakeoffoverobstacles
reconnaissanceoflandingsite
runninglanding
zerospeedlanding
crosswindanddownwindlandings
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steepapproach
goaround
Exercise24:Slopingground
limitations,assessingslopeangle
windandsloperelationshipbladeandcontrolstops
effectofCofGwhenonslope
groundeffectonslope,powerrequired
rightskidupslope
leftskidupslope
noseupslope
avoidance of dynamic roll over, dangers of soft ground and sideways movement on
touchdown
dangerofstrikingmain/tailrotorbyharshcontrolmovementnearground
Exercise25:Limitedpower
takeoffpowercheck
verticaltakeoffoverobstacles
inflightpowercheck
runninglanding
zerospeedlanding
approachtolowhover
approachtohover
approachtohoverOGE
steepapproach
goaround
Exercise26:Confinedareas
landingcapability,performanceassessment
locatinglandingsite,assessingwindspeed/direction
reconnaissanceoflandingsite
selectmarkers
selectdirectionandtypeofapproach
circuit
approachtocommittedpointandgoaround
approach
clearingturn
landing
powercheck,performanceassessmentinandoutofgroundeffect
normaltakeofftobestangleofclimbspeed
verticaltakeofffromhover
Exercise27:Basicinstrumentflight

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physiologicalsensations
instrumentappreciation
attitudeinstrumentflight
instrumentscan
instrumentlimitations
basicmanoeuvres
straightandlevelatvariousairspeedsandconfigurations
climbinganddescending
standardrateturns,climbinganddescending,ontoselectedheadings
recoveriesfromclimbinganddescendingturns
recoveriesfromunusualattitudes
Exercise28a:Nightflying(ifnightratingrequired)
preflightinspectionusingtorch,panlights,etc.
takeoff(nosidewaysorbackwardsmanoeuvring)
hovertaxi(higherandslowerthanbyday)
transitiontoclimb
levelflight
approachandtransitiontohover
landing
autorotation
practiceforcedlanding(withflaresifappropriatesimulated)
nightEmergencies(e.g.failureoflights,etc.)
Exercise28b:Nightcrosscountry(ifnightratingrequired)
navprinciplesasfordaycrosscountry
mapmarking(highlightingbuiltupareaswiththickerlines,etc.)
AMCtoFCL.210.As
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONFORTHEPRIVATEPILOTLICENCEAIRSHIPS
1.

ENTRYTOTRAINING
1.1

2.

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the
appropriatemedicalcertificatemustbeobtainedbeforesoloflyingispermitted.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
2.1

The PPL(AS) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of
threatanderrormanagementandcover:
(a)

Preflight operations, including mass and balance determination, airship

inspectionandservicing

(b)

groundmanoeuvring,masting/offmastingprocedures

(c)

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceprecautionsand
procedures

(d)

controloftheairshipbyexternalvisualreference

(e)

takeoffsandlandings
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2.2

3.

3Jun2008

(f)

flight by referencesolelyto instruments, including thecompletion ofa level

180degreesturn

(g)

crosscountry flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radio

navigationaids

(h)

emergency operations, including simulated airship equipment malfunctions

and

(i)

operationsto,fromandtransitingcontrolledaerodromes,compliancewithair
trafficservicesprocedures,communicationproceduresandphraseology.

Before allowing the applicant for a PPL(AS) to undertake his/her first solo flight,
theflightinstructorshouldensurethattheapplicantcanuseradiotelephony(R/T)
communication.

SYLLABUSOFFLIGHTINSTRUCTION
Exercise1:Familiarisationwiththeairship
characteristicsoftheairship
cockpitlayout
systems
checklists,drills,controls
Exercise1E:Emergencydrills
actionintheeventoffireonthegroundandintheair
enginecabinandelectricalsystemfire
systemsfailure
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
Exercise2:Preparationforandactionafterflight
flightauthorisationandairshipacceptance
serviceabilitydocuments
equipmentrequired,maps,etc.
massandbalance
externalchecks
groundcrewbriefing
internalchecks
harness,seatorrudderpaneladjustments
startingandwarmupchecks
powerchecks
runningdownsystemchecksandswitchingofftheengine
parking,securityandmasting
completionofauthorisationsheetandserviceabilitydocuments
Exercise3:Airexperience
flightexercise
Exercise4:Effectsofcontrols
primaryeffects
furthereffects
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effectsof:
airspeed
power
trimmingcontrols
othercontrols,asapplicable
operationof:
mixturecontrol
carburettorheat
cabinheating/ventilation
airmanship
Exercise5:Groundmanoeuvring
pretaxichecks
starting,controlofspeedandstopping
enginehandling
Mastingprocedures
controlofdirectionandturning
effectsofwind
effectsofgroundsurface
marshallingsignals
instrumentchecks
airtrafficcontrolprocedures
airmanship/Emergencies
Exercise6:Takeoffprocedures
Pretakeoffchecks
takeoffwithdifferentstaticheaviness
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
noiseabatementprocedures
airmanship
Exercise6E:Emergencies
abandonedtakeoff
enginefailureaftertakeoff
malfunctionsofthrustvectorcontrol
aerodynamiccontrolfailures
electricalandsystemfailures
Exercise7:Climbing
entry,maintainingthenormalandmaxrateclimb,levellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
maximumangleofclimb
maximumrateofclimb
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airmanship
Exercise8:Straightandlevel
attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight
flightatorclosetopressureheight
controlinpitch,includinguseoftrim
atselectedairspeeds(useofpower)
duringspeedchanges
useofinstrumentsforprecision
airmanship
Exercise9:Descending
entry,maintainingandlevellingoff
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
maximumrateofdescent
maximumangleofdescent
useofinstrumentsforprecisionflight
airmanship
Exercise10:Turning
entryandmaintaininglevelturns
resumingstraightflight
faultsintheturn
climbingturns
descendingturns
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
airmanship
Exercise11:Hovering
Hoveringmanoeuvres(asapplicable)
airmanship
Exercise12:Approachandlanding
effectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds
landingwithdifferentstaticheaviness
missedapproach/goaroundprocedures
noiseabatementprocedures
airmanship
Exercise12E:Emergencies
abortedapproach/goaround
malfunctionofthrustvectorcontrol
envelopeemergencies
fireemergencies
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aerodynamiccontrolfailures
electricalandsystemfailures
Exercise13:Precautionarylanding
occasionsnecessitating
inflightconditions
landingareaselection
circuitandapproach
actionsafterlanding
airmanship
Exercise14A:Navigation
Flightplanning
weatherforecastandactuals
mapselectionandpreparation
choiceofroute
airspacestructure
sensitiveareas
safetyaltitudes
calculations
magneticheading(s)andtime(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
performance
flightinformation
NOTAMSetc.
radiofrequencies
selectionofalternateaerodromes
airshipdocumentation
notificationoftheflight
preflightadministrativeprocedures
flightplanform
Departure
organisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedures
altimetersettings
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
notingofETAs
maintenanceofaltitudeandheading
revisionsofETAandheading
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logkeeping
useofradio
useofnavaids
minimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
inflightdecisions
transitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
diversionprocedures
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
Arrival,aerodromejoiningprocedure
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringthetrafficpattern
circuitprocedures
parking/onmasting
securityofairship
refuelling
closingofflightplan,ifappropriate
postflightadministrativeprocedures
Exercise14B:Navigationproblemsatlowerlevelsandinreducedvisibility
actionspriortodescending
hazards(e.g.obstacles,andterrain)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwinds,turbulenceandprecipitation
verticalsituationalawareness
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
Exercise14C:Radionavigation
UseofVHFOmniRange(ifapplicable)
availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
omnibearingselector(OBS)
to/fromindications,orientation
coursedeviationindicator(CDI)
determinationofradial
interceptingandmaintainingaradial
VORpassage
obtainingafixfromtwoVORs
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Use of automatic direction finding equipment (ADF) nondirectional beacons

(NDBs)(ifapplicable)
availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
orientationrelativetothebeacon
homing
UseofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
availability,AIP,frequencies
R/TproceduresandATCliaison
obtainingaQDMandhoming
Useofenroute/terminalradar
availability,AIP
proceduresandATCliaison
pilotsresponsibilities
secondarysurveillanceradar
transponders
codeselection
interrogationandreply
Useofdistancemeasuringequipment(DME)(ifapplicable)
stationselectionandidentification
modesofoperation

distance,groundspeed,timetorun

Exercise15:Basicinstrumentflight
physiologicalsensations
instrumentappreciation
attitudeinstrumentflight
instrumentlimitations
airmanship
basicmanoeuvres
straightandlevel
climbinganddescending
turns,climbinganddescending,ontoselectedheadings
recoveriesfromclimbinganddescendingturns
4.

BASICINSTRUMENTTRAININGDEVICES(BITD)
4.1

ABITDmaybeusedforflighttrainingfor:
flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments
navigationusingradionavigationaidsand
basicinstrumentflight

4.2

TheuseoftheBITDshouldbesubjecttothefollowing:

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thetrainingshouldbecomplementedbyexercisesonanairship
therecordoftheparametersoftheflightmustbeavailableand
aFI(AS)shouldconducttheinstruction
AMCNo1toFCL.205.S(c)
ContentsoftheproficiencycheckfortheextensionofSPLprivilegestoexercise
commercialprivilegesonaglider
1.

The applicant should be responsible for the flight planning and should ensure that all
equipmentanddocumentationfortheexecutionoftheflightareonboard.

2.

AnapplicantshouldindicatetotheFEthechecksanddutiescarriedout.Checksshouldbe
completedinaccordancewiththeauthorisedchecklistforthesailplaneonwhichthetest
isbeingtaken.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
2. Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

4.

operatethesailplanewithinitslimitations
completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy
exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship
applyaeronauticalknowledgeand
maintain control of the sailplane at all times in such a manner that the
successfuloutcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratehis/herskillinatleastthewinchoraerotowmethod
oflaunching.

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONSANDDEPARTURE
Useofchecklist,airmanship(controlofsailplanebyexternalvisualreference),lookout,apply
inallsections.
a
Preflightsailplane(daily)inspection,documentationandweatherbrief
b
Verifyinginlimitsmassandbalanceandperformancecalculation
c
Passengerbriefing
d
Sailplaneservicingcompliance
e
Pretakeoffchecks
SECTION2
LAUNCHMETHOD
Note:Atleastforoneofthethreelaunchmethodsallthementioneditemsarefully
exercisedduringtheskilltest.
SECTION2(A)
WINCHORCARLAUNCH
a
Signalsbeforeandduringlaunch,includingmessagestowinchdriver
b
Initialroll,takeoffclimb
c
Adequateprofileofwinchlaunch
d
Launchfailures(simulated)
e
Situationalawareness
SECTION2(B)
AEROTOWLAUNCH
a
Signalsbeforeandduringlaunch,includingsignalsto/communicationswithtowplane
pilotforanyproblems
b
Initialroll,takeoffclimb
c
Launchabandonment(simulationonlyortalkthrough)

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d
e
f
g

a
b
c
d
e
f

a
b
c
d
e
f

a
b
c
d
e
f

3Jun2008

Correctpositioningduringstraightflightandturns
Outofpositionandrecovery
Correctreleasefromtow
Lookoutandairmanshipthroughwholelaunchphase
SECTION2(C)
SELFLAUNCH(SLSonly)
ATCliaisoncompliance
Aerodromedepartureprocedures
Initialroll,takeoffclimb
Simulatedenginefailureaftertakeoff
Engineshutdownandstowage
Lookoutandairmanshipthroughwholelaunchphase
SECTION3
GENERALAIRWORK
Maintainstraightandlevelflightattitudeandspeedcontrol
Coordinatedmedium(30 bank)turns,lookoutproceduresandcollisionavoidance
Turningontoselectedheadingsvisuallyandwithuseofcompass
Flightathighangleofattack(criticallylowairspeed)
Cleanstallandrecovery
Spinavoidanceandrecovery
SECTION4
CIRCUIT,APPROACHANDLANDING
Aerodromecircuitjoiningprocedure
Collisionavoidancelookoutprocedures
Prelandingchecks
Circuit,approachcontrol,landing
Precisionlanding(simulationofoutlandingshortfield)
Crosswindlandingifsuitableconditionsavailable

AMCNo1toFCL.205.B(c)
Contents of the proficiency check for extension of the BPL privileges to exercise
commercialprivileges
1.

The takeoffsiteshouldbechosenbytheapplicantdependingontheactualmeteorological
conditions,theareawhichhastobeoverflownandthepossibleoptionsforsuitablelanding
sites.Theapplicantshouldberesponsiblefortheflightplanningandshouldensurethat all
equipment anddocumentation for theexecution of the flight are onboard. Theproficiency
checkmaybeconductedin2flights.Thetotaldurationoftheflight(s)shouldbeatleast60
minutes

2.

AnapplicantshouldindicatetotheFEthechecks anddutiescarriedout. Checksshouldbe

completed in accordance with the Flight Manual and/or the authorised check list for the
balloon on which the test is being taken. During preflight preparation for the test the
applicant should be required to perform crew and passenger briefings and demonstrate
crowdcontrol.Theloadcalculationshouldbeperformedbytheapplicantincompliancewith
theoperationsmanualorflightmanualfortheballoonused.

FLIGHTTESTTOLERANCE
3.

Theapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilityto:

operatetheballoonwithinitslimitations

completeallmanoeuvreswithsmoothnessandaccuracy

exercisegoodjudgmentandairmanship

applyaeronauticalknowledgeand

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4.

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maintain control of the balloon at all times in such a manner that the successful
outcomeofaprocedureormanoeuvreisneverseriouslyindoubt.

The following limits are for general guidance. The FE should make allowance for
turbulent conditions and the handling qualities and performance of the hot air balloon
used.
Height

5.

normalflight

100feet

withsimulatedemergency

150feet

The contents and sections of the proficiency check set out in this AMC should be used
for the for extension of BPL privileges to exercise commercial privileges (HOT AIR
BALLOON).

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONS,INFLATIONANDTAKEOFF
Useofchecklist,airmanship,controlofballoonbyexternalvisualreference,lookout
procedures,etc.applyinallsections.
a
Preflightdocumentation,flightplanningandweatherbrief
b
Ballooninspectionandservicing
c
Loadcalculation
d
Crowdcontrolandcrewbriefing
e
Passengerbriefing
f
Assemblyandlayout
g
Inflationandpretakeoffprocedures
h
Takeoff
i
ATCliaisoncompliance
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK
a
Climbtolevelflight
b
Levelflight
c
Descenttolevelflight
d
Operatingatlowlevel
e
ATCliaisoncompliance
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES
a
Deadreckoningandmapreading
b
Markingpositionsandtime
c
Orientation,airspacestructure
d
Maintenanceofaltitude
e
Fuelmanagement
f
Communicationwithretrievecrew
g
ATCliaisoncompliance/R/Tcommunication
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES
a
Approachfromlowlevel,missedapproach/flyon
b
Approachfromhighlevel,missedapproach/flyon
c
Passengerprelandingbriefing
d
Prelandingchecks
e
Selectionoflandingfield
f
Landing,dragginganddeflation
g
ATCliaisoncompliance/R/Tcommunication
h
Actionsafterflight
SECTION5
ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through6.
a
SimulatedFireonthegroundandintheair
b
Simulatedpilotlightandburnerfailures
c
Simulatedpassengerhealthproblems
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d
e

Otherabnormalandemergencyproceduresasoutlinedintheappropriateflightmanual.
Oralquestions
SECTION6
TETHEREDFLIGHT
ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSection1.
a
Preflightdocumentation,flightplanningandweatherbrief
b
Ballooninspectionandservicing
c
Loadcalculation
d
Crowdcontrol,crewandpassengerbriefings
e
Assemblyandlayout
f
Tetherpointsandropes
g
Inflationandpretakeoffprocedures
h
Tetheredflight
i
Fuelmanagement
j
Descenttoland
k
Actionsafterflight
6.

ThecontentsandsectionsoftheproficiencychecksetoutinthisAMCshouldbeusedforthe
forextensionofBPLprivilegestoexercisecommercialprivileges(GASBALLOON).

SECTION1
PREFLIGHTOPERATIONS,INFLATIONANDTAKEOFF
Useofchecklist,airmanship,controlofballoonbyexternalvisualreference,lookout
procedures,etc.applyinallsections.
a
Preflightdocumentation,flightplanningandweatherbrief
b
Ballooninspectionandservicing
c
Loadcalculation
d
Crowdcontrolandcrewbriefings
e
Passengerbriefing
f
Assemblyandlayout
g
Inflationandpretakeoffprocedures
h
Takeoff
i
ATCliaisoncompliance
SECTION2
GENERALAIRWORK
a
Climbtolevelflight
b
Levelflight
c
Descenttolevelflight
d
Operatingatlowlevel
e
ATCliaisoncompliance
SECTION3
ENROUTEPROCEDURES
a
Deadreckoningandmapreading
b
Markingpositionsandtime
c
Orientation,airspacestructure
d
Maintenanceofaltitude
e
Ballastmanagement
f
Communicationwithretrievecrew
g
ATCliaisoncompliance/R/Tcommunication
SECTION4
APPROACHANDLANDINGPROCEDURES
a
Approachfromlowlevel,missedapproach/flyon
b
Approachfromhighlevel,missedapproach/flyon
c
Passengerprelandingbriefing
d
Prelandingchecks
e
Selectionoflandingfield
f
Landing,dragginganddeflation
g
ATCliaisoncompliance/R/Tcommunication
h
Actionsafterflight
SECTION5
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ABNORMALANDEMERGENCYPROCEDURES
ThissectionmaybecombinedwithSections1through4.
a
Simulatedclosedappendixduringtakeoffandclimb
b
Simulatedparachute/valvefailure
c
Simulatedpassengerhealthproblems
d
Otherabnormalandemergencyproceduresasoutlinedintheappropriateflightmanual.
e
Oralquestions
AMCtoFCL.225.B
Extensionofprivilegestoanotherballoonclassorgroup
1.

TheaimoftheflighttrainingistoqualifyBPLholderstoexercisetheprivilegesonadifferentclass
orgroupofballoons.

2.

Thefollowingclassesshouldberecognised:

3.

hotairballoons
gasballoons
hotairairships

Thefollowinggroupsshouldberecognised:
3.1. Small:

hotairballoonsandhotairairshipwithamaximumenvelopecapacityof4000m
gasballoonswithamaximumenvelopecapacityof1200m

3.2. Medium:

hot air balloons and hot air airship with an envelope capacity between 4000m and
10000m

3.3. Large:

hotairballoonsandhotairairshipwithanenvelopecapacityofmorethan10000m
gasballoonswithancapacityofmorethan1200m

4.

An extension in group medium is also valid forgroup small. The extension for the group large is
alsovalidforgroupmediumandsmall.

5.

The approved training organisation should issue a certificate of satisfactory completion of the
instructionforthepurposeoflicenceendorsement.

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SUBPARTF
AIRLINETRANSPORTPILOTLICENCEATPL
AMCtoFCL.515.AandFCL.515.H
ATPLModulartheoreticalknowledgecourse
1.

Theaimofthiscourseistotrainpilotswhohavenotreceivedthetheoreticalknowledgeinstruction
duringanintegratedcoursetotheleveloftheoreticalknowledgerequiredfortheATPL.

2.

An approved course should include formal classroom work and may include the use of such
facilitiesasinteractivevideo,slide/tapepresentation,learningcarrelsandcomputerbasedtraining
and other media distance learning (correspondence) courses as approved by the Authority.
Approveddistancelearning(correspondence)coursesmayalsobeofferedaspartofthecourse.

AMCtoFCL.520.AandFCL.520.H
ATPLSkilltest
TheATPLskilltestmayserveatthesametimeasaskilltestfortheissueofthelicenceandaproficiency
checkfortherevalidationofthetyperatingfortheaircraftusedinthetestandmaybecombinedwith
theskilltestfortheissueofamultipilottyperating.
AMCtoFCL.510.A(b)(1)
Prerequisites,experienceandcrediting
Equivalent requirements for CS25 and CS23 Commuter category are the JAR/FAR25 transport
category,JAR/FAR23Commutercategory,orBCARorAIR2051.

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SUBPARTG
INSTRUMENTRATING
AMCtoFCL.625(c)
Renewalofinstrumentratingrefreshertraining
1.

Paragraph(b)(1)ofFCL.740determinesthatiftheinstrumentratinghaslapsed,theapplicantshall
gothroughrefreshertrainingatanapprovedtrainingorganisation,toreachthelevelofproficiency
neededtopasstheinstrumentelementoftheskilltestprescribedinAppendix9toPartFCL.The
amountofrefreshertrainingneededshouldbedeterminedonacasebycasebasisbytheapproved
trainingorganisation,takingintoaccountthefollowingfactors:
1.1

theexperienceoftheapplicant.Todeterminethis,thetrainingorganisationshouldevaluate
thepilotslogbook,and,ifnecessary,conductatestinanFSTD.

1.2

theamountoftimelapsedsincetheexpiryofthevalidityperiodoftherating.Theamountof
training needed to reach the desired level of proficiency should increase with the time
lapsed.Insomecases,afterevaluatingthepilot,andwhenthetimelapsedis verylimited
(lessthan3months),thetrainingorganisationmayevendeterminethatnofurtherrefresher
trainingis necessary.Thefollowingmaybetakenasguidancewhendeterminingtheneeds
oftheapplicant:
(a)

Expiryforaperiodshorterthan3months:nosupplementaryrequirements.

(b)

Expiry for longer than 3 months but shorter than 1 year: a minimum of 1 training
session.

(c)

Expiry for longer than 1 year but shorter than 7 years: a minimum of 3 training
sessions.

(d)

Expiryforlongerthan7years:theapplicantshouldundergothefulltrainingcoursefor
theissueoftheIR.

2.

Once the training organisation has determined the needs of the applicant, it should develop an
individual training programme, that should be based on the initial training for the issue of
instrumentratingsandfocusontheaspectswheretheapplicanthasshownthegreatestneeds.

3.

Aftersuccessfulcompletionofthetraining,thetrainingorganisationshouldgiveacertificatetothe
applicant,tobesubmittedtotheauthoritywhenapplyingfortherenewal.

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SUBPARTH
CLASSANDTYPERATINGS
GMtoFCL.710
Differencesandfamiliarisationtraining
1.

Differences training requires the acquisition of additional knowledge and training on an

appropriatetrainingdeviceortheaircraft.

2.

Familiarisationtrainingrequirestheacquisitionofadditionalknowledge.

AMCNo1toFCL.725(a)
Syllabusoftheoreticalknowledgeinstructionforclass/typeratings
A.

Singleengineandmultiengineaeroplanes

DETAILEDLISTING
1.

Aeroplanestructureandequipment,normaloperationofsystemsandmalfunctions
1.1

Dimensions
minimumrequiredrunwaywidthfor180turn

1.2

Engineincludingauxiliarypowerunit
1.2.1

typeofengine/engines

1.2.2

ingeneral,functionofthefollowingsystemsorcomponents:

engine
auxiliarypowerunit
oilsystem
fuelsystem
ignitionsystem
startingsystem
firewarningandextinguishingsystem
generatorsandgeneratordrives
powerindication
reversethrust
waterinjection

onpistonorturbinepropellerenginesadditionally:
propellersystem
featheringsystem

1.3

1.2.3

engine controls (including starter), engine instruments and indications in the

cockpit,theirfunction,interrelationandinterpretation

1.2.4

engine operation, including APU, during engine start, start and engine
malfunctions,proceduresfornormaloperationinthecorrectsequence

Fuelsystem
1.3.1

locationofthefueltanks,fuelpumps,fuellinestotheengines,tankcapacities,
valvesandmeasuring

1.3.2

locationofthefollowingsystems:

filtering
heating
fuellinganddefuelling
dumping

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venting

1.4

1.3.3

inthecockpit
themonitorsandindicatorsofthefuelsystem,
quantityandflowindication,interpretation

1.3.4

procedures
fuelproceduresdistributionintothevarioustanks
fuelsupply,temperaturecontrolandfueldumping

Pressurisationandairconditioning
1.4.1

componentsofthesystemandprotectiondevices

1.4.2

cockpitmonitorsandindicators

interpretationwithregardtotheoperationalcondition
1.4.3
1.5

1.6

1.7

normal operation of the system during start, cruise, approach and landing, air
conditioningairflowandtemperaturecontrol

Iceandrainprotection,windshieldwipersandrainrepellent
1.5.1

ice protected components of the aeroplane including engines, heat sources,

controlsandindications

1.5.2

operation of the antiicing/deicing system during takeoff, climb, cruise and

descent,conditionsrequiringtheuseoftheprotectionsystems

1.5.3

controls and indications of the windshield wipers and rain repellent systems
operation

Hydraulicsystem
1.6.1

components of the hydraulic system(s), quantities and system pressure,

hydraulically actuated components associated to the respective hydraulic
system

1.6.2

controls, monitors and indicators in the cockpit, function and interrelation and
interpretationofindications

Landinggear
1.7.1

maincomponentsofthe

1.8

mainlandinggear
nosegear
gearsteering
wheelbrakesystem,includingantiskid

1.7.2

gear retraction and extension (including changes in trim and drag caused by
gearoperation)

1.7.3

requiredtyrepressure,orlocationoftherelevantplacard

1.7.4

controlsandindicatorsincludingwarningindicatorsinthecockpitinrelationto
theretraction/extensionconditionofthelandinggearandbrakes

1.7.5

componentsoftheemergencyextensionsystem

Flightcontrolsandhighliftdevices
1.8.1

aileronsystem
elevatorsystem
ruddersystem
rimsystem
spoilersystem
liftdevices

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stallwarningsystem
takeoffconfigurationwarningsystem

1.9

1.8.2

flightcontrolsystemfromthecockpitcontrolstotheflightcontrol/surfaces

1.8.3

controls,monitorsandindicatorsincludingwarning
indicators of the systems mentioned under 1.8.1, interrelation and
dependencies

Electricalpowersupply
1.9.1

number,power,voltage,frequencyandlocationofthemainpowersystem(AC
orDC),auxiliarypowersystemlocationandexternalpowersystem

1.9.2

locationofthecontrols,monitorsandindicatorsinthecockpit

1.9.3

flight instruments, communication and navigation systems, main and backup

powersources

1.9.4

locationofvitalcircuitbreakers

1.9.5

generatoroperationandmonitoringproceduresoftheelectricalpowersupply

1.10 Flight

instruments, communication, radar and navigation equipment, autoflight and

flightrecorder

1.10.1 visibleantennae
1.10.2 controls and instruments of the following equipment in the cockpit during
normaloperation:

flightinstruments
flightmanagementsystems
radarequipment,includingradioaltimeter
communicationandnavigationsystems
autopilot
flightrecorder,voicerecorder
groundproximitywarningsystem
collisionavoidancesystem
warningsystems

1.11 Cockpit,cabinandcargocompartment
1.11.1 operationoftheexterior,cockpit,cabinandcargocompartmentlightingandthe
emergencylighting
1.11.2 operationofthecabinandcargodoors,stairs,windowsandemergencyexits
1.11.3 main components of the oxygen system and their location, oxygen masks and
operationoftheoxygensystemsforthecrewandpassengers,requiredamount
ofoxygenbymeansofatableordiagram
1.12 Emergency equipment operation and correct application of the following emergency
equipmentintheaeroplane:
portablefireextinguisher

firstaidkits
portableoxygenequipment
emergencyropes
lifevest
liferafts
emergencytransmitters
crashaxes
megaphones
emergencysignals

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1.13 Pneumaticsystem
1.13.1 componentsofthepneumaticsystem,pressuresource,actuatedcomponents
1.13.2 controls,monitorsandindicatorsinthecockpit,functionofthesystem
1.13.3 vacuumsystem
2.

LIMITATIONS
2.1

GeneralLimitations
2.1.1.

certification of the aeroplane, category of operation, noise certification and

maximumandminimumperformancedataforallflightprofiles,conditionsand
a/csystems,

2.2

2.1.2

minimumcontrolspeedairVmca
minimumcontrolspeedgroundVmcg
stallspeedundervariousconditionsVso,V s1
maximumspeedVne,Mne
maximumspeedfornormaloperationVmo,Mmo
altitudeandtemperaturelimitations
stickshakeractivation

2.1.3

maximumairportpressurealtitude,runwayslope
maximumtaximass
maximumtakeoffmass
maximumliftoffmass
maximumlandingmass
zerofuelmass
maximumdumpingspeedVdco,Mdco,Vdce,Mdce
maximumloadfactorduringoperation
certificatedrangeofcentreofgravity

EngineLimitations
2.2.1

Operatingdataoftheengines

2.2.2
2.3

maximumtailandcrosswindcomponentsattakeoffandlanding,
maximumspeedsforflapextensionVfo
atvariousflapsettingsVfe
forlandinggearoperationVlo,Mlo
forextendedlandinggearVle ,Mle
formaximumrudderdeflectionVa,Ma
fortyres
onepropellerfeathered

timelimitsandmaximumtemperatures
minimumRPMsandtemperatures
torque
maximum power for takeoff and goaround with respect to pressure
altitude/flightaltitudeandtemperature
pistonengines:certifiedrangeofmixture
minimumandmaximumoiltemperatureandpressure
maximumstartertimeandrequiredcooling
timebetweentwostartattemptsforenginesandauxiliarypowerunit
for propeller: maximum RPM of propeller triggering of automatic feathering
device.

Certifiedoilgrades

Systemslimitations
2.3.1

Operatingdataofthefollowingsystems:

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pressurisation,airconditioningmaximumpressures
electricalpowersupply,maximumloadofmainpowersystem(ACorDC)
maximumtimeofpowersupplybybatteryincaseofemergency
machtrimsystemandyawdamperspeedlimits
autopilotlimitationsofvariousmodes
iceprotection
speedandtemperaturelimitsofwindowheat
temperaturelimitsofengineandwingantiice
2.3.2

Fuelsystem
Certifiedfuelspecifications,minimumandmaximumpressuresandtemperature
ofthefuel

2.4
3

Minimumequipmentlist

PERFORMANCE,FLIGHTPLANNING
3.1

Performance
Performancecalculationconcerningspeeds,gradients,masses inallconditions fortakeoff,
en route, approach and landing according to the documentationavailable,e.g. for takeoff
V1, Vmbe, Vr, Vlof, V2, takeoff distance, maximum takeoff mass and the required stop
distancewithrespecttothefollowingfactors:

3.2

accelerate/stopdistance
takeoffrunanddistanceavailable(TORA,TODA)
groundtemperature,pressurealtitude,slope,wind
maximumloadandmaximummass(e.g.ZFM)
minimumclimbgradientafterenginefailure
influenceofsnow,slush,moistureandstandingwaterontherunway
possiblesingleand/ordualenginefailureduringcruiseflight
useofantiicingsystems
failureofwaterinjectionsystemand/orantiskidsystem
speedsatreducedthrust,V1,V1red ,Vmbe,Vmu ,Vr,Vlof ,V2
safeapproachspeedVref,withrespecttoVmca andturbulentconditions
effects of excessive approach speed and abnormal glideslope with respect to the
landingdistance
minimumclimbgradientduringapproachandlanding
limitingvaluesforagoaroundwithminimumfuel
maximumallowablelandingmassandthelandingdistanceforthedestinationand
alternateaerodromewithrespecttothefollowingfactors:
availablelandingdistance
groundtemperature,pressurealtitude,runwayslopeandwind
fuelconsumptiontodestinationoralternateaerodrome
influenceofmoistureontherunway,snow,slushandstandingwater
failureofthewaterinjectionsystemand/ortheantiskidsystem
influenceofthrustreverserandspoilers

Flightplanning
Flightplanningfornormalandabnormalconditions

optimum/maximumflightlevel
minimumrequiredflightaltitude
driftdownprocedureafteranenginefailureduringcruiseflight
power setting of the engines during climb, cruise and holding under various
circumstances,aswellasthemosteconomiccruisingflightlevel
calculationofashortrange/longrangeflightplan
optimumand maximum flight level andpower setting of theengines afterengine
failure

LOADANDBALANCEANDSERVICING
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4.1

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LoadandBalance

loadandtrimsheetwithrespecttothemaximummassesfortakeoffandlanding
centreofgravitylimits

4.1.1influenceoffuelconsumptiononthecentreofgravity
4.1.2lashingpoints,loadclamping,maximumgroundload
4.2

Servicing
Servicingconnectionsfor:

EMERGENCYPROCEDURES
5.1

Recognition of the situation as well as immediate memory actions in correct sequence

andforthoseconditionsrecognisedasemergenciesbythemanufacturerandcertification
authority:

5.2

enginefailureduringtakeoffbeforeandafterV1,aswellasinflight
malfunctionsofthepropellersystem
engineoverheat,enginefireongroundandinflight
wheelwellfire
electricalsmokeand/orfire
rapiddecompressionandemergencydescent
airconditioningoverheat,antiicesystemoverheat
fuelpumpfailure
fuelfreezing/overheat
electricpowerfailure
equipmentcoolingfailure
flightinstrumentfailure
partialortotalhydraulicfailure
failuresattheliftdevicesandflightcontrolsincludingboosters
cargocompartmentsmokeand/orfire

Actionsaccordingtotheapprovedabnormalandemergencychecklist

fuel
oil
water
hydraulic
oxygen
nitrogen
conditionedair
electricpower
startair
toiletandsafetyregulations

enginerestartinflight
landinggearemergencyextension
applicationoftheemergencybrakesystem
emergencyextensionofliftdevices
fueldumping
emergencydescent

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTENSION OF A TYPE RATING FOR INSTRUMENT

APPROACHESDOWNTODECISIONHEIGHTSOFLESSTHAN200FT(60M)
6.1

Airborneandgroundequipment

technicalrequirements
operationalrequirements
operationalreliability
failoperational

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6.2

failpassive
equipmentreliability
operatingprocedures
preparatorymeasures
operationaldowngrading
communications

ProceduresandLimitations

3Jun2008

operationalprocedures
crewcoordination

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GLASS COCKPIT AEROPLANES WITH ELECTRONIC

FLIGHTINSTRUMENTSYSTEMS(EFIS)
7.1

Additionallearningobjectives
7.1.1 generalrulesofaeroplanescomputerhardwareandsoftwaredesign
7.1.2

logicofallcrewinformationandalertingsystemsandtheirlimitations

7.1.3

interaction of the different aeroplane computer systems, their limitations, the

possibilities of computer fault recognition and the actions to be performed on
computerfailures

7.1.4

normalproceduresincludingallcrewcoordinationduties

7.1.5

aeroplaneoperationwithdifferentcomputerdegradations(basicflying)

FLIGHTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS

B.

Singleandmultienginehelicopters

DETAILEDLISTING
1.

Helicopters structure,transmissions,rotors andequipment,normalandabnormaloperationof

systems.
1.1

Dimensions

1.2

Engine includingaux. powerunit, rotor andtransmissions ifan initialtype rating fora

turbine engine helicopter is applied for, the applicant should have received turbine
engineinstruction.
1.2.1typeofengine/engines
1.2.2ingeneralthefunctionofthefollowingsystemsorcomponents:

engine
aux.powerunit
oilsystem
fuelsystem
ignitionsystem
startingsystem
firewarningandextinguishingsystem
generatorsandgeneratordrives
powerindication
water/methanolinjection

1.2.3 engine controls (including starter), engine instruments and indications in the
cockpit,theirfunctionandinterrelationandinterpretation
1.2.4engine operation, including APU, during engine start and engine malfunctions,
proceduresfornormaloperationinthecorrectsequence
1.2.5transmissionsystem
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lubrication
generatorsandgeneratordrives
freewheelingunits
hydraulicdrives
indicationandwarningsystems

1.2.6typeofrotorsystems

1.3

indicationandwarningsystems

Fuelsystem
1.3.1 location of the fuel tanks, fuel pumps, fuel lines to the engines tank capacities,
valvesandmeasuring
1.3.2 thefollowingsystems:

filtering
fuellinganddefuellingheatings
dumping
transferring
venting

1.3.3inthecockpit
the monitors and indicators of the fuel system, quantity and flow indication,
interpretation
1.3.4 fuelproceduresdistributionintothevarioustanks
fuelsupplyandfueldumping
1.4

Airconditioning
1.4.1componentsofthesystemandprotectiondevices
1.4.2cockpitmonitorsandindicators

interpretationwithregardtotheoperationalcondition
1.4.3 normal operation of the system during start, cruise approach and landing, air
conditioningairflowandtemperaturecontrol
1.5

Iceandrainprotection,windshieldwipersandrainrepellent
1.5.1 ice protected components of the helicopter, including engines and rotor systems,
heatsources,controlsandindications
1.5.2 operation oftheantiicing/deicing systemduring T/O,climb,cruiseanddescent,
conditionsrequiringtheuseoftheprotectionsystems
1.5.3controls and indications of the windshield wipers and rain repellent system
operation

1.6

Hydraulicsystem
1.6.1components of the hydraulic system(s), quantities and system pressure,
hydraulicallyactuatedcomponentsassociatedtotherespectivehydraulicsystem
1.6.2controls, monitors and indicators in the cockpit, function and interrelation and
interpretationofindications

Landinggear,skidsfixed,floats
1.7.1maincomponentsofthe:

mainlandinggear
nosegear
tailgear
gearsteering
wheelbrakesystem

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1.7.2gearretractionandextension
1.7.3requiredtyrepressure,orlocationoftherelevantplacard
1.7.4controlsandindicatorsincludingwarningindicatorsinthecockpitinrelationtothe
retraction/extensionconditionofthelandinggear
1.7.5componentsoftheemergencyextensionsystem
1.8

Flightcontrols,stabandautopilotsystems
1.8.1controls, monitors and indicators including warning indicators of the systems,
interrelationanddependencies

1.9

Electricalpowersupply
1.9.1Number, power, voltage, frequency and if applicable phase and location of the
mainpowersystem(ACorDC)auxiliarypowersystemlocationandexternalpower
system
1.9.2locationofthecontrols,monitorsandindicatorsinthecockpit
1.9.3mainandbackuppowersourcesflightinstruments,communicationandnavigation
systems,mainandbackuppowersources
1.9.4locationofvitalcircuitbreakers
1.9.5generatoroperationandmonitoringproceduresoftheelectricalpowersupply

1.10 Flightinstruments,communication,radarandnavigationequipment,autoflightandflight
recorder
1.10.1antennas
1.10.2controlsandinstrumentsofthefollowingequipmentinthecockpit:

flight instruments (e.g. airspeed indicator, pitot static system, compass system,
flightdirector)

flightmanagementsystems

radarequipment(e.g.wxradar,transponder)

communicationandnavigationsystem(e.g.HF,VHF,ADF,VOR/DME,ILS,marker
beacon)andareanavigationsystems(e.g.GPS,VLFOmega)

stabilisationandautopilotsystem

flightdatarecorder,cockpitvoicerecorder,radioaltimeter

collisionavoidancesystem

groundproximitywarningsystem

HUMS(HealthandUsageMonitoringSystem)

1.11 Cockpit,cabinandcargocompartment
1.11.1 operationoftheexterior,cockpit,cabinandcargocompartmentlightingandthe
emergencylighting
1.11.2 operationofthecabindoorsandemergencyexits
1.12 Emergencyequipment
operation and correct application of the following emergency equipment in the
helicopter:
Mobileequipment

Fixedequipment

emergencyfloats

portablefireextinguisher
firstaidkits
portableoxygenequipment

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emergencyropes
lifevest
liferafts
emergencytransmitters
crashaxes
megaphones
emergencysignals
torches

LIMITATIONS
2.1

Generallimitations,accordingtothehelicopterflightmanual

2.2

Minimumequipmentlist

PERFORMANCE,FLIGHTPLANNINGANDMONITORING
3.1

Performance

Performancecalculationconcerningspeeds,gradients,massesinallconditionsfortakeoff,en
route,approachandlanding
3.1.1Takeoff

hoverperformanceinandoutofgroundeffect
allapprovedprofiles,catAandB
HVdiagram
takeoffandrejectedtakeoffdistance
takeoffdecisionpoint(TDP)or(DPAT)
calculationoffirstandsecondsegmentdistances
climbperformance

3.1.2Enroute

airspeedindicatorcorrection
serviceceiling
optimum/economiccruisingaltitude
maxendurance
maxrange
cruiseclimbperformance

3.1.3Landing

hoveringinandoutofgroundeffect
landingdistance
landingdecisionpoint(LDP)or(DPBL)

3.1.4Knowledgeand/orcalculationof

3.2

Flightplanning
Flightplanningfornormalandabnormalconditions

3.3
4

Vlo,Vle ,Vmo,Vx ,Vy,Vtoss,Vne ,Vmaxrange,Vmini

optimum/maximumflightlevel
minimumrequiredflightaltitude
driftdownprocedureafteranenginefailureduringcruiseflight
power setting of the engines during climb, cruise and holding under various
circumstancesaswellasatthemosteconomiccruisingflightlevel
optimumandmaximumflightlevelandpowersettingafteranenginefailure

Effectofoptionalequipmentonperformance

LOAD,BALANCEANDSERVICING
4.1

Loadandbalance

loadandtrimsheetwithrespecttothemaximummassesfortakeoffandlanding
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centreofgravitylimits

4.1.1influenceofthefuelconsumptiononthecentreofgravity
4.1.2lashingpoints,loadclamping,maxgroundload
4.2

Servicingontheground
servicingconnectionsfor

fuel
oil,etc...
andsafetyregulationsforservicing

EMERGENCY,PROCEDURES

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTENSION OF A TYPE RATING FOR INSTRUMENT

APPROACHESDOWNTOADECISIONHEIGHTOFLESSTHAN200FT(60M)
6.1

Airborneandgroundequipment

6.2

Technicalrequirements
Operationalrequirements
Operationalreliability
Failoperational
Failpassive
Equipmentreliability
Operatingprocedures
Preparatorymeasures
Operationaldowngrading
Communication

Proceduresandlimitations

Operationalprocedures
Crewcoordination

SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS
INSTRUMENTSYSTEMS(EFIS)

OPTIONALEQUIPMENT

C.

Airships

FOR

HELICOPTERS

WITH

ELECTRONIC

FLIGHT

DETAILEDLISTING
1

Airshipstructureandequipment,normaloperationofsystemsandmalfunctions
1.1

Dimensions

1.2

Structureandenvelope
1.2.1Internalstructure
1.2.2Envelope
1.2.3Pressuresystem
1.2.4Gondola
1.2.5Empennage

1.3

FlightControls

1.4

Systems
1.4.1

Hydraulic

1.4.2

Pneumatic

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1.5

Landinggear

1.6

Fuelsystem

1.7

Firewarningandextinguishingsystem

1.8

Emergencyequipment

1.9

Electricalsystems

3Jun2008

1.10 Avionics,RadioNavigationandcommunicationequipment
1.11 Instrumentation
1.12 Enginesandpropellers
1.13 Heating/ventilation/aircondition
1.14 Operationalproceduresduringstart,cruise,approachandlanding,
1.14.1 Normaloperations
1.14.2 Abnormaloperations
2

Limitations
2.1

GeneralLimitations
2.1.1.

Certification of the airship, category of operation, noise certification and

maximumandminimum performancedata forall flightprofiles,conditionsand
a/csystems

2.1.2

Speeds

2.1.3

Altitudes

2.2

EngineLimitations

2.3

Systemslimitations

2.4

Minimumequipmentlist

Performance,FlightPlanning
3.1

Performancecalculation

3.2

Flightplanning

LoadandBalance,servicing
4.1

LoadandBalance

4.2

Servicing

Emergencyprocedures
5.1. Recognitionofemergencysituations
5.2

Actionsaccordingtotheapprovedabnormalandemergencychecklist

AMCNo2toFCL.725(a)
FlightinstructionfortyperatingsHelicopters
1.

Theamountofflightinstructiondependon:

complexityofthehelicoptertype,handlingcaracteristics,leveloftechnology

category of helicopter (singleengine piston or turbine helicopter, multiengine turbine and

multipilothelicopter)
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2.

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previousexperienceoftheapplicant
theavailibiliyofFSTDs.

FlightSyntheticTrainingDevices(FSTDs)
Thelevelofqualificationandthecomplexityofthetypewilldeterminetheamountofpractical
training that may be accomplished in FSTDs, including completion of the skill test. Prior to
undertaking the skill test, a student should demonstrate competency in the skill test items
duringthepracticaltraining.

3.

Initialissue
Theflightinstruction(excludingskilltest)shouldcomprise:

Helicoptertypes
SEP(H)

In
Helicopter
5hrs

InHelicopterandFSTDassociatedtrainingCredits
Using FSC/D: At least 2 hrs helicopter and at least 6 hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast4hrshelicopterandatleast6hrs
total

SET (H) under 3175 kg

MTOM

5hrs

UsingFSC/D:Atleast2hrshelicopterandatleast6hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast4hrshelicopterandatleast6hrs
total

SET(H) at or over 3175

kgMTOM

8hrs

UsingFSC/D:Atleast2hrshelicopterandatleast10hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast4hrshelicopterandatleast10hrs
total

SPHMET(H)JAR/FAR27
and29

8hrs

UsingFSC/D:Atleast2hrshelicopterandatleast10hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast4hrshelicopterandatleast10hrs
total

MPH

10hrs

UsingFSC/D:Atleast2hrshelicopter,andatleast12hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast6hrshelicopter,andatleast12hrs
total

4.

Additionaltypes
Theflightinstruction(excludingskilltest)shouldcomprise:

Helicoptertypes
SEP(H) to SEP(H) within
Appendix 1 to JARFCL
2.245(b)(3)

SEP(H) to SEP(H) not

included in Appendix 1 to
JARFCL2.245(b)(3)

InHelicopter InHelicopterandFSTDassociatedtrainingCredits
2hrs

UsingFSC/D:Atleast1hrhelicopterandat least3hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast1hrhelicopterandatleast4hrs
total

5hrs

UsingFSC/D:Atleast1hrhelicopterandat least6hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast2hrhelicopterandatleast7hrs
total

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SET(H)toSET(H)

2hrs

3Jun2008

UsingFSC/D:Atleast1hrhelicopterandat least3hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast1hrhelicopterandatleast4hrs
total

Single
Engine
training

difference

MET(H)toMET(H)

1hr
3hrs

N/A
UsingFSC/D:Atleast1hrhelicopterandat least4hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast2hrshelicopterandatleast5hrs
total

Multi
Engine
training

difference

MPHtoMPH

1hrs
5hrs

N/A
UsingFSC/D:Atleast1hrhelicopterandat least6hrs
total
UsingFTD2/3:Atleast2hrshelicopterandatleast7hrs
total

AMCtoFCL.740(b)(1)
Renewalofclassandtyperatingsrefreshertraining
1.

Paragraph(b)(1)ofFCL.740determinesthatifaclassortyperatinghaslapsed,theapplicant
shall take refresher training at an approved training organisation, to reach the level of
proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant type or class of aircraft. The amount of
refresher training needed should be determined on a case by case basis by the approved
trainingorganisation,takingintoaccountthefollowingfactors:
1.1

the experience of the applicant. To determine this, the training organisation should
evaluatethepilotslogbook,and,ifnecessary,conductatestinanFSTD.

1.2

the amount of time lapsed since the expiry of the validity period of the rating. The
amountoftrainingneededtoreachthedesiredlevelofproficiencyshouldincreasewith
the time lapsed. Insome cases,afterevaluatingthepilot, and when the time lapsed is
verylimited(lessthan3months),thetrainingorganisationmayevendeterminethatno
further refresher training is necessary. The following can be taken as guidance when
determiningtheneedsofthepilot:
(a)

Expiryshorterthan3months:nosupplementaryrequirements.

(b)

Expiry longer than 3 months but shorter than 1 year: a minimum of 2 training
sessions.

(c)

Expirylongerthan1yearbutshorterthan3years:aminimumof3trainingsessions
inwhichthemostimportantmalfunctionsintheavailablesystemsarecovered.

(d)

Expiry longer than3 years: the applicant should again undergo the training required
fortheinitialissueoftherating.

2.

Oncethetrainingorganisationhasdeterminedtheneedsoftheapplicant,itshoulddevelopan
individual trainingprogramme thatshouldbebasedon the initial training for the issue of the
ratingandfocusontheaspectswheretheapplicanthasshownthegreatestneeds.

3.

Aftersuccessfulcompletionofthetraining,thetrainingorganisationshouldgiveacertificateto
theapplicant,tobesubmittedtotheauthoritywhenapplyingfortherenewal.

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AMCtoFCL.720.A(b)(2)(i)
Additional theoretical knowledge for a class or type rating for high performance single
pilotaeroplanes
1.

A number of aeroplanes certificated for single pilot operation have similar performances,
systemsandnavigationcapabilitiestothosemore usuallyassociatedwith multipilot types of
aeroplanes,and regularly operatewithinthesame airspace. The level of knowledgerequired
tooperatesafelyinthisenvironmentisnotpart of,ornotincludedtothenecessarydepthof
knowledgeinthetrainingsyllabiforthePPL,CPLorIR(A)buttheselicenceholdersmayflyas
pilotincommandofsuchaeroplanes.Theadditionaltheoreticalknowledgerequiredtooperate
such aeroplanes safely is obtained by completion of an course at an approved training
organisationcoveringthesyllabusshowninAppendix10.

2.

Theaimofthetheoreticalknowledgecourseistoprovidetheapplicantwithsufficientknowledgeof
thoseaspectsoftheoperationofaeroplanescapableofoperatingathighspeedsandaltitudes,and
theaircraftsystemsnecessaryforsuchoperation.

3.

Demonstrationofacquisitionofthisknowledgeisundertakenbypassinganexaminationsetby
approvedtrainingorganisation.Successfullypassingthisexaminationresults intheissueofa
certificateindicatingthatthecourseandexaminationhavebeencompleted.

4.

The certificate represents a once only qualification and satisfies the requirement for the
addition of all future high performance aeroplanes to the holders licence. The certificate is
valid indefinitely and is to be submitted with the application for the first HPA type or class
rating.

AMCtoFCL.730.A
Requisitesforpilotsundertakingazeroflighttimetyperating(ZFTT)course
Whenapilotischangingfromaturboproptoaturbojetaeroplaneorfromaturbojettoaturbo
propaeroplane,additionalsimulatortrainingshouldberequired.
AMCtoFCL.735.A
Multicrewcooperationcourseaeroplanes
MULTICREWCOOPERATIONTRAINING
1.

TheobjectivesofMCCtrainingareoptimumdecisionmaking,communication,divisionoftasks,
use of checklists, mutual supervision, teamwork, and support throughout all phases of flight
undernormal,abnormalandemergencyconditions.Thetrainingemphasisesthedevelopment
ofnontechnicalskillsapplicabletoworkinginamulticrewenvironment.

2.

Thetrainingshouldfocusonteachingstudentsthebasicsonthefunctioningofcrewmembers
as teams in a multicrew environment, not simply as a collection of technically competent
individuals.Furthermore,thecourseshouldprovidestudentswithopportunitiestopracticethe
skills that are necessary to be effective team leaders and members. This requires training
exerciseswhichincludestudentsascrewmembersinthePFandPNFroles.

3.

Studentsshouldbemadefamiliarwithinterpersonalinterfacesandhowtomakebestuseof
crew cooperation techniques and their personal and leadership styles in a way that fosters
crew effectiveness. Students should be made aware that their behaviour during normal
circumstances can have a powerful impact on crew functioning during high workload and
stressfulsituations.

4.

Research studies strongly suggest that behavioural changes in any environment cannot be
accomplishedinashortperiodevenifthetraining isverywelldesigned.Traineesneedtime,
awareness, practice and feedback, and continual reinforcement to learn lessons that will
endure. In order to be effective, multicrew cooperation training should be accomplished in
severalphasesspreadoveraperiod.

BASICMULTICREWCOOPERATIONCOURSE
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5.

3Jun2008

ThecontentsofthebasicMCCcourseshouldcovertheoreticalknowledgetraining,practiceand
feedbackin:
a.

interfaces

b.

leadership/followershipandauthority

c.

listening
conflictresolution
mediating
critique(preflightanalysesandplanning,ongoingreview,postflight)
teambuilding

effectiveandclearcommunicationduringflight

e.

managerialandsupervisoryskills
assertiveness
barriers
culturalinfluence
PFandPNFroles
professionalism
teamresponsibility

personality,attitudeandmotivation

d.

examplesofsoftware,hardware,environmentandlivewaremismatchesinpractice

listening
feedback
standardphraseologies
assertiveness
participation

crewcoordinationprocedures

flighttechniquesandcockpitprocedures
standardphraseologies
discipline

6.

The use of checklists is of special importance for an orderly and safe conduct of the flights.
Differentphilosophies havebeendeveloped fortheuseofchecklists.Whichever philosophy is
used depends on the complexity of the aircraft concerned, the situation presented, the flight
crewcompositionandtheiroperatingexperienceandtheoperatorsproceduresaslaiddownin
theFlightOperationsManual.

7.

Mutualsupervision,informationandsupport.
a.

Anyactioninhandlingtheaircraftshouldbeperformedbymutualsupervision.Thepilot
responsibleforthespecificactionortask(PForPNF)shouldbeadvisedwhensubstantial
deviations(flightpath,aircraftconfigurationetc.)areobserved.

b.

Callout procedures are essential, especially during takeoff and approach, to indicate
progressoftheflight,systemsstatusetc.

c.

Operationofaircraftsystems,settingofradiosandnavigationequipmentetc.shouldnot
be performed without demand by the PF or without information to the PF and his
confirmation.

8.

The contents of paragraphs 3 and 4 can best be practised by performing the exercises in
simulatedcommercialairtransportoperations.

9.

Practiceand feedbackofMCC withregardtotheLL (livewareliveware) interfaceshouldalso

make provision for students for self and peer critique in order to improve communication,
decisionmakingandleadershipskills.Thisphaseisbestaccomplishedthroughtheuseofflight
simulators and video equipment. Video feedback is particularly effective because it allows

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participants to view themselves froma thirdperson perspective thispromotesacceptance of

one'sweakareaswhichencouragesattitudeandbehaviouralchanges.

EXERCISES
10.

The exercises should be accomplished as far as possible in a simulated commercial air

transportenvironment.Theinstructionshouldcoverthefollowingareas:
a.

preflightpreparationincludingdocumentation,andcomputationoftakeoffperformance
data

b.

preflightchecksincludingradioandnavigationequipmentchecksandsetting

c.

beforetakeoffchecksincludingpowerplantchecks,andtakeoffbriefingbyPF

d.

normaltakeoffswithdifferentflapsettings,tasksofPFandPNF,callouts

e.

rejected takeoffs crosswind takeoffs takeoffs at maximum takeoff mass engine

failureafterV1

f.

normalandabnormaloperationofaircraftsystems,useofchecklists

g.

selected emergency procedures to include engine failure and fire, smoke control and
removal,windshearduringtakeoffandlanding,emergencydescent,incapacitationofa
flightcrewmember

h.

earlyrecognitionofandreactiononapproachingstallindifferingaircraftconfigurations

i.

instrument flight procedures including holding procedures precision approaches using

rawnavigationdata,flightdirectorandautomaticpilot,oneenginesimulatedinoperative
approaches, nonprecision and circling approaches, approach briefing by PF, setting of
navigation equipment, callout procedures during approaches computation of approach
andlandingdata

j.

goarounds normal and with one engine simulated inoperative, transition from
instrument to visual flight on reaching decision height or minimum descent
height/altitude.

k.

landings, normal, crosswind and with one engine simulated inoperative, transition from
instrument to visual flight on reaching decision height or minimum descent
height/altitude.

Where MCC training is combined with training for an initial type rating on a multipilot
aeroplane,theexercises(a),(b),(c),(f),(g)and(j)maybeconductedinaFTDaspartofan
approvedcourse.
REINFORCEMENT
11.

No matter how effective the classroom curriculum, interpersonal drills, LOFT exercises, and
feedback techniquesare,asingle exposureduring themulticrewcooperation course for the
initial issue of a multipilot aeroplane type rating will be insufficient. The attitudes and
influences which contribute to ineffective crew coordination are ubiquitous and may develop
overapilot'slifetime.Thusitwillbenecessarythatthetrainingofnontechnicalskillswillbe
an integralpartofall recurrent training for revalidation ofamultipilot aeroplane type rating
aswellasofthetrainingfortheissueoffurthermultipilottyperatings.

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CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONFORM

CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONOFMCCTRAINING

Applicant's
name:

last

Firstnames:

Typeoflicence:

Number:

Multiengine
instrumentrating:

OR

issuedon:

State:

Multiengine
Instrument rating
skilltest:
passedon:

Signatureofapplicant:

ThesatisfactorycompletionofMCCTrainingaccordingtorequirementsiscertifiedbelow:

TRAINING

Multicrewcooperationtrainingreceivedduringperiod:

from:

to:

Locationanddate:

at:

ATO/operator*

SignatureofHeadofATOorauthorised
instructor*:

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Type and number of licence and State of Nameincapitallettersofauthorisedinstructor:

issue:

*Deleteasappropriate

AMCtoFCL.735.H
Multicrewcooperationcoursehelicopters
MULTICREWCOOPERATIONTRAINING
1. TheobjectivesofMCCtrainingareoptimumdecisionmaking,communication,divisionoftasks,
use of checklists, mutual supervision, teamwork, and support throughout all phases of flight
undernormal,abnormalandemergencyconditions.Thetrainingemphasisesthedevelopmentof
nontechnicalskillsapplicabletoworkinginamulticrewenvironment.
2. Thetrainingshouldfocusonteachingstudentsthebasicsonthefunctioningofcrewmembersas
teams in a multicrew environment, not simply as a collection of technically competent
individuals. Furthermore, thecourse shouldprovide students with opportunities topractice the
skills that are necessary to be effective team leaders and members. This requires training
exerciseswhichincludestudentsascrewmembersinthePFandPNFroles.
3. Students should be made familiar with interpersonal interfaces and how to make best use of
crewcooperationtechniquesandtheirpersonalandleadershipstylesinawaythatfosterscrew
effectiveness.Studentsshouldbemadeawarethattheirbehaviourduringnormalcircumstances
canhaveapowerfulimpactoncrewfunctioningduringhighworkloadandstressfulsituations
4. Research studies strongly suggest that behavioural changes in any environment cannot be
accomplished in a short period even if the training is very well designed. Trainees need time,
awareness,practiceandfeedback,andcontinualreinforcementtolearnlessonsthatwillendure.
In order to be effective, multicrew cooperation training should be accomplished in several
phasesspreadoveraperiod.
5. ThecontentsofthebasicMCCcourseshouldcovertheoreticalknowledgetraining,practiceand
feedbackin:
a. interfaces

examplesofSoftware,Hardware,EnvironmentandLivewaremismatchesinpractice

b. leadership/'followership'andauthority

c.

managerialandsupervisoryskills
assertiveness
barriers
culturalinfluence
PFandPNFroles
professionalism
teamresponsibility

personality,attitudeandmotivation

listening
conflictresolution
mediating
critique(preflightanalysesandplanning,ongoingreview,postflight)
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teambuilding

d. effectiveandclearcommunicationduringflight

listening
feedback
standardphraseologies
assertiveness
participation

e. crewcoordinationprocedures

flighttechniquesandcockpitprocedures
standardphraseologies
discipline

6.

The use of checklists is of special importance for an orderly and safe conduct of the flights.
Differentphilosophies havebeendeveloped fortheuseofchecklists.Whichever philosophy is
used depends on the complexity of the aircraft concerned, the situation presented, the flight
crewcompositionandtheiroperatingexperienceandtheoperator'sproceduresaslaiddownin
theFlightOperationsManual.

7.

Mutualsupervision,informationandsupport.
a.

Anyactioninhandlingtheaircraftshouldbeperformedbymutualsupervision.Thepilot
responsibleforthespecificactionortask(PForPNF)shouldbeadvisedwhensubstantial
deviations(flightpath,aircraftconfigurationetc.)areobserved.

b.

Callout procedures are essential, especially during takeoff and approach, to indicate
progressoftheflight,systemsstatusetc.

c.

Operationofaircraftsystems,settingofradiosandnavigationequipmentetc.shouldnot
be performed without demand by the PF or without information to the PF and his
confirmation.

COURSEOBJECTIVE
8.

Practiceand feedbackofMCC withregardtotheLL (livewareliveware) interfaceshouldalso

make provision for students for self and peer critique in order to improve communication,
decision making and leadership skills. This phase is best accomplished through the use of
FSTDs and video equipment. Video feedback is particularly effective because it allows
participants to view themselves froma thirdperson perspective thispromotesacceptance of
one'sweakareaswhichencouragesattitudeandbehaviouralchanges.

EXERCISES
9.

The instruction should be accomplished as far as possible in a simulated commercial air

transportenvironmentandcoverthefollowingareas:
a.

preflight preparation, including documentation computation of take off performance

dataradioandnavigationequipmentchecksandsetting

b.

beforetakeoffchecks,includingpowerplantcheckstakeoffbriefingbyPF

c.

takeoffsandlandingstoandfrom:

standardsurfaceheliport
pinpointsurfaceheliport
elevatedsite
helideck

taskofPFandPNFcallouts

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d.

rejected takeoffs crosswind takeoffs takeoffs at maximum takeoff mass engine

failure before and after Take off Decision Point (TDP) engine failure before and after
DefinedPointAfterTakeoff(DPATO)

e.

normalandabnormaloperationofaircraftsystemsuseofchecklists

f.

Emergency procedures to include engines (shut down and restart at a safe height)
failure, fire, smoke control and removal auto pilot/flight director failure, autorotation
descent, tail rotor control failure (if applicable), tail rotor loss, hydraulic failure, SAS
failurewindandturbulenceeffectonraisedstructures,orduetoheliportenvironment
emergencydescentincapacitationofaflightcrewmember

g.

early recognition of specific helicopter hazards, e.g. ground resonance, dynamic and
staticrollover,bladestall,vortexring/settingwithpower,settlingwithpowerdepending
ontypeofoperation

h.

instrument flight procedures including holding procedures precision approaches using

raw navigation data, flight director and autopilot one engine simulated inoperative
approaches autopilot inoperative approaches non precision and circling approaches
radar approaches on fixedormovingplatformscall outproceduresduringapproaches
computationofapproachandlandingdata

i.

normalgoaroundsgoaroundswithoneenginesimulatedinoperativeandwithautopilot
orstabiliserinoperativerejectedlandingsupportofthePFbythePNF

j.

normalandcrosswindlandingswithonesimulatedenginefailurebeforeandafterlanding
decisionpoint(LDP)andonesimulatedenginefailurebeforedefinedpointbeforelanding
(DPBL)andwithautopilotorStabilityAugmentationSystem(SAS)inoperativetransition
from instrument to visual flight on reaching decision height or minimum descent
height/altitude.

Where MCC training is combined for an initial type rating on a multipilot helicopter, the
exercises(a)and(b)maybeconductedina[FSor]FTDaspartofanapprovedcourse.
REINFORCEMENT
10.

No matter how effective the classroom curriculum, interpersonal drills, LOFT exercises, and
feedback techniquesare,asingle exposureduring themulticrewcooperation course for the
initial issue of a multipilot helicopter type rating will be insufficient. The attitudes and
influences which contribute to ineffective crew coordination are ubiquitous and may develop
overapilot'slifetime.Thusitwillbenecessarythatthetrainingofnontechnicalskillswillbe
an integralpart ofall recurrent training for revalidation ofamultipilot helicoptertyperating
aswellasofthetrainingfortheissueoffurthermultipilottyperatings.

CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONFORM

CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONOFMCCTRAINING

Applicant's
name:

Typeoflicence:

last

Firstnames:

Number:

State:

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Instrumentrating:

OR

3Jun2008

Instrument rating
skilltest:

issuedon:

passedon:

Signatureofapplicant:

ThesatisfactorycompletionofMCCTrainingaccordingtorequirementsiscertifiedbelow:

TRAINING

Multicrewcooperationtrainingreceivedduringperiod:

from:

to:

Locationanddate:

at:

ATO/operator*

SignatureofHeadofATOorauthorised
instructor*:

Type and number of licence and state of Name in capital

issue:
instructor:

letters

of

authorised

*Deleteasappropriate

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AMCtoFCL.740.H
Revalidationandrenewaloftyperatingshelicopters
The revalidation of an IR (H), if held, may be combined with the class or type rating proficiency
check.
GMtoFCL.720.PL
Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings for the powered
lift
Theendorsement ofa poweredlift type rating toan aeroplane or helicopter licencedoes not confer
uponitsholdertheprivilegestoflyhelicoptersoraeroplanes,respectively.

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SUBPARTI
ADDITIONALRATINGS
AMCtoFCL.800
AerobaticRatingTheoreticalknowledgeandflyingtraining
1.

The aim of the aerobatic training is to qualify licence holders to perform aerobatic
manoeuvres.

2.

Theapprovedtrainingorganisationshouldissueacertificateofsatisfactorycompletionofthe
instructionforthepurposeoflicenceendorsement.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
3.

Thetheoreticalknowledgesyllabusshouldcovertherevisionand/orexplanationof:
3.1.Humanfactorsandbodylimitation

spatialdisorientation

airsickness

bodystressandgforces,positiveandnegative

effectsofgreyandblackout

3.2.Technicalsubjects

legislationaffectingaerobaticflyingtoincludeenvironmentalandnoisesubjects

principlesofaerodynamicstoincludeslowflight,stallsandspins,flatandinverted

generalairframeandenginelimitations

3.3.Limitationsapplicabletothespecificaircraftcategory(andtype)

airspeed limitations (aeroplane, helicopter, touring motor glider, sailpane as

applicable)

symmetricloadfactors(typerelatedasapplicable)

rollinggs(typerelatedasapplicable)

3.4.Aerobaticmanoeuvresandrecovery

entryparameters

planningsystemsandsequencingofmanoeuvres

rollingmanoeuvres

overthetopmanoeuvres

combinationmanoeuvres

entryandrecoveryfromdevelopedspins,flat,acceleratedandinverted

3.5.Emergencyprocedures

recoveryfromunusualattitudes

drillstoincludeuseofparachutesandaircraftabandonment

FLYINGTRAINING
4.

The exercises of the aerobatic flying training syllabus should be repeated as necessary until
theapplicantachievesasafeandcompetentstandard.Thetrainingshouldbetailoredtothe
category of aircraft and limited to the permitted manoeuvres of that type of aircraft. The
exercisesshouldcompriseatleastthefollowingpracticaltrainingitems(ifpermitted):

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4.1.Aerobaticmanoeuvres

Chandelle

LazyEight

AileronRoll

BarrelRoll

RudderRoll

Loopandinvertedloop

Immelmann

SplitS

4.2.Confidencemanoeuvresandrecoveries

slowflightsandstalls

steepturns

sideslips

enginerestartinflight(ifapplicable)

spinsandrecovery

recoveryfromspiraldives

recoveryfromunusualattitudes

AMCtoFCL.805
TowingRatingTheoreticalknowledgeandflyingtraining
1.

Theaimofthetowinginstructionistoqualifylicenceholderstotowbannersorsailplanes.

2.

Theapprovedtrainingorganisationshouldissueacertificateofsatisfactorycompletionofthe
trainingforthepurposeoflicenceendorsement.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
TOWINGOFSAILPLANES
3.1. Thetheoreticalknowledgesyllabusshouldcovertherevisionand/orexplanationof:

regulationsconcerningtowingflights

equipmentforthetowingactivity

sailplanetowingtechniquesincluding:

signalsandcommunicationprocedures

takeoff(normal/crosswind)

inflightlaunchprocedures

descendingontow

sailplanereleaseprocedure

towropereleaseprocedure

landingwithtowropeconnected

emergencyproceduresduringtowincludingequipmentmalfunctions

specificsailplanetowingsafetyprocedures

flightperformanceoftheapplicableaircrafttypewhentowingsailplanes
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lookoutandcollisionavoidance

performancedatasailplanesincluding:

suitablespeeds

stallcharacteristicsinturns

3Jun2008

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
BANNERTOWING
3.2. Thetheoreticalknowledgesyllabusshouldcovertherevisionand/orexplanationof:

regulationsconcerningbannertowing

equipmentforthebannertowingactivity

groundcrewcoordination

preflightprocedures

bannertowingtechniquesincluding:

takeofflaunch

bannerpickupmanoeuvres

flyingwithbannerintow

releaseprocedure

landingwithbannerintow

emergencyproceduresduringtowincludingequipmentmalfunctions

specificbannertowingsafetyprocedures

flight performance of the applicable aircraft type when towing a heavy/light

banner

preventionofstallduringtowingoperations

FLYINGTRAINING
TOWINGOFSAILPLANES
4.1. Theexercisesofthetowingtrainingsyllabusfortowingsailplanesshouldberepeatedas
necessary until the student achieves a safe and competent standard and should
compriseatleastthefollowingpracticaltrainingitems:

takeoffprocedures(normalandcrosswindtakeoffs)

360circlesontowwithabankof30andmore

descendingduringlaunch

releaseprocedureofthesailplane

landingwiththetowropeconnected

towropereleaseprocedureinflight

emergencyprocedures(simulation)

signalsandcommunicationduringtow

FLYINGTRAINING
BANNERTOWING
4.2. The exercises of the towing training syllabus for banner towing should be repeated as
necessary until the student achieves a safe and competent standard and should
compriseatleastthefollowingpracticaltrainingitems:

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pickupmanoeuvres

towinginflighttechniques

releaseprocedures

flightatcriticallylowairspeeds

maximumperformancemanoeuvres

emergencymanoeuvrestoincludeequipmentmalfunctions(simulated)

specificbannertowingsafetyprocedures

goaroundwiththebannerconnected

lossofenginepowerwiththebannerattached(simulated)

AMCtoFCL.810
PPL(H)NightRatingCourse
1.

TheaimofthecourseistoqualifyPPL(H)holderstoexercisetheprivilegesofthelicenceat
night.

2.

Theapprovedtrainingorganisationshouldissueacertificateofsatisfactorycompletionofthe
courseforthepurposeoflicenceendorsement.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
3.

Thetheoreticalknowledgesyllabusshouldcovertherevisionand/orexplanationof:

nightVMCminima

rulesregardingairspacecontrolatnightandfacilitiesavailable

rulesregardingaerodromeground/runway/landingsite/obstructionlighting

aircraftnavigationlightsandcollisionavoidancerules

physiologicalaspectsofnightvisionandorientation

dangersofdisorientationatnight

dangersofweatherdeteriorationatnight

instrumentsystems/functionsanderrors

instrumentlightingandemergencycockpitlightingsystems

mapmarkingforuseundercockpitlighting

practicalnavigationprinciples

radionavigationprinciples

planninganduseofsafetyaltitude

dangerfromicingconditions,avoidanceandescapemanoeuvres

FLYINGTRAINING
4.

Inallcases,exercises4to6ofthenightratingflightsyllabusshouldbecompleted.

5.

Forexercises1to3,upto50%oftherequiredflighttrainingmaybecompletedinaSTD(H).
However,allitemswithineachexerciseshouldbeconductedinahelicopterinflight.

6.

Itemsmarked(*)shouldbecompletedinsimulatedIMCandmaybecompletedindaylight.

7.

Theflyingexercisesshouldcomprise:
Exercise1
(repeatasnecessaryuntilthestudentachievesasafeandcompetentstandard)
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revisebasicmanoeuvreswhenflyingbysolereferencetoinstruments*

explainanddemonstratetransitiontoinstrumentflightfromvisualflight*

explain and revise recovery from unusual attitudes by sole reference to

instruments*

Exercise2
(repeatasnecessaryuntilthestudentachievesasafeandcompetentstandard)

explainanddemonstrateuseofradionavigationaidswhenflyingbysolereference
toinstruments,toincludepositionfindingandtracking*

Exercise3
(repeatasnecessaryuntilthestudentachievesasafeandcompetentstandard)
explainanddemonstratetheuseofRadarAssistance*

Exercise4

(repeatasnecessaryuntilthestudentachievesasafeandcompetentstandard)

explainanddemonstrateuseandadjustmentoflandinglight

explainanddemonstratenighthovering:
higherandslowerthanbyday
avoidanceofunintendedsidewaysorbackwardsmovements

explainanddemonstratenighttakeofftechniques

explainanddemonstratenightcircuittechnique

explain and demonstrate night approaches (constant angle) with or without visual
approachaidsto:
heliports
illuminatedtouchdownareas

practisetakeoffs,circuitsandapproaches

explainanddemonstratenightEmergencyprocedurestoinclude:
simulatedenginefailure,
(tobeterminatedwithpowerrecoveryatasafealtitude)
simulated engine failure including single engine approach and landing, (multi
engineonly)
simulatedinadvertententrytoIMC(notonbaselegorfinal)
simulatedhydrauliccontrolfailure(toincludelanding)
internalandexternallightingfailure
otherMalfunctionsandEmergencyproceduresasrequiredbytheAircraftFlight
Manual

Exercise5

solonightcircuits

Exercise6

explainanddemonstratenightcrosscountrytechniques

practisenightcrosscountrydualandasSPICtoasatisfactorystandard

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AMCNo1toFCL.815
MountainratingTheoreticalknowledgeandflyingtraining

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
WHEELRATING

SKIRATING
1.Equipements

W.1.1Personalequipmentfortheflight.

S.1.1Personalequipmentfortheflight.

W.1.2Aircraftequipmentfortheflight.

S.1.2Aircraftequipmentfortheflight.

2.Takeofftechniques
W2.1Techniqueforapproachandlandingona S.2.1Techniqueforapproachandlandingona
mountainsurface
mountainsurface.
S.2.2Landingtechniqueonskis.
W 2.2 Rolling techniques of the aircraft on S.2.3 Rolling techniques of the aircraft on skis
variousrunwayprofiles.
regardingthesnownature
W2.3Takeofftechnique

S.2.4Takeofftechniqueonsnowedsurfaces.

W 2.4 Aircraft and engine performances S.2.5. Aircraft and

regardingaltitude.
regardingaltitude.

engine

performances

3.Rules
W3.1Mountainrating

S3.1Mountainrating

W3.2Overflightrules

S3.2Overflightrules

W3.3Surfacesclassification

S3.3Surfacesclassification

W3.4Pilotincommandresponsibilities

S3.4Pilotincommandresponsibilities

W3.5Responsibilitiesofthesurfacemanager

S3.5Responsibilitiesofthesurfacemanager

W3.6Theflightplan

S.3.6Theflightplan
S.3.7Certificationoftheskimountedaeroplanes

4.Meteorology
W4.1Movementsoftheairmass

S.4.1Movementsoftheairmass

W4.2Flightconsequences

S.4.2Flightconsequences

W 4.3 Relief effect on the movement of the air S.4.3 Relief effect on the movement of the air
masses
masses
W4.4Altimetry

S.4.4Altimetry
5.HumanPerformanceandLimitations

W.5.1Thecold

S.5.1Thecold

W.5.2Thefood

S.5.2Thefood.

W.5.3Thehypoxia

S.5.3Thehypoxia.

W.5.4Theradiance

S.5.4Theradiance

W.5.5Thethirst

S.5.5Thethirst

W.5.6Thetiredness

S.5.6Thetiredness

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W.5.7Turbulenceeffectsinaltitude

3Jun2008

S.5.7Turbulenceeffectsinaltitude
6.Navigation

W.6.1Progressoftheflight

S.6.1Progressoftheflight

W.6.2Deadreckoning

S.6.2Deadreckoning

W.6.3Thepathovertherelief

S.6.3Thepathovertherelief

W.6.4Progressinthevalleys

S.6.4Progressinthevalleys

W.6.5 Detection of the manmade obstacles S.6.5 Detection of the manmade obstacles
(highvoltagelines,chairlifts,cables,etc.).
(highvoltagelines,chairlifts,cables,etc.).
7.Specificitems
S.7.1Knowledgeofthesnowandassessmentof
thesnownatureinflight
S.7.2Knowledgeoftheglacier.
S.7.3Lifeoftheglacier.
S.7.4Formationofthecracks.
S.7.5Snowbridges
S.7.6Avalanches
8.Survival
S.8.1Waysofsurvival(psychologicalaspects).
S.8.2Useoftheequipments.
S.8.3Removalthesnowontheaircraft.
S.8.4Buildingofashelter
S.8.5Howtofeed
FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
WHEELRATING

SKIRATING
I.Navigation

W.I.1Flighttechniquesinthevalleys.

S.I.IFlighttechniquesinthevalleys.

W.I.2Flightovermountainpassesandridges

S.I.2Flightovermountainpassesandridges.

W.I.3Uturninnarrowvalleys.

S.I.3Uturninnarrowvalleys.

W.I.4 Choice of the flight path regarding S.I.4Choiceoftheflightpathregardingaerology

aerology
W.I.5Mapreading

S.I.5Mapreading
II.Arrivalandreconnaissance

W.II.1Choiceofthealtitudeofarrival.

S.II.1Choiceofthearrivalaltitude.

W.II.2Choiceofthearrivalandoverflypattern.

S.II.2 Choice of the arrival and overflight

pattern.

W.II.3Choiceofthelandingpattern.

S.II.3Descriptionofthecircuitpattern.

W.II.4Aerologyawareness

S.II.4Aerologyawareness.

W.II.5Evaluationofthelengthoftherunway.

S.II.5Evaluationoftherunwaylength.

W.II.6 Evaluation of the runway profile (slope S.II.6 Evaluation of the runway profile (slope
andbanking).
andbanking).
WII.7Collisionavoidance.

S.II.7Collisionavoidance.

W II.8 Definition of the references for the S.II.8Definitionofthereferencesforthelanding

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landing(touchdownpoint).

3Jun2008

(touchdownpoint).

W II.9 Determination of the circuit pattern S.II.9 Determination of the circuit pattern
altitude.
altitude.
W II.10Choice of the final speed regarding the S.II.10 Choice of the final speed regarding the
runwayprofile.
runwayprofile.
S.II.11Choiceofthetakeoffaxis
S.II.12.Choiceofthelandingaxis
S.II.13Choiceoftheparkingarea
S.II.14 Observation of the obstacles on the
ground(cracks,snowbridges,avalanches).
S.II.15Estimationofthesnownature.
S.II.16Observationofthewaytoreacharefuge
fromthelandingarea

IIIApproachandlanding
W.III.1Landingpatternaltitude.

S.III.1Landingpatternaltitude.

WIII.2Precisionofflightalongthelandingpath. S.III.2Precisionofflightalongthelandingpath..
W III.3 Corrections on the landing path S.III.3Correctionsonthelandingpath(accuracy
(accuracyandeffectiveness).
andeffectiveness).
S.III.4Landing(precisionoftheflareandofthe
touchdownpoint).
WIII.4Landing(precisionoftheflareandofthe S.III.5Taxioftheaircraftonvarioussnowsand
touchdownpoint).
variousrunwayprofiles.
W III.5 Taxiing (use of the engine power) on S.III.6Parkingoftheaircraftregardingthesnow
variousprofiles
natureandtheprofileoftheapron.
W III.6 Parking of the aircraft (regarding the S.III.7 Turns on various snow nature and
runwayprofile,thetraffic,etc.).
variousgroundprofiles.
IV.Takeoff
WIV.1Safetychecksbeforetakeoff.

S.IV.1Safetychecksbeforetakeoff.
S.IV.2Liningupontherunway.
S.IV.3Controloftherunwayaxisduringtakeoff
S.IV.4Choiceanduseofthevisualreferencesof
thetakeoffaxis.

WIV.2Liningupontherunway.

S.IV.5 Acceleration regarding the nature of the

snow.

W IV.3 Control of the runway axis during take S.IV.6Shorttakeoff.

off.
WIV.4Choiceanduseofthevisualreferencesof S.IV.7Takeoffavoidingtheskidoftheskis.
thetakeoffaxis.

V.Survival
S.V.1Useofthesnowshoes.
S.V.2Useofthemarkings.
AMCNo2toFCL.815
MountainratingSkilltest

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Theskilltestfortheissueortherenewalofamountainratingshouldcontainthefollowingelements:
1.ORALEXAMINATION
This part should be done before the flight and should cover all the relevant parts of the theoretical
knowledge.Atleastonequestionforeachofthefollowingsectionsshouldbeasked:

Specificequipmentforamountainflight(personalandaircraft)

Rulesofthemountainflight

Iftheoralexaminationrevealsalackintheoreticalknowledge,theflighttestshouldnotbedoneandthe
skilltestisfailed.
2.PRACTICALSKILLTEST
During the flight test, two different sites from the departure airport should be used for recognition,
approach,landingandtakeoff.FortheSkiMountainRating,oneofthetwodifferentsitesshouldbea
glacier.
AMCtoFCL.820
Conductofflighttests Trainingcourse
The content of the course should vary taking into account the type of aircraft. The following table
providesanoverviewofthedifferenttypesofcourse
of Category1

Category2

CS25 CS23 Condition1

jets andCS23
Commuters

Condition2

OtherCS23

Condition2

Condition2

CS27

Condition1

Condition2

CS29

Condition1

Condition2

Categories
flighttest
Aircraft

Condition1:
ForCS25aircraftjetaeroplanescertifiedtoCS23,CS23CommuterCategoryaircraftandCS27and
CS29 rotorcraft, the training should cover Performance Handling Qualities Systems and Test
managementandcanbeoutlinedasfollows:

For fixed wing test pilots: duration 10 months 500 hours of ground training 110/120 flying
hourson15/25differentairplanes.

Forrotorcrafttestpilots:duration10months500hoursofgroundtraining110/120flyinghours
on4to10rotorcraft

BatchelorofSciencesorequivalentUniversitystandardsareusuallyrequestedfromapplicants.

Condition2:
This conditionrequiresasignificantamountofflightexperience,inaccordancetothetaskand requires
trainingforflighttestingactivities,theamountofwhichshouldbespecificallyadaptedtothetasks.Such
coursesmaylast15weeksandtheflyingtrainingshouldamountto38hourson12typesofairplanes.

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SUBPARTJ
INSTRUCTORS
AMCtoFCL.900
Instructorcertificates
1

General
1.1

Nineinstructorcategoriesarerecognised:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)

Light aircraft flight instructor certificate aeroplane (LAFI(A)), helicopter

(LAFI(H)),sailplaneLAFI(S),balloon(LAFI(B))
Flight instructor certificate aeroplane (FI(A)), helicopter (FI(H)), poweredlift
(FI(PL)),airship(FI(As)),sailplane(FI(S)),balloon(FI(B))
Type rating instructor certificate aeroplane (TRI(A)), helicopter (TRI(H)),
poweredlift(TRI(PL))
Classratinginstructorcertificateaeroplane(CRI(A))
Instrument rating instructor certificate aeroplane (IRI(A)), helicopter (IRI(H)),
airship(IRI(As))
Syntheticflightinstructorcertificateaeroplane(SFI(A),helicopter(SFI(H))
MulticrewCooperationinstructorcertificateAeroplanes(MCCI(A))
Synthetictraininginstructorcertificateaeroplane(STI(A)),helicopter(STI(H))
Mountainratinginstructorcertificate(MI).

1.2

For categories a) to e) and for f) the applicant needs to hold a pilot licence. For
categoriesf)toh)nolicenceisneeded,onlyaninstructorcertificate.

1.3

Apersonmayholdmorethanoneinstructorcertificate.

Specialconditions.
2.1

When new aircraft are introduced, requirements such as to hold a licence and rating
equivalent to the one for which instruction is being given, or to have adequate flight
experience, may not be possible to comply with. In this case, to allow for the first
instruction courses to be given to applicants for licences or ratings for these aircraft,
competent authorities need the possibility to issue a specific certificate that does not
havetocomplywiththerequirementsestablishedinthisSubpart.

2.2

The competent authority should only give these certificates to holders of other
instructionqualifications.Asfaraspossible,preferenceshouldbegiventopersonswith
experienceinsimilartypesorclassesofaircraft.

2.3

Thecertificateshouldideallybelimitedinvaliditytothetimeneededtoqualifythefirst
instructorsforthenewaircraftinaccordancewiththisSubpart,butinanycaseitshould
notexceedthe3yearsestablishedintherule.

AMCtoFCL.920
Instructorcompetenciesandassessment
1

Training should be both theoretical and practical. Practical elements should include the
development of specific instructor skills,particularly in the area of teaching and assessing threat
anderrormanagementandCRM.

The training and assessment of instructors should be made against the following performance
standards:.

Competence
Prepareresources

Performance
Ensureadequatefacilities
Preparesbriefingmaterial

Knowledge
Understandobjectives
Availabletools

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Create
a
climate
conducivetolearning

Manageavailabletools

Establishescredentials,role
modelsappropriatebehaviour
Clarifiesroles
Statesobjectives
Ascertainsandsupportstrainees
needs
Communicatesclearly
Createsandsustainsrealism
Looksfortrainingopportunities
MakesTEM/CRMlinkswith
technicaltraining
Allocatetimeappropriateto
achievingcompetencyobjective

Encouragetraineeparticipation
Motivating,patient,confident,
assertivemanner
Conductsonetoonecoaching
Encouragesmutualsupport

Presentknowledge

IntegrateTEM/CRM

3Jun2008

Manage Time to achieve

trainingobjectives

Facilitatelearning

Teachingmethods

HumanFactors,TEM/CRM

Facilitation
Howtogiveconstructive
feedback
Howtoencouragetraineesto
askquestionsandseekadvice

Assessandencouragetraineeself
Assesses
trainee
assessmentofperformance
performance
againstcompetencystandards
Makesassessmentdecisionand
provideclearfeedback
ObservesCRMbehaviour
Compareindividualoutcomesto
Monitor and review
definedobjectives
progress
Identifyindividualdifferencesin
learningrates
Applyappropriatecorrective
action
Elicitsfeedbackfromtrainees.
Evaluate
training
Trackstrainingsessionprocesses
sessions
againstcompetencecriteria
Keepsappropriaterecords

Reportoutcome

Reportaccuratelyusingonly
observedactionsandevents

Competencybasedtraining
methods
Barrierstolearning
Learningstyles

Syllabustimeallocation

Observationtechniques
Methodsforrecording
observations

Learningstyles
Strategiesfortraining
adaptationtomeetindividual
needs

Competencyunitand
associatedelements
Performancecriteria

Phasetrainingobjectives
Individualversussystemic
weaknesses

AMCNo1toFCL.925
MPLinstructorcourse
1.

The objectives of the MPL instructors training course are to train applicants todeliver training in
accordancewiththefeaturesofacompetencybasedapproachtotrainingandassessment.

2.

Training should be both theoretical and practical. Practical elements should include the
development of specific instructor skills,particularly in the area of teaching and assessing threat
anderrormanagementandCRMinthemulticrewenvironment

3.

ThecourseisintendedtoadaptinstructorstoconductcompetencybasedMPLtraining.Itshould
covertheitemsspecifiedbelow:

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
4.

IntegrationofoperatorsandorganisationsprovidingMPLtraining
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ReasonsfordevelopmentoftheMPL
MPLtrainingcourseobjective
Adoptionofharmonisedtrainingandprocedures
Feedbackprocess

5.

Thephilosophyofacompetencybasedapproachtotraining

Principlesofcompetencybasedtraining

6.

Regulatoryframework,instructorqualificationsandcompetencies

SourceDocumentation

InstructorQualifications

SyllabusStructure

7.

IntroductiontoInstructionalSystemsDesignmethodologies(SeeICAOPANSTRGDoc)

Analysis

DesignandProduction

EvaluationandRevision

IntroductiontotheMPLTrainingScheme

Trainingphasesandcontent

Trainingmedia

CompetencyUnits,elementsandperformancecriteria

9.

Introduction to human performance limitations, including the principles of threat and error
managementandappropriatecountermeasuresdevelopedinCRM.

Definitions

Appropriatebehaviourscategories

Assessmentsystem

10.

ApplicationoftheprinciplesofthreatanderrormanagementandCRMprinciplestotraining

Applicationandpracticaluses

Assessmentmethods

Individualcorrectiveactions

Debriefingtechniques

11.

Thepurposeandconductofassessmentsandevaluations

Basisforcontinuousassessmentagainstadefinedcompetencystandard

Individualassessment

Collectionandanalysisofdata

TrainingSystemevaluation

PRACTICALTRAINING
12.

Practicaltrainingmaybeconductedbyinteractivegroupclassroommodules,and/orbytheuseof
trainingdevices.Theobjectiveistoenableinstructorsto:

Identifybehavioursbasedonobservableactionsinthefollowingareas:
Communications
Teamworking
SituationAwareness
WorkloadManagement

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ProblemSolvingandDecisionMaking
Analysetherootcausesofundesirablebehaviours
Debriefstudentsusingappropriatetechniques,inparticular
Useoffacilitativetechniques
Encouragementofstudentselfanalysis
Agreecorrectiveactionswiththestudent/s
Determineachievementoftherequiredcompetency

AMCNo2toFCL.925
MPLinstructorsrenewalofprivilegesrefreshertraining
1.

2.

Paragraph (d) of FCL.925 determines that if the applicant has not complied with the
requirements to maintain his privileges to conduct competency based approach training,
he/she shall receive refresher training atan approved training organisationtoreach the level
of competence necessary to pass the assessment of instructor competencies. The amount of
refresher training needed should be determined on a case by case basis by the approved
trainingorganisation,takingintoaccountthefollowingfactors:
1.1

theexperienceoftheapplicant.

1.2

theamountoftimelapsedsincethelasttimetheapplicanthasconductedtraininginanMPL
course. The amount of training needed to reach the desired level of competence should
increasewiththetimelapsed.Insomecases,afterevaluatingtheinstructor,andwhenthe
time lapsed is very limited, the training organisation may even determine that no further
refreshertrainingisnecessary.

Oncethetrainingorganisationhasdeterminedtheneedsoftheapplicant,itshoulddevelopan
individualtrainingprogramme,thatshouldbebasedontheMPLinstructorcourseandfocuson
theaspectswheretheapplicanthasshownthegreatestneeds.

GMtoFCL.925
MPLInstructors
The following table summarises the instructor qualifications for each phase of MPL integrated training
course:

Phaseoftraining

Qualification

Line
Flying
Under LineTrainingCaptainorTRI(A)
Supervision in accordance
withPartOPS

Phase4Advanced

BaseTraining

TRI(A)

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Phase4Advanced

SkillTest

TRE(A)

Phase4Advanced

SFI(A)orTRI(A)

Phase3Intermediate

SFI(A)orTRI(A)

Phase2Basic

FI(A)/IRI(A)+IR(A)/ME/MCC+1500hrsmulticrew
environment+IR(A)instructionalprivileges,or

FI(A)+MCCI(A),or

FI(A)+SFI(A),or

FI(A)+TRI(A)

Phase 1 Core Flying

Skills

FI(A)+500hrs,including200hrsinstruction
Instructorqualificationsandprivilegesshouldbe
inaccordancewiththetrainingitemswithinthe
phase.STIforappropriateexercisesconducted
inaFNPTorBITD.

AMCtoFCL.930.LAFI
LightAircraftFlightInstructor(LAFI)trainingcourse

GENERAL
TheaimoftheLAFIcourseistotrainleisurepilotlicenceholders tothelevelofcompetencedefinedin
FCL.920asinstructorcompetencies.
Thecourseshoulddevelopsafetyawarenessthroughoutbyteachingtheknowledge,skillsandattitudes
relevanttotheLAFItaskincludingatleastthefollowing:
a.

refreshthetechnicalknowledgeofthestudentinstructor

b.

trainthestudentinstructortoteachthegroundsubjectsandairexercises

c.

ensurethatthestudentinstructorsflyingisofasufficientlyhighstandardand

d.

teachthestudentinstructortheprinciplesofbasicinstructionandtoapplythemattheLPL
level.

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COURSECONTENT
With the exception of the section on Teaching and Learning, all the subject detail contained in the
GroundandFlightTrainingSyllabusiscomplementarytotheLPLcoursesyllabusandshouldalready
beknownbytheapplicant.
The LAFI course should give particular stress to the role of the individual in relation to the
importance of human factors in the manmachine and theoretical knowledge environment
interaction.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtothe applicantsmaturityandjudgementincludingan
understandingofadults,theirbehaviouralattitudesandvariablelevelsofeducation.
Duringthecourse,theapplicants shouldbemadeawareoftheirownattitudestotheimportanceof
flightsafety.Improvingsafetyawarenessshouldbeafundamentalobjectivethroughoutthecourse.
It willbeofmajor importance forthecourseof trainingtoaim atgivingapplicants the knowledge,
skillsandattitudesrelevanttoaflightinstructorstask.
On successful completion of the course and final test the applicant may be issued with a LAFI
certificate.

Thecourseconsistsof2parts:

Part1TeachingandLearninginstruction(shouldcomplywithAMCtoFCL.920)

Part2Flightinstruction

PART1
TEACHINGANDLEARNING
Thecourseshouldincludeatleast75hoursoftheoreticalknowledgeandinstructionaltechniquesforthe
LAFI(A)and(H)certificateandat least30hours oftheoreticalknowledgeandinstructionaltechniques
fortheLAFI(S)and(B)certificate.
CONTENTOFTHEINSTRUCTIONALTECHNIQUES:
1

THELEARNINGPROCESS
Motivation
Perceptionandunderstanding
Memoryanditsapplication
Habitsandtransfer
Obstaclestolearning
Incentivestolearning
Learningmethods
Ratesoflearning

THETEACHINGPROCESS
Elementsofeffectiveteaching
Planningofinstructionalactivity
Teachingmethods
Teachingfromtheknowntotheunknown
Useoflessonplans

TRAININGPHILOSOPHIES
Valueofastructured(approved)courseoftraining
Importanceofaplannedsyllabus
Integrationoftheoreticalknowledgeandflightinstruction

TECHNIQUESOFAPPLIEDINSTRUCTION
a. TheoreticalknowledgeClassroominstructiontechniques
Useoftrainingaids
Grouplectures
Individualbriefings

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Studentparticipation/discussion
b. FlightAirborneinstructiontechniques
Theflight/cockpitenvironment
Techniquesofappliedinstruction
Postflightandinflightjudgementanddecisionmaking
5

STUDENTEVALUATIONANDTESTING
a. Assessmentofstudentperformance
Thefunctionofprogresstests
Recallofknowledge
Translationofknowledgeintounderstanding
Developmentofunderstandingintoactions
Theneedtoevaluaterateofprogress
b. Analysisofstudenterrors
Establishthereasonforerrors
Tacklemajorfaultsfirst,minorfaultssecond
Avoidanceofovercriticism
Theneedforclearconcisecommunication

TRAININGPROGRAMMEDEVELOPMENT
Lessonplanning
Preparation
Explanationanddemonstration
Studentparticipationandpractice
Evaluation

HUMANPERFORMANCEANDLIMITATIONSRELEVANTTOFLIGHTINSTRUCTION
Physiologicalfactors
Psychologicalfactors
Humaninformationprocessing
Behaviouralattitudes
Developmentofjudgementanddecisionmaking

SPECIFICHAZARDS INVOLVED INSIMULATING SYSTEMSFAILURESAND MALFUNCTIONS IN

THEAIRCRAFTDURINGFLIGHT
Importanceoftouchdrills
Situationalawareness
Adherencetocorrectprocedures

TRAININGADMINISTRATION
Flight/theoreticalknowledgeinstructionrecords
Pilotspersonalflyinglogbook
Theflight/groundcurriculum
Studymaterial
Officialforms
AircraftFlight/OwnersManuals/PilotsOperatingHandbooks
Flightauthorisationpapers
Aircraftdocuments
Theprivatepilotslicenceregulations

PART2

FLYINGTRANING
AnapprovedLAFIcourseshouldcompriseatleasttheminimumhoursofflightinstructionasdefinedbin
FCL.930.LAFI.

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AIREXERCISES
TheairexercisesaresimilartothoseusedforthetrainingofLPLbutwithadditionalitemsdesigned
tocovertheneedsofaflightinstructor.
The numbering of exercises should be used primarily as an exercise reference list and as a broad
instructionalsequencing guide: thereforethedemonstrationsandpractices neednotnecessarily be
given in the order listed. The actual order and content will depend upon the following interrelated
factors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment
Applicabilityoftheexercisestotheaircrafttype
At the discretion of the instructors some of the exercises may be combined whereas some other
exercisesmaybedoneinseveralflights.
It follows that student instructors will eventually be faced with similar interrelated factors. They
shouldbeshownandtaughthowto constructflightlessonplans,takingthesefactorsintoaccount,
soastomakethebestuseofeachflightlesson,combiningpartsofthesetexercisesasnecessary.
GENERAL
Thebriefingnormallyincludesastatementoftheaimandabriefallusiontoprinciplesofflightonlyif
relevant. An explanation is to be given of exactly what air exercises are to be taught by the
instructor and practised by the student during the flight. It should include how the flight will be
conducted with regard to who is to fly the aircraft and what airmanship, weather and flight safety
aspectscurrentlyapply.Thenatureofthelessonwillgoverntheorderinwhichtheconstituentparts
aretobetaught.
Thefivebasiccomponentsofthebriefingwillbe:
1
2
3
4
5

Theaim
Airmanship
Theairexercise(s)briefing(what,andhowandbywhom)
FlightBriefing
Checkofunderstanding

PLANNINGOFFLIGHTLESSONS
The preparation of lesson plans is an essential prerequisite of good instruction and the student
instructoris tobegivensupervisedpracticeintheplanningandpracticalapplicationofflightlesson
plans.
GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
The student instructor should complete flight training in order to practise the principles of basic
instruction at the LPL level. During this training the student instructor occupies the seat normally
occupiedbytheLAFI.
It is to be noted that airmanship is a vital ingredient of all flight operations. Therefore, in the
followingairexercisestherelevantaspectsofairmanshiparetobestressedattheappropriatetimes
duringeachflight.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUSCONTENTS

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A.

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Aeroplanes

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

Familiarisationwiththeaeroplanes

Preparationbeforeandactionafterflight

Airexperience

Effectsofcontrols

Taxiing

Straightandlevelflight

Climbing

Descending

Turning

10A Slowflight
10B Stalling
11

Spinrecoveryattheincipientstage

12

Takeoffandclimbtodownwindposition

13

Thecircuit,approachandlanding

14

Firstsolo

15

Advancedturning

16

Forcedlandingwithoutpower

17

Precautionarylanding

18A Pilotnavigation
18B Navigationatlowerlevels/reducedvisibility
19

Basicnightflight(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)

NOTE1:

Although exercise 11A is not required for the LPL(A) course it is a requirement for the
LAFI(A)course.

NOTE2:

Airmanshipshouldbeincludedasrequiredineachexercise.

EXERCISE1AEROPLANEFAMILIARISATION
OBJECTIVE
To advise the student instructor on howto familiarise the studentwith theaeroplane or touringmotor
gliderwhichwillbeusedforthetrainingandtotesthispositionintheaircraftforcomfort,visibility,and
abilitytouseallcontrolsandequipment.

BRIEFINGANDEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
presentthetypeofaeroplanewhichwillbeused
explainthecockpitlayoutinstrumentsandequipment
explaintheaeroplaneandenginesystems
explainanddemonstratetheflightcontrols
checkthepositionofthestudentontheseatforcomfort,visibility,abilitytouseallcontrols
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explainanddemonstratetheuseoftheharness
explainthedifferenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsposition
explainallchecklists,drills,controls
EMERGENCYDRILLS
Thestudentinstructorhasto
explaintheactionintheeventoffireintheairandontheground(engine/cabin/electrical)
explainsystemsfailuresandactionsasapplicabletotype
explainanddemonstrateescapedrills
explainanddemonstratethelocationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits

EXERCISE2PREPARATIONFORANDACTIONAFTERFLIGHT

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratealltheoperationstobecompleted
priortoflightandhowtoexplaintheactionsafterflight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theneedforapreflightbriefing.
thestructureandthecontentofthisbriefing
whichdocumentsarerequiredonboard
whichequipmentarerequiredforaflight
howtodothepreflightexternalandinternalchecks
theprocedureforverifyinginlimitsmassandbalance
thestarting,warmingupandpowerchecks(checklist)
therunningdownandsystemchecks/switchingofftheengine
leavingoftheaircraft,Parking,SecurityandPicketing

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastoprepareandandgiveapreflightbriefing:
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thattherequireddocumentsareonboard
thattheequipmentrequiredfortheintendedflightisonboard
howtoperformapreflightexternalandinternalcheck
howtoverifyinlimitsmassandbalance
howtoadjustharnessaswellasseatand/orrudderpedals
thestarting,warmupandpowerchecks
howtoleavetheaircraft
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilotinperformingthepreflightpreparation
howtoanalyseandcorrectpreflightpreparationerrorsofthestudentasnecessary

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EXERCISE3AIREXPERIENCEFLIGHT

OBJECTIVE
To advise the student instructor on how to familiarise the student with being in the air, with the area
aroundtheairfield,tonotehis/herreactionsinthissituation,andtodrawhis/herattentiontosafetyand
lookoutprocedures

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theareaaroundtheairfield
theneedforlookingout

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
showthenoteworthyreferencesontheground
analysethereactionsofthestudent
checkthatthestudentlooksout(safety)
demonstrateairmanship

EXERCISE4EFFECTSOFCONTROLS

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtodemonstratetheprimaryand furthereffects ofeachcontrol
with the help of visual references and how to demonstrate the effects of airspeed, slipstream, power,
trimming controls and flaps. Furthermore the student instructor has to demonstrate the operation of
mixturecontrol, carburettor heat control and the cabin heat and/or ventilation system. The continuous
andefficientlookoutprocedureshavetobedemonstratedduringtheseexercises.

BRIEFING
The student instructor has to define the axes of an aeroplane / touring motor glider
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thelookoutprocedures
thevisualreferencesalongeachaxis
theprimaryeffectsofcontrolswhenlaterallylevelandbanked
thefurthereffectsofaileronsandrudder
theeffectofinertia,airspeed,slipstream,power,trimmingcontrolsandflaps
theuseofmixturecontrol,carburettorheatcontrolandcabinheat/ventilationsystems
theeffectofothercontrols(asapplicable)

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thevisualreferencesinflight

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theprimaryeffectofflyingcontrolswhenlaterallylevelandbanked
thefurthereffectsofaileronsandrudder
theeffectofinertia,airspeed,slipstream,power,trimmingcontrolsandflaps(ifapplicable)
theuseofmixturecontrol,carburettorheatcontrolandcabinheat/ventilationsystems
thelookoutproceduresduringalltheexercises
airmanship
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecognisetheprimaryandfurthereffectsofeachcontrol
howtoadvisethestudenttopracticetheuseofflyingcontrols
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE5TAXIING
OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructorhowtodemonstratethepretaxiingchecks,thestartingprocedureand
howtocontrolspeed,direction,turningandstoppingoftheaircraft.Furthermorethestudentinstructor
shouldlearnhowtoidentifytaxiingerrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thepretaxiingchecks
howtostartandhowtocontrolthespeedandstopping
theenginehandling
thecontrolofdirectionandturning(includingmanoeuvringinconfinedspaces)
theparkingareaproceduresandprecautions
theeffectsofwindanduseofflyingcontrols
effectsofgroundsurface
freedomofruddermovement
themarshallingsignals
theinstrumentchecks
theAirTrafficControlprocedures
EMERGENCIES
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
steeringfailures/brakefailureandsuitableactions

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformthepretaxiingchecks(useofchecklist)
howtoperformstarting,controlofspeedandstoppingoftheaircraft
thefreedomofruddermovement
theinstrumentchecks
thehandlingoftheengine
thecontrolofdirectionandturning
turninginconfinedspaces
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howtousetheflyingcontrolsduringtaxiing(effectsofwind)
howtofollowtheparkingareaproceduresandprecautionactions
theeffectsofgroundsurface
thelookoutproceduresduringtaxiing
airmanship
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthepretaxiingchecksandenginestartingprocedures
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthetaxiingtechniques
howtoidentifyerrorsandhowtocorrectthem
EMERGENCIES
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoreactonsteeringfailuresorbrakefailures
EXERCISE6STRAIGHTANDLEVELFLIGHT

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtotrainthestudenttomaintainstraightandlevelflightwitha
constantheadingwithoutslippingandskidding.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thelongitudinalstabilityandcontrolinpitch
therelationshipofcofgtocontrolinpitch
lateralanddirectionalstability(controloflaterallevelandbalance)
attitudeandbalancecontrol
howtousethetrim
thedifferentpowersettingsandrelatedairspeeds
thedragandpowercurves
rangeandendurance
AIREXERCISE
Theinstructorstudenthastodemonstrate:
attainingandmaintainingstraightandlevelflight(atnormalcruisingpower)
inherentstability
thecontroloftheaircraftinpitch,includinguseofelevatortrimcontrol
thecontroloflaterallevel,directionandbalance,theuseofruddertrimcontrolsasapplicable
theeffectofdraganduseofpower(atselectedairspeeds)
straightandlevelflightindifferentaircraftconfigurations(flaps,landinggear)
theuseofinstrumentstoachieveprecisionflight
thelookoutproceduresduringalltheexercises
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoattainandmaintainstraightandlevelflight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
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airmanship

EXERCISE7CLIMBING

OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to train the entry and maintain the normal maximum rate of
climb,thecruiseclimbandthelevellingoffatacertainaltitude.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theforces
therelationshipbetweenpower/airspeedandrateofclimb(maximumrateofclimb(Vy))
theeffectofmass
theeffectofflaps
engineconsiderations
theeffectofdensityaltitude
thecruiseclimb
themaximumangleofclimb(Vx)

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theentryandmaintainingofthenormalmaximumrateofclimb
thelevellingoffprocedure
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
climbingwithflapsdown
therecoverytonormalclimb
enrouteclimb(cruiseclimb)
themaximumangleofclimb
theuseofinstrumentstoachieveprecisionflight
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoentryandmaintainthenormalandmaximumrateofclimb
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthecruiseclimbandthelevellingoffatacertainaltitude
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE8DESCENDING

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtotrainhowtoperformthedescendentry,tomaintaintheglide
(withdifferentconfigurations)andhowtoperformlevellingoffatselectedaltitudes.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

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theforces
theglidedescentangleairspeedrateofDescent
theeffectofflaps
theeffectofwind
theeffectofmass
theengineconsiderations
thepowerassisteddescentpower/airspeedrateofdescent
thecruisedescent
thesideslip

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformtheentryandhowtomaintaintheglide
thelevellingoffprocedure
thelevellingoffatselectedaltitudes
howtodescendwithflapsdown
howtoperformapowereddescentcruisedescent(inc.effectofpower/airspeed)
howtoperformsideslipping(onsuitabletypes)
theuseofInstrumenttoachieveprecisionflight
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoentryandmaintainacontinuousglide
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthelevellingoffatacertainaltitude
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE9TURNING

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentpilotstoflymediumlevelturnswithconstant
bank and coordinated flight, climbing and descending turns and how to perform turning onto selected
heading.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theforces
theuseofcontrols
theuseofpower
themaintenanceofattitudeandbalance
mediumLevelTurns
climbinganddescendingturns
slippingturns
turningontoselectedheadings(useofgyroheadingindicatorand/ormagneticcompass)

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AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theentryandmaintainingmediumlevelturns
straightflight
climbingturns
descendingturns
slippingturns(onsuitabletypes)
turnstoselectedheadings(useofgyroheadingindicatorand/orcompass)
theuseofinstrumentstoachieveprecisionflight
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoentryandmaintainmediumlevelturns
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformclimbinganddescendingturns
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoturnontoselectedheadings
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaultsintheturn(incorrectPitch,Bank,Balance)asnecessary
airmanship

THESTALL/SPINAWARENESSANDAVOIDANCETRAININGCONSISTSOFEXERCISES:
10A,10Band11
10ASLOWFLIGHT

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoimprovethestudentsabilitytorecogniseinadvertentflightat
criticallylowspeeds(highangleofattack)andtoprovidepracticeinmaintainingthesailplaneinbalance
whilereturningtonormalattitude(speed).

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theaeroplanehandlingcharacteristicsduringslowflightat
Vs1&Vso+10knots
Vs1&Vso+5knots
theslowflightduringinstructorinduceddistractions
theeffectofovershootinginnoseuptrimconfigurations

AIREXERCISE

Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:

thesafetychecks
theintroductiontoslowflight
thecontrolledslowflightinthecleanconfigurationat:
Vs1+10knots&withflapsdown
Vso+10knots:

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straight&levelflight
levelturns
climbinganddescending
climbinganddescendingturns
thecontrolledslowflightinthecleanconfigurationat:
Vs1+5knotsandwithflapsdown
Vso+5knots:
straightandlevelflight
levelturns
climbinganddescending
climbinganddescendingturns
descendingunbalancedturnsatlowairspeed
instructorinduceddistractionsduringflightatlowairspeed
theneedtomaintainBalancedFlightandasafeAirspeed
theeffectofgoingaroundwithstrongnoseupconfigurations

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecogniseinadvertentflightatcriticallylowspeeds
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthecontrolledslowflightinthedifferentconfigurations
howtoadvisethestudenttomaintainbalancedflightandasafeairspeed
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE10BSTALLING

OBJECTIVES:

To advise the student Instructor on how to improve the students ability to recognize a stall and to
recover from it. This includes stalling and recovery at the incipient stage with instructor induced
distractions.

BRIEFING

Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

thecharacteristicsofthestall
theangleofattack
theeffectivenessofthecontrolsatthestall
thefactorsaffectingthestallingspeed
thesymptomsofthestall
stallrecognitionandrecovery
stallingandrecovery(differentconfigurations):
therecoveringfromIncipientstalls(indifferentconfigurationsandconditions)

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therecoveringattheIncipientStageduringChangeofConfiguration
thestallingandrecoveryattheincipientstagewithinstructorinduceddistractions

*Considerationis tobegiventomanoeuvrelimitationsandreferences toTheOwners/Flightmanualor

PilotsOperatingHandbookinrelationtoMassandBalancelimitations.Thesefactorsarealsocovered
inthenextexerciseSpinning.

AIREXERCISE

Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:

thesafetychecks
thesymptomsofthestall
thestallrecognitionandrecovery
therecoverywithoutpower/withpower
therecoverywhenawingdropsatthestall
stallingwithpoweronandrecovery
stallingwithflapsdownandrecovery
themaximumpowerclimb(straight/turningflight)tothepointofstallwithuncompensatedyaw
theeffectofunbalanceatthestallwhenclimbingpowerisbeingused
stallingandrecoveryduringmanoeuvresinvolvingmorethan1g
recoveriesfromincipientstallsinthelandingandotherconfigurations/conditions
recoveriesattheincipientstageduringchangeofconfiguration

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecogniseastallandtorecoverfromit
howtoperforminstructorinduceddistractionsduringstalling
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship

* Consideration of manoeuvre limitations and the need to refer to the Aeroplane Manual and Weight
(mass)andBalancecalculations.ThesefactorsaretobecoveredinthenextexerciseSpinning.

EXERCISE11SPINRECOVERYattheINCIPIENTSTAGE

OBJECTIVES:
To advise the student Instructor on how to improve the students ability to recognize a spin at the
incipientstageandhowtorecoverfromit.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thecauses,stages,autorotationandcharacteristicsofthespin
therecognitionandrecoveryattheincipientstageenteredfromvariousflightattitudes

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theaeroplanelimitations
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thesafetychecks
recognitionattheIncipientStageofaSpin
recoveriesfromincipientspinsenteredfromvariousattitudes(cleanconfiguration)
instructorinduceddistractions
theuseofcontrols
theeffectsofpower/flaps(restrictionsapplicabletoaeroplanetype)
spinningandrecoveryfromvariousflightattitudes

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecognisethespin
howtoimprovethestudentpilotsabilitytorecoverfromthespin
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship

EXERCISE12TAKEOFFANDCLIMBTODOWNWINDPOSITION

OBJECTIVES:
ToadvisethestudentInstructoronhowtoimprovethestudentsabilitytoperformthechecksanddrills
beforeduringandaftertakeoffandhowtoperformthedifferenttakeofftechniques.This includesthe
studentpilotsabilitytodealwithemergencysituationsduringtakeoffandclimb.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

thehandlingfactorsaffectingthelengthoftakeoffrunandinitialclimb
thecorrectliftoffspeed,useofelevators(safeguardingthenosewheel),rudderandpower
theeffectofwind(includingcrosswindcomponent)
theeffectofflaps(includingthedecisiontouseandtheamountpermitted)
theeffectofgroundsurfaceandgradientuponthetakeoffrun
theeffectofmass,altitudeandtemperatureontakeoffandclimbperformance
thepretakeoffchecks
theairtrafficcontrolprocedure(beforetakeoff)
thedrills,duringandaftertakeoff
noiseabatementprocedures
tailwheelconsiderations(asapplicable)
short/softfieldtakeoffconsiderations/procedures
EMERGENCIES:
AbortedTakeOff
EngineFailureafterTakeOff

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AirmanshipandAirTrafficControlProcedures
CommonErrors

AIREXERCISE12
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformthepretakeoffchecks
theintowindtakeoff
howtosafeguardthenosewheel
howtoperformacrosswindtakeoff
performthedrillsduringandaftertakeoff
ashorttakeoffandsoftfieldprocedures/techniques(includingperformancecalculations)
noiseabatementprocedures

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthechecksanddrills
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthedifferenttakeofftechniques
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship

EXERCISE13THECIRCUITAPPROACHANDLANDING

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachastudenttoflyasafecircuitapproachandtolandthe
aeroplane.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thedownwindleg,baseleg,approachpositionanddrills
thefactorsaffectingthefinalapproachandthelandingrun
theeffectofmass
theeffectsofaltitudeandtemperature
theeffectofwind
theeffectofflap
thelanding
theeffectofgroundsurfaceandgradientuponthelandingrun
thetypesofapproachandlanding:
powered
crosswind
flapless(atanappropriatestageofthecourse)
glide
shortfield
softfield

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tailwheelconsiderations(asapplicable)
themissedapproach/goaround
theenginehandling
waketurbulence/windshearawareness
theairtrafficcontrolprocedures
thespecialemphasisonlookout

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformthenormalcircuitprocedures
apoweredapproachandlanding
howtosafeguardthenosewheel
theeffectofwindonapproach,touchdownspeedsandtheuseofFlaps
howtoperformacrosswindapproachandlanding
theglideapproachandlanding
theflaplessapproachandlanding(shortandsoftfield)
theshortfieldandsoftfieldprocedures
thewheellanding(tailwheelaircraft)
themissedapproach/goaroundprocedure
thenoiseabatementprocedures

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoflyasafecircuitapproach
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthelandingunderdifferentconditions
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE14FIRSTSOLOANDCONSOLIDATION

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtopreparetheirstudentsforthefirstsoloflight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
thelimitationsoftheflight(awarenessoflocalarea,restrictions)
theuseofrequiredequipment

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate
howtocheckwithanotherinstructorifthestudentcanflysolo
howtomonitortheflight
howtodebrieftheflightwiththestudent

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15ADVANCEDTURNING

OBJECTIVES:
To advise the student instructor on how to teachto fly level,descending and climbing steep turns and
howtorecogniseandavoidstallingorspinningintheturn.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theforces
theuseofpower
theeffectofloadfactor
thestructuralconsiderations
theincreasedstallingspeed
physiologicaleffects
therateandradiusofturn
howtoperformsteep,level,descendingandclimbingTurns
stallingintheturnandhowtoavoidit
*spinningfromtheturnrecoveryattheincipientstage
*thespiraldive
unusualattitudesandrecoveries

* Considerations are to be given to manoeuvre limitations and reference to the Flight Manual/Pilots
Operatinghandbookinrelationtomassandbalance,andanyotherrestrictionsforpracticeentriestothe
spin.

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformlevel,descendingandclimbingsteepturns
howtoavoidstallingintheturn
thespiraldiveandhowtorecover
spinningfromtheturnandhowtorecover
recoveryfromunusualattitudes
maximumrateturns
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoflylevel,descendingandclimbingsteepturns
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecoverfromunusualattitudes,stallingandspinningintheturn
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE16FORCEDLANDINGWITHOUTPOWER

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentstoselectalandingareaforaforcedlanding,to
flythecircuitandtomastertheunusuallandingsituation.

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BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theselectionofforcedlandingareas
theprovisionforchangeofplan
theglidingdistanceconsideration
theplanningofthedescent
theimportanceofkeypositions
theenginefailurechecks
theuseofradioR/Tdistressprocedure
thecircuit
thegoaroundprocedures
thelandingconsiderations
theactionsafterlandingaeroplanesecurity
thecausesofenginefailure
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theforcedlandingprocedures
theselectionoflandingarea
theprovisionforchangeofplan
theuseoftheglidingdistanceconsiderations
planningofthedescent
theenginefailurechecks
theenginecoolingprecautions
theuseofradio
theapproachandthelanding(ifconductedatanaerodrome)
aeroplanesecurity

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoselectasuitablelandingarea
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformaforcedlanding
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE17PRECAUTIONARYLANDING

OBJECTIVES:
To advise the student instructor on howto teach students to select a landing area for a precautionary
landing,toflythecircuitandtomastertheunusuallandingsituation.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

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theoccasionswhennecessary(inflightconditions)
thelandingareaselectionandcommunication(R/TProcedure)
theoverheadinspection
simulatedapproach
theclimbaway
thelandingatanormalaerodrome
thelandingatadisusedaerodrome
thelandingonanordinaryfield
circuitandapproach
theactionsafterlanding
aeroplanesecurity

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformthelandingareaselection
theoverheadinspection
thesimulatedapproach
theclimbaway
thelandingatanormalaerodrome
landingatadisusedaerodrome(ifallowedundernationallegislation)
thelandingonanordinaryfield(breakoffinacertainaltitude)
thecircuitandapproach

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthelandingareaselection
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthesimulatedapproach
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE18APILOTNAVIGATION

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentstoplan,prepareandconductacrosscountry
flight.

FLIGHTPLANNING

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theweatherforecastandactual(s)
themapselectionandpreparation
thechoiceofroute

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theairspacestructure
thecalculations
theflightinformation
howtofileaflightplan

AerodromeDeparture
OrganisationofCockpitWorkload

DEPARTUREPROCEDURES

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thealtimetersettings
thenotingofETA(s)

ENROUTE

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

howtoreadamapidentificationofground
themaintenanceofaltitudesandheadings
therevisionstoETAandheading,windeffect,driftangleandgroundspeedchecks
thelogkeeping
theuseofradio(includingVDFifapplicable)
theminimumweatherconditionsforcontinuanceofflight
theinflightdecisions,diversionprocedures
theoperationsinregulated/controlledairspace
theproceduresforentry,transitanddeparture
navigationatminimumlevel
theuncertaintyofpositionprocedure(IncludingR/T)
thelostprocedure

ARRIVAL

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thearrivalprocedures
theaerodromecircuitjoiningprocedures(controlledaerodromes)
altimetersetting,ATCliaison,etc.
howtoenterthetrafficpattern(uncontrolledaerodromes)

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thecircuitprocedures
theparkingprocedures
thesecurityofaeroplanerefuelling

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtodotheflightplanningforacrosscountryflight
howtodotheadditionaldepartureproceduresforacrosscountryflight
howtoorganisethecockpitworkload
howtoperformtheenroutetasks:
revisiontoETAandheading
logkeeping
decisionsonminimumweatherconditionsforcontinuanceofflight
otherinflightdecisions
diversionanduncertaintyofpositionprocedures
thearrivalprocedures
theaerodromejoiningprocedures
altimetersetting,ATCliaison,etc.
howtoenterthetrafficpattern
thecircuitprocedures
theparkingprocedures

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoplanandprepareacrosscountryflight
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformacrosscountryflight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship

EXERCISE18BNAVIGATIONATLOWERLEVELS/REDUCEDVISIBILITY

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtofamiliarisestudentpilotswithlowerlevelflightsorflightswith
reducedvisibility.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theplanningrequirementspriortoflightinentry/exitlanes
theATCrules,pilotqualificationsandaircraftequipment
entry/exitlanesandareaswherespecificlocalrulesapply
thelowlevelfamiliarisation:
actionspriortodescending
visualimpressionsandheightkeepingatlowaltitude
effectsofspeedandinertiaduringturns
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effectsofwindandturbulence
thelowleveloperation:
weatherconsiderations
lowcloudandgoodvisibility
lowcloudandpoorvisibility
avoidanceofmoderatetoheavyrainshowers
theeffectsofprecipitation
howtojoinacircuit
thebadweathercircuit,approachandlanding

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtodothelowlevelfamiliarisation
howtodothelowleveloperation
howtoperformabadweathercircuit,approachandlanding

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformalowleveloperation
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformabadweathercircuit,approachandlanding
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE19BASICNIGHTFLYING(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentpilotstoperformaflightatnight.

BRIEFING
The studentinstructorhastogiveasummaryofpoints tobecoveredbeforesendingthestudentona
firstsoloatnight.Heshouldexplainthefollowingitems:
thestartupprocedures
thelocalproceduresincludingATCliaison
taxiing
parkingareaandtaxiwaylighting
judgementofspeedanddistances
theuseoftaxiwaylights
theavoidanceofhazardsobstructionlighting
theinstrumentchecks
holdingpointlightingprocedure
theinitialfamiliarisationatnight
thelocalareaorientation
thesignificanceoflightsonotheraircraft
thegroundobstructionlights

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thedivisionofpilotingeffortexternal/instrumentreference
therejoiningprocedure
theaerodromelightingapproachandrunwaylighting(includingVASIandPAPI)
howtoperformnightcircuits
takeoffandclimb
lineup
visualreferencesduringthetakeoffrun
transfertoinstruments
establishingtheinitialclimb
useofflightinstruments
instrumentclimbandinitialturn
aeroplanepositioningreferencetorunwaylighting
thetrafficpatternandlookout
theinitialapproachandrunwaylightingdemonstration
theaeroplanepositioning
interceptingthecorrectapproachpath
theclimbaway
positioningforapproachandlanding
diurnalwindeffect
theuseoflandinglights
theflareandtouchdown
therollout
missedapproach
nightnavigation
nightemergencies
radiofailure
failureofrunwaylighting
failureofaeroplanelandinglights
failureofaeroplaneinternallighting
failureofaeroplanenavigationlights
totalelectricalfailure
abandonedtakeoff
enginefailure
obstructedrunwayprocedure
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtodoplanandtoperformaflightatnight

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoplanandprepareaflightatnight
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformaflightatnight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
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airmanship
B.

Helicopters

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

Familiarisationwiththehelicopter

Preparationbeforeandactionafterflight

Airexperience

Effectsofcontrols

Powerandattitudechanges

Levelflight,climbinganddescendingandturning

Autorotations

Hoveringandhovertaxiing

Takeoffandlanding

10

Transitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover

11

Circuitsandemergencies

12

Firstsolo

13

Sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring

14

Spotturns

15

Hoveroutofgroundeffect(OGE)andVortexring

16

Simulatedengineofflandings

17

Advancedautorotations

18

Practiceforcedlandings

19

Steepturns

20

Transitions

21

Quickstops

22

Navigation

23

Advancedtakeoffs,landingsandtransitions

24

Slopingground

25

Limitedpower

26

Confinedareas

27

Nightflying(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)

NOTE:Airmanshipshouldbeincludedasrequiredineachexercise.
EXERCISE1FAMILIARISATIONWITHTHEHELICOPTER
OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtofamiliarisethestudentwiththehelicopterwhichwillbeused
forthetrainingandtotesthispositionintheaircraftforcomfort,visibility,andabilitytouseallcontrols
andequipment.

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BRIEFINGANDEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
presentthetypeofhelicopterwhichwillbeused
explainthecockpitlayoutinstrumentsandequipment
explainthecharacteristicsofthehelicopterandtheenginesystems
explainanddemonstratetheflightcontrols
checkthepositionofthestudentontheseatforcomfort,visibility,abilitytouseallcontrols
explainanddemonstratetheuseoftheharness
explainthedifferenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsposition
explainallchecklists,drills,controls
familiarisethestudentpilotwiththehelicopter
EMERGENCYDRILLS
Thestudentinstructorhasto
explaintheactionintheeventoffireintheairandontheground(engine/cockpit/electrical)
explainsystemsfailuresandactionsasapplicabletotype
explainanddemonstrateescapedrills
explainanddemonstratethelocationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
EXERCISE2PREPARATIONFORANDACTIONAFTERFLIGHT
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratealltheoperationstobecompleted
priortoflightandhowtoexplaintheactionsafterflight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
themanual,techlog(ifapplicable)andcertificateofmaintenance
theequipmentrequiredforflight(maps,etc.)
theexternalandinternalchecks
theharness,seatandrudderpedaladjustment,(studentcomfort)
thestartingandafterstartingchecks
thesystem/power/serviceabilitychecks(asapplicable)
closingdown/shuttingdownthehelicopter(includingsystemchecks)
parking,leavingthehelicopter(includingsafety/securityasapplicable)
thecompletionofthehelicopterserviceabilitydocuments
EXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastoprepareandgiveapreflightbriefing:

Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thattherequireddocumentsareonboard
thattheequipmentrequiredfortheintendedflightisonboard
howtoperformapreflightexternalandinternalcheck
howtoverifyinlimitsmassandbalance
howtoadjustharnessaswellasseatand/orrudderpedals

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thestarting,warmup,systemandpowerchecks
howtoleavetheaircraft

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilotinperformingthepreflightpreparation
howtoadvisethestudentpilotinperformingtheafterflightactions
howtoanalyseandcorrectpreflightpreparationerrorsofthestudentasnecessary
EXERCISE3AIREXPERIENCEFLIGHT

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtofamiliarisethestudentpilotwithbeingintheair,withthearea
aroundtheairfield,tonotehis/herreactionsinthissituation,andtodrawhis/herattentiontosafetyand
lookoutprocedures

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theareaaroundtheairfield
theneedforlookingout

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
demonstratethecockpitprocedures
showthenoteworthyreferencesontheground
analysethereactionsofthestudent
checkthatthestudentlooksout(safety)
demonstrateairmanship
EXERCISE4EFFECTSOFCONTROLS
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to demonstrate the primary and further effects of the flying
controls with the help of visual references and how to demonstrate the effects of airspeed, power
changes,yaw,discloadingandcontrolfriction.Thecontinuousandefficientlookoutprocedureshaveto
bedemonstratedduringtheseexercises.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thefunctionoftheflyingcontrols(primaryandsecondaryeffect)
theeffectofairspeed
theeffectofpowerchanges(torque)
theeffectofyaw(sideslip)
theeffectofdiscloading(bankandflare)
theeffectoncontrolsofselectinghydraulicson/off
theeffectofcontrolfriction
theinstruments
theuseofcarburettorheat/antiicingcontrol
thelookoutprocedures

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AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thefunctionoftheflyingcontrols
theeffectsofairspeed
theeffectofpowerchanges(torque)
theeffectofyaw(sideslip)
theeffectofdiscloading(bankandflare)
theeffectoncontrolsofselectinghydraulicson/off
theeffectofcontrolfriction
theinstruments(includinginstrumentscan)
theuseofcarburettorheat/antiicingcontrol
thelookoutproceduresduringalltheexercises

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecognisetheprimaryandfurthereffectsofthecontrols
howtoadvisethestudenttopracticetheuseofflyingcontrols
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE5POWERANDATTITUDECHANGES
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate power and attitude changes.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
therelationshipbetweencycliccontrolposition,discattitude,fuselageattitude,airspeedflapback
thepowerrequireddiagraminrelationtoairspeed
powerandairspeedchangesinlevelflight
theuseoftheinstrumentsforprecision
theengineandairspeedlimitations
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
therelationshipbetweencycliccontrolposition,discattitude,fuselageattitude,airspeedflapback
powerandairspeedchangesinlevelflight
theuseofinstrumentsforprecision(includinginstrumentscanandlookout)

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformpowerandairspeedchanges
howtoadvisethestudenttousetheinstrumentsforprecision
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE6LEVELFLIGHT,CLIMBING,DESCENDINGANDTURNING
NOTE: For ease of training this exercise can be divided into separate parts (see LPL(H) training
syllabus)butmaybealsotaughtcompleteorinconvenientparts

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OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratelevelflight,climbing,descendingand
turning and how to use the instruments for precision. Furthermore the student instructor should learn
howtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thebasicfactorsinvolvedinlevelflight
thenormalpowersettings
theuseofcontrolfrictionand/ortrim
theimportanceofmaintainingdirectionandbalance
thepowerrequired/poweravailablediagram
theoptimumclimbanddescentspeeds/angles/rates
theimportanceofbalance,attitudeandcoordinationintheturn
theeffectsofturningonrateofclimb/descent
theuseofthegyrodirection/headingindicatorandcompass
theuseofinstrumentsforprecision

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtomaintainstraightandlevelflightatnormalcruisepower
controlinpitch,includinguseofcontrolfrictionand/ortrim
theuseoftheball/yawstringtomaintaindirectionandbalance
settinganduseofpowerforselectedairspeeds/speedchanges
theentrytoclimb
normalandmaximumrateofclimb
levellingofffromclimbatselectedaltitudes/heights
theentrytodescent
theeffectofpowerandairspeedonrateofdescent
levellingofffromdescentatselectedaltitudes/heights
theentrytomediumrateturns
theimportanceofbalance,attitudeandcoordinationtomaintainlevelturn
resumingstraightandlevelflight
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofdirectionindicatorandcompass
turnswhilstclimbinganddescending
theeffectofturnonrateofclimbordescent
theuseofinstrumentsforprecision(includinginstrumentscanandlookout)

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformlevelflightandturning
howtoadvisethestudenttoperformclimbinganddescending
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE7AUTOROTATION
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate an autorotation. Furthermore the
studentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

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thecharacteristicsofautorotation
thesafetychecks(includinglookoutandverbalwarning)
theentryanddevelopmentofautorotation
the effect of AUM, IAS, disc loading, G forces and density altitude on RRPM and rate of descent
rotorandenginelimitations
thecontrolofairspeedandRRPM
therecoverytopoweredflight
throttleoverrideandcontrolofERPM/RRPMduringreengagement(asapplicable)
thedangerofvortexconditionduringrecovery
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thesafetychecks(includingverbalwarningandlookout)
theentrytoandestablishinginautorotation
theeffectofIASanddiscloadingonRRPMandrateofdescent
thecontrolofairspeedandRRPM
therecoverytopoweredflight
mediumturnsinautorotation
asimulatedengineofflanding(asappropriate)

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformanautorotation
howtoanalyseandcorrectstudenterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE8HOVERINGANDHOVERTAXIING
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratethecontrolandcoordinationduring
hovermanoeuvres(hoveringandhovertaxiing).Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowto
identifystudenterrorsduringhoveringandhowtocorrectthemproperly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thegroundeffectandpowerrequired
theeffectofwind,attitudeandsurface
thestabilityinhoverandeffectsofovercontrolling
theeffectsofcontrolsinhover
thecontrolandcoordinationduringspotturns
therequirementforslowhoverspeedtomaintaingroundeffect
theeffectofhydraulicfailureinhover
specifichazards,e.g.snow,dust,etc.
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thestabilityinhoverandeffectsofovercontrolling
theeffectsofcontrolsandhovertechnique
thegentleforwardrunningtouchdown
controlandcoordinationduringspot(90degreeclearing)turns
controlandcoordinationduringhovertaxi
thedangersofmishandlingandoverpitching
(whereapplicable)theeffectofhydraulicsfailureinhover

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simulatedenginefailureinthehoverandhovertaxi

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformhoveringandhovertaxiing
howtoanalyseandcorrectstudenterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE9TAKEOFFANDLANDING
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratepretakeoffchecksanddrills,look
out techniques, the take off and the landing. Furthermore the student instructor should learn how to
identifystudenterrorsduringtakeoffandlandingandhowtocorrectthemproperly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thepretakeoffchecks/drills
theimportanceofgoodlookout
thetechniqueforliftingtohover
theaftertakeoffchecks
thedangerofhorizontalmovementnearground
thedangersofmishandlingandoverpitching
thetechniqueforlanding
theafterlandingchecks
thetakeoffandlandingcrosswindanddownwind
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoperformthepretakeoffchecks/drills
thepretakeofflookouttechnique
theliftingtohover
theaftertakeoffchecks
thelanding
theafterlandingchecks/drills
thetakeoffandlandingcrosswindanddownwind

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthechecksanddrills
howtoadvisethestudenttoperformthelookouttechniques
howtoadvisethestudenttousethedifferenttakeoff/landingtechniques
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE10TRANSITIONSFROMHOVERTOCLIMBANDAPPROACHTOHOVER
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratetransitionsfromhovertoclimband
fromapproachtohover.Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrors
andhowtocorrectthemproperly.

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BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain/revise:
thegroundeffect
thetranslationalliftanditseffects
theinflowrollanditseffects
theflapbackanditseffects
theavoidcurvediagramandassociateddangers
theeffect/dangersofwindspeed/directionduringtransitions
thetransitiontoclimbtechnique
theconstantangleapproach
thetransitiontohovertechnique
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thetakeoffandlanding
thetransitionfromhovertoclimb
theeffectsoftranslationallift,inflowrollandflapback
theconstantangleapproach
thetechniquefortransitionfromdescenttohover
avariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthetransitionfromhovertoclimb
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthetransitionfromapproachtohover
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE11CIRCUIT,APPROACHANDLANDING
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the circuit, approach and landing
techniques including missedapproachprocedures and emergency procedures. Furthermore the student
instructor should learn how to identify student errors during circuit, approach and landing and how to
correctthemproperly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thecircuitandassociatedprocedures
thetakeoffandclimb(includingchecks/speeds)
thecrosswindleg(includingchecks/speeds/anglesofbankinturns)
thedownwindleg(includingprelandingchecks)
thebaseleg(includingchecks/speeds/anglesofbankinturns)
thefinalapproach(includingchecks/speeds)
theeffectofwindonapproachandhoverIGE
thecrosswindapproachandlandingtechnique
themissedapproachandgoaroundtechnique(asapplicable)
thesteepapproachtechnique(includingdangerofhighsinkrate)
thelimitedpowerapproachtechnique(includingdangerofhighspeedattouchdown)
theuseofthegroundeffect
theabandonedtakeofftechnique
thehydraulicfailuredrillsandhydraulicsofflandingtechnique(whereapplicable)
thedrills/techniquefortailrotorcontrol/tailrotordrivefailure
theenginefailuredrillsinthecircuittoinclude
theenginefailuresduringtakeoff,circuitandapproach
thenoiseabatementprocedures(asapplicable)
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AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thetransitionsandconstantangleapproach
abasictrainingcircuit,includingchecks
acrosswindapproachandlandingtechnique
themissedapproachandgoaroundtechnique(asapplicable)
thesteepapproachtechnique
thebasiclimitedpowerapproach/runontechnique
theuseofgroundeffect
hydraulicfailureandapproachtotouchdownwithhydraulicsoff
howtorecoveratsafeheight(asapplicable)
thesimulatedenginefailureontakeoff,crosswind,downwind,baselegandfinals
variableflaresimulatedengineofflanding

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthecircuit,approachandlanding
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoconductamissedapproach/goaround
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoreactinemergencysituations
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE12FIRSTSOLO
OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoprepareastudentsforthefirstsoloflight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
thelimitationsoftheflight(awarenessoflocalarea,restrictions)
thechangeofattitudeduetoreducedandlaterallydisplacedweight
theuseofrequiredequipment

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate
howtocheckwithanotherinstructorifthestudentcanflysolo
howtodothepreflightbriefingtogetherwiththestudentpilot
howtomonitortheflight
howtodebrieftheflightwiththestudent
EXERCISE13SIDEWAYSANDBACKWARDSHOVERMANOEUVRING
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate sideways and backwards hover
manoeuvring.Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowto
correctthemproperly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:

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revisethehoveringtechniques
explainthedirectionalstabilityandweathercockingeffect
explainthedangerofpitchingnosedownonrecoveryfrombackwardsmanoeuvring
explainthehelicopterlimitationsforsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
explaintheeffectofCofGposition
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
hoveringand90degreeclearingturns
manoeuvringsidewaysheadingintowind
manoeuvringbackwardsheadingintowind
manoeuvringsidewaysandbackwardsheadingoutofwind
manoeuvringbackwardstoofastandrecoveryaction

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformsidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE14SPOTTURNS
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratespotturns.Furthermorethestudent
instructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain/revise:
thegroundeffectandeffectofwind
weathercockingandcontrolactions
thecontrolofRRPM
thetorqueeffect
thecycliclimitingstopsduetoCofGposition(whereapplicable)
therateofturnlimitations
thespotturnaboutpilotposition
thespotturnabouttailrotorposition
thespotturnabouthelicoptergeometriccentre
square(safevisibility)clearingturn
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
weathercocking,torqueeffectandcontrolactions
therateofturn
thespotturnaboutpilotposition
thespotturnabouttailrotorposition
thespotturnabouthelicoptergeometriccentre
thesquare,clearingturn

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformaspotturn
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship

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EXERCISE15HOVEROUTOFGROUNDEFFECTANDVORTEXRING
OBJECTIVES
To advisethe student instructor on how toexplainand demonstratehovering out of groundeffect and
vortexring. Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowto
correctthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastorevise/explain:
thegroundeffectandpowerrequireddiagram
thedrift/height/powercontrol/lookout/scan
thevortexring,(includingdangers,recognitionandrecoveryactions)
thelossoftailrotoreffectiveness
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
hoverOGE
thedrift/height/powercontrol/lookoutandinstrumentscantechnique
therecognitionofincipientstageofvortexring/settlingwithpower
therecoveryactionfromincipientstageofvortexring
therecognitionoflossoftailrotoreffectivenessandrecoveryactions

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformhoveringoutofgroundeffectandvortexring
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE16SIMULATEDENGINEOFFLANDINGS
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstrateasimulatedengineofflanding.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
revisethebasicautorotation
revisetheeffectofAUM,discloading,densityaltitudeandRRPMdecay
revisetheuseofcyclicandcollectivetocontrolspeed/RRPM
explainthetorqueeffect
explaintheuseofflare/turntorestoreRRPM
explainthetechniqueforvariableflaresimulatedEOL
explainthetechniqueforconstantattitudesimulatedEOL
revisethetechniqueforhover/hovertaxisimulatedEOL
explaintheemergencytechniqueforenginefailureduringtransition
explainthetechniqueforlowlevelsimulatedEOL
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theentrytoandcontrolinautorotation
variableflaresimulatedEOL
constantattitudesimulatedEOL
hoversimulatedEOL
hovertaxisimulatedEOL

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lowlevelsimulatedEOL
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformasimulatedengineofflanding
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE17ADVANCEDAUTOROTATIONS
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to train the student pilot to perform advanced autorotations.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
explaintheeffectofairspeed/AUMonangles/ratesofdescent
explaintheeffectofRRPMsettingonangle/rateofdescent
explainthereasonandtechniqueforrangeautorotation
explainthereasonandtechniqueforconstantattitudeautorotation
explainthereasonandtechniqueforlowspeedandSturnsinautorotation
explainthespeed/banklimitationsinturnsinautorotation
revisethereengagement/goaroundprocedures
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
how to select ground marker and standard datum height to determine distance covered during
variousautorotationtechniques
thebasicautorotation
thetechniqueforrangeautorotation
thetechniqueforconstantattitudeautorotation
thetechniqueforlowspeedautorotation,includingneedfortimelyspeedrecovery
thetechniqueforSturninautorotation
180and360degreeturnsinautorotation
reengagementandgoaroundtechnique

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformadvancedautorotations
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE18PRACTICEFORCEDLANDINGS
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate forced landings. Furthermore the
studentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thetypesofterrain/surfaceoptionsforchoiceofbestlandingarea
howtopracticeforcedlandingprocedure
howtoperformforcedlandingchecksandcrashactions
therules/heightforrecoveryandgoaround
AIREXERCISE
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Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
therecognitionoftypesofterrainfromnormalcruiseheight/altitude
thepracticingofforcedlandingtechnique
therecovery/goaroundtechnique

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformforcedlandings
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship
EXERCISE19STEEPTURNS
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratesteepturns.Furthermorethestudent
instructor should learn how to identify student errors during steep turns and how to correct them
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
explaintheairspeed/angleofbanklimitations
explainthetechniqueforcoordinationtoholdbank/attitude
revisespeed/banklimitationsinautorotationincludingRRPMcontrol
explainthesignificanceofdiscloading,vibrationandcontrolfeedback
explaintheeffectofwindinturnsatlowlevel
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thetechniqueforturningat30degreesofbank
thetechniqueforturningat45degreesofbank(wherepossible)
steepautorotativeturns
theeffectofwindatlowlevel

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformsteepturns
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaultsintheturn(balance,attitude,bankandcoordination)
airmanship
EXERCISE20TRANSITIONS
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the techniques for transitions.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
revisetheeffectofgroundcushion,translationallift,flapback
explainthetrainingrequirementforprecisionexercise
explainthetechniquefortransitiontoforwardflightandbacktohoverasprecisionexercise
explaintheeffectofwind

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AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thetransitionfromhovertominimum50knotsIASandbacktohover
(Note:selectconstantheight(2030feet)andmaintain)
theeffectofwind

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformtransitions
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE21QUICKSTOPS
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratequickstops.Furthermorethestudent
instructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsduringandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
explainthepowercontrolcoordination
revisetheeffectofwind
explainthetechniqueforquickstopintowind
explainthetechniqueforquickstopfromcrosswind
revise
airspeed/anglesofbanklimitations
explainthetechniqueforEmergencyturnfromdownwind
explainthetechniqueforquickstopfromdownwindfromhighspeedflareandturn
explainthetechniqueforquickstopfromdownwindfromlowspeedturnandflare
explainthedangerofholdingflarewhendownwind,(vortexring)(minimumspeed70knots)
revisethedangerofhighdiscloading
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thetechniqueforquickstopintowind
thetechniqueforquickstopfromcrosswind
thedangerofvortexringanddiscloading
thetechniqueforquickstopfromdownwindwithlowspeed
thetechniqueforquickstopfromdownwindwithhighspeed
emergencyturnsfromdownwind

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformquickstops
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE22NAVIGATION
(tobebrokendownintomanageablepartsatdiscretionofinstructor)
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentstoplan,prepareandconductacrosscountry
flight. Furthermore the student instructor should learn how to identify student errors during the cross
countryflightandhowtocorrectthemproperly.

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FLIGHTPLANNING
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theuseofweatherforecasts/actuals
themapselection,orientation,preparationanduse
theroutechoicewithparticularregardto:
theairspacestructure
thesafetyaltitudes
thecalculations(magneticheading(s),time(s)enroute,fuelconsumption,massandbalance)
theuseofflightinformation(NOTAMs,radiofrequencies,selectionofalternatelandingsites)
thehelicopterdocumentation
thenotificationoftheflight(preflightadministrationprocedures,flightplanform)
DEPARTURE
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theimportanceoforganisationofcockpitworkload
thedepartureprocedures
thelogkeeping
theuseofradioandnavaids
weathermonitoringandminimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
thesignificanceofinflightdecisionmaking
thetechniquefortransitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
theuncertaintyofpositionprocedure
thelostprocedure
ARRIVAL
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theaerodromejoiningprocedure
theparkingprocedures
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtodotheflightplanningforacrosscountryflight
howtodotheadditionaldepartureproceduresforacrosscountryflight
howtoorganisethecockpitworkload
howtoperformtheenroutetasks:
logkeeping
decisionsonminimumweatherconditionsforcontinuanceofflight
otherinflightdecisions
diversionanduncertaintyofposition/lostprocedures
thearrivalprocedures
theaerodromejoiningprocedures
thecircuitprocedures
theparkingprocedures

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoplanandprepareacrosscountryflight
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformacrosscountryflight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
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airmanship
NAVIGATIONPROBLEMSATLOWHEIGHTSANDREDUCEDVISIBILITY
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theactionspriortodescending
thesignificanceofhazards,(e.g.obstacles,othertraffic)
thedifficultiesofmapreading
theeffectsofwindandturbulence
thesignificanceofavoidingnoisesensitiveareas
theproceduresforjoiningacircuitfromlowlevel
theproceduresforabadweathercircuitandlanding
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thenavigationproceduresasnecessary
themapreadingtechniques
howtoperformthecalculations
howtoperformtherevisionofheadingsandETAs
Furthermorethestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottosolvenavigationproblemsatlowheights/reducedvisibility
howtoanalyseandcorrectstudenterrors

EXERCISE23ADVANCEDTAKEOFF,LANDINGS,TRANSITIONS
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudents toperformadvancedtakeoffs,landings and
transitions. Furthermore the student instructor should learn how to identify student errors and how to
correctthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
revisethelandingandtakeoffoutofwind(performancereduction)
revisethewindlimitations
revisethedirectionalstabilityvariationwhenoutofwind
revisethepowerrequireddiagram
explainthetechniquefordownwindtransitions
explainthetechniqueforverticaltakeoffoverobstacles
explainthereconnaissancetechniqueforlandingsite
explainthepowerchecks
explainthetechniqueforrunninglanding
explainthetechniqueforzerospeedlanding
explainthetechniqueforcrosswindanddownwindlandings
explainthesteepapproach,includingdangers
revisethegoaroundprocedures
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformthetechniquefordownwindtransition
howtoperformthetechniqueforverticaltakeoffoverobstacles
howtoperformthereconnaissancetechniqueforlandingsite
howtodothepowercheckandassessment
howtoperformthetechniqueforrunninglanding
howtoperformthetechniqueforzerospeedlanding
howtoperformthetechniqueforcrosswindanddownwindlandings
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howtoperformthetechniqueforsteepapproach
goaroundprocedures

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformadvancedtakeoffs,landingsand/ortransitions
howtoanalyseandstudentcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE24SLOPINGGROUND
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratethedifferenttechniquesfortakeoffs
and/or landings skid up and/or nose up slope. Furthermore the student instructor should learn how to
identifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thelimitations
thewindandsloperelationship,includingbladeandcontrolstops
theeffectofCofGwhenonslope
thegroundeffectandpowerrequiredwhenonslope
thelandingtechniquewhenonslope,left,rightandnoseup
theavoidanceofdynamicrollover,dangersofsoftgroundandsidewaysmovement
thedangersofovercontrollingneargroundonslope
thedangerofstrikingmain/tailrotoronupslope
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thetechniqueforassessingslopeangle
thetechniqueforlanding/takeoffleftskidupslope
thetechniqueforlanding/takeoffrightskidupslope
thetechniqueforlandingnoseupslope
thedangersofovercontrollingnearground

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformnoseuporskidupslopetakeoffs/landings
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE25LIMITEDPOWER
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratelimitedpowerexercises.Furthermore
thestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theuseofappropriatehelicopterperformancegraphs
theselectionoftechniqueaccordingtoavailablepower
theeffectofwindonavailablepower

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AIREXERCISE

Thestudentinstructorhastoreviseandrefinethetechniquesdemonstratedinexercise23.
EXERCISE26CONFINEDAREAS
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentstheapproach,landingandtakeoffprocedures
for confined areas. Furthermore the student instructor should learn how to identify student errors and
howtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastorevise/explain:
theuseofhelicopterperformancegraphs
theprocedureforlocatinglandingsiteandselectingsitemarker
theproceduresforassessingwindspeed/direction
thelandingsitereconnaissancetechniques
thereasonforselectinglandingmarkers
theprocedureforselectingdirectionandtypeofapproach
thedangersofoutofwindapproach
thecircuitprocedures
thereasonforapproachtocommittalpointandgoaround,(practiceapproach)
theapproachtechnique
theclearingturnandlanding,(slopinggroundtechnique)
thehoverpowercheck/performanceassessmentIGEandOGE,(ifnecessary)
thetakeoffprocedures
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theprocedureforlocatinglandingsiteandselectingsitemarker
theprocedureforassessingwindspeed/direction
thelandingsitereconnaissancetechniques
howtoselectlandingmarkers,directionandtypeofapproach
thecircuitprocedure
howtopracticetheapproach,goaroundandapproachtechnique
theclearingturnandlanding,(slopinggroundtechnique)
thehoverpowercheck/performanceassessmentIGEandOGE,(ifnecessary)
thetakeoffprocedures

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthetechniquesforconfinedareas
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE27NIGHTFLYING(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentpilotstoperformaflightatnight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
themedical/physiologicalaspectsofnightvision
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therequirementfortorchtobecarried,(preflightinspection,etc.)
theuseofthelandinglight
thetakeoffandhovertaxiproceduresatnight
thenighttakeoffprocedure
thecockpitproceduresatnight
theapproachtechniques
thenightlandingtechniques
thenightautorotationtechniques(powerrecoveryatsafeheight)
thetechniqueforpracticeforcedlandingatnight(usingappropriateillumination)
theemergencyproceduresatnight
thenavigationprinciplesatnight
themapmarkingfornightuse,(highlightingbuiltup/litareaswiththickerlines,etc.)
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theuseoftorchforpreflightinspection
theuseofthelandinglight
anighttakeofftohover,(nosidewaysorbackwardsmovement)
anighthovertaxi,(higherandslowerthanbyday)
anighttransitionprocedure
anightcircuit
anightapproachandlanding,(includinguseoflandinglight)
anightautorotation(powerrecoveryatsafeheight)
howtoperformaforcedlandingatnight,(usingappropriateillumination)
nightemergencyprocedures
nightcrosscountrytechniques,asappropriate

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformaflightatnight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

C.

Sailplanes

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

Familiarisationwiththesailplane

Proceduresintheeventofemergencies

Preparationforflight

Initialairexperience

Effectsofcontrols

ModerateBankingcoordination

Straightflying

Turning

Slowflight

10

Stalling

11A

Spinrecognitionandavoidance

11B

Developedspinsentryandrecovery

12

Takeoff/Launchmethods

12A

Winchlaunch

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12B

Aerotow

12C

Selflaunch

12D

Carlaunch

13

SoaringTechniques

13A

Thermalling

13B

Ridgeflying(ifapplicableduringtrainingandifpossibleattrainingsite)

13C

Waveflying(ifapplicableduringtrainingandifpossibleattrainingsite)

14

Circuit,approachandlanding

15

Firstsolo

16

Advancedturning

17

Outlandings

18

Crosscountryflying

18A

FlightPlanning

18B

InFlightNavigation

18C

Crosscountrysoaringtechniques

3Jun2008

NOTE:Althoughexercise11BisnotrequiredfortheLPLcourse,itisarequirementfortheLAFIcourse.

EXERCISE1FAMILIARISATIONWITHTHESAILPLANE

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtofamiliarisethestudentwiththesailplanewhichwillbeusedfor
thetrainingandtotest hispositioninthesailplaneforcomfort, visibility,andabilitytouseallcontrols
andequipment.

BRIEFINGANDEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
presentthetypeofsailplanewhichwillbeused
explainthecockpitlayoutinstrumentsandequipment
explaintheflightcontrolsstick,pedals,airbrakes,flaps,cablerelease,undercarriage
checkthepositionofthestudentontheseatforcomfort,visibility,abilitytouseallcontrols
explaintheuseoftheharness
demonstratehowtoadjusttherudderpedal
explainthedifferenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsposition
explainallchecklists,drills,controls

EXERCISE2PROCEDUREINTHEEVENTOFEMERGENCIES

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtofamiliarisethestudentwiththeuseoftheparachuteandhow
toexplainthebailoutprocedureincaseofemergency

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BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
explainhowtohandletheparachutewithcare(transport,storage,dryingafteruse)
demonstratetheadjustmentoftheparachuteharness
explainthebailoutprocedure(especiallyfromasailplaneinunusualattitude)
explaintheprocedureforlandingwithaparachuteinnormalconditionsandwithastrongwind

EXERCISE3PREPARATIONFORFLIGHT

OBJECTIVE:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainalltheoperationstobecompletedpriortoflight

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theneedforapreflightbriefing
thestructureandthecontentofthisbriefing
whichdocumentsarerequiredonboard
whichequipmentarerequiredforaflight
howtohandlethesailplaneontheground/howtomoveit/howtotowitout,howtoparkit
howtodothepreflightexternalandinternalchecks
theprocedureforverifyinginlimitsmassandbalance
theprelaunchchecks(checklist)

PRACTICALEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastoprepareandgiveapreflightbriefing:
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thattherequireddocumentsareonboard
thattheequipmentrequiredfortheintendedflightisonboard
howtohandlethesailplaneontheground/moveittothestartposition/towitout,parkit
howtoperformapreflightexternalandinternalcheck
howtoverifyinlimitsmassandbalance
howtoadjustharnessaswellasseatand/orrudderpedals
theprelaunchchecks

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilotinperformingthepreflightpreparation
howtoanalyseandcorrectpreflightpreparationerrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE4INITIALAIREXPERIENCE

OBJECTIVE

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To advise the student instructor on how to familiarise the student with being in the air, with the area
aroundtheairfield,tonotehis/herreactionsinthissituation,andtodrawhis/herattentiontosafetyand
lookoutprocedures

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theareaaroundtheairfield
theneedforlookingout

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
showthenoteworthyreferencesontheground
analysethereactionsofthestudent
checkthatthestudentlooksout(safety)
demonstrateairmanship

EXERCISE5

PRIMARYEFECTSOFCONTROLS

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowto:
demonstratetheprimaryeffectsofeachcontrolwiththehelpofvisualreferences
trainthestudentpilottorecognisewhenthesailplaneisnolongerinanormalattitudealongoneofthe
axesandtoreturntothenormalattitude
traincontinuousandefficientlookoutduringtheseexercises
analyseandcorrecterrorsandstudentpilotmistakesasnecessary

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastodefinetheaxesofasailplane
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thelookoutprocedures
thevisualreferencesalongeachaxis
theprimaryeffectsofcontrolswhenlaterallylevel
therelationshipbetweenattitudeandspeed
theuseofflaps
theuseofairbrakes

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thevisualreferencesinflight
theprimaryeffectoftheelevator

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therelationshipbetweenattitudeandspeed(inertia)
theprimaryeffectofrudderontherotationofthesailplanearoundtheverticalaxis
theprimaryeffectofaileronsonbanking
theeffectofairbrakes(includingchangesinpitchwhenairbrakesareextendedorretracted)
theeffectsofflaps(providedthesailplanehasflaps)
thelookoutproceduresduringalltheexercises
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecognisetheprimaryeffectsofeachcontrol
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE6BANKINGATMODERATEANGLECOORDINATION

OBJECTIVE
To advise the student instructor on secondary effects of controls and on how to teach the student to
coordinateaileronsandruderinordertocompensatefortheadverseyaweffect.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

thesecondaryeffectsofcontrols
theadverseyaweffect
howtocompensatefortheadverseyaw
thefurthereffectoftherudder(roll)

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate
theadverseyaweffectwithareferenceonground
thefurthereffectoftherudder(roll)
thecoordinationofruderandaileroncontrolstocompensatefortheadverseyaweffects
moderatebanking(20to30)andreturntothelevelflight

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottocoordinateaileronsandrudder
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE7STRAIGHTFLYING

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtotrainthestudenttomaintainstraightandlevelflightwitha
constantheadingwithoutslippingandskidding.

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BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
explainhowtomaintainstraightflight
explainairspeedlimitations(Vne)
explainthepitchstabilityofthesailplane
explaintheeffectoftrimming

AIREXERCISE
Theinstructorstudenthastodemonstrate:
maintainingstraightflight
inherentpitchstability
thecontrolofthesailplaneinpitch,includinguseoftrimwithvisualreferencesandairspeed
howtoperformtheinstrumentmonitoring
thecontroloflevelattitudewithvisualreferences
thecontroloftheheadingwithavisualreferenceontheground
thelookoutproceduresduringalltheexercises

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottomaintainstraightandlevelflight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship

EXERCISE8TURNING

OBJECTIVE
To advise the student instructor on how to teach students to fly turns and circles with a moderate
constantbankofabout30withconstantattitude(speed)andcoordinatedflight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theforcesonthesailplaneduringaturn
theneedtolookoutbeforeturning
thesequencesofaturn(entry,stabilizing,exiting)
thecommonfaultsduringaturn
howtoturnontoselectedheadings,useofcompass
theuseofinstruments(ballindicatorand/orslipstring)forprecision

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thelookoutprocedurebeforeturning
enteringaturn(correctionofadverseyaw)

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thestabilisationofaturn(keepingtheattitudeandcompensatingtheinducedroll)
theexitfromaturn
themostcommonfaultsinaturn
turnsontoselectedheadings(uselandmarksasreference)
useofinstruments(ballindicatorand/orslipstring)forprecision

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoflyaturn/circlewithamoderatebank
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE9SLOWFLIGHT

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoimprovethestudentsabilitytorecogniseinadvertentflightat
criticallylowspeeds(highangleofattack)andtoprovidepracticeinmaintainingthesailplaneinbalance
whilereturningtonormalattitude(speed).

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
thecharacteristicsofslowflight
therisksofstalling

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
Checkthattheairspacebelowthesailplaneisfreeofotheraircraftbeforestartingtheexercise

Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
acontrolledflightdowntocriticallyhighangleofattack(slowairspeed),anddrawtheattention
ofthestudenttothenoseupattitude,reductionofnoise,reductionofspeed
areturntothenormalattitude(speed)
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottorecogniseinadvertentflightatcriticallylowspeeds
howtoprovidepracticeinmaintainingthesailplaneinbalancewhilereturningtonormalattitude
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE10STALLING

OBJECTIVE
To advise the student Instructor on how to improve the students ability to recognize a stall and to
recoverfromit.Thisincludesstallfromalevelflightandstallswhenawingdrops.

BRIEFING
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Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
themechanismofastall
theeffectivenessofthecontrolsattheStall
prestallsymptoms,recognitionandrecovery
factorsaffectingthestall(importanceoftheangleofattack,highspeedstall)
effectofflapsifanyonthesailplane
theeffectsofunbalanceatthestallsafetychecks
stallsymptoms,recognitionandrecovery
recoverywhenawingdrops
approachtostallintheapproachandinthelandingconfigurationsrecognitionandrecovery
fromacceleratedstalls

AIREXERCISE
The studentinstructorhas tocheckthattheairspacebelowthesailplaneis freeofotheraircraft/traffic
beforestartingtheexerciseThestudentinstructorshoulddemonstrate:
stallfromalevelflight
prestallsymptoms,recognitionandrecovery
stallsymptoms,recognitionandrecovery
recoverywhenawingdrops
approachtostallintheapproachandinthelandingconfigurations
recognitionandrecoveryfromacceleratedstalls
stallingandrecoveryattheincipientstagewithinstructorinduceddistractions

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoimprovethestudentpilotsabilitytorecogniseastallandtorecoverfromit
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
airmanship

NOTE: Consideration is to be given to manoeuvre limitations and references to The Owners/Flight

manualorPilotsOperatingHandbookinrelationtoMassandBalancelimitations.Thesefactorsarealso
coveredinthenextexercise.

EXERCISE11ASPINRECOGNITIONANDAVOIDANCE

OBJECTIVES

To advise the student Instructor on how to improve the students ability to recognize a spin at the
incipientstageandtorecoverfromit.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
whyasailplanespins
howtorecognisethesymptomsofaspin(nottobeconfusedwithspiraldive)

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whataretheparametersinfluencingthespin
howtorecoverfromaspin

AIREXERCISE
The studentinstructorhas tocheckthattheairspacebelowthesailplaneis freeofotheraircraft/traffic
beforestartingtheexercise
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
stallingandrecoveryattheincipientspinstage(stallwithexcessivewingdrop,about45)
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohasto:
makesurethatthestudentrecognisesthespinentry
makesurethatthestudentpilotisabletorecoverfromthespin
checkifthestudentstillreactsproperlyiftheinstructorinducesdistractionsduringthespinentry
demonstratehowtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

NOTE:Consideration of manoeuvre limitationsand the need to refer to the sailplanemanualandmass

andbalancecalculations.

EXERCISE11BDEVELOPEDSPINSENTRYANDRECOVERY

OBJECTIVES:
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtorecognizeadevelopedspinandtorecoverfromit

BRIEFING

Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain

thespinentry
thesymptomsofarealspinandtherecognitionandidentificationofSpinDirection
thespinrecovery
useofcontrols
effectsofflaps(flaprestrictionapplicabletotype)
theeffectoftheCofGuponspinningcharacteristics
thespinningfromvariousflightattitudes
thesailplanelimitations
airmanshipsafetychecks
commonerrorsduringrecovery

AIREXERCISE
The student instructor has check that the airspace below the sailplane is free of other aircraft/traffic
beforestartingtheexercise

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Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
safetychecks
thespinentry
therecognition&identificationofthespindirection
thespinrecovery(referencetoFlightManual)
theuseofcontrols
theeffectsofflaps(restrictionsapplicabletoaeroplanetype)
spinningandrecoveryfromvariousflightattitudes
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoimprovethestudentpilotsabilitytorecogniseaspinandhowtorecoverfromit
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISES12 TAKEOFF/LAUNCHMETHODS

NOTE: the student instructor has toteachat least one of the following launchmethods: winch launch,
aerotow,selflaunch.

EXERCISE12A

WINCHLAUNCH

OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to teach winch launches and on how to make sure that their
studentwillmanageanabortedlaunch.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thesignalsand/orcommunicationbeforeandduringlaunch
theuseofthelaunchingequipment
thepretakeoffchecks
theprocedureforintowindtakeoff
theprocedureforcrosswindtakeoff
theoptimumprofileofwinchlaunchandlimitations
thelaunchfailureprocedures

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theuseofthelaunchingequipment
thepretakeoffchecks

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theintowindtakeoff
thecrosswindtakeoff
theoptimumprofileofwinchlaunchandlimitations
theprocedureincaseofcablebreakorabortedlaunch,launchfailureprocedures
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformsafewinchlaunches
howtoteachthestudentpilottomanageanabortedlaunch(differentaltitudes)
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE12BAEROTOW

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachaerotowingandonhowtomakesurethattheirstudent
willmanageanabortedlaunch.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:

thesignalsand/orcommunicationbeforeandduringlaunch
theuseofthelaunchequipment
thepretakeoffchecks
theprocedureforintowindtakeoff
theprocedureforcrosswindtakeoff
theprocedureontowstraightflight/turning/slipstream
therecoveryfromoutofpositionontow
theproceduresincaseoflaunchfailureandabandonment
thedescendingprocedureontow(towingaircraftandsailplane)

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thesignalsbeforeandduringlaunch
theuseofthelaunchequipment
thepretakeoffchecks
theprocedureforintowindtakeoff
theprocedureforacrosswindtakeoff
theproceduresontowstraightflight/turning/slipstream
therecoveryfromoutofpositionontow
theprocedureincaseoflaunchfailureandabandonment
thedescendingprocedureontow

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airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformsafeaerotowlaunches
howtoteachthestudentpilottomanageanabortedlaunch
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

BRIEFINGEXERCISE12CSELFLAUNCH

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachlaunchingwithaselflaunchingsailplaneandonhowto
makesurethattheirstudentwillmanageanabortedlaunch.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theengineextendingandretractionprocedures
theenginestartingandsafetyprecautions
thepretakeoffchecks
thenoiseabatementprocedures
thechecksduringandaftertakeoff
theintowindtakeoff
thecrosswindtakeoff
theprocedureincaseofpowerfailure
theprocedureincaseofabandonedtakeoff
themaximumperformance(shortfieldandobstacleclearance)takeoff
theshorttakeoffandsoftfieldprocedure/techniquesandperformancecalculations

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theengineextendingandretractionprocedures
theenginestartingandsafetyprecautions
thepretakeoffchecks
thenoiseabatementprocedures
thechecksduringandaftertakeoff
theintowindtakeoff
thecrosswindtakeoff
thepowerfailures/procedures
theprocedureincaseofabandonedtakeoff
themaximumperformance(shortfieldandobstacleclearance)takeoff
theshorttakeoffandsoftfieldprocedure/techniquesandperformancecalculations
airmanship

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Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformsafeselflaunches
howtoteachthestudentpilottomanageanabortedlaunch(differentaltitudes)
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE13SOARINGTECHNIQUES

NOTE: If the weather conditions during the instructor training do not allow the practical training of
soaring techniques, all items of the air exercises have to be discussed and explained during a long
briefingexerciseonly.

EXERCISE13ATHERMALLING

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachtheirstudentstorecogniseanddetectthermals,onhow
tojoinathermalandonhowtolookout,inordertoavoidmidaircollisions.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
thelookoutprocedures
thedetectionandrecognitionofthermals
theuseofaudiosoaringinstruments
theprocedureforjoiningathermalandgivingway
howtoflyincloseproximitytoothersailplanes
howtocentreinthermals
howtoleavethermals

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate
thelookoutprocedures
thedetectionandrecognitionofthermals
theuseofaudiosoaringinstruments
theprocedureforjoiningathermalandgivingway
theprocedureforflyingincloseproximitytoothersailplanes
thecenteringinthermals
theprocedureforleavingthermals
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoimprovethestudentpilotsabilitytorecogniseanddetectthermals
howtoimprovethestudentpilotsabilitytojoinathermalandhowtolookout
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

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EXERCISE13BRIDGEFLYING

OBJECTIVE
To advise the student instructoron how to teach their students to fly safely on ridges,to control their
speed,andtoapplytherulesinordertoavoidmidaircollisions.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thelookoutprocedures
theridgeflyingrules
therecognitionofoptimumflightpath
speedcontrol

AIREXERCISE (ifapplicableduringtrainingand,ifpossible,attrainingsite)
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thelookoutprocedures
thepracticalapplicationofridgeflyingrules
therecognitionofoptimumflightpath
speedcontrol
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoflysafelyonridges
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE13CWAVEFLYING

OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to introduce students to wave flying and to teach them to fly
safelyathighaltitude.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thelookoutprocedures
thetechniquestobeusedtoaccedetoawave
thespeedlimitationswithincreasingheight
therisksofhypoxiaandtheuseofoxygen

AIREXERCISE(ifapplicableduringtrainingandifpossibleattrainingsite)
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thelookoutprocedures

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thewaveaccesstechniques
thespeedlimitationswithincreasingheight
theuseofoxygen(ifavailable)
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoimprovethestudentpilotsabilitytorecogniseanddetectwaves
howtoteachthestudentpilottoflysafelyinawave
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE14CIRCUITAPPROACHANDLANDING

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachtheirstudentstoflyasafecircuitapproachandtoland
thesailplane

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theproceduresforrejoiningthecircuit
theproceduresforcollisionavoidanceandthelookouttechniques
thenormalcircuitprocedures,downwind,baseleg
theeffectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds
thevisualisationofareferencepoint
theapproachcontrolanduseofairbrakes
theuseofflaps(ifapplicable)
theproceduresfornormalandcrosswindapproachandlanding

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theproceduresforrejoiningthecircuit
theproceduresforcollisionavoidanceandthelookouttechniques
thestandardcircuitandcontingencyplanning(e.g.runningoutofheight)
theeffectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds
thevisualisationofanaimingpoint
theapproachcontrolanduseofairbrakes
theuseofflaps(ifapplicable)
theproceduresfornormalandcrosswindapproachesandlandings
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoflyasafecircuitapproach
howtoimprovethestudentpilotsabilitytoperformasafelanding
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
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EXERCISE15FIRSTSOLO

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtopreparetheirstudentsforthefirstsoloflight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
thelimitationsoftheflight(awarenessoflocalarea,restrictions)
theuseofrequiredequipment

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto
checkwithanother/moreseniorinstructorifthestudentcanflysolo
monitortheflight
debrieftheflightwiththestudent

EXERCISE16ADVANCEDTURNING

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoflysteepturnsorcircles(3040banking)atconstantattitude
(speed)andwiththeyawstringcentred.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
therelationshipbetweenbankingandspeed
howtomastersteepturnsorcircles
theunusualattitudeswhichcanoccur(stalling/spinning,spiraldive)
howtorecoverfromtheseunusualattitudes

AIREXERCISE
Thestudenthastodemonstrate:
steepturns(45)atconstantspeedandwiththeyawstringcentred
commonerrors(slipping,skidding)
unusualattitudesandhowtorecoverfromthem
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoflysteepturnsorcircles
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE17OUTLANDINGS

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NOTE: If the weather conditions during the instructor training do not allow the practical training of
outlanding procedures (a touring motor glider may be used) all items of the air exercise have to be
discussedandexplainedduringalongbriefingexerciseonly.

OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachstudentstoselectanoutlandingfield,toflythecircuit
andhowtomastertheunusuallandingsituation.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
theglidingrangeatmaxL/D
theenginerestartprocedures(onlyforselflaunchingandselfsustainingsailplanes)
theselectionofalandingarea
thecircuitjudgementandkeypositions
thecircuitandapproachprocedures
theactionstobedoneafterlanding

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
precisionlandingsontheairfield
theglidingrange
theproceduresforjoining,arrivalandcircuitataremoteaerodrome
theselectionofanoutlandingarea
theproceduresforcircuitandapproachonanoutlandingfield,procedures
theactionstobedoneafterlanding
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastobetrained:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottodoperformasafeoutlanding
howtomasteranunusuallandingsituation
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE18CROSSCOUNTRYFLYING

NOTE:Iftheweatherconditionsduringtheinstructortrainingdonotallowacrosscountrytrainingflight
theitemsoftheairexercisehavetobediscussedandexplainedduringalongbriefingexerciseonly.

EXERCISE18AFLIGHTPLANNING

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowplanandprepareacrosscountryflight

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BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
theweatherforecastandcurrentsituation
theselectionoftheamountofwatertobecarriedasafunctionoftheweatherforecast
themethodforselectingatask,takingintoaccounttheaveragespeedtobeexpected
themapselectionandpreparation
theNOTAMS,airspaceconsiderations
theradiofrequencies(ifapplicable)
thepreflightadministrativeprocedures
theprocedureforfilingaflightplanwhererequired
alternateaerodromesandlandingareas

EXERCISE18BINFLIGHTNAVIGATION

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoteachperformingacrosscountryflight

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
howtomaintaintrackandrerouteifnecessary
thealtimetersettings
theuseofradioandphraseology
theinflightplanning
theproceduresfortransitingregulatedairspace/ATCliaisonwhererequired
theprocedureincaseofuncertaintyofposition
theprocedureincaseofbecominglost

AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
maintainingtrackandreroutingifnecessary
altimetersettings
theuseofradioandphraseology
inflightplanning
proceduresfortransitingregulatedairspace/ATCliaisonwhererequired
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure
useofadditionalequipmentwhererequired
joining,arrivalandcircuitproceduresatremoteaerodrome
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:

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howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformacrosscountryflight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE18CCROSSCOUNTRYSOARINGTECHNIQUES

OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronthetechniquesforanefficientcrosscountryflight

BRIEFING
Thestudenthastoexplain
thespeedtoflyatmaximalL/Dratio
thespeedtoflytomaximisethecruisespeed(McCreadytheory)
howtoselecttheoptimaltrack(efficientuseofcloudstreetsetc)
howtocalculatethefinalglide
howtoperformasafeoutlanding

AIREXERCISE
Thestudenthastodemonstrate:
acrosscountryflight
theselectionoftheoptimaltrack(efficientuseofcloudstreets,etc)
theuseoftheMacCreadyring
useoffinalglidecomputers
howtoreduceriskandtoreacttopotentialdangers
howtoplanandperformanoutlanding
airmanship

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottechniquesforanefficientcrosscountryflight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

D.

Balloons

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

Familiarisationwiththeballoon

Preparationforflight

CrewandPassengerBriefing

Assemblyandlayout

Inflation

Takeoffindifferentwindconditions

Climbtolevelflight

Levelflight

Descenttolevelflight

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10

Emergencies

11

Navigation

12A

FuelManagementhotairballoons

12B

BallastManagementgasballoons

13

Approachfromlowlevel

14

Approachfromhighlevel

15

Operatingatlowlevel

16

Landingindifferentwindconditions

17

Tetheredflighthotairballoons

18

FirstSolo

19

NightFlying(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)

3Jun2008

NOTE:Airmanshipshouldbeincludedasrequiredineachexercise.
EXERCISE1
FAMILIARISATIONWITHTHEBALLOON
OBJECTIVE
ToadvisethestudentInstructoronhowtofamiliarisethestudentwiththeballoonwhichwillbeused
for the training and to test his position in the basket for comfort, visibility, and ability to use all
controlsandequipment
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhasto:
presentthetypeofballoonwhichwillbeused
explainthecharacteristicsoftheballoon
explainthecomponents,instrumentsandequipment
tofamiliarisethestudentwiththeballooncontrols
explainthedifferenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsposition
explainallchecklists,drills,controls

EXERCISE2PREPARATIONFORFLIGHT

OBJECTIVE:
To advisethe student instructor on how toexplainall the operations and necessarypreparation to be
completedpriortoflight

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theneedforapreflightbriefing.
thestructureandthecontentofthisbriefing
whichdocumentsarerequiredonboard
whichequipmentarerequiredforaflight
theuseofweatherforecasts/actuals
theflightplanningwithparticularregardtoNotams/Airspacestructure/Sensitiveareas/

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expectedtrackanddistance/preflightpictureandpossiblelandingfields
theuseofloadcalculationchart
theselectionoflaunchfieldwithparticularregardtopermission,behaviourandadjacentfields

PRACTICALEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastoprepareandgiveapreflightbriefing.
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thattherequireddocumentsareonboard
thattheequipmentrequiredfortheintendedflightisonboard
howtoadvicethestudenttodothepreplanningproceduresforeachflight
howtoperformaprelaunchcheck
howtoselectalaunchfieldwithparticularregardtopermission,behaviourandadjacent
fields.

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformthepreparationtobecompletedpriortoflight
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE3
CREWANDPASSENGERBRIEFING
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain all the importance of correct clothing for pilot,
passengers and crew andhow toperform thebriefing of groundand retrieve crew andthebriefing of
passengers.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thecorrectclothingforpassengersandcrew
thebriefingsforgroundandretrievecrewandpassengers
PRACTICALEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethepassengersandcrewaboutthecorrectclothing
thebriefingofgroundandretrievecrew
thebriefingofpassengers

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtofamiliarisethestudentpilotwiththedifferenttypeofbriefings
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrors
EXERCISE4
ASSEMBLYANDLAYOUT
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtofamiliarisethestudentpilotwiththecontrolofthecrowd
and how to perform the securing of launch site. Furthermore the student instructor has to
demonstratehowtofamiliarisethestudentpilotwiththecorrectriggingofenvelopeandbasket,the
burnertestprocedure(hotairballoons)andthepreinflationchecks.

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BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thecontrolofthecrowd
thesecuringofthelaunchsite
thecorrectriggingprocedure
thepreinflationchecks
PRACTICALEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtocontrolofcrowdandsecuringoflaunchsite
thecorrectriggingofenvelopeandbasket
theburnertestprocedure(hotairballoons)
thepreinflationchecks

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformthecorrectrigging
how toanalyseandcorrectassemblyerrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE5INFLATION
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudent instructor on how to familiarise thestudentpilotwith thedifferentphasesof
theinflationprocedure,theuseofrestraintlineandinflationfan(hotairballoons)andtheavoidance
ofelectrostaticdischarge(gasballoons).

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thedifferentphasesoftheinflationprocedure
thecrowdcontrolandsecuringproceduresduringinflation
theuseofrestraintlineandinflationfan(hotairballoons)
howtoavoidelectronicdischarge(gasballoons)

PRACTICALEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtocontrolofcrowdandsecuringoflaunchsiteduringinflationprocedure
thecoldinflationprocedureanduseofrestraintlineandinflationfan(hotairballoons)
thehotinflationprocedure(hotairballoons)
theavoidanceofelectrostaticdischarge(gasballoons)
theinflationprocedure(gasballoons)

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoteachthestudentpilottoperformtheinflationprocedures
how toanalyseandcorrecterrorsduringtheinflationprocedureasnecessary
EXERCISE6TAKEOFFINDIFFERENTWINDCONDITIONS
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructorhowtoexplainthepretakeoffchecksandbriefings,thepreparation
forcontrolledclimbandtheuseofrestraintequipment:Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldbe
abletodemonstratetheassessmentofwindandobstacles,thepreparationforfalseliftandthetake
offtechniquesindifferentwindconditions.

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BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thepretakeoffchecksandbriefings
thepreparationforcontrolledclimb
thehandsoff/handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
theuseoftherestraintequipment
theassessmentofwindandobstacles
thepreparationforfalselift
thetakeofftechniquesfromshelteredandnonshelteredlaunchfields
PRACTICALEXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoperformthepretakeoffchecksandbriefings
howtoprepareforcontrolledclimb
howtoperformthehandsoff/handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
howtousetherestraintequipment
howtoperformtheassessmentofwindandobstacles
howtoprepareforfalselift

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
how to teach the student pilot the correct take off techniques from sheltered and non sheltered
launchfields
howtoanalyseandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE7CLIMBTOLEVELFLIGHT
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratetheclimbtoflightlevel.Furthermore
thestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theclimbingwithapredeterminedrateofclimb
theeffectonenvelopetemperature(hotairballoons)
themaximumrateofclimbaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
howtoleveloffatselectedaltitude
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtoclimbwithapredeterminedrateofclimb
howtoperformlookouttechniques
theeffectonenvelopetemperature(hotairballoons)
themaximumrateofclimbaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
thelevellingofftechniquesatselectedaltitude

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformtheclimbtolevelflight
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errorsduringtheclimb
airmanship

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EXERCISE8LEVELFLIGHT
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratelevelflight.Furthermorethestudent
instructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
howtomaintainlevelflightbyuseofinstruments
howtomaintainlevelflightbyuseofvisualreferences
howtomaintainlevelflightbyuseofallavailablemeans
theuseofparachute
theuseofturningventsifinstalled(hotairballoons)
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
howtomaintainlevelflightbyuseofinstruments
howtomaintainlevelflightbyuseofvisualreferences
howtomaintainlevelflightbyuseofallavailablemeans
theuseofparachute
theuseofturningventsifinstalled(hotairballoons)

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthelevelflight
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errorsduringthelevelflight
airmanship
EXERCISE9DESCENTTOLEVELFLIGHT
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratethedescenttoacertainflightlevel.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
howtodescentwithapredeterminedrateofdescent
afastdescent
themaximumrateofdescentaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
theuseofparachute
aparachutestallandcolddescent(hotairballoons)
thelevellingofftechniqueatselectedaltitude
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
adescentwithapredeterminedrateofdescent
howtoperformlookouttechniques
afastdescent
themaximumrateofdescentaccordingtomanufacturersflightmanual
theuseofparachute
howtoleveloffatselectedaltitudes

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformadescenttoacertainflightlevel
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howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errorsduringthedescent
airmanship
EXERCISE10EMERGENCIES
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratethedifferentemergencysituations
andhowtoreact.Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsduring
thesimulatedemergencyexercisesandhowtocorrectthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thepilotlightfailure(hotairballoons)
burnerfailures,valveleaks,flameoutandrelight(hotairballoons)
gasleaks
closedappendixduringtakeoffandclimb(gasballoons)
theenvelopeovertemperature(hotairballoons)
envelopedamageinflight
theparachute/rapiddeflationsystemfailure
fireongroundandintheair
howtoavoidanobstaclecontactincludingcontactwithelectricalpowerlines
escapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipment
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
apilotlightfailure(hotairballoons)
aburnerfailure,valveleaks,flameoutandrelight(hotairballoons)
gasleaks
aclosedappendixduringtakeoffandclimb(gasballoons)
envelopeovertemperature(hotairballoons)
envelopedamageinflight
parachute/rapiddeflationsystemfailure
afireongroundandintheair
theescapedrills,locationanduseofemergencyequipment

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilotinperformingthedifferentemergencydrills
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE11NAVIGATION
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the advanced navigational flight
preparation.Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsand howto
correctthemproperly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
themapsselection
theplottingoftheexpectedtrack
themarkingofpositionsandtime
thecalculationofdistanceandspeed
thecalculationoffuelconsumption(hotairballoons)

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thecalculationofballastconsumption(gasballoons)
theceilinglimitations(ATC,Weather)
howtoplanahead
themonitoringofweatherdevelopment
themonitoringoffuel/ballastconsumption
ATCliaison(ifapplicable)
thecommunicationwithretrievecrew
theuseofGNSS(ifapplicable)
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theuseofselectedmaps
theplottingoftheexpectedtrack
themarkingofpositionsandtime
howtomonitorofdistanceandspeed
howtomonitorthefuel/ballastconsumption
theobservanceofceilinglimitations(ATC,Weather)
theplanningahead
themonitoringofweatherdevelopment
themonitoringofenvelopetemperature(hotairballoons)
ATCliaison(ifapplicable)
communicationwithretrievecrew
useofGNSS(ifapplicable)

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilotinperformingthenavigationalpreparation
howtoadvisethestudentpilotinperformingthedifferentnavigationalinflighttasks
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE12AFUELMANAGEMENTHOTAIRBALLOONS
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain anddemonstrate the fuel management techniques.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thecylinderarrangementandtheburnersystems
thefunctionofthepilotlightsupply(vapour/liquid)
theuseofmastercylinders(ifapplicable)
thefuelrequirementandexpectedfuelconsumption
thefuelstateandpressure
theminimumfuelreserves
cylindercontentsgaugeandchangeprocedure
theuseofcylindermanifolds
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thecylinderarrangementandburnersystems
thepilotlightsupply(vapour/liquid)
theuseofmastercylinders(ifapplicable)
howtomonitoroffuelrequirementandexpectedfuelconsumption
themonitoringoffuelstateandpressure

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themonitoringoffuelreserves
theuseofcylindercontentsgaugeandchangeprocedure
theuseofcylindermanifolds

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformthefuelmanagement
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE12BBALLASTMANAGEMENTGASBALLOONS
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the ballast management.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theminimumballast
thearrangementandsecuringofballast
theballastrequirementandexpectedballastconsumption
theballastreserves
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
thearrangementofminimumballast
thearrangementandsecuringofballast
theballastrequirementcalculationandexpectedballastconsumption
howtosecureballastreserves

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformtheballastmanagement
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE13APPROACHFROMLOWLEVEL
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the approach from level.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theprelandingchecks
theselectionoffield
theuseofburnerandparachute(hotairballoons)
theuseofballast/parachuteandvalve(gasballoons)
theuseoftrailrope(ifapplicable)(gasballoons)
thelookout
missedapproach/flyonprocedures

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AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theuseoftheprelandingchecks
theselectionoffields
theuseofburnerandparachute(hotairballoons)
theuseofballast/parachuteandvalve(gasballoons)
theuseoftrailrope(ifapplicable)(gasballoons)
thelookoutproceduresandhowtoavoidpossibledistractions
themissedapproach/flyontechniques

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformanapproachfromlowlevel
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE14APPROACHFROMHIGHLEVEL
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the approach from high level.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theprelandingchecks
theselectionoffield
therateofdescent
theuseofburnerandparachute(hotairballoons)
theuseofballastandparachute(gasballoons)
theuseoftrailrope(ifapplicable)(gasballoons)
thelookout
themissedapproach/flyonprocedures
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theprelandingchecks
theselectionoffield
therateofdescent
theuseofburnerandparachute(hotairballoons)
theuseofballastandparachute(gasballoons)
theuseoftrailrope(ifapplicable)(gasballoons)
thelookoutproceduresandhowtoavoidpotentialdistraction
themissedapproach/flyontechniques

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformanapproachfromahigherlevel
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship

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EXERCISE15OPERATINGATLOWLEVEL
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the operation at a low height.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
theuseofburnerandparachute(hotairballoons)
theuseofballastandparachute(gasballoons)
thelookout
howtoavoidacontactwithlowlevelobstacles
landownerrelations
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theuseofburnerandparachute(hotairballoons)
theuseofballastandparachute(gasballoons)
thelookoutproceduresandhowtoavoidpotentialdistraction
howtoavoidlowlevelobstacles
goodlandownerrelations

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottooperatetheballoonatalowlevel
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE16Landingindifferentwindconditions
OBJECTIVES
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtoexplainanddemonstratelandingsindifferentwindconditions.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thecorrectactionsforturbulencesduringtheapproach/landing
theuseofburnerandpilotlights(hotairballoons)
theuseofballast/parachute/valveandrippanel(gasballoons)
theuseofparachuteandturningvents(ifapplicable)
thelookout
thelanding,dragginganddeflation
landownerrelations
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theprelandingchecks
theselectionoffield
theeffectofturbulence
theuseofburnerandpilotlights(hotairballoons)
theuseofballast/parachute/valveandrippanel(gasballoons)
theuseofparachuteandturningvents(ifapplicable)
thelookoutproceduresandhowtoavoidpotentialdistraction

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thelanding,dragginganddeflationprocedures

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformasafelandingindifferentwindconditions
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE17TETHEREDFLIGHTHOTAIRBALLOONS
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the tethering techniques.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
thegroundpreparations
theweathersuitability
thetetheringtechniquesandequipment
themaximumallupweightlimitation
thecrowdcontrol
thepretakeoffchecksandbriefings
theheatingforcontrolledliftoff
theHandsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
theassessmentofwindandobstacles
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
thegroundpreparations
thetetheringtechniques
thereasonformaximumallupweightlimitation
howtoperformthecrowdcontrol
thepretakeoffchecksandbriefings
theheatingforcontrolledliftoff
theHandsoff/Handsonprocedureforgroundcrew
theassessmentofwindandobstacles
thelandingtechniques

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformatetheredflight
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
EXERCISE18FIRSTSOLO
OBJECTIVE
Toadvisethestudentinstructoronhowtopreparetheirstudentsforthefirstsoloflight.

BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain
thelimitationsoftheflight
theuseofrequiredequipment
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AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhasto
checkwithanother/moreseniorinstructorifthestudentcanflysolo
monitorthepreflightpreparation
briefthestudent(expectedflighttime/emergencyactions)
monitortheflightasfaraspossible
debrieftheflightwiththestudent
EXERCISE19NIGHTFLYING(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)
OBJECTIVES
To advise the student instructor on how to explain and demonstrate the night flying techniques.
Furthermorethestudentinstructorshouldlearnhowtoidentifystudenterrorsandhowtocorrectthem
properly.
BRIEFING
Thestudentinstructorhastoexplain:
themedical/physiologicalaspectsofnightvision
theuseoflightsforassembly,layoutandinflation
therequirementfortorchtobecarried,(preflightinspection,etc.)
theuseoftheexternalandinstrumentlights
thenighttakeoffprocedure
thechecklistproceduresatnight
theemergencyproceduresatnight
thenavigationprinciplesatnight
mapmarkingfornightuse,(highlightingbuiltup/litareaswiththickerlines,etc.)
AIREXERCISE
Thestudentinstructorhastodemonstrate:
theuseoflightsforassembly,layoutandinflation
theuseoftorchforpreflightinspection
theuseofexternalandinstrumentlights
thenighttakeoffprocedure
howtoperformthechecklistproceduresatnight
simulatednightemergencyprocedures
nightcrosscountrytechniques,asappropriate

Thestudentinstructoralsohastodemonstrate:
howtoadvisethestudentpilottoperformaflightatnight
howtoanalyseandcorrectfaults/errors
airmanship
AMCtoFCL.940.LAFI(a)(2)
LightAircraftFlightInstructor(LAFI)refresherseminar
1

LAFIrefresherseminarsmadeavailableinmemberStatesshouldhavedueregardtogeographical
location,numbersattending,andperiodicitythroughouttheStateconcerned.

Suchseminars shouldrunforat leastoneday,andattendancefromparticipants willberequired

forthewholedurationoftheseminarincludingbreakoutgroups/workshops.

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Some experienced LAFIs/FIs currently involved with flying training and with a practical
understandingoftherevalidationrequirementsandcurrentinstructionaltechniquesshouldbe
includedasspeakersattheseseminars.

Theattendanceformwillbecompletedandsignedbytheorganiseroftheseminarasapprovedby
theAuthority,followingattendanceandsatisfactoryparticipationbytheLAFI.

ThecontentoftheLAFIrefresherseminarshouldbeselectedfromthefollowing:
a.

newand/orcurrentapplicablerules/regulationswithemphasisonknowledgeofPartFCL

b.

teachingandlearning

c.

instructionaltechniques

d.

theroleoftheinstructor

e.

nationalregulations(asapplicable)

f.

humanperformanceandlimitations

g.

flightsafety,incidentandaccidentprevention

h.

airmanship

i.

legalaspectsandenforcementprocedures

j.

navigationalskillsincludingnew/currentradionavigationaids

l.

weatherrelatedtopicsincludingmethodsofdistribution.

m.

anyadditionaltopic

Formal sessions should allow for a presentation time of 45 minutes, with at least 15 minutes for
questionsanddiscussion.Theuseofvisualaidsisrecommended,withinteractivevideo/beamersessions
andothermodernteachingaids(whereavailable)forbreakoutgroups/workshops.
AMCtoFCL.930.FI
FItrainingcourse
GENERAL
TheaimoftheFIcourseistotrainaircraftlicenceholderstothelevelofcompetencedefinedinFCL.920.
Thecourseshoulddevelopsafetyawarenessthroughoutbyteachingtheknowledge,skillsandattitudes
relevanttotheFItaskincludingatleastthefollowing:
a.

refreshthetechnicalknowledgeofthestudentinstructor

b.

trainthestudentinstructortoteachthegroundsubjectsandairexercises

c.

ensurethatthestudentinstructorsflyingisofasufficientlyhighstandardand

d.

teachthestudentinstructortheprinciplesofbasicinstructionandtoapplythematthePPL,
SPLorSPLlevel.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTION
InthecaseoftheFI(A),FI(H)orFI(As)theremainingfivehoursinFCL.930.FI(b)(2)maybemutual
flying(thatis,twoapplicantsflyingtogethertopracticeflightdemonstrations).
Theskilltestisadditionaltothecoursetrainingtime.
CONTENT

Thecourseconsistsof2parts:

Part1,teachingandlearninginstructionthatshouldcomplywithAMCtoFCL.920

Part2,flightinstructionthatshouldhavethefollowingcontent:

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A.

3Jun2008

Aeroplanes
Part2

AIREXERCISES
1

The air exercises are similar to those used for the training of PPL(A) but with additional
itemsdesignedtocovertheneedsofaflightinstructor.

Thenumberingofexercisesshouldbeusedprimarilyasanexercisereferencelistandasa
broad instructional sequencing guide: therefore the demonstrations and practices need not
necessarily begiven in the order listed. The actual order andcontent will depend upon the
followinginterrelatedfactors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment

It follows that student instructors will eventually be faced with similar interrelated factors.
Theyshouldbeshownandtaughthowtoconstructflightlessonplans,takingthesefactors
into account, so as to make the best use of each flight lesson, combining parts of the set
exercisesasnecessary.

GENERAL
4

The briefing normally includes a statement of the aim and a brief allusion to principles of
flight only if relevant. Anexplanation is tobe given of exactly whatair exercisesare to be
taughtbytheinstructorandpractisedbythestudentduringtheflight.Itshouldincludehow
theflightwillbeconductedwithregardtowhoistoflytheaeroplaneandwhatairmanship,
weather and flight safety aspects currently apply. The nature of the lesson will govern the
orderinwhichtheconstituentpartsaretobetaught.

Thefourbasiccomponentsofthebriefingwillbe:
1
2
3
4

Theaim
PrinciplesofFlight(briefestreferenceonly)
TheAirExercise(s)(what,andhowandbywhom)
Airmanship(weather,flightsafetyetc.)

PLANNINGOFFLIGHTLESSONS
6

The preparation of lesson plans is an essential prerequisite of good instruction and the
student instructor is to be given supervised practice in the planning and practical
applicationofflightlessonplans.

GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
7

The student instructor should complete flight training to practise the principles of basic
instructionatthePPL(A)level.

During this training, except when acting as a student pilot for mutual flights, the student
instructoroccupiestheseatnormallyoccupiedbytheFI(A).

It is to be noted that airmanship is a vital ingredient of all flight operations. Therefore, in

the following air exercises the relevant aspects of airmanship are to be stressed at the
appropriatetimesduringeachflight.

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10

3Jun2008

If the privilegesof theFI(A)certificate are to include instruction for night flying, exercises
12 and 13 ofthe flight instructionsyllabus should be undertaken atnight in addition to by
dayeitheraspartofthecourseorsubsequenttocertificationissue.
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUSCONTENTS

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

Familiarisationwiththeaeroplanes

Preparationbeforeandactionafterflight

Airexperience

Effectsofcontrols

Taxiing

Straightandlevelflight

Climbing

Descending

Turning

10A

Slowflight

10B

Stalling

11A

Spinrecoveryattheincipientstage

11B

Developedspinsentry&recovery

12

Takeoffandclimbtodownwindposition

13

Thecircuit,approachandlanding

14

Firstsolo

15

Advancedturning

16

Forcedlandingwithoutpower

17

Precautionarylanding

18A

Pilotnavigation

18B

Navigationatlowerlevels/reducedvisibility

18C

Radionavigation

19

IntroductiontoInstrumentFlying

20

Basicnightflight

NOTE:Althoughexercise11BisnotrequiredforthePPLcourseitisarequirementfortheFIcourse.
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE1
AEROPLANEFAMILIARISATION
Objectives
Introductiontotheaeroplane
Explanationofthecockpitlayout
Aeroplaneandenginesystems
Checklists,drills,controls
Propellersafety
Precautionsgeneral

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Precautionsbeforeandduringhandturning
Handswingingtechniqueforstarting(ifapplicabletotype)
Differenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsseat
EMERGENCYDRILLS
Actionintheeventoffireintheairandonthegroundenginecabinandelectrical
Systemsfailuresasapplicabletotype
Escapedrillslocationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
AIREXERCISE1
FAMILIARISATIONWITHTHEAEROPLANE
IntroductiontotheAeroplane
ExplanationoftheCockpitLayout
AeroplaneSystems
CheckLists,Drills,Controls
EMERGENCYDRILLS
ActionintheEventofFireintheAirandontheGroundEngine/Cabin/Electrical
SystemFailureasApplicabletoType
EscapeDrillsLocationanduseofEmergencyEquipmentandExits
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE2
PREPARATIONFORANDACTIONAFTERFLIGHT
Objectives
Flight authorisation and aeroplane acceptance including technical log (if applicable) and certificate
ofmaintenance
EquipmentrequiredforFlight(Maps,etc.)
Externalchecks
Internalchecks
Studentcomfort,harness,seatorrudderpedaladjustment
StartingandWarmingupChecks
PowerChecks
RunningDown,SystemChecksandSwitchingOfftheEngine
LeavingtheAeroplane,Parking,SecurityandPicketing
CompletionofAuthorisationSheetandAeroplaneServiceabilityDocuments
AIREXERCISE2
PREPARATIONFORANDACTIONAFTERFLIGHT
FlightAuthorisationandAeroplaneAcceptance
AircraftServiceabilityDocuments
EquipmentRequiredforFlight(Mapsetc.)
ExternalChecks
InternalChecks
StudentComfort,Harness,SeatorRudderPedalAdjustment
StartingandWarmingupChecks
PowerChecks
RunningDown,SystemChecksandSwitchingOfftheEngine
LeavingtheAircraft,Parking,SecurityandPicketing
CompletionofAuthorisationSheetandAeroplaneServiceability
Documents
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE3
(AirExerciseonly)

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AIREXERCISE3
AirExperience
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE4
EFFECTSOFCONTROLS
Objectives
FunctionofPrimaryControlswhenLaterallyLevelandBanked
FurtherEffectofAileronsandRudder
EffectofInertia
EffectofAirspeed
EffectofSlipstream
EffectofPower
EffectofTrimmingControls
EffectofFlaps
OperationofMixtureControl
OperationofCarburettorHeatControl
OperationofCabinHeat/VentilationSystems
EffectofotherControls(asapplicable)
Airmanship
AIREXERCISE4
EFFECTSOFCONTROLS
PrimaryEffectsofFlyingControlswhenLaterallyLevelandBanked
FurthereffectsofAileronsandRudder
EffectofAirspeed
EffectofSlipstream
EffectofPower
EffectofTrimmingControls
EffectofFlaps
OperationofMixtureControl
OperationofCarburettorHeatControl
OperationofCabinHeat/VentilationSystems
EffectofotherControlsasapplicable
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE5
TAXIING
Objectives:
PreTaxiingChecks
Starting,ControlofSpeedandStopping
EngineHandling
ControlofDirectionandTurning(includingmanoeuvringinconfinedspaces)
ParkingAreaProceduresandPrecautions
EffectsofWindandUseofFlyingControls
EffectsofGroundSurface
FreedomofRudderMovement
MarshallingSignals
InstrumentChecks
AirmanshipandAirTrafficControlProcedures
CommonErrors
EMERGENCIES
SteeringFailure/BrakeFailure
AIREXERCISE5
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TAXIING
PreTaxiingChecks
Starting,ControlofSpeedandStopping
EngineHandling
ControlofDirectionandTurning
TurninginConfinedSpaces
ParkingAreaProceduresandPrecautions
EffectsofWindandUseofFlyingControl
EffectsofGroundSurface
FreedomofRudderMovement
MarshallingSignals
InstrumentChecks
AirmanshipandAirTrafficControlProcedures
EMERGENCIES
SteeringFailure/BrakeFailure
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE6
STRAIGHTANDLEVELFLIGHT
Objectives:
TheForces
LongitudinalStabilityandControlinPitch
RelationshipofCofGtoControlinPitch
LateralandDirectionalStability(ControlofLateralLevelandBalance)
AttitudeandBalanceControl
Trimming
PowerSettingsandAirspeeds
DragandPowerCurves
RangeandEndurance
Airmanship
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE6
STRAIGHTANDLEVEL
AtnormalCruisingPower:
AttainingandMaintainingStraightandLevelFlight
DemonstrationofInherentStability
ControlinPitch,includinguseofElevatorTrimcontrol
Lateral Level, Direction and Balance, use of Rudder Trim controls as applicable at Selected
Airspeeds(UseofPower):
EffectofDraganduseofPower(TwoAirspeedsforonePowerSetting)
StraightandLevelinDifferentAeroplaneConfigurations(Flaps,LandingGear)
UseofInstrumentstoachievePrecisionFlight
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE7
CLIMBING
Objectives:
TheForces
Relationship between Power/Airspeed and Rate of Climb (Power Curves Maximum Rate of Climb
(Vy))
EffectofMass
EffectofFlaps
EngineConsiderations
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EffectofdensityAltitude
TheCruiseClimb
MaximumAngleofClimb(Vx)
Airmanship
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE7
CLIMBING
EntryandmaintainingthenormalMaximumRateClimb
LevellingOff
LevellingOffatSelectedAltitudes
ClimbingwithFlapsdown
RecoverytonormalClimb
EnRouteClimb(CruiseClimb)
MaximumAngleofClimb
UseofInstrumentstoachievePrecisionFlight
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE8
DESCENDING
Objectives:
TheForces
GlideDescentAngleAirspeedRateofDescent
EffectofFlaps
EffectofWind
EffectofMass
EngineConsiderations
PowerAssistedDescentPower/AirspeedRateofDescent
TheCruiseDescent
TheSideslip
Airmanship
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE8
DESCENDING
EntryandmaintainingtheGlide
LevellingOff
LevellingOffatSelectedAltitudes
DescendingwithFlapsdown
PoweredDescentCruiseDescent(inc.effectofPower/Airspeed)
Sideslipping(onsuitabletypes)
UseofInstrumenttoachievePrecisionFlight
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE9
TURNING
Objectives:
TheForces
UseofControls
UseofPower
MaintenanceofAttitudeandBalance
MediumLevelTurns
ClimbingandDescendingTurns
SlippingTurns
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TurningontoSelectedHeadingsUseofGyroHeadingIndicatorandMagneticCompass
Airmanship
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE9
TURNING
EntryandmaintainingMediumLevelTurns
Resumingstraightflight
FaultsintheTurn(incorrectPitch,Bank,Balance)
ClimbingTurns
DescendingTurns
SlippingTurns(onsuitabletypes)
TurnstoSelectedHeadings,useofGyroHeadingIndicatorandCompass
UseofInstrumentstoachievePrecisionflight
Airmanship
STALL/SPINAWARENESS&AVOIDANCE
TRAININGCONSISTSOFEXERCISES:
10A,10Band11A
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE10A
SLOWFLIGHT
Objectives:
AeroplaneHandlingCharacteristicsduringSlowFlightat
Vs1 &Vso +10knots
Vs1 &Vso +5knots
SlowFlightDuringInstructorInducedDistractions
Effectofovershootinginconfigurationswhereapplicationofenginepowercausesastrongnoseup
trimchange
Airmanship
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE10A
SLOWFLIGHT
Airmanship
SafetyChecks
IntroductiontoSlowFlight
ControlledSlowFlightintheCleanConfigurationat:
Vs1 +10knots&withFlapsDown
Vso +10knots:
Straight&LevelFlight
LevelTurns
Climbing&Descending
Climbing&DescendingTurns
ControlledSlowFlightintheCleanConfigurationat:
Vs1 +5knots&withFlapsDown
Vso +5knots:
Straight&LevelFlight
LevelTurns
Climbing&Descending
Climbing&DescendingTurns
DescendingUnbalancedTurnsatLowAirspeed
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theneedtomaintainBalancedFlight
Instructor Induced Distractions during Flight at Low Airspeed the need to Maintain Balanced
FlightandasafeAirspeed
Effectofgoingaroundinconfigurationswhereapplicationofenginepowercausesastrongnoseup
trimchange
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE10B
STALLING
Objectives:
CharacteristicsoftheStall
AngleofAttack
TheEffectivenessoftheControlsattheStall
FactorsAffectingtheStallingSpeed:
EffectofFlaps/Slats/Slots
EffectofPower/Mass/CofG/LoadFactor
TheEffectsofUnbalanceattheStall
TheSymptomsoftheStall
StallRecognition&Recovery
Stalling&Recovery:
WithoutPower
WithPowerOn
WithFlapsDown
MaximumPowerClimb(straight&turningflighttothepointofStallwithuncompensatedYaw)
* Stalling & Recovery during manoeuvres involving more than 1 G (accelerated stalls,
includingsecondarystalls&recoveries)
RecoveringfromIncipientStallsinthelandingandotherconfigurationsandconditions
RecoveringattheIncipientStageduringChangeofConfiguration
StallingandRecoveryattheIncipientStagewithInstructorInducedDistractions
Airmanship
CommonErrors
*ConsiderationistobegiventomanoeuvrelimitationsandreferencestoTheOwners/Flight
manual or Pilots Operating Handbook in relation to Mass and Balance limitations. These
factorsarealsocoveredinthenextexerciseSpinning.
AIREXERCISE10B
STALLING
AirmanshipSafetychecks
ThesymptomsoftheStall
StallRecognition&Recovery
RecoveryWithoutPower
RecoveryWithPower
RecoverywhenaWingDropsattheStall
StallingwithPowerON&Recovery
StallingwithFlapDown&Recovery
Maximum Power Climb (straight & turning flight) to the point of Stall with uncompensated YAW
Effectofunbalanceatthestallwhenclimbingpowerisbeingused.
* Stalling & Recovery during Manoeuvres involving more than 1 G (accelerated stalls,
includingsecondarystalls&recoveries)
RecoveriesfromIncipientStallsinthelandingandotherconfigurations&conditions
RecoveriesattheIncipientStageduringchangeofConfiguration
InstructorInducedDistractionsduringStalling

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*ConsiderationofmanoeuvrelimitationsandtheneedtorefertotheAeroplaneManualand
Weight(mass)&Balancecalculations.Thesefactorsaretobecoveredinthenextexercise
Spinning.
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE11A
SPINRECOVERYattheINCIPIENTSTAGE
Objectives:
Causes,Stages,AutorotationandCharacteristicsoftheSpin
RecognitionandRecoveryattheIncipientStageenteredfromvariousflightattitudes
AeroplaneLimitations
Airmanship
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE11A
SPINRECOVERYattheINCIPIENTSTAGE
AeroplaneLimitations
Airmanship
SafetyChecks
RecognitionattheIncipientStageofaSpin
Recoveries from Incipient Spins entered from various attitudes with the Aeroplane in the Clean
Configurationincludinginstructorinduceddistractions.
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE11B
SPINRECOVERYattheDEVELOPEDSTAGE
Objectives:
TheSpinEntry
Recognition&IdentificationofSpinDirection
TheSpinRecovery
UseofControls
EffectsofPower/Flaps(flaprestrictionapplicabletotype)
EffectoftheCofGuponSpinningcharacteristics
SpinningfromVariousFlightAttitudes
AeroplaneLimitations
AirmanshipSafetyChecks
CommonErrorsduringRecovery
AIREXERCISE11B
SPINRECOVERYattheDEVELOPEDSTAGE
AeroplaneLimitations
Airmanship
SafetyChecks
TheSpinEntry
Recognition&IdentificationoftheSpinDirection
TheSpinRecovery(referencetoFlightManual)
UseofControls
EffectsofPower/Flaps(restrictionsapplicabletoaeroplanetype)
Spinning&RecoveryfromvariousFlightAttitudes
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE12
TAKEOFFANDCLIMBTODOWNWINDPOSITION
Objectives:
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HandlingFactorsaffectingthelengthofTakeoffRunandInitialClimb
TheCorrectLiftOffSpeed,useofElevators(SafeguardingtheNoseWheel),RudderandPower
EffectofWind(includingCrosswindComponent)
EffectofFlaps(includingtheDecisiontoUseandtheAmountPermitted)
EffectofGroundSurfaceandGradientupontheTakeoffRun
EffectofMass,AltitudeandTemperatureonTakeoffandclimbPerformance
PreTakeOffChecks
AirTrafficControlProcedure(beforeTakeOff)
Drills,duringandafterTakeoff
Noiseabatementprocedures
TailWheelConsiderations(asapplicable)
Short/SoftFieldTakeOffConsiderations/Procedures
EMERGENCIES:
AbortedTakeOff
EngineFailureafterTakeOff
AirmanshipandAirTrafficControlProcedures
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE12
TAKEOFFANDCLIMBTODOWNWINDPOSITION
PreTakeOffChecks
IntoWindTakeOff
SafeguardingtheNoseWheel
CrosswindTakeOff
DrillsDuringandAfterTakeOff
ShortTakeOffandSoftFieldProcedure/Techniques(includingPerformanceCalculations)
Noiseabatementprocedures
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE13
THECIRCUITAPPROACHANDLANDING
Objectives:
TheDownwindLeg,BaseLeg,ApproachPositionandDrills
FactorsAffectingtheFinalApproachandtheLandingRun
EffectofMass
EffectsofAltitudeandTemperature
EffectofWind
EffectofFlap
TheLanding
EffectofGroundSurfaceandGradientupontheLandingRun
TypesofApproachandLanding:
Powered
Crosswind
Flapless(atanappropriatestageofthecourse)
Glide
ShortField
SoftField
TailWheelAeroplaneConsiderations(asapplicable)
MissedApproach
EngineHandling
WakeTurbulenceAwareness
WindshearAwareness
AirmanshipandAirTrafficControlProcedures
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Mislanding/Goaround
Specialemphasisonlookout
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE13
THECIRCUITAPPROACHANDLANDING
CircuitProceduresDownwind,BaseLeg
PoweredApproachandLanding
SafeguardingtheNosewheel
EffectofWindonApproachandTouchdownSpeedsanduseofFlaps
CrosswindApproachandLanding
GlideApproachandLanding
FlaplessApproachandLanding(shortandsoftfield)
Shortfieldandsoftfieldprocedures
WheelLanding(TailWheelAircraft)
MissedApproach/Goaround
Mislanding/Goaround
Noiseabatementprocedures
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE14
FIRSTSOLOANDCONSOLIDATION
Asummaryofpointstobecoveredbeforesendingthestudentonfirstsolo.
NOTE:During the flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation period the following
shouldbecovered:
ProceduresforLeavingandRejoiningtheCircuit
TheLocalArea(Restrictions,ControlledAirspace,etc.)
CompassTurns
QDMMeaningandUse
Airmanship
CommonErrors
AIREXERCISE14
FIRSTSOLOANDCONSOLIDATION
Duringtheflightsimmediatelyfollowingthesolocircuitconsolidationperiodthefollowingshouldbe
covered:
ProceduresforLeavingandRejoiningtheCircuit
TheLocalArea(Restrictions,ControlledAirspace,etc.)
CompassTurns
ObtainingQDMs
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE15
ADVANCEDTURNING
Objectives:
TheForces
UseofPower
EffectofLoadFactor:
StructuralConsiderations
IncreasedStallingSpeed
PhysiologicalEffects

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RateandRadiusofTurn
Steep,Level,DescendingandClimbingTurns
StallingintheTurn
*SpinningfromtheTurnRecoveryattheIncipientStage
*TheSpiralDive
UnusualAttitudesandRecoveries
Airmanship
CommonErrors
* Considerations are to be given to manoeuvre limitations and reference to The
Owners/FlightManual/PilotsOperatingHandbookinrelationtoMassandBalance,andany
otherrestrictionsforPracticeEntriestotheSpin.
AIREXERCISE15
ADVANCEDTURNING
Level,DescendingandClimbingSteepTurns
StallingintheTurn
TheSpiralDive
SpinningfromtheTurn
RecoveryfromUnusualAttitudes
MaximumRateTurns
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE16
FORCEDLANDINGWITHOUTPOWER
Objectives:
Selectionofforcedlandingareas
Provisionforchangeofplan
Glidingdistanceconsideration
Planningthedescent
Keypositions
Enginefailurechecks
UseofradioR/TDistressProcedure
Thebaseleg
Thefinalapproach
Goaround
Thelandingconsiderations
ActionsafterlandingAeroplanesecurity
Causesofenginefailure
Airmanship
Commonerrors
AIREXERCISE16
FORCEDLANDINGWITHOUTPOWER
ForcedLandingProcedures
SelectionofLandingArea:
ProvisionforChangeofPlan
GlidingDistanceConsiderations
Planningthedescent:
KeyPositions
EngineFailureChecks
Enginecoolingprecautions
UseofRadio
TheBaseLeg
TheFinalApproach
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TheLanding
)
ActionsafterLanding: )
AeroplaneSecurity
)
Airmanship

3Jun2008

WhentheExerciseis
conductedatan
Aerodrome

LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE17
PRECAUTIONARYLANDING
Objectives:
Occasionswhennecessary(InFlightConditions):
LandingareaSelectionandCommunication(R/TProcedure)
OverheadInspection
SimulatedApproach
ClimbAway
LandingataNormalAerodrome
LandingataDisusedAerodrome
LandingonanOrdinaryField
CircuitandApproach
ActionsAfterLanding:
AeroplaneSecurity
Airmanship
Commonerrors
AIREXERCISE17
PRECAUTIONARYLANDING
Occasionswhennecessary(InFlightConditions):
Landingareaselection
OverheadInspection
SimulatedApproach
ClimbAway
LandingataNormalAerodrome
LandingataDisusedAerodrome
LandingonanOrdinaryField
CircuitandApproach
ActionsAfterLanding:
AeroplaneSecurity
Airmanship

LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE18A
PILOTNAVIGATION
FlightPlanning
Objectives:
WeatherForecastandActual(s)
MapSelectionandPreparation:
ChoiceofRoute:
Regulated/ControlledAirspace
Danger,ProhibitedandRestrictedAreas
SafetyAltitude
Calculations:

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MagneticHeading(s)andTime(s)enroute
FuelConsumption
MassandBalance
MassandPerformance
FlightInformation:
NOTAMsetc.
NotingofRequiredRadioFrequencies
SelectionofAlternateaerodrome(s)
AircraftDocumentation
NotificationoftheFlight:
BookingOutProcedure
FlightPlans
AerodromeDeparture
OrganisationofCockpitWorkload
DepartureProcedures:
AltimeterSettings
SettingHeadingProcedures
NotingofETA(s)
EnRoute:
Mapreadingidentificationofgroundfeatures
MaintenanceofAltitudesandHeadings
RevisionstoETAandHeading,windeffect,driftangleandgroundspeedchecks.
LogKeeping
UseofRadio(includingVDFifapplicable)
MinimumWeatherConditionsforContinuanceofFlight
InFlightDecisions,diversionprocedures
OperationsinRegulated/ControlledAirspace
ProceduresforEntry,TransitandDeparture
NavigationatMinimumLevel
UncertaintyofPositionProcedure) IncludingR/T
LostProcedure
) Procedure
UseofRadioNavaids
ArrivalProcedures
AerodromeCircuitJoiningProcedures:
AltimeterSetting,ATCLiaison,R/TProcedure,etc.
EnteringtheTrafficPattern(controlled/uncontrolledaerodromes)
CircuitProcedures
ParkingProcedures
SecurityofAeroplaneRefuellingandBookingIn
AIREXERCISE18A
PILOTNAVIGATION
FlightPlanning:
WeatherForecastandActual(s)
MapSelectionandPreparation:
ChoiceofRoute
Regulated/ControlledAirspace
Danger,ProhibitedandRestrictedAreas
SafetyAltitude
Calculations:
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MagneticHeading(s)andTime(s)EnRoute
FuelConsumption
MassandBalance
MassandPerformance
FlightInformation:
NOTAMsetc.
NotingofRequiredRadioFrequencies
SelectionofAlternateAerodromes
AeroplaneDocumentation
NotificationoftheFlight:
Flightclearanceprocedures(asapplicable)
FlightPlans
AERODROMEDEPARTURE
OrganisationofCockpitWorkload
DepartureProcedures:
AltimeterSettings
Enroute:
NotingofETA(s)
Windeffect,driftangle,groundspeedchecks
MaintenanceofAltitudesandHeadings
RevisionstoETAandHeading
LogKeeping
UseofRadio(includingVDFifapplicable)
MinimumWeatherConditionsforContinuanceofFlight
InFlightDecisions
DiversionProcedure
OperationsinRegulated/ControlledAirspace
ProceduresforEntry,TransitandDeparture
UncertaintyofPositionProcedure
LostProcedure
UseofRadioNavaids
ArrivalProcedures:
AerodromeJoiningProcedures:
AltimeterSetting,ATCLiaison,etc.
EnteringtheTrafficPattern
CircuitProcedures
ParkingProcedures
SecurityofAircraft
Refuelling
BookingIn
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE18B
NAVIGATIONATLOWERLEVELS/REDUCEDVISIBILITY
Objectives:
GeneralConsiderations:
PlanningRequirementsPriortoFlightinEntry/ExitLanes
ATCRules,PilotQualificationsandAircraftEquipment
Entry/ExitLanesandAreaswhereSpecificLocalRulesApply
LowLevelFamiliarisation:
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ActionsPriortoDescending
VisualImpressionsandHeightKeepingatLowAltitude
EffectsofSpeedandInertiaDuringTurns
EffectsofWindandTurbulence
LowLevelOperation:
WeatherConsiderations
LowCloudandGoodVisibility
LowCloudandPoorVisibility
AvoidanceofModeratetoHeavyRainShowers
EffectsofPrecipitation
JoiningaCircuit
BadWeatherCircuit,ApproachandLanding
Airmanship
AIREXERCISE18B
NAVIGATIONATLOWERLEVELS
LowLevelFamiliarisation:
Entry/ExitLanesandAreasWhereSpecificLocalRulesApply
ActionsPriortoDescending
VisualImpressionsandHeightKeepingatLowAltitude
EffectsofSpeedandInertiaDuringTurns
EffectsofWindandTurbulence
Hazardsofoperatingatlowlevels
LowLevelOperation:
WeatherConsiderations
LowCloudandGoodVisibility
LowCloudandPoorVisibility
AvoidanceofModeratetoHeavyRainShowers
EffectsofPrecipitation(forwardvisibility)
JoiningaCircuit
BadWeatherCircuit,ApproachandLanding
Airmanship
LONGBRIEFINGS18C
USEOFRADIONAVIGATIONAIDSUNDERVFR
Objectives:
a.

useofVHFomnirange

availabilityofVORstations,AIP

signalreceptionrange

selectionandidentification

radialsandmethodofnumbering

useofomnibearingselector(OBS)

ToFromindicationandstationpassage

selection,interceptionandmaintainingaradial

useoftwostationstodetermineposition

b.

useofautomaticdirectionfindingequipment(ADF)

availabilityofNDBstations,AIP

signalreceptionrange

selectionandidentification
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orientationinrelationtoNDB
homingtoanNDB

c.

useofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)

availability,AIP

R/Tprocedures

obtainingQDMsandQTEs

d.

useofradarfacilities

availabilityandprovisionofservice,AIS

typesofservice

R/Tproceduresanduseoftransponder

modeselection

emergencycodes

e.

UseofDistanceMeasuringEquipment(DME)

availability,AIP

operatingmodes

slantrange

f.

UseofAeroNavigationsystems,satellitenavigationsystems(RNAVSATNAV)

availability

operatingmodes

limitations

AIREXERCISE18C
RADIONAVIGATION
a.

UseofVHFOmniRange

availability,AIP,frequencies

selectionandidentification

omnibearingselector(OBS)

to/fromindications,orientation

coursedeviationindicator(CDI)

determinationofradial

interceptingandmaintainingaradial

VORpassage

obtainingafixfromtwoVORs

b.

Useofautomaticdirectionfindingequipment(ADF)
nondirectionalbeacons(NDBs)

availability,AIP,frequencies

selectionandidentification

orientationrelativetothebeacon

homing

c.

UseofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)

availability,AIP,frequencies

R/TproceduresandATCliaison

obtainingaQDMandhoming

d.

Useofenroute/terminalradar

availability,AIP

proceduresandATCliaison

pilotsresponsibilities

secondarysurveillanceradar

transponders
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codeselection
interrogationandreply

e.

Useofdistancemeasuringequipment(DME)

stationselectionandidentification

modesofoperation

f.

UseofAeroNavigationsystems,satellitenavigationsystems(RNAVSATNAV)

settingup

operation

interpretation

LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE19
INTRODUCTIONTOINSTRUMENTFLYING
Objectives:
FlightInstruments
PhysiologicalConsiderations
InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchIndications
BankIndications
DifferentDialPresentations
IntroductiontotheUseoftheAttitudeIndicator
PitchAttitude
BankAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedflight
InstrumentLimitations(inc.SystemFailures)
ATTITUDE,POWER&PERFORMANCE
AttitudeInstrumentFlight:
ControlInstruments
PerformanceInstruments
EffectofChangingPowerandconfiguration
CrossCheckingtheInstrumentIndications
InstrumentInterpretation
DirectandIndirectIndications(PerformanceInstruments)
InstrumentLag
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatVariousAirspeedsandAeroplaneConfigurations
Climbing
Descending
StandardRateTurns
Level
Climbing
Descending

)
)
)

OntoPreSelectedHeadings

AIREXERCISE19
INTRODUCTIONTOINSTRUMENTFLYING
PhysiologicalSensations
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InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchAttitude
BankAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedFlight
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
EffectofChangingPowerandconfiguration
CrossCheckingtheInstruments
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatvariousAirspeedsandAeroplaneConfigurations
Climbing
Descending
StandardRateTurns
Level
)
Climbing
)
OntoPreSelectedHeadings
Descending
)
LONGBRIEFINGEXERCISE20
BASICNIGHTFLYING
Asummaryofpointstobecoveredbeforesendingthestudentonafirstsoloatnight
Startupprocedures
LocalproceduresincludingATCliaison
Taxiing
Parkingareaandtaxiwaylighting
Judgementofspeedanddistances
Useoftaxiwaylights
Avoidanceofhazardsobstructionlighting
Instrumentchecks
Holdingpointlightingprocedure
Initialfamiliarisationatnight
Localareaorientation
Significanceoflightsonotheraircraft
Groundobstructionlights
Divisionofpilotingeffortexternal/instrumentreference
Rejoiningprocedure
AerodromelightingApproachandrunwaylighting(includingVASIandPAPI)
Thresholdlights
Approachlighting
Visualapproachslopeindicatorsystems
NIGHTCIRCUITS
Takeoffandclimb
Lineup
Visualreferencesduringthetakeoffrun
Transfertoinstruments
Establishingtheinitialclimb
Useofflightinstruments
Instrumentclimbandinitialturn
Thecircuit
Aeroplanepositioningreferencetorunwaylighting
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Thetrafficpatternandlookout
Initialapproachandrunwaylightingdemonstration
Aeroplanepositioning
ChangingaspectofrunwaylightsandVASI(orPAPI)
Interceptingthecorrectapproachpath
Theclimbaway
Approachandlanding
Positioning,baselegandfinalapproach
Diurnalwindeffect
Useoflandinglights
Theflareandtouchdown
Therollout
Turningofftherunwaycontrolofspeed
Missedapproach
Useofinstruments
Repositioninginthecircuitpattern
NIGHTNAVIGATION
Particularemphasisonflightplanning
Selectionofgroundfeaturesvisibleatnight
Airlightbeacons
Effectofcockpitlightingonmapcolours
Useofradioaids
Effectofmoonlightuponvisibilityatnight
Emphasisonmaintainingaminimumsafealtitude
Alternateaerodromesrestrictedavailability
Restrictedrecognitionofweatherdeterioration
Lostprocedures
NIGHTEMERGENCIES
Radiofailure
Failureofrunwaylighting
Failureofaeroplanelandinglights
Failureofaeroplaneinternallighting
Failureofaeroplanenavigationlights
Totalelectricalfailure
Abandonedtakeoff
Enginefailure
Obstructedrunwayprocedure

B.

HELICOPTERS
PART2

AIREXERCISES
1
TheairexercisesaresimilartothoseusedforthetrainingofPPL(H)butwithadditionalitems
designedtocovertheneedsofaflightinstructor.
2

The numbering of exercises should be used primarily as an exercise reference list and as a
broad instructional sequencing guide: therefore the demonstrations and practices need not
necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and content will depend upon the
followinginterrelatedfactors:

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Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment
Applicabilityoftheexercisestothehelicoptertype
3

It follows that student instructors will eventually be faced with similar interrelated factors.
Theyshould be shown and taught how to construct flight lessonplans, taking these factors
into account, so as to make the best use of each flight lesson, combining parts of the set
exercisesasnecessary.

GENERAL
4
The briefing normally includes a statement of the objectives and a brief reference to
principlesofflightonlyifrelevant.Anexplanationistobegivenofexactlywhatairexercises
are to be taught by the instructor and practised by the student during the flight. It should
includehowtheflightwillbeconductedwithregardtowhoistoflythehelicopterandwhat
airmanship, weather and flight safety aspects currently apply. The nature of the lesson will
governtheorderinwhichtheconstituentpartsaretobetaught.
5

Thefourbasiccomponentsofthebriefingwillbe:
1
2
3
4

Theaim
PrinciplesofFlight(briefestreferenceonly)
TheAirExercise(s)(what,andhowandbywhom)
Airmanship

PLANNINGOFFLIGHTLESSONS
6
The preparation of lesson plans is an essential prerequisite of good instruction and the
studentinstructoristobegivensupervisedpracticeintheplanningandpracticalapplication
offlightlessonplans.
GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
7

The student instructor should complete flight training in order to practise the principles of
basicinstructionatthePPL(H)level.

During this training, except when acting as a student pilot for mutual flights, the student
instructoroccupiestheseatnormallyoccupiedbytheFlightInstructor.

Itistobenotedthatairmanshipisavitalingredientofallflightoperations.Therefore,inthe
following air exercises the relevant aspects of airmanship are to be stressed at the
appropriatetimesduringeachflight.

10

IftheprivilegesoftheFI(H)certificatearetoincludeinstructionfornightflying,exercise28
shouldbeundertakeneitherasapartofthecourseorsubsequenttocertificateissue.

FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUSCONTENTS

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

Familiarisationwiththehelicopter

Preparationbeforeandactionafterflight

Airexperience

Effectsofcontrols

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Powerandattitudechanges

Levelflight,climbinganddescendingandturning

Autorotations

Hoveringandhovertaxying

Takeoffandlanding

10

Transitionsfromhovertoclimbandapproachtohover

11

Circuitsandemergencies

12

Firstsolo

13

Sidewaysandbackwardshovermanoeuvring

14

Spotturns

15

Hoveroutofgroundeffect(OGE)andVortexring

16

Simulatedengineofflandings

17

Advancedautorotations

18

Practiceforcedlandings

19

Steepturns

20

Transitions

21

Quickstops

22

Navigation

23

Advancedtakeoffs,landingsandtransitions

24

Slopingground

25

Limitedpower

26

Confinedareas

27

Basicinstrumentflying

28

Nightflying(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)

3Jun2008

NOTE:Airmanshipshouldbeincludedasrequiredineachexercise.

EXERCISE1FAMILIARISATIONWITHTHEHELICOPTER
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
tofamiliarise thestudentwiththehelicopter
toexplainthe characteristicsofthehelicopter
thecockpitlayout
thehelicopterandenginesystems
theuseofthechecklist(s)andprocedures
tofamiliarisethestudentwiththehelicoptercontrols
toexplainthedifferenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsseat
EMERGENCYDRILLS
toexplaintheactionintheeventofafireonthegroundorintheair:
enginefire
cockpit/cabinfire
electricalfire
systemfailuredrillsasapplicabletotype
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escapeexits
todemonstrateescapedrillsincludinguseofEmergencyequipment
EXERCISE2PREPARATIONFORANDACTIONAFTERFLIGHT
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
flight authorisation and helicopter acceptance including tech log (if applicable) and
certificateofmaintenance
equipmentrequiredforflight(maps,etc.)
externalchecks
internalchecks
harness,seatandrudderpedaladjustment,(studentcomfort)
todemonstratestartingandafterstartingchecks
system/power/serviceabilitychecks(asapplicable)
closingdown/shuttingdownthehelicopter(includingsystemchecks)
toexplain
parking,leavingthehelicopter(includingsafety/securityasapplicable)
completionoftheauthorisationsheetandhelicopterserviceabilitydocuments
EXERCISE3AIREXPERIENCE
Note:thereisnorequirementforalongbriefingforthisexercise
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
togivethestudentairexperience
tofamiliarise thestudentwiththecockpitlayout,ergonomics,controls
todemonstratecockpitprocedures
stabilityandcontrol
EXERCISE4EFFECTSOFCONTROLS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
thefunctionoftheflyingcontrols(primaryandsecondaryeffect)
theeffectofairspeed
theeffectofpowerchanges(torque)
theeffectofyaw(sideslip)
theeffectofdiscloading(bankandflare)
theeffectoncontrolsofselectinghydraulicson/off
theeffectofcontrolfriction
theinstruments
theuseofcarburettorheat/antiicingcontrol
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratethefunctionoftheflyingcontrols
theeffectsofairspeed
theeffectofpowerchanges(torque)
theeffectofyaw(sideslip)
theeffectofdiscloading(bankandflare)
theeffectoncontrolsofselectinghydraulicson/off
theeffectofcontrolfriction
theinstruments(includinginstrumentscan)
theuseofcarburettorheat/antiicingcontrol
EXERCISE5POWERANDATTITUDECHANGES

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LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
the relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude and
airspeedflapback
thepowerrequireddiagraminrelationtoairspeed
powerandairspeedchangesinlevelflight
theuseoftheinstrumentsforprecision
theengineandairspeedlimitations
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
to demonstrate the relationshipbetween cycliccontrolposition,discattitude, fuselageattitude and
airspeedflapback
powerandairspeedchangesinlevelflight
theuseofinstrumentsforprecision(includinginstrumentscanandlookout)
EXERCISE6LEVELFLIGHT,CLIMBING,DESCENDINGANDTURNING
NOTE: ForeaseoftrainingthisexerciseisdividedintofourseparatepartsinthePPL(H)syllabusbut
maybetaughtcompleteorinconvenientparts
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
thebasicfactorsinvolvedinlevelflight
thenormalpowersettings
theuseofcontrolfrictionand/ortrim
theimportanceofmaintainingdirectionandbalance
thepowerrequired/poweravailablediagram
theoptimumclimbanddescentspeeds/angles/rates
theimportanceofbalance,attitudeandcoordinationintheturn
theeffectsofturningonrateofclimb/descent
theuseofthegyrodirection/headingindicatorandcompass
theuseofinstrumentsforprecision

AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratemaintainingstraightandlevelflightatnormalcruisepower
controlinpitch,includinguseofcontrolfrictionand/ortrim
theuseoftheball/yawstringtomaintaindirectionandbalance
settinganduseofpowerforselectedairspeeds/speedchanges
entrytoclimb
normalandmaximumrateofclimb
levellingofffromclimbatselectedaltitudes/heights
entrytodescent
effectofpowerandairspeedonrateofdescent
levellingofffromdescentatselectedaltitudes/heights
entrytomediumrateturns
importanceofbalance,attitudeandcoordinationtomaintainlevelturn
resumingstraightandlevelflight
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofdirectionindicatorandcompass
turnswhilstclimbinganddescending
effectofturnonrateofclimbordescent
theuseofinstrumentsforprecision(includinginstrumentscanandlookout)
EXERCISE7AUTOROTATION

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LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
thecharacteristicsofautorotation
safetychecks(includinglookoutandverbalwarning)
entryanddevelopmentofautorotation
theeffectofAUM,IAS,discloading,GforcesanddensityaltitudeonRRPMandrate
ofdescent
rotorandenginelimitations
controlofairspeedandRRPM
recoverytopoweredflight
throttleoverrideandcontrolofERPM/RRPMduringreengagement(asapplicable)
dangerofvortexconditionduringrecovery
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratesafetychecks(includingverbalwarningandlookout)
entrytoandestablishinginautorotation
effectofIASanddiscloadingonRRPMandrateofdescent
controlofairspeedandRRPM
recoverytopoweredflight
mediumturnsinautorotation
asimulatedengineofflanding(asappropriate)
EXERCISE8HOVERINGANDHOVERTAXIING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
groundeffectandpowerrequired
effectofwind,attitudeandsurface
stabilityinhoverandeffectsofovercontrolling
effectsofcontrolsinhover
controlandcoordinationduringspotturns
requirementforslowhoverspeedtomaintaingroundeffect
effectofhydraulicfailureinhover
specifichazards,e.g.snow,dust,etc.
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrategroundeffectandpower/heightrelationship
effectofwind,attitudeandsurface
stabilityinhoverandeffectsofovercontrolling
effectsofcontrolsandhovertechnique
gentleforwardrunningtouchdown
controlandcoordinationduringspot(90degreeclearing)turns
controlandcoordinationduringhovertaxi
dangersofmishandlingandoverpitching
(whereapplicable)effectofhydraulicsfailureinhover
simulatedenginefailureinthehoverandhovertaxi
EXERCISE9TAKEOFFANDLANDING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
pretakeoffchecks/drills
importanceofgoodlookout
techniqueforliftingtohover
aftertakeoffchecks
dangerofhorizontalmovementnearground
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dangersofmishandlingandoverpitching
techniqueforlanding
afterlandingchecks
takeoffandlandingcrosswindanddownwind
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratepretakeoffchecks/drills
pretakeofflookouttechnique
liftingtohover
aftertakeoffchecks
landing
afterlandingchecks/drills
takeoffandlandingcrosswindanddownwind
EXERCISE10TRANSITIONSFROMHOVERTOCLIMBANDAPPROACHTOHOVER
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
torevise
groundeffect
toexplain
translationalliftanditseffects
inflowrollanditseffects
torevise
flapbackanditseffects
toexplain
avoidcurvediagramandassociateddangers
effect/dangersofwindspeed/directionduringtransitions
transitiontoclimbtechnique
constantangleapproach
transitiontohovertechnique
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
torevise
takeoffandlanding
todemonstratetransitionfromhovertoclimb
effectsoftranslationallift,inflowrollandflapback
constantangleapproach
techniquefortransitionfromdescenttohover
avariableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
EXERCISE11CIRCUIT,APPROACHANDLANDING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
circuitandassociatedprocedures
takeoffandclimb(includingchecks/speeds)
crosswindleg(includingchecks/speeds/anglesofbankinturns)
downwindleg(includingprelandingchecks)
baseleg(includingchecks/speeds/anglesofbankinturns)
finalapproach(includingchecks/speeds)
effectofwindonapproachandhoverIGE
crosswindapproachandlandingtechnique
missedapproachandgoaroundtechnique(asapplicable)
steepapproachtechnique(includingdangerofhighsinkrate)
limitedpowerapproachtechnique(includingdangerofhighspeedattouchdown)
useofthegroundeffect
abandonedtakeofftechnique
hydraulicfailuredrillsandhydraulicsofflandingtechnique(whereapplicable)
drills/techniquefortailrotorcontrol/tailrotordrivefailure
enginefailuredrillsinthecircuittoinclude
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enginefailure ontakeoff
crosswind
downwind
baseleg
onfinalapproach
noiseabatementprocedures(asapplicable)
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
torevise
transitionsandconstantangleapproach
todemonstrateabasictrainingcircuit,includingchecks
crosswindapproachandlandingtechnique
missedapproachandgoaroundtechnique(asapplicable)
steepapproachtechnique
basiclimitedpowerapproach/runontechnique
useofgroundeffect
hydraulicfailureandapproachtotouchdownwithhydraulicsoff
andtorecoveratsafeheight(asapplicable)
simulatedenginefailureontakeoff,crosswind,downwind,baselegandfinals
variableflaresimulatedengineofflanding
EXERCISE12FIRSTSOLO
INSTRUCTORSBRIEFTOSTUDENTTOINCLUDE:
warningof

changeofattitudeduetoreducedandlaterallydisplacedweight
lowtail,lowskid/wheelduringhover/landing
dangersoflossofRRPMandoverpitching
pretakeoffchecks
intowindtakeoff
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
normalcircuit,approachandlanding
actionintheeventofanemergency

EXERCISE13SIDEWAYSANDBACKWARDSHOVERMANOEUVRING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
torevise
hovering
toexplain
directionalstabilityandweathercockingeffect
dangerofpitchingnosedownonrecoveryfrombackwardsmanoeuvring
helicopterlimitationsforsidewaysandbackwardsmanoeuvring
effectofCofGposition
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
torevise
hoveringand90degreeclearingturns
todemonstratemanoeuvringsidewaysheadingintowind
manoeuvringbackwardsheadingintowind
manoeuvringsidewaysandbackwardsheadingoutofwind
manoeuvringbackwardstoofastandrecoveryaction
EXERCISE14SPOTTURNS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
torevise
groundeffectandeffectofwind
toexplain
weathercockingandcontrolactions
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controlofRRPM
torqueeffect
cycliclimitingstopsduetoCofGposition(whereapplicable)
rateofturnlimitations
spotturnaboutpilotposition
spotturnabouttailrotorposition
spotturnabouthelicoptergeometriccentre
square(safevisibility)clearingturn
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrateweathercocking,torqueeffectandcontrolactions
rateofturn
spotturnaboutpilotposition
spotturnabouttailrotorposition
spotturnabouthelicoptergeometriccentre
square,clearingturn
EXERCISE15HOVEROUTOFGROUNDEFFECTANDVORTEXRING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
torevise
groundeffectandpowerrequireddiagram
toexplain
drift/height/powercontrol/lookout/scan
vortexring,(includingdangers,recognitionandrecoveryactions)
lossoftailrotoreffectiveness
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratehoverOGE
drift/height/powercontrol/lookoutandinstrumentscantechnique
recognitionofincipientstageofvortexring/settlingwithpower
recoveryactionfromincipientstageofvortexring
recognitionoflossoftailrotoreffectivenessandrecoveryactions
EXERCISE16SIMULATEDENGINEOFFLANDINGS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
torevise
basicautorotation
effectofAUM,discloading,densityaltitudeandRRPMdecay
useofcyclicandcollectivetocontrolspeed/RRPM
torqueeffect
toexplain
useofflare/turntorestoreRRPM
techniqueforvariableflaresimulatedEOL
techniqueforconstantattitudesimulatedEOL
torevise
techniqueforhover/hovertaxisimulatedEOL
toexplain
emergencytechniqueforenginefailureduringtransition
techniqueforlowlevelsimulatedEOL
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
torevise
entrytoandcontrolinautorotation
todemonstratevariableflaresimulatedEOL
constantattitudesimulatedEOL
hoversimulatedEOL
hovertaxisimulatedEOL
lowlevelsimulatedEOL
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EXERCISE17ADVANCEDAUTOROTATIONS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
effectofairspeed/AUMonangles/ratesofdescent
effectofRRPMsettingonangle/rateofdescent
reasonandtechniqueforrangeautorotation
reasonandtechniqueforconstantattitudeautorotation
reasonandtechniqueforlowspeedandSturnsinautorotation
speed/banklimitationsinturnsinautorotation
torevise
reengagement/goaroundprocedures
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
toselect
ground marker and standard datum height to determine distance covered during
variousautorotationtechniques
torevise
basicautorotation
todemonstratetechniqueforrangeautorotation
techniqueforconstantattitudeautorotation
techniqueforlowspeedautorotation,includingneedfortimelyspeedrecovery
techniqueforSturninautorotation
180and360degreeturnsinautorotation
torevise
reengagementandgoaroundtechnique
EXERCISE18PRACTICEFORCEDLANDINGS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
typesofterrain/surfaceoptionsforchoiceofbestlandingarea
practiceforcedlandingprocedure
forcedlandingchecksandcrashactions
rules/heightforrecoveryandgoaround
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstraterecognitionoftypesofterrainfromnormalcruiseheight/altitude
practiceforcedlandingtechnique
torevise
recovery/goaroundtechnique
EXERCISE19STEEPTURNS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
airspeed/angleofbanklimitations
techniqueforcoordinationtoholdbank/attitude
torevise
speed/banklimitationsinautorotationincludingRRPMcontrol
toexplain
significanceofdiscloading,vibrationandcontrolfeedback
effectofwindinturnsatlowlevel
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratetechniqueforturningat30degreesofbank
techniqueforturningat45degreesofbank(wherepossible)
steepautorotativeturns
toexplain
faultsintheturnbalance,attitude,bankandcoordination
todemonstrateeffectofwindatlowlevel
EXERCISE20TRANSITIONS

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LONGBRIEFING
objectives
torevise
effectofgroundcushion,translationallift,flapback
toexplain
trainingrequirementforprecisionexercise
techniquefortransitiontoforwardflightandbacktohoverasprecisionexercise
effectofwind
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratetransitionfromhovertominimum50knotsIASandbacktohover
NOTE:selectconstantheight(2030feet)andmaintain
todemonstrateeffectofwind
EXERCISE21QUICKSTOPS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
powercontrolcoordination
torevise
effectofwind
toexplain
techniqueforquickstopintowind
techniqueforquickstopfromcrosswind
torevise
airspeed/anglesofbanklimitations
toexplain
techniqueforEmergencyturnfromdownwind
techniqueforquickstopfromdownwindfromhighspeedflareandturn
techniqueforquickstopfromdownwindfromlowspeedturnandflare
NOTE:usereasonabledatumspeede.g.highspeed,lowspeed
toexplain
torevise

dangerofholdingflarewhendownwind,(vortexring)(minimumspeed70knots)
dangerofhighdiscloading

AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratetechniqueforquickstopintowind
techniqueforquickstopfromcrosswind
dangerofvortexringanddiscloading
techniqueforquickstopfromdownwindwithlowspeed
techniqueforquickstopfromdownwindwithhighspeed
Emergencyturnsfromdownwind
EXERCISE22NAVIGATION
LONGBRIEFINGtobebrokendownintomanageablepartsatdiscretionofinstructor
Objectives
flightplanning
toexplain
useofweatherforecasts/actuals
mapselection,orientation,preparationanduse
routechoicewithparticularregardto:
controlledairspace,dangerandprohibitedareas
safetyaltitudes
calculationswithparticularregardto:
magneticheading(s),time(s)enroute
fuelconsumption
massandbalance
useofflightinformationwithparticularregardto:
NOTAMs
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radiofrequencies
selectionofalternatelandingsites
toreviseandexplainhelicopterdocumentation
toexplain
notificationoftheflight,toinclude
preflightadministrationprocedures
flightplanform(whereappropriate)
departure
toexplain

arrival
toexplain

importanceoforganisationofcockpitworkload
departureprocedurestoinclude
altimetersettings
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
settingheadingprocedure
notingofETAs
maintenanceofheight/altitudeandheading
procedureforrevisionsofETAandheadingstoinclude
10degreeline,doubletrack,trackerror,closingangle
1in60rule
amendinganETA
logkeeping
useofradio
useofnavaids
weathermonitoringandminimumweatherconditionsforcontinuationofflight
significanceofinflightdecisionmaking
techniquefortransitingcontrolled/regulatedairspace
uncertaintyofpositionprocedure
lostprocedure

aerodromejoiningprocedure,inparticular
ATCliaisonincontrolled/regulatedairspace
altimetersetting
enteringtrafficpattern
circuitprocedures
parkingprocedures,inparticular
securityofhelicopter
refuelling
closingofflightplan,(ifappropriate)
postflightadministrativeprocedures

navigationproblemsatlowheightsandreducedvisibility
toexplain
actionspriortodescending
significanceofhazards,(e.g.obstacles,othertraffic)
difficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwindandturbulence
significanceofavoidingnoisesensitiveareas
proceduresforjoiningacircuitfromlowlevel
proceduresforabadweathercircuitandlanding
radionavigation
toexplain
useofVHFOmniRange,including:
availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
omnibearingselector(OBS)
to/fromindications,orientation
coursedeviationindicator(CDI)
determinationofradial
interceptingandmaintainingaradial
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VORpassage
obtainingafixfromtwoVORs
useofautomaticdirectionfindingequipment(ADF)/nondirectional
beacons(NDBs),including:
availability,AIP,frequencies
selectionandidentification
orientationrelativetobeacon
homing
useofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
availability,AIP,frequencies
R/TproceduresandATCliaison
obtainingaQDMandhoming
useofenroute/terminalradar,including:
availability,AIP
proceduresandATCliaison
pilotsresponsibilities
secondarysurveillanceradar,including:
transponders
codeselection
interrogationandreply
useofdistancemeasuringequipment(DME),including:
stationselectionandidentification
modesofoperation,including:
distance,groundspeed,timetorun
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratenavigationproceduresasnecessary
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
todemonstratemapreadingtechniques
thesignificanceofcalculations
revisionofheadingsandETAs
useofradio
useofnavaids,includingADF/NDB,VOR,VHF/DF,DME,Transponder
logkeeping
importanceofdecisionmaking
proceduretodealwithuncertaintyofposition
lostprocedure
aerodromejoiningprocedure
parkingandshutdownprocedures
postflightadministrationprocedures
EXERCISE23ADVANCEDTAKEOFF,LANDINGS,TRANSITIONS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
torevise
landingandtakeoffoutofwind(performancereduction)
windlimitations
directionalstabilityvariationwhenoutofwind
powerrequireddiagram
toexplain
techniquefordownwindtransitions
techniqueforverticaltakeoffoverobstacles
reconnaissancetechniqueforlandingsite
powerchecks
techniqueforrunninglanding
techniqueforzerospeedlanding
techniqueforcrosswindanddownwindlandings

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torevise

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steepapproach,includingdangers
goaroundprocedures

AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratetechniquefordownwindtransition
techniqueforverticaltakeoffoverobstacles
reconnaissancetechniqueforlandingsite
powercheckandassessment
techniqueforrunninglanding
techniqueforzerospeedlanding
techniqueforcrosswindanddownwindlandings
techniqueforsteepapproach
goaroundprocedures
EXERCISE24SLOPINGGROUND
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
limitations
windandsloperelationship,includingbladeandcontrolstops
theeffectofCofGwhenonslope
groundeffectandpowerrequiredwhenonslope
landingtechniquewhenonslope,left,rightandnoseup
avoidanceofdynamicrollover,dangersofsoftgroundandsidewaysmovement
dangersofovercontrollingneargroundonslope
dangerofstrikingmain/tailrotoronupslope
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratetechniqueforassessingslopeangle
techniqueforlanding/takeoffleftskidupslope
techniqueforlanding/takeoffrightskidupslope
techniqueforlandingnoseupslope
dangersofovercontrollingnearground
EXERCISE25LIMITEDPOWER
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
useofappropriatehelicopterperformancegraphs
selectionoftechniqueaccordingtoavailablepower
effectofwindonavailablepower
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
toreviseandrefinetechniquesdemonstratedinExercise23
EXERCISE26CONFINEDAREAS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
torevise
useofhelicopterperformancegraphs
toexplain
procedureforlocatinglandingsiteandselectingsitemarker
proceduresforassessingwindspeed/direction
landingsitereconnaissancetechniques
reasonforselectinglandingmarkers
procedureforselectingdirectionandtypeofapproach
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torevise
toexplain

3Jun2008

dangersofoutofwindapproach
circuitprocedures
reasonforapproachtocommittalpointandgoaround,(practiceapproach)
approachtechnique
clearingturnandlanding,(slopinggroundtechnique)
hoverpowercheck/performanceassessmentIGEandOGE,(ifnecessary)
takeoffprocedures

AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrateprocedureforlocatinglandingsiteandselectingsitemarker
procedureforassessingwindspeed/direction
landingsitereconnaissancetechniques
selectinglandingmarkers,directionandtypeofapproach
circuitprocedure
practiceapproach,goaroundandapproachtechnique
torevise
clearingturnandlanding,(slopinggroundtechnique)
todemonstratehoverpowercheck/performanceassessmentIGEandOGE,(ifnecessary)
takeoffprocedures
EXERCISE27BASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHT
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
physiologicalsensations
instrumentappreciation
attitudeinstrumentflight
instrumentscan
instrumentlimitations
basicmanoeuvresbysolereferencetoinstruments,including:
straightandlevelflightatvariousairspeedsandconfigurations
climbinganddescending
standardrateturns,climbinganddescending,ontoselectedheadings
recoveriesfromclimbinganddescendingturns(unusualattitudes)
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrateattitudeinstrumentflightandinstrumentscan
basicmanoeuvresbysolereferencetoinstruments,including:
straightandlevelflightatvariousairspeedsandconfigurations
climbinganddescending
standardrateturns,climbinganddescending,ontoselectedheadings
recoveriesfromclimbinganddescendingturns(unusualattitudes)
EXERCISE28NIGHTFLYING(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
medical/physiologicalaspectsofnightvision
requirementfortorchtobecarried,(preflightinspection,etc.)
useofthelandinglight
takeoffandhovertaxiproceduresatnight
nighttakeoffprocedure
cockpitproceduresatnight
approachtechniques
nightlandingtechniques
nightautorotationtechniques(powerrecoveryatsafeheight)

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techniqueforpracticeforcedlandingatnight(usingappropriateillumination)
Emergencyproceduresatnight
navigationprinciplesatnight
mapmarkingfornightuse,(highlightingbuiltup/litareaswiththickerlines,etc.)
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrateuseoftorchforpreflightinspection
useoflandinglight
nighttakeofftohover,(nosidewaysorbackwardsmovement)
nighthovertaxi,(higherandslowerthanbyday)
nighttransitionprocedure
nightcircuit
nightapproachandlanding,(includinguseoflandinglight)
nightautorotation(powerrecoveryatsafeheight)
practiceforcedlandingatnight,(usingappropriateillumination)
nightEmergencyprocedures
nightcrosscountrytechniques,asappropriate
C.

Airships
Part2

AIREXERCISES
1

The air exercises are similar to those used for the training of PPL(As) but with additional
itemsdesignedtocovertheneedsofaflightinstructor.

Thenumberingofexercisesshouldbeusedprimarilyasanexercisereferencelistandasa
broad instructional sequencing guide: therefore the demonstrations and practices need not
necessarily begiven in the order listed. The actual order andcontent will depend upon the
followinginterrelatedfactors:
Theapplicantsprogressandability
Theweatherconditionsaffectingtheflight
Theflighttimeavailable
Instructionaltechniqueconsiderations
Thelocaloperatingenvironment

It follows that student instructors will eventually be faced with similar interrelated factors.
Theyshouldbeshownandtaughthowtoconstructflightlessonplans,takingthesefactors
into account, so as to make the best use of each flight lesson, combining parts of the set
exercisesasnecessary.

GENERAL
4

The briefing normally includes a statement of the aim and a brief allusion to principles of
flight only if relevant. Anexplanation is tobe given of exactly whatair exercisesare to be
taughtbytheinstructorandpractisedbythestudentduringtheflight.Itshouldincludehow
the flight will be conducted with regard to who is to fly the airship and what airmanship,
weather and flight safety aspects currently apply. The nature of the lesson will govern the
orderinwhichtheconstituentpartsaretobetaught.

Thefourbasiccomponentsofthebriefingwillbe:
1
2

Theaim
PrinciplesofFlight(briefestreferenceonly)

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3
4

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TheAirExercise(s)(what,andhowandbywhom)
Airmanship(weather,flightsafetyetc.)

PLANNINGOFFLIGHTLESSONS
6

The preparation of lesson plans is an essential prerequisite of good instruction and the
student instructor is to be given supervised practice in the planning and practical
applicationofflightlessonplans.

GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
7

The student instructor should complete flight training to practise the principles of basic
instructionatthePPL(As)level.

During this training, except when acting as a student pilot for mutual flights, the student
instructoroccupiestheseatnormallyoccupiedbytheFI(As).

It is to be noted that airmanship is a vital ingredient of all flight operations. Therefore, in

the following air exercises the relevant aspects of airmanship are to be stressed at the
appropriatetimesduringeachflight.

10

The exercises 15 and 16 of the flight instructionsyllabus should be undertaken at night in

additiontobydayaspartofthecourse.
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUSCONTENTS

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

Familiarisationwiththeairship

1E

Emergencydrills

Preparationbeforeandactionafterflight

Airexperience

Effectsofcontrols

Groundmanoeuvring

Takeoffprocedures

6E

Emergencies

Climbing

Straightandlevelflight

Descending

10

Turning

11

Hovering

12

Approachandlanding

12E

Emergencies

13

Precautionarylanding

14A

Navigation

14B

Navigationproblemsatlowerlevels/reducedvisibility

14C

Radionavigation

15

BasicInstrumentFlight
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Basicnightflight

NOTE:Althoughexercise16isnotrequiredforthePPL(As)courseitisarequirementfortheFI(As)
course.
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUSCONTENTS
LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
EXERCISE1FAMILIARISATIONWITHTHEAIRSHIP
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
tofamiliarise thestudentwiththeairship
toexplainthe characteristicsoftheairship
thecockpitlayout
theairshipandenginesystems
theuseofthechecklist(s)andprocedures
tofamiliarise thestudentwiththeairshipcontrols
toexplain
thedifferenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsseat
EMERGENCYDRILLS
toexplain
theactionintheeventofafireonthegroundorintheair:
enginefire
cockpit/cabinfire
electricalfire
systemfailuredrillsasapplicabletotype
escapeexits
todemonstrateescapedrillsincludinguseofEmergencyequipment
EXERCISE2PREPARATIONFORANDACTIONAFTERFLIGHT
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
flight authorisation and airship acceptance including tech log (if applicable) and
certificateofmaintenance
equipmentrequiredforflight(maps,etc.)
externalchecks
internalchecks
harness,seatandrudderpedaladjustment,(studentcomfort)
todemonstratestartingandafterstartingchecks
system/power/serviceabilitychecks(asapplicable)
closingdown/shuttingdowntheairship(includingsystemchecks)
toexplain
parking, masting / unmasting, leaving the airship (including safety/security as
applicable)
completionoftheauthorisationsheetandairshipserviceabilitydocuments
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE3AIREXPERIENCE
NOTE:thereisnorequirementforalongbriefingforthisexercise
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
togivethestudentairexperience
tofamiliarise thestudentwiththecockpitlayout,ergonomics,controls
todemonstratecockpitprocedures

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EXERCISE4EFFECTSOFCONTROLS
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
thefunctionoftheflyingcontrols(primaryandsecondaryeffect)
theeffectofairspeed
theeffectofpowerchanges
theeffectoftrimmingandothercontrols
theinstruments
theuseofcarburettorheat
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratethefunctionoftheflyingcontrols
theeffectsofairspeed
theeffectofpowerchanges
theeffectoftrimmingandothercontrols
theinstruments(includinginstrumentscan)
theuseofcarburettorheat
toadvise

studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE5GROUNDMANOUEVERING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
thepretaxichecks
starting,controlofspeedandstopping
enginehandling
mastingprocedures
controlofdirectionandturning
effectsofwind
effectsofgroundsurface
marshallingsignals
instrumentchecks
airtrafficcontrolprocedures
emergencies
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratestarting,controlofspeedandstopping
enginehandling
mastingprocedures
controlofdirectionandturning
effectsofwind
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE6TAKEOFFPROCEDURES
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain

pretakeoffchecks
takeoffwithdifferentstaticheaviness
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
noiseabatementprocedures

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AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratetakeoffwithdifferentstaticheaviness
drillsduringandaftertakeoff
toadvise

studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE6EEMERGENCIES
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
theabandonedtakeoff
enginefailuresandactionsaftertakeoff
malfunctionsofthrustvectorcontrol
aerodynamiccontrolfailures
electricalandsystemfailures
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratehowtoabandonatakeff
anenginefailureandsuitableaction
malfunctionsofthrustvectorcontrol
aerodynamiccontrolfailures
toadvise

studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE7CLIMBING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
theentryandhowtomaintainthenormalandmaxrateofclimb
thelevellingoffprocedure
howtoleveloffatselectedaltitudes
themaximumangleofclimb
themaximumrateofclimb

AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratehowtoleveloffatselectedaltitudes
themaximumangleofclimb
themaximumrateofclimb
toadvise

studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE8STRAIGHTANDLEVELFLIGHT
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
howtoattainandmaintainstraightandlevelflight
flightatorclosetopressureheight
thecontrolinpitch,includinguseoftrim
atselectedairspeeds(useofpower)
duringspeedchanges
theuseofinstrumentsforprecision
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
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todemonstratehowtoattainandmaintainstraightandlevelflight
aflightatorclosetopressureheight
thecontrolinpitch,includinguseoftrim
atselectedairspeeds(useofpower)
duringspeedchanges
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE9DESCENDING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
entry,maintainingandlevellingofftechniques
levellingoffatselectedaltitudes
maximumrateofdescent
maximumangleofdescent
theuseofinstrumentsforprecisionflight
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratelevellingoffatselectedaltitudes
maximumrateofdescent
maximumangleofdescent
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE10TURNING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
theentryandmaintaininglevelturns
resumingstraightflight
faultsintheturn
climbingturns
descendingturns
turnsontoselectedheadings,useofgyroheadingindicatorandcompass
useofinstrumentsforprecision
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratethefaultsintheturnandcorrectiontechniques
climbingturns
descendingturns
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE11HOVERING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
hoveringmanoeuvres(asapplicable)
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratehoveringmanoeuvres(asapplicable)
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE12APPROACHANDLANDING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
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toexplain

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theeffectofwindonapproachandtouchdownspeeds
landingwithdifferentstaticheaviness
missedapproach/goaroundprocedures
noiseabatementprocedures

AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratealandingwithdifferentstaticheaviness
missedapproach/goaroundprocedures
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE12EEMERGENCIES
Objectives
toexplain

theactionintheeventof:
anabortedapproach/goaround
amalfunctionofthrustvectorcontrol
envelopeemergencies
fireemergencies
aerodynamiccontrolfailures
electricalandsystemfailures

todemonstrateemergencydrillsandactions
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE13PRECAUTIONARYLANDING
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
occasionsnecessitatingaprecautionarylanding
inflightconditions
landingareaselection
circuitandapproach
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratehowtoperformthelandingareaselection
circuitandapproach
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE14A NAVIGATION
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
howtodotheflightplanning
thedepartureforanavigationflight
inflightnavigationaltechniques
thearrivalandaerodromejoiningprocedures
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstratethecompleteflightplanningofanavigationflight
thedepartureforanavigationflight
inflightnavigationaltechniques
thearrivalandaerodromejoiningprocedures
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

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EXERCISE14BNAVIGATIONPROBLEMSATLOWERLEVELSANDINREDUCEDVISIBILITY
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
actionspriortodescending
possiblehazards(e.g.obstacles,andterrain)andactions
studentdifficultiesofmapreading
effectsofwinds,turbulenceandprecipitation
verticalsituationalawareness
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrateactionspriortodescending
mapreadingtechniques
verticalsituationalawareness
avoidanceofnoisesensitiveareas
joiningthecircuit
badweathercircuitandlanding
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
EXERCISE14CRADIONAVIGATION
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
theuseofVHFOmniRange
theuseofautomaticdirectionfindingequipment(ADF)
theuseofnondirectionalbeacons(NDBs)
theuseofVHFdirectionfinding(VHF/DF)
theuseofenroute/terminalradar
theuseofdistancemeasuringequipment(DME)
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrate
toadvise

theuseofnavaids
proceduretodealwithuncertaintyofposition
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE15BASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHT
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
physiologicalsensations
instrumentappreciation
attitudeinstrumentflight
instrumentscan
instrumentlimitations
thebasicmanoeuvresbysolereferencetotheinstruments:
straightandlevel
climbinganddescending
turns,climbinganddescending,ontoselectedheadings
recoveriesfromclimbinganddescendingturns
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrateattitudeinstrumentflightandinstrumentscan
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thebasicmanoeuvres:
straightandlevel
climbinganddescending
turns,climbinganddescending,ontoselectedheadings
recoveriesfromclimbinganddescendingturns
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary

EXERCISE16NIGHTFLYING(ifnightinstructionalqualificationrequired)
LONGBRIEFING
Objectives
toexplain
medical/physiologicalaspectsofnightvision
requirementfortorchtobecarried,(preflightinspection,etc.)
useofthelandinglight
groundmanoeuvringproceduresatnight
nighttakeoffprocedure
cockpitproceduresatnight
approachtechniques
nightlandingtechniques
Emergencyproceduresatnight
navigationprinciplesatnight
AIREXERCISE
Objectives
todemonstrateuseoflandinglight
nightgroundmanoeuvring
nighttakeoff/circuit/approachandlanding(includinguseoflandinglight)
toadvise
studentandcorrecterrorsasnecessary
D.

Sailplanes
FortheFIcertificate(sailplanes)trainingcoursetheAMCtoFCL.930LAFImaybeused.

E.

Balloons
FortheFIcertificate(balloons)trainingcoursetheAMCtoFCL.930LAFImaybeused.

AMCtoFCL.940.FI(a)(2)
FlightInstructor(FI)/InstrumentRatingInstructor(IRI)refresherseminar
1

FI/IRI refresher seminars made available in member States should have due regard to
geographicallocation,numbersattending,andperiodicitythroughouttheStateconcerned.

Such seminars should run for at least two days, and attendance from participants will be
requiredforthewholedurationoftheseminarincludingbreakoutgroups/workshops.Different
aspects, such as inclusion of participants holding certificates in other categories of aircraft
shouldbeconsidered.

Some experienced FIs/IRIs currently involved with flying training and with a practical
understandingoftherevalidationrequirementsandcurrentinstructionaltechniquesshouldbe
includedasspeakersattheseseminars.

Theattendanceformwillbecompletedandsignedbytheorganiseroftheseminarasapproved
bytheAuthority,followingattendanceandsatisfactoryparticipationbytheFI/IRI.

ThecontentoftheFI/IRIrefresherseminarshouldbeselectedfromthefollowing:
a.

newand/orcurrentrules/regulations,withemphasisonknowledgeofPartFCLandPart
OPSrequirements

b.

teachingandlearning

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c.

instructionaltechniques

d.

theroleoftheinstructor

e.

nationalregulations(asapplicable)

f.

humanfactors

g.

flightsafety,incidentandaccidentprevention

h.

airmanship

i.

legalaspectsandenforcementprocedures

j.

navigationalskillsincludingnew/currentradionavigationaids

k.

teachinginstrumentflyingand

l.

weatherrelatedtopicsincludingmethodsofdistribution.

m.

anyadditionaltopicselectedbytheAuthority.

Formal sessionsshouldallow forapresentation time of 45minutes, with 15minutes for questions.

The use of visual aids is recommended, with interactive video and other teaching aids (where
available)forbreakoutgroups/workshops.

GMtoFCL.940.FI(a)(2)andtoFCL.940.LAFI
FlightinstructorandLightAircraftFlightInstructorcertificateRevalidationandrenewal
form
A.

Aeroplanes
INSTRUCTIONALFLYINGEXPERIENCE

Instructorsapplying for revalidation of the FlightInstructorCertificate / LightAircraft Flight

Instructor Certificate should enter the instructional hours flown during the preceding 36
months.
SINGLEENGINE
DAY

MULTIENGINE
NIGHT

DAY

INSTRUMENT
NIGHT

Totalinstructionalhours(preceding36months):
Totalinstructionalhours(preceding12months):
FLIGHTINSTRUCTOR/LIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTORREFRESHERSEMINAR

This is to certify that the undersigned attended a Flight Instructor / Light

AircraftFlightInstructorSeminarapprovedbytheAuthority

Attendeespersonalparticulars:

Name:

Address:

Licencenumber:

Exp.dateofFI(A)/LAFI(A)certificate

Seminarparticulars:

Date/sofseminar:

Place:

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Declarationbytheresponsibleorganiser:

IcertifythattheabovedataarecorrectandthattheFlightInstructorSeminar/LightAircraft
FlightInstructorSeminarwascarriedoutasapprovedbytheAuthority..
Dateofapproval:

Nameoforganiser:
(blockletters)

Dateandplace:

Signature:

5 Declarationbytheattendee:
Iconfirmthedataunder1through3
Attendeessignature:
PROFICIENCYCHECK
.........................................(Nameofapplicant)hasgivenproofofflyinginstructional
abilityduringaproficiencycheckflight.Thiswasdonetomysatisfaction.
Flyingtime:

Aeroplane/Sim.used:

Mainexercise:

NameofFIE:

Licencenumber:

Dateandplace:

Signature:

B.Helicopters
INSTRUCTIONALFLYINGEXPERIENCE[]

Instructors applying for revalidation of the Flight Instructor Certificate / Light Aircraft Flight
InstructorCertificateshouldentertheinstructionalhoursflownduringthepreceding36months.
INSTRUMENT:

Totalinstructionalhours(preceding.36months):

Totalinstructionalhours(preceding.12months):

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FLIGHTINSTRUCTOR/LIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTORREFRESHERSEMINAR
1

ThisistocertifythattheundersignedattendedaFlightInstructorSeminar/Light
AircraftFlightInstructorSeminarapprovedbytheAuthority

Attendeespersonalparticulars:

Name:

Address:

Licencenumber:

Exp. date of FI(H) /

LAFI(H)certificate:

Seminarparticulars:

Date/sofseminar:
4

Place:

Declarationbytheresponsibleorganiser:

I certify that the above data are correct and that the Flight Instructor / Light Aircraft Flight
InstructorSeminarwascarriedoutasapprovedbytheAuthority.
Dateofapproval:

Nameoforganiser:

Dateandplace:

(blockletters)
Signature:

Declarationbytheattendee:
Iconfirmthedataunder1through3

Attendeessignature:

PROFICIENCYCHECK

.........................................(Nameofapplicant)hasgivenproofofflyinginstructionalability
duringaproficiencycheckflight.Thiswasdonetomysatisfaction.

Flyingtime:

Helicopter/Flightsimulatorused:

Mainexercise:

NameofFIE:

Date
place:

Licencenumber:

and

Signature:

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NPA200817b

C.

3Jun2008

Airships
INSTRUCTIONALFLYINGEXPERIENCE

Instructors applying for revalidation of the Flight Instructor Certificate should enter the
instructionalhoursflownduringthepreceding36months.
SINGLEENGINE
DAY

MULTIENGINE
NIGHT

INSTRUMENT

DAY

NIGHT

Totalinstructionalhours(preceding36months):
Totalinstructionalhours(preceding12months):
FLIGHTINSTRUCTORREFRESHERSEMINAR

This is to certify that the undersigned attended a Flight Instructor Seminar

approvedbytheAuthority

Attendeespersonalparticulars:

Name:

Address:

Licencenumber:

Exp.dateofFI(AS)certificate:

Seminarparticulars:

Date/sofseminar:
4

Place:

Declarationbytheresponsibleorganiser:

I certify that the above data are correct and that the Flight Instructor Seminar was carried
outasapprovedbytheAuthority.
Dateofapproval:

Nameoforganiser:
(blockletters)

Dateandplace:

Signature:

5 Declarationbytheattendee:
Iconfirmthedataunder1through3
Attendeessignature:
PROFICIENCYCHECK
.........................................(Nameofapplicant)hasgivenproofofflyinginstructionalability
duringaproficiencycheckflight.Thiswasdonetomysatisfaction.
Flyingtime:

Airship/Sim.used:

Mainexercise:

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NameofFIE:

Licencenumber:

Dateandplace:

Signature:

D.

3Jun2008

Sailplanes
INSTRUCTIONALFLYINGEXPERIENCE

Instructors applying for revalidation of the Flight Instructor / Light Aircraft Flight Instructor
Certificate should enter the instructional hours and take offs flown during the preceding 36
months.
SAILPLANE(hours/takeoffs)

TOURINGMOTORGLIDER(hours/takeoffs)

DAY

DAY

NIGHT

NIGHT

Totalinstructionalhours(preceding36months):
Totalinstructionalhours(preceding12months):
Totalamountoftakeoffs(preceding36months):
Totalamountoftakeoffs(preceding12months):
FLIGHTINSTRUCTORREFRESHERSEMINAR

This is to certify that the undersigned attended a Flight Instructor / Light

AircraftFlightInstructorSeminarapprovedbytheAuthority

Attendeespersonalparticulars:

Name:

Address:

Licencenumber:

Exp.dateofFI(S)/LAFI(S)certificate:

Seminarparticulars:

Date/sofseminar:
4

Place:

Declarationbytheresponsibleorganiser:

I certify thatthe above data are correct andthat the Flight Instructor / Light AircraftFlight
InstructorSeminarwascarriedoutasapprovedbytheAuthority.
Dateofapproval:

Nameoforganiser:
(blockletters)

Dateandplace:

Signature:

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5 Declarationbytheattendee:
Iconfirmthedataunder1through3
Attendeessignature:
PROFICIENCYCHECK
.........................................(Nameofapplicant)hasgivenproofofflyinginstructional
abilityduringaproficiencycheckflight.Thiswasdonetomysatisfaction.
Flyingtime:

Sailplane/TMGused:

Mainexercise:

NameofFIE/FIE(LAFI):

Licencenumber:

Dateandplace:

Signature:

E.

Balloons
INSTRUCTIONALFLYINGEXPERIENCE

Instructors applying for revalidation of the Flight Instructor / Light Aircraft Flight Instructor
Certificateshouldentertheinstructionalhoursflownduringthepreceding36months.
Balloons(gas)
DAY

NIGHT

Balloons(hotair)

Hotairairships

DAY

DAYNIGHT

NIGHT

Totalinstructionalhours(preceding36months):
Totalinstructionalhours(preceding12months):
FLIGHTINSTRUCTORREFRESHERSEMINAR

This is to certify that the undersigned attended a Flight Instructor / Light

AircraftFlightInstructorSeminarapprovedbytheAuthority

Attendeespersonalparticulars:

Name:

Address:

Licencenumber:

Exp.dateofFI(B)/LAFI(B)certificate:

Seminarparticulars:

Date/sofseminar:
4

Place:

Declarationbytheresponsibleorganiser:

I certify thatthe above data are correct andthat the Flight Instructor / Light AircraftFlight
InstructorSeminarwascarriedoutasapprovedbytheAuthority.
Dateofapproval:

Nameoforganiser:

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(blockletters)

Dateandplace:

Signature:

5 Declarationbytheattendee:
Iconfirmthedataunder1through3
Attendeessignature:
PROFICIENCYCHECK
.........................................(Nameofapplicant)hasgivenproofofflyinginstructional
abilityduringaproficiencycheckflight.Thiswasdonetomysatisfaction.
Flyingtime:

Balloon/HotAirAirshipused:

Mainexercise:

NameofFIE/FIE(LAFI):

Licencenumber:

Dateandplace:

Signature:

AMCNo1toFCL.930.TRI
TRItrainingcourseaeroplanes
GENERAL
The aim of the TRI (A) course is to trainaircraft licence holders to the level of competence defined in
FCL.920andadequateforaTRI.
Thecourseshoulddevelopsafetyawarenessthroughoutbyteachingtheknowledge,skillsandattitudes
relevanttotheTRItask,andshouldbedesignedtogiveadequatetrainingtotheapplicantintheoretical
knowledge instruction, flight instruction and synthetic flight instruction in order to instruct for a multi
pilotaeroplanetyperatingforwhichtheapplicantisqualified.
TheTRIcourseshouldgiveparticularemphasistotheroleoftheindividualinrelationtotheimportance
ofhumanfactorsinthemanmachineenvironmentandtheroleofCRM.Specialattentionshouldbegiven
totheapplicantsmaturityandjudgmentincludinganunderstandingofadults,theirbehavioralattitudes
and variable levels of learning ability. During the course the applicants should be made aware of their
ownattitudestotheimportanceofflightsafety.Itwillbeimportantduringthecourseoftrainingtoaim
at giving the applicant the knowledge, skills and attitudes relevant to the role of the Type Rating
Instructor.
ForaTRItheamountofflighttrainingwillvarydependingonthecomplexityoftheaircrafttype.
A similar number of hours should be used for the instruction and practice of preflight and post flight
briefingforeachexercise.Theflightinstructionshouldaimtoensurethattheapplicantisabletoteach
theairexercisessafelyandefficientlyandshouldberelatedtothetypeofaircraftonwhichtheapplicant
wishestoinstruct.Thecontentofthetrainingprogramshouldonlycovertrainingexercisesapplicableto
theaircrafttypeassetoutintheapplicabletyperatingcourses.
CONTENT
Thecourseconsistsof2parts:

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Part1,thatshouldcomplywithAMCtoFCL.920

Part2,thatshouldhavethefollowingcontent:

3Jun2008

FLIGHTAND/ORSYNTHETICDEVICETRAININGINSTRUCTORCOMPETENCYCOURSE
1

Thecourseshouldberelatedtothetypeofaircraftonwhichtheapplicantwishestoinstruct.

TEM,CRMandtheappropriateuseofbehaviouralmarkersshouldbeintegratedthroughout

Thecontentofthetrainingprogrammeshouldcoveridentifiedandsignificantexercisesapplicable
totheaircrafttype.

SYNTHETICDEVICETRAINING
4

TheapplicantforaTRI(A)certificateshouldbetaughtandmadefamiliarwiththedevice,its
limitations,capabilitiesandsafetyfeatures,andtheinstructorstation.

TheapplicantforaTRI(A)certificateshouldbetaughtandmadefamiliarwithgivinginstruction
fromtheseatnormallyoccupiedbythecopilot,includingdemonstrationsofappropriatehandling
exercises.

Coursesshouldbedevelopedinordertogivetheapplicantexperienceintrainingavarietyof
exercises,coveringbothnormalandabnormaloperations.Thesyllabusshouldbetailored
appropriatetotheaircrafttype,usingexercisesconsideredmoredemandingforthestudent.This
shouldincludeengineouthandlingandengineoutoperationsinadditiontorepresentative
exercisesfromthetypetransitioncourse.

Theapplicantshouldberequiredtoplan,brief,trainanddebriefsessionsusingallrelevanttraining
techniques.

Atthecompletionoftrainingtheapplicantshouldberequiredtopassaformaltestdemonstrating
allofthecompetencieslistedinFCL.920.

AIRCRAFTTRAINING
9

(a)TheapplicantforaTRI(A)certificateshouldreceiveinstructioninasyntheticdevicetoa
satisfactorylevelin:
i) RightHandSeatfamiliarisation,whichshouldincludeatleastthefollowingaspilotflying:
(a) Preflightpreparationanduseofchecklists
(b) taxiing
(c) takeoff
(d) rejectedtakeoff
(e) enginefailureduringtakeoff,afterV1
(f) engineinoperativeapproachandgoaroundand
(g) oneengine(critical)simulatedinoperativelanding
(h) otheremergencyandabnormaloperatingprocedures(asnecessary)
ii) Aircrafttrainingtechniques

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(a) Methodsforgivingappropriatecommentary
(b)Particularitiesofhandlingtheaircraftintouchandgomanoeuvres
(c) InterventionstrategiesdevelopedfromsituationsroleplayedbyaTRIcourse
instructor,takenfrombutnotlimitedto:
(i) Takeoffconfigurationwarning
(ii) Overcontrolling
(iii)Highflarelongfloat
(iv) Longflare
(v) Baulkedlanding
(vi) Immediategoaroundfromtouch
(vii) Toohighonapproachnoflare
(viii)Incorrectconfiguration
(ix) GPWSwarning
(x) Misuseofrudder
(xi) Overcontrolinrollaxisduringflare
(xii) Incapacitation
(xiii)Actualabnormaloremergencies

(b) Additionally, if the applicant is required to train

emergency/abnormalproceduresinanaircraft,synthetic
devicetrainingasfollows:
Appropriatemethodsandminimumaltitudesforsimulatingfailures
Incorrectrudderinputs
Failureofacriticalengine
Approachandfullstoplandingwithsimulatedengineout

In this case, the abnormal manoeuvres refer to engineout

handlingasnecessaryforcompletionoftyperatingtraining.Ifthe
applicantisrequiredtotrainotherabnormalitemsinthetransition
course,additionaltrainingwillberequired.
10

Uponsuccessfulcompletionofthetrainingabove,theapplicantshouldreceivetraininginan
aircraftinflightunderthesupervisionofaTRIinstructor.Atthecompletionoftrainingthe
applicantinstructorshouldberequiredtoconductatrainingflightunderthesupervisionandtothe
satisfactionofaTRI(A)designatedforthispurposebytheAuthority.

TRAININGWHERENOFSTDEXISTS
Where no synthetic device exists for the type for which the
certificate is sought, a similar course of training should be
conductedintheapplicableaircrafttype.Thisincludesallelements
listedunderthissubparagraph,thesyntheticdeviceelementsbeing
replaced with appropriate exercises in an aircraft of the applicable
type.
AMCNo2toFCL.915.TRI
TRItrainingcoursehelicopters
GENERAL
TheaimoftheTRI(H)courseistotrainhelicopterlicenceholderstothelevelofcompetencedefinedin
FCL.920andadequateforaTRI

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Thecourseshoulddevelopsafetyawarenessthroughoutbyteachingtheknowledge,skillsandattitudes
relevant to the TRI(H) task, and should be designed to give adequate training to the applicant in
theoreticalknowledgeinstruction,flightinstructionandsyntheticflightinstructioninordertoinstructfor
ahelicoptertyperatingforwhichtheapplicantisqualified
The TRI(H) course should give particular emphasis to the role of the individual in relation to the
importance of human factors in the manmachine environment and the role of CRM. Special attention
should be given to the applicants maturity and judgment including an understanding of adults, their
behavioural attitudes and variable levels of learning ability. During the course theapplicantsshouldbe
made aware of their own attitudes to the importance of flight safety. It will be important during the
courseoftrainingtoaimatgivingtheapplicanttheknowledge,skillsandattitudesrelevanttotheroleof
theTypeRatingInstructor.
For a TRI(H) certificate the amount of flight training will vary depending on the complexity of the
helicoptertype.
A similar number of hours should be used for the instruction and practice of preflight and post flight
briefingforeachexercise.Theflightinstructionshouldaimtoensurethattheapplicantisabletoteach
theairexercisessafelyandefficientlyandshouldberelatedtothetypeofaircraftonwhichtheapplicant
wishestoinstruct.Thecontentofthetrainingprogramshouldonlycovertrainingexercisesapplicableto
theaircrafttypeassetoutintheapplicabletyperatingcoursesyllabus.

TRI(H)COURSECONTENT
Thecourseconsistsof3parts:

Part1TeachingandLearningthatshouldcomplywithAMCtoFCL.920

Part2TechnicalTraining

Part3FlightTraining
PART2TECHNICALTRAINING

The technical theoretical knowledge instruction should comprise of not less than 10 hours training to
include the revision of technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of
classroom instructional skills to enable the TRI(H) to instruct the technical theoretical knowledge
syllabus.
IfaTRI(H)certificateformultipilothelicoptersis sought,particularattentionshouldbegiventomulti
crewcooperation.
The typeratingtheoreticalsyllabus shouldbeusedtodeveloptheTRI(H)s teachingskills inrelationto
the type technical course syllabus. The course instructor should deliver example lectures from the
applicable type technical syllabus and the candidate instructor should prepare and deliver at least five
lectures, each of 45 minutes duration, on topicsselected by thecourse instructor from the subject list
below.
(a)

Helicopter structure, transmissions, rotor and equipment, normal and abnormal operation of
systems.
Dimensions
Engineincludingaux.powerunit,rotorsandtransmissions
Fuelsystem
Airconditioning
Iceprotection,windshieldwipersandrainrepellent
Hydraulicsystem
Landinggear
Flightcontrols,stabilityaugmentationandautopilotsystems
Electricalpowersupply
Flightinstruments,communication,radarandnavigationequipment

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Cockpit,cabinandcargocompartment
Emergencyequipment
(b)

Limitations
Generallimitations,accordingtothehelicopterflightmanual
Minimumequipmentlist

(c)

Performance,flightplanningandmonitoring
Performance
Flightplanning

(d)

Loadandbalanceandservicing
Loadandbalance
Servicingonground

(e)

Emergencyprocedures

(f)

Specialrequirementsforhelicopterswithelectronicflightinstrumentsystems(EFIS)

(g)

Optionalequipment

PART3FLIGHTTRAINING
The amount of flight training will vary depending on the complexity of the helicopter type. At least 5
hours flight instruction for a single pilot helicopter and at least 10 hours for a multipilot multiengine
helicoptershouldbecounted.Asimilarnumberofhoursshouldbeusedfortheinstructionandpracticeof
preflightandpost flightbriefingforeachexercise.The flightinstructionshouldaimtoensurethatthe
applicantisabletoteachtheairexercisessafelyandefficientlyandrelatedtothetypeofhelicopteron
whichtheapplicantwishestoinstruct.Thecontentofthetrainingprogrammeshouldonlycovertraining
exercisesapplicabletothehelicoptertypeassetoutinAppendix9toPartFCL.
IfaTRI(H)certificateformultipilothelicoptersis sought,particularattentionshouldbegiventomulti
crewcooperation.
If a TRI(H) certificate for revalidation of instrumentratings is sought, thenthe applicant shouldholda
validinstrumentrating.

FLIGHTAND/ORFSTDTRAINING
1

Thecourseshouldberelatedtothetypeofaircraftonwhichtheapplicantwishestoinstruct.

FormultipilothelicoptertyperatingsMCC,CRMandtheappropriateuseofbehaviouralmarkers
shouldbeintegratedthroughout.

Thecontentofthetrainingprogrammeshouldcoveridentifiedandsignificantexercisesapplicable
tothehelicoptertype.

FSTDTRAINING
4
5

The applicant for a TRI(H) certificate should be taught and made familiar with the device, its
limitations,capabilitiesandsafetyfeatures,andtheinstructorstation.
TheapplicantforaTRI(H)certificateshouldbetaughtandmadefamiliarwithgivinginstruction
from the instructor station seat as well as the pilots seats, including demonstrations of
appropriatehandlingexercises.
Courses should be developed in order to give the applicant experience in training a variety of
exercises, covering both normal and abnormal operations. The syllabus should be tailored
appropriate to the aircraft type, using exercises considered more demanding for the student.
This shouldincludeengineouthandlingandengineoutoperationsinadditiontorepresentative
exercisesfromthetypetransitioncourse.

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AIRCRAFTTRAINING
7

TheapplicantforaTRI(H)certificateshouldreceiveinstructioninanFSTDtoasatisfactorylevelin
7.1

Left Hand Seat familiarisation, and in addition Right Hand Seat familiarisation where
instructionistobegiventocopilotsoperatingintheLeftHandSeat,whichshouldincludeat
leastthefollowingaspilotflying:
(a) preflightpreparationanduseofchecklists
(b) taxiinggroundandair
(c)takeoffandlandings
(d) enginefailureduringtakeoff,beforeDPATO
(e) enginefailureduringtakeoff,afterDPATO
(f)engineinoperativeapproachandgoaround
(g) oneenginesimulatedinoperativelanding
(h) autorotationtolandingorpowerrecovery
(i) otheremergencyandabnormaloperatingprocedures(asnecessary)
(j)instrument departure, approach and goaround with one engine simulated inoperative
should be covered where TRI(H) privileges include giving instrument instruction for the
extensionofanIR(H)toadditionaltypes.

7.2

Aircrafttrainingtechniques
(a) Methodsforgivingappropriatecommentary
(b) Instructordemonstrationsofcriticalmanoeuvreswithcommentary
(c)Particularities and safety considerations associated with handling the aircraft in critical
manoeuvressuchasoneengineinoperativeandautorotationexercises.
(d)Where relevant, theconduct of instrument trainingwithparticularemphasis on weather
restrictions, dangers of icing and limitations on the conduct of critical manoeuvres in
instrumentmeteorologicalconditions.
(e)Intervention strategies developed from situations roleplayed by a TRI(H) course
instructor,takenfrombutnotlimitedto:
(i)Incorrecthelicopterconfiguration
(ii)Overcontrolling
(iii)Incorrectcontrolinputs
(iv)Excessiveflareclosetotheground
(v)OneEngineInoperativetakeoffandlandings
(vi)Incorrecthandlingofautorotation
(vii)Staticordynamicrolloverontakeofforlanding
(viii) Too high on approach with associated danger of vortex ring or settling with
power
(ix)Incapacitation
(x) Abnormal and emergency procedures and appropriate methods and minimum
altitudesforsimulatingfailuresintheaircraft
(xi)FailureofthedrivingengineduringOEImanoeuvres

Uponsuccessfulcompletionofthetrainingabove,theapplicantshouldreceivesufficienttraining
inanaircraftinflightunderthesupervisionofaTRI(H)instructortoalevelwheretheapplicantis
abletoconductthecriticalitemsofthetyperatingcoursetoasafestandard.Oftheminimum
courserequirementsof5hoursflighttrainingforasinglepilothelicopteror10hoursforamulti
pilothelicopter,upto3hoursofthismaybeconductedinanFSTD.

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TRAININGWHERENOFSTDEXISTS
WherenosyntheticdeviceexistsforthetypeforwhichtheTRI(H)certificateissought,asimilarcourse
oftrainingshouldbeconductedintheapplicableaircrafttype.Thisincludesallelementslistedundersub
paragraphs 7and 8, the FSTD elements being replaced withappropriateexercises inanaircraft of the
applicable type, subject to any restrictions placed on the conduct of critical exercises associated with
helicopterflightmanuallimitationsandsafetyconsiderations.

AMCtoFCL.930.CRI
CRITrainingcourse
GENERAL
The aim of the CRI course is to train aircraft licence holders to the level of competence defined in
FCL.920andadequatetoaCRI.
The training course should be designed to give adequate training to the applicant in theoretical
knowledgeinstruction,flightinstructionandsyntheticflightinstructioninordertoinstructforanysingle
pilotmultiengineaeroplaneclassortyperatingforwhichtheapplicantisqualified
Theflighttrainingshouldbeaimedatensuringthattheapplicantisabletoteachtheair exercises
safely and efficiently to students undergoing a course of training for the issue of a singlepilot
multiengine class/type rating. The flight training may take place on the aeroplane or a flight
simulator.
CONTENT

Thecourseconsistsof3parts:

Part1,thatshouldcomplywithAMCtoFCL.920

Part2and3,thatshouldhavethefollowingcontent:

PART2
This syllabus is concerned only with the training on multiengine aeroplanes. Therefore, other
knowledge areas, common to both single and multiengine aeroplanes, should be revised as
necessarytocoverthehandlingandoperatingoftheaeroplanewithallenginesoperative,usingthe
applicablesectionsoftheGroundSubjectsSyllabusfortheflightinstructorcourse.Additionally,the
groundtrainingshouldinclude25hoursofclassroomworktodeveloptheapplicantsabilitytoteach
astudenttheknowledgeandunderstandingrequiredfortheairexercisesectionofthemultiengine
trainingcourse.Thispartwillincludethelongbriefingsfortheairexercises.

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THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUS
SUGGESTEDBREAKDOWNOFCOURSECLASSROOMHOURS
Tuition
hours

Practice
inclass

Topic

1.00

Aviationlegislation

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00
2.00

4.00

15.00
Course
total

5.00

Internal
progress
test
1.00

Performance,allenginesoperating,
includingmassandbalance
Asymmetricflight
Principlesofflight
Controlinasymmetricflight
Minimumcontrolandsafetyspeeds
Featheringandunfeathering
Performanceinasymmetricflight

1.00

Specifictypeofaeroplaneoperation
ofsystems.
Airframeandenginelimitations

1.00

Briefingsforairexercisesprogress

7.00

3.00

25.00(includingprogresstest)

SYLLABUSOFTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGESUBJECTS
AIRLEGISLATION
Aeroplaneperformancegroupdefinitions(JAA).
Methodsoffactoringgrossperformance.

ASYMMETRICPOWERFLIGHT
PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHT
THEPROBLEMS
asymmetry
control
performance
THEFORCESANDCOUPLES
offsetthrustline
asymmetricbladeeffect
offsetdragline
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failedenginepropellerdrag
totaldragincrease
asymmetryoflift
unevenpropellerslipstreameffect
effectofyawinlevelandturningflight
thrustandruddersideforcecouples
effectonmomentarms
CONTROLINASYMMETRICPOWERFLIGHT
use,misuseandlimitsof:
rudder
aileron
elevators
effectofbank/sideslip/balance
decreaseofaileron/ruddereffectiveness
finstallpossibility
effectofias/thrustrelationship
effectofresidualunbalancedforces
footloadsandtrimming
MINIMUMCONTROLANDSAFETYSPEEDS
minimumcontrolspeed(Vmc)
definition
origin
factorsaffecting(Vmc)
thrust
massandcentreofgravityposition
altitude
landinggear
flaps
cowlflaps/coolinggills
turbulence/gusts
pilotreaction/competence
bankingtowardstheoperatingengine
drag
feathering
criticalengine
takeoffsafetyspeed
definition/originofV2
otherrelevantVcodes
AEROPLANEPERFORMANCEONEENGINEINOPERATIVE
effectonexcesspoweravailable
singleengineceiling
cruising,rangeandendurance
acceleration/deceleration
zerothrust,definitionandpurpose
PROPELLERS
variablepitchgeneralprinciples
feathering/unfeatheringmechanismandlimitations
(egminimumrpm)
SPECIFICAEROPLANETYPE
AEROPLANEANDENGINESYSTEMS
operationnormal
operationabnormal
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emergencyprocedures
LIMITATIONSAIRFRAME
loadfactors
landinggear/flaplimitingspeeds(Vlo andVfe)
roughairspeed(Vra)
maximumspeeds(Vno andVne)
LIMITATIONSENGINE
rpmandmanifoldpressure
oiltemperatureandpressure
emergencyprocedures
MASSANDBALANCE
(Tobecoveredinconjunctionwiththeflight/ownersmanual/pilotsoperatinghandbook)
massandbalancedocumentationforaeroplanetype
revisionofbasicprinciples
calculationsforspecificaeroplanetype
MASSANDPERFORMANCE
(Tobecoveredinconjunctionwiththeflight/ownersmanual/pilotsoperatinghandbook)
calculationsforspecificaeroplanetype(allenginesoperating)
takeoffrun
takeoffdistance
accelerate/stopdistance
landingdistance
landingrun
takeoff/climboutflightpath
calculationsforspecificaeroplanetype(oneengineoperating)
climboutflightpath
landingdistance
landingrun

PART3
FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUSNORMALFLIGHT
This part is similar to the Air Exercise Sections of the singleengine Flight Instructor course,
including Introduction to Instrument Flying except that the objectives, airmanship considerations
andcommonerrorsarerelatedtotheoperationofamultiengineaeroplane.
The purpose of this part is to acquaint the applicant with the teaching aspects of the operational
proceduresandhandlingofamultiengineaeroplanewithallenginesfunctioning.
Thefollowingitemsshouldbecovered:
1

Aeroplanefamiliarisation

Preflightpreparationandaeroplaneinspection

Enginestartingprocedures

Taxiing

Pretakeoffprocedures

Thetakeoffandinitialclimb
intowind
crosswind

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shortfield
7

Climbing

Straightandlevelflight

Descending(includingemergencydescentprocedures)

10

Turning

11

Slowflight

12

Stallingandrecoveries

13

Instrumentflightbasic

14

Emergencydrills(notincludingenginefailure)

15

Circuit,approachandlanding
intowind
crosswind
shortfield

16

Mislandingandgoingroundagain

17

Actionsafterflight

AIREXERCISES
The following airexercises are developments of the Basic (singleengine) syllabuswhich are tobe
related to the handling of multiengine types in order to ensure that the student learns the
significanceanduseofcontrols andtechniqueswhichmaybestrangetothestudentinallnormal,
abnormalandemergencysituations,exceptthatenginefailureandflightonasymmetric powerare
dealtwithseparatelyintheAirExercisesinPart2.
LONGBRIEFING1
AEROPLANEFAMILIARISATION
introductiontotheaeroplane
explanationofthe:
cockpitlayout
systemsandcontrols
aeroplanepowerplant
checklistsanddrills
differenceswhenoccupyingtheinstructorsseat
EMERGENCYDRILLS
actionineventoffire:
intheair
ontheground
Escapedrills:
locationofexits
emergencyequipment,e.g.fireextinguishers,etc.
PREFLIGHTPREPARATIONANDAEROPLANEINSPECTION
aeroplanedocumentation
externalchecks
internalchecks
harness,seat/rudderpedaladjustment
ENGINESTARTINGPROCEDURES
useofchecklists
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checkspriortostarting
checksafterstarting
AIREXERCISE1
AEROPLANEFAMILIARISATION
externalfeatures
cockpitlayout
aeroplanesystems
checklists,drills
actionintheeventoffireintheairandontheground
engine
cabin
electrical
systemsfailure(asapplicabletotype)
escapedrills
locationanduseofemergencyequipmentandexits
PREPARATIONFORANDACTIONAFTERFLIGHT
flightauthorisationandaeroplaneacceptance
technicallog/certificateofmaintenancerelease
massandbalanceandperformanceconsiderations
externalchecks
internalchecks,adjustmentofharnessand/orrudderpedals
startingandwarmingupengines
checksafterstarting
radionav/comchecks
altimeterchecksandsettingprocedures
powerchecks
runningdownandswitchingoffengines
completionofauthorisationsheetandaeroplaneserviceabilitydocuments
LONGBRIEFING2
TAXIING
preTaxiingareaprecautions
greatermassgreaterinertia
effectofdifferentialpower
precautionsonnarrowtaxiways
commonerrors
PRETAKEOFFPROCEDURES
useofchecklist
enginepowerchecks
pretakeoffchecks
instructorsbriefingtocovertheproceduretobefollowedshouldanemergencyoccurduringtake
off,e.g.enginefailure
commonerrors
THETAKEOFFANDINITIALCLIMB
ATCconsiderations
factorsaffectingthelengthofthetakeoffrun/distance
correctliftoffspeed
importanceofsafetyspeed
crosswindtakeoff,considerationsandprocedures
shortfieldtakeoff,considerationsandprocedures
enginehandlingaftertakeoff,throttle/pitch/enginesynchronisation
commonerrors
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CLIMBING
airmanshipconsiderations
preclimbingchecks
engineconsiderations
useofthrottle/pitchcontrols
maximumrateofclimbspeed
maximumangleofclimbspeed
synchronisingtheengines
commonerrors
AIREXERCISE2
TAXIING
checksbeforetaxiing
startingandstopping
controlofspeed
controlofdirectionandturning
turninginconfinedspaces
leavingtheparkingarea
freedomofruddermovement(importanceofpilotabilitytousefullruddertravel)
instrumentchecks
EMERGENCIES
brake/steeringfailure
PRETAKEOFFPROCEDURES
useofchecklist
enginepowerandsystemchecks
pretakeoffchecks
instructorsbriefingintheeventof:
emergenciesduringtakeoff
THETAKEOFFANDINITIALCLIMB
ATCconsiderations
directionalcontrolanduseofpower
liftoffspeed
crosswindeffectsandprocedure
shortfieldtakeoffandprocedure
proceduresaftertakeoff

landinggearretraction

flapretraction(asapplicable)

selectionofmanifoldpressureandrpm

enginesynchronisation

otherprocedures(asapplicable)
atanappropriatestageofthecourse
CLIMBING
PreClimbingchecks
PowerSelectionforNormalandMaximumRateClimb
EngineandRPMLimitations
EffectofAltitudeonManifoldPressure,FullThrottle
LevellingOffPowerSelection
ClimbingwithFlapsDown
RecoverytoNormalClimb
EnRouteClimb(CruiseClimb)
MaximumAngleofClimb
AltimeterSettingProcedures
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ProlongedClimbanduseofCowlFlaps/CoolingGills
InstrumentAppreciation

LONGBRIEFING3
STRAIGHTANDLEVELFLIGHT
Airmanshipconsiderations
Selectionofpowerthrottle/pitchcontrols
Enginesynchronisation
Fuelconsumptionaspects
Useoftrimmingcontrols
elevator,rudder(aileronasapplicable)
Operationofflaps
effectonpitchattitude
effectonairspeed
Operationoflandinggear
effectonpitchattitude
effectonairspeed
Useofmixturecontrols
Useofalternateair/carburettorheatcontrols
Operationofcowlflaps/coolinggills
Useofcabinventilationandheatingsystems
Operationanduseoftheothersystems(asapplicabletotype)
Commonerrors
DESCENDING
Airmanshipconsiderations
predescentchecks
Normaldescent
selectionofthrottle/pitchcontrols
enginecoolingconsiderations
Emergencydescentprocedure
Commonerrors
TURNING
Airmanshipconsiderations
Mediumturns
Climbing/descendingturns
Steepturns(45degreesofbankormore)
Commonerrors
AIREXERCISE3
STRAIGHTANDLEVELFLIGHT
AtNormalCruisingPower

selectionofcruisepower

manifoldpressure/RPM

enginesynchronisation

useoftrimmingcontrols

performanceconsiderationsrange/endurance
InstrumentAppreciation
OperationofFlaps(instages)

airspeedbelowVfe

effectonpitchattitude

effectonairspeed
OperationofLandingGear

airspeedbelowVlo/Vle
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effectonpitchattitude

effectonairspeed
UseofMixtureControls
UseofAlternateAir/CarburettorControl
OperationofCowlFlaps/CoolingGills
OperationofCabinVentilation/HeatingSystems
OperationanduseofOtherSystems(asapplicabletotype)
DESCENDING
PreDescentChecks
PowerSelectionManifoldPressure/RPM
PoweredDescent(CruiseDescent)
EngineCoolingConsiderations

useofcowlflaps/coolinggills
LevellingOff
DescendingwithFlapsDown
DescendingwithLandingGearDown
AltimeterSettingProcedure
InstrumentAppreciation
EmergencyDescent

asapplicabletotype

limitationsinturbulenceVno
TURNING
MediumTurns
ClimbingandDescendingTurns
SteepTurns45degreesofBank
InstrumentAppreciation
LONGBRIEFING4
SLOWFLIGHT
Airmanshipconsiderations
flightatVs1 andVso +5knots
aircrafthandlingcharacteristics
Simulatedgoaroundfromslowflight
atVsse withflapsdown
notepitchtrimchange
Commonerrors
STALLING
Airmanshipconsiderations
Powerselection
Symptomsapproachingthestall
Fullstallcharacteristics
Recoveryfromthefullstall
Recoveryattheincipientstall
Stallingandrecoveryinthelandingconfiguration
Recoveryattheincipientstageinthelandingconfiguration
INSTRUMENTFLIGHT(BASIC)
Straightandlevel
Climbing
Turning
Descending
EMERGENCYDRILLS(notincludingenginefailure)
Asapplicabletotype
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CIRCUITAPPROACHANDLANDING
AirmanshipandATCconsideration
Downwindleg
airspeedbelowVfe
useofflaps(asapplicable)
prelandingchecks
positiontoturnontobaseleg
Baseleg
selectionofpower(throttle/pitch),flapsandtrimmingcontrols
maintenanceofcorrectairspeed
Finalapproach
poweradjustments(earlyreactiontoundershooting)
useofadditionalflaps(asrequired)
confirmationoflandinggeardown
selectiontouchdownpoint
airspeedreductiontoVat
maintenanceofapproachpath
Landing
greatersinkrate
longerlandingdistanceandrun
crosswindapproachandlanding
crosswindconsiderations
shortfieldapproachandlanding
shortfieldprocedureconsiderations
AIREXERCISE4
SLOWFLIGHT
SafetyChecks
SettingupandMaintaining(FlapsUp)
Vs1 +5knots
noteaeroplanehandlingcharacteristics
SettingupandMaintaining(FlapsDown)
Vso +5knots
noteaeroplanehandlingcharacteristics
SimulatedGoAroundfromaSlowFlightwithFlaps
DownandairspeednotbelowVsse,e.g.airspeedatVsse orVmca +10knots
increasetofullpowerandenteraclimb
notepitchchange
ResumeNormalFlight
STALLING

airmanshipconsiderations

selectionofRPM

stallsymptoms

fullstallcharacteristics

recoveryfromthefullstall

careinapplicationofpower

recoveryattheincipientstage

stallingandrecoveryinlandingconfiguration

stallrecoveryattheincipientstageinthelandingconfiguration
INSTRUMENTFLIGHT(BASIC)
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straightandlevel
climbing
turning
descending

EMERGENCYDRILLS(notincludingenginefailure)
Asapplicabletotype
CIRCUIT,APPROACHANDLANDING
AirmanshipandATCconsiderations
Downwindleg

controlofspeed(belowVfe)

flapsasapplicable

prelandingchecks

controlofspeedandheight

baselegturn
Baseleg

powerselection

useofflapandtrimmingcontrols

maintenanceofcorrectairspeed
Finalapproach

useofadditionalflap(asrequired)

confirmationoflandinggeardown

selectionoftouchdownpoint

airspeedreductiontoVat

maintainingcorrectapproachpath

useofpower
Landing

controlofsinkrateduringflare

crosswindconsiderations

longerlandingroll

short/softfieldapproachandlanding

considerationsandprecautions
ASYMMETRICPOWERFLIGHT
Duringthispart,specialemphasisistobeplacedonthe:
a.

Circumstances in which actual feathering and unfeathering practice will be done, i.e. safe
altitude compliance with regulations concerning minimum altitude/height for feathering
practice,weatherconditions,distancefromnearestavailableaerodrome.

b.

Procedure to use for instructor/student cooperation, e.g. the correct use of touchdrills and
the prevention of misunderstandings, especially during feathering and unfeathering practice
and when zero thrust is being used for asymmetric circuits. This procedure is to include
positiveagreementastowhichengineisbeingshutdown/restartedorsetatzerothrustand
identifyingeachcontrolandnamingtheengineitisgoingtoaffect.

c.

Consideration to be given to avoid overworking the operating engine, and the degraded
performancewhenoperatingtheaeroplaneduringasymmetricflight.

d.

Needtousethespecificchecklistfortheaeroplanetype.

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LONGBRIEFINGS
FLIGHTONASYMMETRICPOWER
Introductiontoasymmetricflight
Featheringthepropeller

methodofoperation
Effectsonaeroplanehandlingatcruisingspeed
Introductiontoeffectsuponaeroplaneperformance
Notefootloadtomaintainaconstantheading(Noruddertrim)
Unfeatheringthepropeller

regainnormalflight
Findingthezerothrustsetting

comparisonoffootloadwhenfeatheredandwithzerothrustset
EffectsandRecognitionofEngineFailureinLevelFlight
Theforcesandtheeffectsofyaw
Typesoffailure

suddenorgradual

completeorpartial
Yaw,directionandfurthereffectsofyaw
Flightinstrumentindications
IdentificationofFailedEngine
Thecouplesandresidualoutofbalanceforces

resultantflightattitude
Useofruddertocounteractyaw
Useofaileron

dangersofmisuse
Useofelevatortomaintainlevelflight
Useofpowertomaintainasafeairspeedandaltitude
Supplementaryrecoverytostraightandlevelflight

simultaneousincreaseofspeedandreductioninpower
Identificationoffailedengine

idleleg=idleengine
Useofengineinstrumentsforidentification

fuelpressure/flow

RPMgaugeresponseeffectofCSUactionatlowerandhigherairspeed

enginetemperaturegauges
Confirmationofidentification

closethethrottleofidentifiedfailedengine
Effectsandrecognitionofenginefailureinturns
Identificationandcontrol
Sideforcesandeffectsofyaw
DURINGTURNINGFLIGHT:
Effectofinsideenginefailure

effectsuddenandpronounced
Effectofoutsideenginefailure

effectlesssuddenandpronounced
Thepossibilityofconfusioninidentification(particularlyatlowpower)

correctuseofrudder

possibleneedtoreturntolaterallevelflighttoconfirmcorrectidentification
Visualandflightinstrumentindications
Effectofvaryingspeedandpower
Speed/thrustrelationship
Atnormalcruisingspeedandcruisingpower

enginefailureclearlyrecognised
Atlowsafespeedandclimbpower
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enginefailuremostpositivelyrecognised
Highspeeddescentandlowpower

possiblefailuretonoticeasymmetry(enginefailure)
MINIMUMCONTROLSPEEDS
ASIcolourcodingredradialline
NOTE:This exercise is concerned with the ultimate boundaries of controllability in various
conditionsthatastudentcanreachinasteadyasymmetricpowerstate,approachedbyagradual
speed reduction. Sudden andcomplete failureshould not begivenatthe Flight ManualVmca. The
purposeoftheexerciseistocontinuethegradualintroductionofastudenttocontrolanaeroplane
inasymmetricpowerflightduringextremeorcriticalsituations.ItisnotademonstrationofVmca.
Techniques for assessing critical speeds with wings level and recovery dangers involved when
minimumcontrolspeedandthestallingspeedareveryclose

useofVsse
Establishaminimumcontrolspeedforeachasymmetricallydisposedengine

toestablishcriticalengine(ifapplicable)
Effectsonminimumcontrolspeedsof:

bank

zerothrustsetting

takeoffconfiguration
landinggeardown/takeoffflapset
landinggearup/takeoffflapset
It is important to appreciate that the use of 5 of bank towards the operating engine produces a
lower Vmca and also a better performance than that obtained with the wings held level. It is now
normal for manufacturers to use 5 of bank in this manner when determining the Vmca for the
specific type. Thus the Vmca quoted in the aeroplane manual will have been obtained using the
technique.
FEATHERINGANDUNFEATHERING
Minimumheightsforpractisingfeathering/unfeatheringdrills
Engine handling Precautions (overheating, icing conditions, priming, warm up, method of
simulating engine failure reference to Aircraft Engine Manual and Service Instructions and
Bulletins).
ENGINEFAILUREPROCEDURE
Oncethemaintenanceofcontrolhasbeenachieved,theorderinwhichtheproceduresarecarried
outwillbedeterminedbythephaseofoperationandtheaircrafttype.
FlightPhase
Incruisingflight
Criticalphasesuchasimmediatelyaftertakeofforduringtheapproachtolandingorduring
agoaround.
AIRCRAFTTYPE
Variations will inevitably occur in the order ofcertain drills and checks duetodifferencesbetween
aeroplane types and perhaps between models of the same type, and the Flight/Owners Manuals,
PilotsOperatingHandbooksaretobeconsultedtoestablishtheexactorderoftheseprocedures.

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Forexample,oneFlight/OwnersManual/PilotsOperatingHandbookmaycallfortheraisingofflaps
andlandinggearpriortofeathering,whilstanothermayrecommendfeatheringasafirststep.The
reason for this latter procedurecouldbe dueto the fact thatsomeenginescannotbe feathered if
theRPMdropsbelowacertainfigure.
Again,insomeaeroplanes,theraisingofthelandinggearmaycreatemoredragduringretraction
duetothetransientpositionofthelandinggeardoorsandasaresultofthisretractionwouldbest
beleftuntilfeatheringhasbeenaccomplishedandpropellerdragreduced.
Therefore,theorderinwhichthedrillsandchecksareshowninthissyllabusunderIMMEDIATEand
SUBSEQUENT actions are to be usedas ageneral guide only and theexact order of precedence is
determined by reference to the Flight/Owners Manual, Pilots Operating Handbook for the specific
aeroplanetypebeingusedonthecourse.
INFLIGHTENGINEFAILURE
Incruiseorotherflightphasenotincludingtakeofforlanding.
ImmediateActions:
RecognitionofAsymmetricCondition
IdentificationandConfirmationofFailedEngine

idlelegidleengine

closingofthrottleforconfirmation
CauseandFireCheck

typicalreasonsforfailure

methodsofrectification
FeatheringDecisionandProcedure

reductionofotherdrag

needforspeedbutnothaste

useofruddertrim
SubsequentActions:
LiveEngine

temperature,pressuresandpower

remainingservices

electricalloadassessandreduceasnecessary

effectonpowersourceforairdriveninstruments

landinggear

flapsandotherservices
ReplanFlight

ATCandweather

terrainclearance,singleenginecruisespeed

decisiontodivertorcontinue
FuelManagement

bestuseofremainingfuel
Dangersofrestartingdamagedengine
Actionifunabletomaintainaltitude

effectofaltitudeonpoweravailable
EffectsonPerformance
Effectsonpoweravailableandpowerrequired
Effectsonvariousairframeconfigurationandpropellersettings
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UseofFlight/OwnersManual

cruising

climbingASIcolourcoding(blueline)

descending

turning
LiveEngineLimitationsandHandling
TakeOffandApproachControlandPerformance
SIGNIFICANTFACTORS
SignificanceofTakeoffsafetyspeed

effect of landing gear, flap, feathering, takeoff, trim setting, systems for operating
landinggearandflaps

Effectonmass,altitudeandtemperature(performance)
SignificanceofBestSingleengineClimbSpeed(Vyse)

accelerationtobestengineclimbspeedandestablishingapositiveclimb

relationshipofS/Eclimbspeedtonormalclimbspeed

actionifunabletoclimb
SignificanceofAsymmetricCommittalHeightandSpeed

actionifbaulkedbelowasymmetriccommittalheight
EngineFailureDuringTakeOff:
BelowVmca orunstickspeed
accelerate/stopdistanceconsiderations
prioruseofFlightManualdataifavailable
AboveVmca orunstickspeedandbelowsafetyspeed
Immediaterelandingoruseofremainingpowertoachieveforcedlanding
Considerations:

degreeofenginefailure

speedatthetime

mass,altitude,temperature(performance)

configuration

lengthofrunwayremaining

positionofanyobstaclesahead

EngineFailureAfterTakeOff
Simulatedatasafeheightandatorabovetakeoffsafetyspeed
Considerations:

needtomaintaincontrol

useofbanktowardsoperatingengine

useofavailablepowerachievingbestsingleengineclimbspeed

mass,altitude,temperature(performance)

effectofprevailingconditionsandcircumstances
IMMEDIATEACTIONS:
Maintenanceofcontrolincludingairspeedanduseofpower.
Recognitionofasymmetriccondition
Identificationandconfirmationoffailedengine

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Featheringandremovalofdrag(procedurefortype)
Establishingbestsingleengineclimbspeed
SUBSEQUENTACTIONS:
Whilstcarryingoutanasymmetricpowerclimbtothedownwindpositionatsingleenginebestrate
ofclimbspeed:
Causeandfirecheck
Liveengine,handlingconsiderations
Remainingservices
ATCliaison
Fuelmanagement
NOTE:Theseproceduresareapplicabletoaeroplanetypeandflightsituation.
ASYMMETRICCOMMITTALHEIGHT
Asymmetric Committal Height is the minimum height needed to establish a positive climb whilst
maintainingadequatespeedforcontrolandremovalofdragduringanapproachtoalanding
BecauseofthesignificantlyreducedperformanceofmanyJAR23aeroplaneswhenoperatingonone
engine,considerationistobegiventoaminimumheightfromwhichitwouldbesafelypossibleto
attemptagoaroundprocedure,duringanapproachwhentheflightpathwillhavetobechanged
fromadescenttoaclimbwiththeaeroplaneinahighdragconfiguration.
Due to the height loss which will occurduring the timethat the operatingengine is brought up to
full power, landing gear and flap retracted, and the aeroplane established in a climb at Vyse a
minimumheight(oftenreferredtoasAsymmetricCommittalHeight)istobeselected,belowwhich
thepilot shouldnotattempt to take theaeroplane roundagain foranothercircuit. This height will
be compatible with the aeroplane type, all up weight, altitude of the aerodrome being used, air
temperature,wind,theheightofobstructionsalongtheclimboutpath,andpilotcompetence.
CircuitApproachandLandingonAsymmetricPower

DefinitionanduseofAsymmetricCommittalHeight
UseofStandardPatternandNormalProcedures
ActionifunabletomaintainCircuitHeight
SpeedandPowerSettingsRequired
Decisiontolandorgoaroundatasymmetriccommittalheight

factorstobeconsidered

Undershooting

importanceofmaintainingcorrectairspeed,(notbelowVyse)
SPEEDANDHEADINGCONTROL
Height/speed/powerrelationship

needforminimumpossibledrag
Establishingpositiveclimbatbestsingleenginerateofclimbspeed

effectofavailabilityofsystems,powerforflapandlandinggear

operationandrapidcleanup
NOTE1:
Theairspeedatwhichthedecisionis madetocommittheaeroplanetoalandingorto
go aroundshould normally be the best singleengine rate of climb speed and in any case not less
thanthesafetyspeed.
NOTE2:
On no account should instrument approach Decision Height and its associated
procedures be confused with the selection of minimum Height for initiating a go around in
asymmetricpowerflight.
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ENGINEFAILUREDURINGANALLENGINESAPPROACHORMISSEDAPPROACH
Useofasymmetriccommittalheightandspeedconsiderations
speedandheadingcontrol

decisiontoattemptalanding,goaroundorforcelandascircumstancesdictate
NOTE: At least one demonstration and practice of engine failure in this situation should be
performedduringthecourse.
INSTRUMENTFLYINGONASYMMETRICPOWER
Considerationsrelatingtoaircraftperformanceduring:

straightandlevelflight

climbinganddescending

standardrateturns:

level,climbinganddescendingturnsincludingturnsontopreselectedheadings
Vacuumoperatedinstruments

availability
Electricalpowersource

availability

FLIGHTINSTRUCTIONAIREXERCISES
ASYMMETRICPOWERFLIGHT
This section covers the operation of a singlepilot multiengine aeroplane when one engine has
failed and it is applicable to all such light piston aeroplanes. Check lists should be used as
applicable.
AIREXERCISES
FLIGHTONASYMMETRICPOWER
Introductiontoasymmetricflight

closethethrottleofoneengine

featheritspropeller

effectsonaeroplanehandlingatcruisingspeed

effectsonaeroplaneperformancee.g.cruisingspeedandrateofclimb

notefootloadtomaintainaconstantheading

unfeatherthepropeller

returntonormalflightfindingthezerothrustthrottlesetting

comparisonoffootloadwhenfeatheredandwithzerothrustset
Effects and Recognition of Engine Failure in Level Flight with the aeroplane straight and level at
cruisespeed

slowlyclosethethrottleofoneengine

noteyaw,rollandspiraldescent
Returntonormalflight

closethrottleofotherengine

notesameeffectsinoppositedirection
Methods ofControl and identification of FailedEngineclose one throttle andmaintain headingand
levelflightbyuseof

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ruddertocontrolyaw

ailerontoholdwingslevel

elevatorstomaintainlevelflight

power(asrequired)tomaintainairspeedandaltitude

Alternative/supplementaryMethodofControl

simultaneously:

loweraeroplanenosetoincreaseairspeed

reducepower

lossofaltitudeinevitable
Identificationoffailedengine

idlefoot=idleengine
Useofinstrumentsforidentification

fuelpressure/fuelflow

RPMgauge/CSUactionmaymaskidentification

enginetemperaturegauges
Confirmationofidentification

closethethrottleoftheidentifiedfailedengine
EffectsandrecognitionofEngineFailureinTurns/Effectsofinsideenginefailure

morepronouncedyaw

morepronouncedroll

morepronouncedpitchdown
Effectsofoutsideenginefailure

lesspronouncedyaw

lesspronouncedroll

lesspronouncedpitchdown
Possibilityofconfusioninidentification

useofcorrectrudderapplication

returntolaterallevelflightifnecessary
Flightinstrumentindications
EffectofVaryingSpeedandPower
Failureofoneengineatcruisespeedandpower

enginefailureclearlyrecognised
Failureofoneengineatlowspeedandhighpower(notbelowVsse)

enginefailuremostpositivelyrecognised
Failureofoneengineathigherspeedsandlowpower

possiblefailuretorecogniseenginefailure
MinimumControlspeeds
EstablishtheVyse

selectmaximumpermittedmanifoldpressureandRPM

closethethrottleononeengine

raisetheaeroplanenoseandreducetheairspeed

note the airspeed when maximum rudder deflection is being applied and when
directionalcontrolcannolongerbemaintained

lowertheaeroplanenoseandreducepoweruntilfulldirectionalcontrolisregained

the lowestairspeedachieved prior to the lossof directional control will be the Vmc for
theflightcondition

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repeattheprocedureclosingthethrottleoftheotherengine
thehigherofthesetwoairspeedswillidentifythemostcriticalenginetofail

Warning
Intheabovesituationstherecoveryistobeinitiatedimmediatelybeforedirectionalcontrolislost
withfullrudderapplied,orwhenasafemarginabovethestallremains,e.g.whenthestallwarning
device operates, for the particular aeroplane configuration and flight conditions. On no account
shouldtheaeroplanebeallowedtodeceleratetoalowerairspeed.
Establishtheeffectofusing5ofbankatVmc

closethethrottleofoneengine

increasetofullpowerontheoperatingengine

using5ofbanktowardstheoperatingenginereducespeedtotheVmc

notelowerVmc when5ofbankisused
InflightEngineFailureProcedure
Incruiseandotherflightcircumstancesnotincludingtakeoffandlanding.
IMMEDIATEACTIONS:
Maintenanceofcontrolanduseofpower

identificationoffailedengine

confirmationoffailedengine

failurecauseandfirecheck

featheringdecisionandimplementation

reductionofanyotherdrag,e.g.flaps,cowlflapsetc.

retrimandmaintainaltitude
SUBSEQUENTACTIONS:
LiveEngine:

oiltemperatureandpressure.Fuelflowandpower

remainingservices

electricalloadassessandreduceasnecessary

effectonpowersourceforairdriveninstruments

landinggear

flapsandotherservices
ReplanFlight

ATCandweather

terrainclearance

singleenginecruisespeed

decisiontodivertorcontinue
FuelManagement

bestuseoffuel
DangersofRestartingDamagedEngine
Actionifunabletomaintainaltitude

adoptVyse

effectofaltitudeonpoweravailable
Effectsonperformance
EffectsonPowerAvailableandPowerRequired
Effectsonvariousairframeconfigurationsandpropellersettings

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UseofFlight/OwnersManual

cruising

climbingASIcolourcoding(blueline)

descending

turning
LiveEngineLimitationsandHandling
TakeOffandApproachControlandhandling
NOTE:Tobedoneatasafeheightawayfromthecircuit
TakeoffcasewithLandingGearDownandTakeOffFlapSet(ifapplicable)
SignificanceofTakeOffatoraboveSafetySpeed

at safety speed. The ability to maintain control and to accelerate to SE climb speed
withaeroplanecleanandzerothrustset.Thereaftertoachieveapositiveclimb.
SignificanceofflightbelowSafetySpeed

below safetyspeed andabove Vmca.Agreater difficulty tomaintain control, a possible

lossofheightwhilstmaintainingspeed,cleaningup,acceleratingtoSEclimbspeedand
establishingapositiveclimb.
SignificanceofBestSingleengineClimbSpeed

theabilitytoachievethebestrateofclimbononeenginewithminimumdelay.
SignificanceofAsymmetricCommittalHeight

theability to maintain oraccelerate to thebest singleengine rateof climbspeedand

tomaintainheadingwhilstcleaningupwithperhapsaslightheightlossbeforeclimbing
away

belowthisheight,theaeroplaneiscommittedtocontinuetheapproachtoalanding.
EngineFailureDuringTakeOff

duringthetakeoffrunandbelowsafetyspeedbriefingonly
EngineFailureaftertakeOff
NOTE:Tobeinitiatedatasafeheightandatnotlessthantakeoffsafetyspeedwithdueregardto
theproblemsofaprolongedsingleengineclimbintheprevailingconditions.
ImmediateActions:
controlofdirectionanduseofbank
controlofairspeedanduseofpower
recognitionofasymmetriccondition
identification and confirmation of failed engine feathering and reduction of drag
(procedurefortype)
retrim
SubsequentActions
Whilstcarryingoutanasymmetricpowerclimbtothedownwindpositionatsingleenginebestrate
ofclimbspeed:

causeandfirecheck

liveengine,handlingconsiderations

drillsandproceduresapplicabletoaeroplanetypeandflightsituation

ATCliaison

fuelmanagement
AsymmetricCircuit,ApproachandLanding
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DownwindandBaseLegs

useofstandardpattern

normalprocedures

landinggearandflaploweringconsiderations

positionforbaseleg

liveenginehandling

airspeedandpowersettings

maintenanceofheight
FinalApproach

AsymmetricCommittalHeightdrill

controlofairspeedanddescentrate

flapconsiderations
GoingRoundAgainonAsymmetricPower(MissedApproach)

notbelowAsymmetricCommittalHeight

speedandheadingcontrol

reductionofdrag,landinggearretraction

maintainingVyse

establishpositiverateofclimb
EnginefailureduringALLenginesapproachormissedapproach
NOTE: To be started at not less than asymmetric committal height and speed and not more than
partflapset.

speedandheadingcontrol

reductionofdragflap

decision,attemptlandingorgoaround

controlofdescentrateifapproachiscontinued

if go around is initiated, maintain Vyse, flaps and landing gear retracted and establish
positiverateofclimb
NOTE: At least one demonstration and practice of engine failure in this situation should be
performedduringthecourse.
Instrumentflyingonasymmetricpower
Flightinstrumentchecksandservicesavailable

straightandlevelflight

climbinganddescending

standardrateturns

level,climbinganddescendingturnsincludingturnsontopreselectedheadings
AMCtoFCL.940.CRI
RevalidationandrenewalofCRIcertificaterefreshertraining
1.

Paragraph (c)(1) of FCL.940.CRI determine that an applicant for renewal of a CRI certificate
shall complete refresher training as a CRI at an approved training organization. Paragraph
(a)(2) also establishes that an applicant for revalidation of the CRI certificate that has not
completedaminimumamountofinstructionhours[establishedinparagraph(a)(1)]duringthe
validity period of the certificate shall undertake refresher training at an approved training
organization for the revalidation of the certificate. The amount of refresher training needed
should be determined on a case by case basis by the approved training organisation, taking
intoaccountthefollowingfactors:
1.1

theexperienceoftheapplicant.

1.2

whetherthetrainingisforrevalidationorrenewal

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2.

3Jun2008

the amount of time lapsed since the last time the applicant has conducted training, in the
caseofrevalidation,orsincethecertificatehaslapsed,inthecaseofrenewal.Theamount
of training needed to reach the desired level of competence should increase with the time
lapsed.

Oncethetrainingorganisationhasdeterminedtheneedsoftheapplicant,itshoulddevelopan
individual trainingprogramme, that shouldbebased ontheCRItrainingcourseand focus on
theaspectswheretheapplicanthasshownthegreatestneeds.

AMCtoFCL.930.IRI
IRITrainingcourse
GENERAL
The aim of the IRI course is to train aircraft licence holders to the level of competence defined in
FCL.920,andadequateforaIRI.
CONTENT
1

The IRI course should give particular stress to the role of the individual in relation to the
importance of human factors in the manmachine environment. Special attention should be
paidtotheapplicantslevelsofmaturityandjudgementincludinganunderstandingofadults,
theirbehaviouralattitudesandvariablelevelsofeducation.

WiththeexceptionofthesectiononTeachingandLearning,allthesubjectdetailcontainedin
the theoretical and Flight Training Syllabus is complementary to the Instrument Rating Pilot
Course Syllabus which should already be known by the applicant. Therefore the objective of
thecourseisto:
a.

refreshandbringuptodatethetechnicalknowledgeofthestudentinstructor

b.

trainpilotsinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthemodularinstrumentflyingtraining
course

c.

enable the applicant to develop the necessary instructional techniques required for
teaching of instrument flying, radio navigation and instrument procedures to the level
requiredfortheissueofaninstrumentratingand

d.

ensure that the student instrument rating instructors flying is of a sufficiently high
standard.

SomeoftheairexercisesinPartThreeFlightTrainingSyllabusofthisAMCmaybecombined
inthesameflight.

Duringthecourse,theapplicantsshouldbemadeawareoftheirownattitudestotheimportant
aspect of flight safety. Improving safety awareness should be a fundamental objective
throughoutthecourse.Itwillbeofmajorimportanceforthecourseoftrainingtoaimatgiving
applicants the knowledge, skills and attitudes relevant to an instructors task and to achieve
this,thecoursecurriculum,intermsofobjectivesshouldcompriseatleastthefollowingareas.

Thecourseconsistsof3parts

Part1,thatshouldfollowthecontentofAMCtoFCL.920

Part 2 Instrument Theoretical Knowledge Training. The instrument theoretical knowledge

instruction should comprise not less than 10 hours training to include the revision of
instrument theoretical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of
classroom instructional skills to enable the IRI to instruct the instrument theoretical
knowledgesyllabus.

Part3,FlightTraining.AnapprovedIRIcourseshouldcompriseofatleast10hoursofflight
instruction in an aircraft or FSTD. A similar number of hours should be used for the
instruction and practice of preflight and postflight briefing for each exercise. The flight

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instructionshouldaim toensure that the applicant is able toteach theairexercises safely

andefficiently.

Parts2and3shouldcomplywiththefollowingdetailedcontent:
PART2
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEINSTRUCTIONSYLLABUS

All the subject detail contained in the theoretical and Flight Training Syllabus is complementary to the
InstrumentRating PilotCoursesyllabus whichshouldalreadybeknownbythe applicant. Thereforethe
objectiveofthecourseisto:
a.

refreshandbringuptodatethetechnicalknowledgeofthestudentinstructor

b.

trainpilotsinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthemodularinstrumentflyingtrainingcourse

c.

enable the applicant to develop the necessary instructional techniques required for teaching of
instrumentflying,radionavigationandinstrumentprocedurestothelevelrequiredfortheissueof
aninstrumentratingand

d.

ensurethatthestudentinstrumentratinginstructorsflyingisofasufficientlyhighstandard.

The theoretical subjects covered below should be used to develop the instructors teaching skills.
The items selected should relate to the students backgroundandshouldbe applied to training for
anIR.
GENERALSUBJECTS
PHYSIOLOGICAL/PSYCHOLOGICALFACTORS
TheSenses
SpatialDisorientation
SensoryIllusions
Stress
FLIGHTINSTRUMENTS
AirspeedIndicator
Altimeter
VerticalSpeedIndicator
AttitudeIndicator
HeadingIndicator
TurnandSlipIndicator
MagneticCompass
Inrelationtotheaboveinstrumentsthefollowingitemsshouldbecovered:
PrinciplesofOperation
ErrorsandinflightServiceabilityChecks
SystemFailures
RADIONAVIGATIONAIDS
BasicRadioPrinciples
UseofVHFRTFChannels
TheMorseCode
BasicPrinciplesofRadioAids
VHFOmniRange(VOR)
GroundandAeroplaneEquipment
NonDirectionalBeacons(NDB/ADF)

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GroundandAeroplaneEquipment
VHFDirectionFinding(VHF/DF)
RadioDetectionandRanging(RADAR)
GroundEquipment
PrimaryRadar
SecondarySurveillanceRadar
AeroplaneEquipment
Transponders
PrecisionApproachSystem
OtherNavigationalSystems(asapplicable)incurrentOperationaluse
GroundandAeroplaneEquipment
DistanceMeasuringEquipment(DME)
GroundandAeroplaneEquipment
MarkerBeacons
GroundandAeroplaneEquipment
PreflightServiceabilityChecks
Range,AccuracyandLimitationsofEquipment
FLIGHTPLANNINGCONSIDERATIONS
AERONAUTICALINFORMATIONPUBLICATIONS
Thecourseoftrainingshouldcovertheitemslistedbelow,buttheapplicantsaptitudeandprevious
aviationexperienceshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendeterminingtheamountofinstructionaltime
allotted.
Althoughanumberofitemscontainedunderthisheadingarecomplementarytothosecontainedin
the PPL/CPL/IR syllabi, the instructor should ensure that they have been covered during the
applicantstraininganddueallowanceshouldbemadeforthetimeneededtorevisetheseitemsas
necessary.
TheAeronauticalInformationPublication
NOTAMClass1and2
AeronauticalInformationCirculars
InformationofanOperationalNature
TheRulesoftheAirandAirTrafficServices(RAC)
VisualFlightRulesandInstrumentFlightRules
FlightPlansandATSMessages
UseofRadarinAirTrafficServices
RadioFailure
ClassificationofAirspace
AirspaceRestrictionsandHazards
HoldingandApproachtoLandProcedures
PrecisionApproaches/NonPrecisionApproaches
RadarApproachProcedures
MissedApproachProcedures
VisualManoeuvringafteranInstrumentApproach
ConflictHazardsinUncontrolledAirspace
Communications
TypesofServices
ExtractionofAIPDataRelatingtoRadioAids
ChartsAvailable
Enroute
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DepartureandArrival
InstrumentApproachandLanding
Amendments,CorrectionsandRevisionService
FLIGHTPLANNINGGENERAL
TheObjectivesofFlightPlanning
FactorsAffectingAeroplaneandEnginePerformance
SelectionofAlternate(s)
ObtainingMeteorologicalInformation
ServicesAvailable
MetBriefing
TelephoneorElectronicDataProcessing
ActualWeatherReports(TAFs,METARsandSIGMETMessages)
TheRouteForecast
The Operational Significance of the Meteorological Information Obtained (including Icing,
TurbulenceandVisibility)
AltimeterConsiderations
Definitionsof
TransitionAltitude
TransitionLevel
FlightLevel
QNH
RegionalQNH
StandardPressureSetting
QFE
AltimeterSettingProcedures
PreflightAltimeterChecks
TakeoffandClimb
EnRoute
ApproachandLanding
MissedApproach
TerrainClearance
SelectionofaMinimumSafeEnRouteAltitude
InstrumentFlightRules
PreparationofCharts
ChoiceofRoutesandFlightLevels
CompilationofFlightPlan/LogSheet
LogSheetEntries
NavigationGroundAidstobeused
Frequencies/Identification
RadialsandBearings
TracksandFixes
SafetyAltitude(s)
FuelCalculations
ATCFrequencies(VHF)
Tower,Approach,EnRoute,Radar,FIS,ATIS,andWeatherReports
MinimumSectorAltitudesatDestinationandAlternateAerodromes
Determination of Minimum Safe Descent Heights/Altitudes (Decision Heights) at Destination and
AlternateAerodromes
THEPRIVILEGESOFTHEINSTRUMENTRATING
OutsideControlledAirspace
WithinControlledAirspace
PeriodofValidityandRenewalProcedures
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PART3
FLIGHTTRAININGSYLLABUS
A.

Aeroplanes

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

InstrumentFlying(ForrevisionasdeemednecessarybytheCourseInstructor)

InstrumentFlying(Advanced)

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofVOR

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofNDB

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofVHF/DF

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofDME

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofTransponders

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofEnRouteRadarServices

PreflightandAerodromeDepartureandArrivalProcedures

10

InstrumentApproachILSApproachestoSpecifiedMinimaMissedApproachProcedures

11

InstrumentApproachNDBApproachestoSpecifiedMinimaMissedApproachProcedures

12

RadioNavigation(appliedprocedures)useofGPS(tobedeveloped)

LONGBRIEFING1
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Basic)
FlightInstruments
PhysiologicalConsiderations
InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchIndications
BankIndications
DifferentInstrumentPresentations
IntroductiontotheUseoftheAttitudeIndicator
PitchAttitude
BankAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedflight
InstrumentLimitations(inc.SystemFailures)
ATTITUDE,POWER&PERFORMANCE
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
ControlInstruments
PerformanceInstruments
EffectofChangingPowerandconfiguration
CrossCheckingtheInstrumentIndications
InstrumentInterpretation
DirectandIndirectIndications(PerformanceInstruments)
InstrumentLag
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatVariousAirspeedsandAeroplaneConfigurations
Climbing
Descending

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StandardRateTurns
Level,ClimbingandDescendingOntoPreSelectedHeadings
AIREXERCISE1
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Basic)
PhysiologicalSensations
InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchAttitude
BankAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedFlight
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
EffectofChangingPowerandconfiguration
CrossCheckingtheInstruments
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatvariousAirspeedsandAeroplaneConfigurations
Climbing
Descending
StandardRateTurns
Level,ClimbingandDescendingontoPreSelectedHeadings
LONGBRIEFING2
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Advanced)
FullPanel
30LevelTurns
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
TransferencetoInstrumentsafterTakeoff
LimitedPanel
BasicFlightManoeuvres
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
AIREXERCISE2
FullPanel
30LevelTurns
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
LimitedPanel
RepeatoftheAboveExercises
LONGBRIEFING3
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVOR(VHFOMNIRANGE)
AvailabilityofVORStationsEnRoute
StationFrequenciesandIdentification
SignalReceptionRange
EffectofAltitude
VORRadials
UseofOmniBearingSelector
To/FromIndicator
Orientation
SelectingRadials
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InterceptingaPreSelectedRadial
AssessmentofDistancetoInterception
EffectsofWind
MaintainingaRadial
TrackingTo/FromaVORStation
ProcedureTurns
StationPassage
UseofTwoStationsforObtainingaFix
PreSelectingFixesAlongaTrack
AssessmentofGroundSpeedandTiming
HoldingProcedures
VariousEntries
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
AIREXERCISE3
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVOR(VHFOMNIRANGE)
StationSelectionandIdentification
Orientation
InterceptingaPreSelectedRadial
R/TProceduresandATCLiaison
MaintainingaRadialInbound
RecognitionofStationPassage
MaintainingaRadialOutbound
ProcedureTurns
UseofTwoStationstoObtainaFixAlongtheTrack
AssessmentofGroundSpeedandTiming
HoldingProcedures/Entries
HoldingataPreSelectedFix
HoldingataVORStation
LONGBRIEFING4
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFADF(AUTOMATICDIRECTIONFINDINGEQUIPMENT)
AvailabilityofNDB(NonDirectionalBeacons)FacilitiesEnRoute
Location,Frequencies,Tuning(asapplicable)andIdentificationCodes
SignalReceptionRange
StaticInterference
NightEffect
StationInterference
MountainEffect
CoastalRefraction
OrientationinRelationtoaNDB
Homing
InterceptingaPreSelectedMagneticBearingandTrackingInbound
StationPassage
TrackingOutbound
Time/DistanceChecks
UseofTwoNDBstoObtainaFixoralternativelyuseofOneNDBandOneotherNavaid
HoldingProcedures/VariousApprovedEntries
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
AIREXERCISE4
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RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFADF(AUTOMATICDIRECTIONFINDINGEQUIPMENT)
Selecting,TuningandIdentifyingaNDB
ADFOrientation
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
Homing
TrackingInbound
StationPassage
TrackingOutbound
Time/DistanceChecks
InterceptingaPreSelectedMagneticBearing
DeterminingtheAeroplanespositionfromTwoNDBsoralternativelyfromOneNDBandOneOther
Navaid
ADFHoldingProcedures/VariousApprovedEntries
LONGBRIEFING5
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVHF/DF(VeryHighFrequency/DirectionFinding)
AvailabilityofVHF/DFFacilitiesEnRoute
Location,Frequencies,StationCallSignsandHoursofOperation
SignalandReceptionRange
EffectofAltitude
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
ObtainingandUsingTypesofBearings,e.g.QTE,QDM,QDR
HomingtoaStation
EffectofWind
Use of Two VHF/DF Stations to Obtain a Fix (or alternatively One VHF/DF Station and One other
Navaid)
AssessmentofGroundspeedandTiming
AIREXERCISE5
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVHF/DF(VeryHighFrequency/DirectionFinding)
EstablishingContactwithaVHF/DFStation
R/TProceduresandATCLiaison
ObtainingandUsingaQDRandQTE
HomingtoaStation
EffectofWind
Use of Two VHF/DF Stations to Obtain a Fix (or alternatively One VHF/DF Station and One other
Navaid)
AssessmentofGroundspeedandTiming
LONGBRIEFING6
USEOFDME(DistanceMeasuringEquipment)
AvailabilityofDMEFacilities
Location,FrequenciesandIdentificationCodes
SignalReceptionRange
SlantRange
UseofDMEtoobtainDistance,GroundspeedandTiming
UseofDMEtoobtainaFix

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AIREXERCISE6
USEOFDME(DistanceMeasuringEquipment)
StationSelectionandIdentification
UseofEquipmentFunctions
Distance
Groundspeed
Timing
DMEArcApproach
DMEHolding
LONGBRIEFING7
USEOFTRANSPONDERS(SSR)
OperationofTransponders
CodeSelectionProcedure
EmergencyCodes
PrecautionswhenusingAirborneEquipment
AIREXERCISE7
USEOFTRANSPONDERS(SSR)
OperationofTransponders
TypesofTransponders
CodeSelectionProcedure
EmergencyCodes
PrecautionswhenSelectingtheRequiredCode
LONGBRIEFING8
USEOFENROUTERADAR
AvailabilityofRadarServices
Location,StationFrequencies,CallSignsandHoursofOperation
AIPandNOTAMs
ProvisionofService
Communication(R/T,ProceduresandATCLiaison)
AirspaceRadarAdvisoryService
EmergencyService
AircraftSeparationStandards
AIREXERCISE8
USEOFENROUTERADAR
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
EstablishingtheServiceRequiredandPositionReporting
MethodofReportingConflictingTraffic
TerrainClearance
LONGBRIEFING9
PREFLIGHTANDAERODROMEDEPARTURE
DeterminingtheServiceabilityoftheAeroplaneRadio
NavigationEquipment
ObtainingtheDepartureClearance
SettingupRadioNavaidspriortoTakeoffe.g.VORFrequencies,RequiredRadials,etc.
AerodromeDepartureProcedures,FrequencyChanges
AltitudeandPositionReportingasRequired
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StandardInstrumentDepartureProcedures(SIDs)
ObstacleClearanceConsiderations
AIREXERCISE9
PREFLIGHTANDAERODROMEDEPARTURE
RadioEquipmentServiceabilityChecks
DepartureClearance
NavaidSelection
Frequencies,Radials,etc.
AerodromeDepartureChecks,FrequencyChanges,AltitudeandPositionReports
StandardInstrumentDepartureProcedures(SIDs)
LONGBRIEFING10
INITIAL/INTERMEDIATE/FINALAPPROACHPROCEDURES
PrecisionApproachCharts
ApproachtotheInitialApproachFixandMinimumSectorAltitude
NavaidRequirements,e.g.Radar,ADF,etc.
Communication(ATCLiaisonandR/TPhraseology)
Review:
HoldingProcedure
TheFinalApproachTrack
FormingaMentalPictureoftheApproach
CompletionofAerodromeApproachChecks
InitialApproachProcedure
SelectionoftheILSFrequencyandIdentification
ObstacleClearanceAltitude/Height
OperatingMinima
AchievingtheHorizontalandVerticalPatterns
AssessmentofDistance,GroundspeedTime,andRateofDescentfromtheFinalApproachFixtothe
Aerodrome
UseofDME(asapplicable)
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
ReviewofthePublishedInstructions
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VISUALMANOEUVRINGAFTERANINSTRUMENTAPPROACH
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
AIREXERCISE10
PRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
InitialApproachtotheILS
CompletionofApproachPlanning
HoldingProcedure
FrequencySelectionandIdentificationofILS
ReviewofthePublishedProcedureandMinimumSectorAltitude
Communication(ATCLiaisonandR/TPhraseology)
DeterminationofOperatingMinimaandAltimeterSetting
WeatherConsideration,e.g.CloudBaseandVisibility
AvailabilityofRunwayLighting
ILSEntryMethods
RadarVectors
ProceduralMethod
AssessmentofApproachTimefromtheFinalApproachFixtotheAerodrome
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Determinationof:
TheDescentRateonFinalApproach
TheWindVelocityattheSurfaceandtheLengthoftheLandingRunway
The Obstruction Heights to be borne in mind during Visual manoeuvring after an Instrument
Approach
Circlingapproach
TheApproach:
AttheFinalApproachFix
UseofDME(asapplicable)
ATCliaison
NoteTimeandestablishAirspeedandDescentRate
MaintainingtheLocaliserandGlidePath
AnticipationinChangeofWindVelocityanditsEffectonDrift
DecisionHeight
RunwayDirection
OvershootandMissedApproachProcedure
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
LONGBRIEFING11
NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
NonPrecisionApproachCharts
InitialApproachtotheInitialApproachFixandMinimumSectorAltitude
ATCLiaison
Communication(ATCProceduresandR/TPhraseology)
ApproachPlanning:
HoldingProcedure
TheApproachTrack
FormingaMentalPictureoftheApproach
InitialApproachProcedure
OperatingMinima
CompletionofApproachPlanning
AchievingtheHorizontalandVerticalPatterns
AssessmentofDistance,GroundspeedTime,andRateofDescentfromtheFinalApproachFix(FAF)
totheAerodrome
UseofDME(asapplicable)
GoaroundandMissedApproachProcedure
ReviewofthePublishedInstructions
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VisualManoeuvringafteranInstrumentApproach
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
AIREXERCISE11
NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
CompletionofApproachPlanningincluding
Determinationof:
DescentRatefromtheFinalApproachFix
TheWindVelocityattheSurfaceandLengthoftheLandingRunway
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The Obstruction Heights to be Borne in Mind During Visual Manoeuvring after an Instrument
Approach
CirclingApproach
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
InitialApproach
FrequencySelectionandIdentification
ReviewofthePublishedProcedureandMinimumSafeSectorAltitude
ATCliaisonandR/TPhraseology
DeterminationofDecisionHeightandAltimeterSetting
WeatherConsiderations,e.g.CloudBaseandVisibility
AvailabilityofRunwayLighting
DeterminationofInboundTrack
AssessmentofTimefromFinalApproachFixtotheMissedApproachPoint
ATCLiaison
TheOutboundProcedure(incl.CompletionofPreLandingChecks)
TheInboundProcedure
ReCheckofIdentificationCode
AltimeterSettingReChecked
TheFinalApproach
NoteTimeandEstablishAirspeedandDescentRate
MaintainingtheFinalApproachTrack
AnticipationofChangeinWindVelocityanditsEffectontheDrift
MinimumDescentAltitude/Height
RunwayDirection
GoaroundandMissedApproachProcedure
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VisualApproach
LONGBRIEFING12
AIREXERCISES
UseofGPS(tobedeveloped)
B.

Helicopters

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

InstrumentFlying(ForrevisionasdeemednecessarybytheCourseInstructor)

InstrumentFlying(Advanced)

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofVOR

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofNDB

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofVHF/DF

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofDME

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofTransponders

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofEnRouteRadarServices

PreFlightandAerodromeDepartureandArrivalProcedures

10

Instrument Approach precision approach aid to Specified Minima Missed Approach

Procedures

11

Instrument Approach nonprecision approach to Specified Minima Missed Approach

Procedures

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12

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Radionavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofGPS(tobedeveloped)

LONGBRIEFING1
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Basic)
FlightInstruments
PhysiologicalConsiderations
InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchIndications
BankIndications
DifferentInstrumentPresentations
IntroductiontotheUseoftheAttitudeIndicator
PitchAttitude
BankAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedflight
InstrumentLimitations(incSystemFailures)
ATTITUDE,POWER&PERFORMANCE
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
ControlInstruments
PerformanceInstruments
EffectofChangingPower
CrossCheckingtheInstrumentIndications
InstrumentInterpretation
DirectandIndirectIndications(PerformanceInstruments)
InstrumentLag
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatVariousAirspeeds
Climbing
Descending
StandardRateTurns
Level,ClimbingandDescendingOntoPreSelectedHeadings
AIREXERCISE1
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Basic)
PhysiologicalSensations
InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchAttitude
BankAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedFlight
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
EffectofChangingPower
CrossCheckingtheInstruments
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatvariousAirspeedsandHelicopterConfigurations
Climbing
Descending
StandardRateTurns
Level,ClimbingandDescendingontoPreSelectedHeadings
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[ManoeuvringatminimumandmaximumIMCspeed]
LONGBRIEFING2
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Advanced)
FullPanel
30degreesLevelTurns
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
TransitiontoInstrumentsafterTakeoff
LimitedPanel
BasicFlightManoeuvres
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
AIREXERCISE2
FullPanel
30degreesLevelTurns
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
IdentificationandRecoveryfromLowPitchSteepBankandHighPitchSteepBankAttitudes(atlow
andhighpowersettings)
LimitedPanel
RepeatoftheAboveExercises
LONGBRIEFING3
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVOR(VHFOMNIRANGE)
AvailabilityofVORStationsEnRoute
StationFrequenciesandIdentification
SignalReceptionRange
EffectofAltitude
VORRadials
UseofOmniBearingSelector
To/FromIndicator
Orientation
SelectingRadials
InterceptingaPreSelectedRadial
AssessmentofDistancetoInterception
EffectsofWind
MaintainingaRadial
TrackingTo/FromaVORStation
ProcedureTurns
StationPassage
UseofTwoStationsforObtainingaFix
PreSelectingFixesAlongaTrack
AssessmentofGroundSpeedandTiming
HoldingProcedures
VariousEntries
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
AIREXERCISE3
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVOR(VHFOMNIRANGE)
StationSelectionandIdentification
Orientation
InterceptingaPreSelectedRadial
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R/TProceduresandATCLiaison
MaintainingaRadialInbound
RecognitionofStationPassage
MaintainingaRadialOutbound
ProcedureTurns
UseofTwoStationstoObtainaFixAlongtheTrack
AssessmentofGroundSpeedandTiming
HoldingProcedures/Entries
HoldingataPreSelectedFix
HoldingataVORStation
LONGBRIEFING4
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFADF(AUTOMATICDIRECTIONFINDINGEQUIPMENT)
AvailabilityofNDB(NonDirectionalBeacons)FacilitiesEnRoute
Location,Frequencies,Tuning(asapplicable)andIdentificationCodes
SignalReceptionRange
StaticInterference
NightEffect
StationInterference
MountainEffect
CoastalRefraction
OrientationinRelationtoaNDB
Homing
InterceptingaPreSelectedMagneticBearingandTrackingInbound
StationPassage
TrackingOutbound
Time/DistanceChecks
UseofTwoNDBstoObtainaFixoralternativelyuseofOneNDBandOneotherNavaid
HoldingProcedures
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
AIREXERCISE4
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFADF(AUTOMATICDIRECTIONFINDINGEQUIPMENT)
Selecting,TuningandIdentifyingaNDB
ADFOrientation
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
Homing
TrackingInbound
StationPassage
TrackingOutbound
Time/DistanceChecks
InterceptingaPreSelectedMagneticBearing
DeterminingtheHelicopterspositionfromTwoNDBsoralternativelyfromOneNDBandOneOther
Navaid
ADFHoldingProcedures
LONGBRIEFING5
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVHF/DF(VeryHighFrequency/DirectionFinding)

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AvailabilityofVHF/DFFacilitiesEnRoute
Location,Frequencies,StationCallSignsandHoursofOperation
SignalandReceptionRange
EffectofAltitude
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
ObtainingandUsingTypesofBearings,e.g.QTE,QDM,QDR
HomingtoaStation
EffectofWind
Use of Two VHF/DF Stations to Obtain a Fix (or alternatively One VHF/DF Station and One other
Navaid)
AssessmentofGroundspeedandTiming
AIREXERCISE5
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVHF/DF(VeryHighFrequency/DirectionFinding)
EstablishingContactwithaVHF/DFStation
R/TProceduresandATCLiaison
ObtainingandUsingaQDRandQTE
HomingtoaStation
EffectofWind
Use of Two VHF/DF Stations to Obtain a Fix (or alternatively One VHF/DF Station and One other
Navaid)
AssessmentofGroundspeedandTiming
LONGBRIEFING6
USEOFDME(DistanceMeasuringEquipment)
AvailabilityofDMEFacilities
Location,FrequenciesandIdentificationCodes
SignalReceptionRange
SlantRange
UseofDMEtoobtainDistance,GroundspeedandTiming
UseofDMEtoobtainaFix
AIREXERCISE6
USEOFDME(DistanceMeasuringEquipment)
StationSelectionandIdentification
UseofEquipmentFunctions
Distance
Groundspeed
Timing
DMEArcApproach
DMEHolding
LONGBRIEFING7
USEOFTRANSPONDERS(SSR)
OperationofTransponders
CodeSelectionProcedure
EmergencyCodes
PrecautionswhenusingAirborneEquipment
AIREXERCISE7
USEOFTRANSPONDERS(SSR)
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OperationofTransponders
TypesofTransponders
CodeSelectionProcedure
EmergencyCodes
PrecautionswhenSelectingtheRequiredCode
LONGBRIEFING8
USEOFENROUTERADAR
AvailabilityofRadarServices
Location,StationFrequencies,CallSignsandHoursofOperation
AIPandNOTAMS
ProvisionofService
Communication(R/T,ProceduresandATCLiaison)
AirspaceRadarAdvisoryService
EmergencyService
AircraftSeparationStandards
AIREXERCISE8
USEOFENROUTERADAR
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
EstablishingtheServiceRequiredandPositionReporting
MethodofReportingConflictingTraffic
TerrainClearance
LONGBRIEFING9
PREFLIGHTANDAERODROMEDEPARTURE
DeterminingtheServiceabilityoftheRadioequipment
NavigationEquipment
ObtainingtheDepartureClearance
SettingupRadioNavaidspriortoTakeoffe.g.VORFrequencies,RequiredRadials,etc
AerodromeDepartureProcedures,FrequencyChanges
AltitudeandPositionReportingasRequired
StandardInstrumentDepartureProcedures(SIDs)
ObstacleClearanceConsiderations

AIREXERCISE9
PREFLIGHTANDAERODROMEDEPARTURE
RadioEquipmentServiceabilityChecks
DepartureClearance
NavaidSelection
Frequencies,Radials,etc
AerodromeDepartureChecks,FrequencyChanges,AltitudeandPositionReports
StandardInstrumentDepartureProcedures(SIDs)
LONGBRIEFING10
INITIAL/INTERMEDIATE/FINALAPPROACHPROCEDURES
PrecisionApproachCharts
ApproachtotheInitialApproachFixandMinimumSectorAltitude
NavaidRequirements,e.g.Radar,ADF,etc
Communication(ATCLiaisonandR/TPhraseology)

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Review:
HoldingProcedure
TheFinalApproachTrack
FormingaMentalPictureoftheApproach
CompletionofAerodromeApproachChecks
InitialApproachProcedure
SelectionoftheILSFrequencyandIdentification
ObstacleClearanceAltitude/Height
OperatingMinima
AchievingtheHorizontalandVerticalPatterns
AssessmentofDistance,GroundspeedTime,andRateofDescentfromtheFinalApproachFixtothe
Aerodrome
UseofDME(asapplicable)
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
ReviewofthePublishedInstructions
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VISUALMANOEUVRINGAFTERANINSTRUMENTAPPROACH
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
AIREXERCISE10
PRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
InitialApproachtotheILS
CompletionofApproachPlanning
HoldingProcedure
FrequencySelectionandIdentificationofILS
ReviewofthePublishedProcedureandMinimumSectorAltitude
Communication(ATCLiaisonandR/TPhraseology)
DeterminationofOperatingMinimaandAltimeterSetting
WeatherConsideration,e.g.CloudBaseandVisibility
AvailabilityofLandingsiteLighting
ILSEntryMethods
RadarVectors
ProceduralMethod
AssessmentofApproachTimefromtheFinalApproachFixtotheAerodrome
Determinationof:
TheDescentRateonFinalApproach
TheWindVelocityattheSurfaceandtheLengthoftheLandingSite
The Obstruction Heights to be borne in mind during Visual manoeuvring after an Instrument
Approach
Circlingapproach
TheApproach:
AttheFinalApproachFix
UseofDME(asapplicable)
ATCliaison
NoteTimeandestablishAirspeedandDescentRate
MaintainingtheLocalizerandGlidePath
AnticipationinChangeofWindVelocityanditsEffectonDrift
DecisionHeight
LandingDirection
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
LONGBRIEFING11
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NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
NonPrecisionApproachCharts
InitialApproachtotheInitialApproachFixandMinimumSectorAltitude
ATCLiaison
Communication(ATCProceduresandR/TPhraseology)
ApproachPlanning:
HoldingProcedure
TheApproachTrack
FormingaMentalPictureoftheApproach
InitialApproachProcedure
OperatingMinima
CompletionofApproachPlanning
AchievingtheHorizontalandVerticalPatterns
AssessmentofDistance,GroundspeedTime,andRateofDescentfromtheFinalApproachFix(FAF)
totheAerodrome
UseofDME(asapplicable)
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
ReviewofthePublishedInstructions
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VisualManoeuvringafteranInstrumentApproach
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
AIREXERCISE11
NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
CompletionofApproachPlanningincluding
Determinationof:
DescentRatefromtheFinalApproachFix
TheWindVelocityattheSurfaceandLengthoftheLandingsite
The Obstruction Heights to be Borne in Mind During Visual Manoeuvring after an Instrument
Approach
CirclingApproach
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
InitialApproach
FrequencySelectionandIdentification
ReviewofthePublishedProcedureandMinimumSafeSectorAltitude
ATCliaisonandR/TPhraseology
DeterminationofDecisionHeightandAltimeterSetting
WeatherConsiderations,e.g.CloudBaseandVisibility
AvailabilityofLandingsiteLighting
DeterminationofInboundTrack
AssessmentofTimefromFinalApproachFixtotheMissedApproachPoint
ATCLiaison
TheOutboundProcedure(incl.CompletionofPreLandingChecks)
TheInboundProcedure
ReCheckofIdentificationCode
AltimeterSettingReChecked
TheFinalApproach
NoteTimeandEstablishAirspeedandDescentRate
MaintainingtheFinalApproachTrack
AnticipationofChangeinWindVelocityanditsEffectontheDrift
MinimumDescentAltitude/Height
LandingsiteDirection
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)

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VisualApproach
C.

Airships

LONGBRIEFINGSANDAIREXERCISES
1

BasicInstrumentFlying(ForrevisionasdeemednecessarybytheCourseInstructor)

InstrumentFlying(Advanced)

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofVOR

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofNDB

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofVHF/DF

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofDME

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofTransponders

RadioNavigation(AppliedProcedures)useofEnRouteRadarServices

PreflightandAerodromeDepartureandArrivalProcedures

10

InstrumentApproaches
ILSApproachestoSpecifiedMinimaMissedApproachProcedures

11

InstrumentApproaches
NDBApproachestoSpecifiedMinimaMissedApproachProcedures

12

RadioNavigation(appliedprocedures)useofGPS(tobedeveloped)

LONGBRIEFING1
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Basic)
FlightInstruments
PhysiologicalConsiderations
InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchIndications
DifferentInstrumentPresentations
IntroductiontotheUseoftheAttitudeIndicator
PitchAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedflight
InstrumentLimitations(inc.SystemFailures)
ATTITUDE,POWER&PERFORMANCE
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
ControlInstruments
PerformanceInstruments
EffectofChangingPower,Trimandconfiguration
CrossCheckingtheInstrumentIndications
InstrumentInterpretation
DirectandIndirectIndications(PerformanceInstruments)
InstrumentLag
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatVariousAirspeedsandAirshipConfigurations
Climbing
Descending
StandardRateTurns
Level,ClimbingandDescendingOntoPreSelectedHeadings

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AIREXERCISE1
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Basic)
PhysiologicalSensations
InstrumentAppreciation
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
PitchAttitude
BankAttitude
MaintenanceofHeadingandBalancedFlight
AttitudeInstrumentFlight
EffectofChangingPowerandconfiguration
CrossCheckingtheInstruments
SelectiveRadialScan
THEBASICFLIGHTMANOEUVRES(FULLPANEL)
StraightandLevelFlightatvariousAirspeedsandAirshipConfigurations
Climbing
Descending
StandardRateTurns
Level,ClimbingandDescendingontoPreSelectedHeadings
LONGBRIEFING2
INSTRUMENTFLYING(Advanced)
FullPanel
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
TransferencetoInstrumentsafterTakeoff
LimitedPanel
BasicFlightManoeuvres
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
AIREXERCISE2
FullPanel
UnusualAttitudesRecoveries
LimitedPanel
RepeatoftheAboveExercises
LONGBRIEFING3
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVOR(VHFOMNIRANGE)
AvailabilityofVORStationsEnRoute
StationFrequenciesandIdentification
SignalReceptionRange
EffectofAltitude
VORRadials
UseofOmniBearingSelector
To/FromIndicator
Orientation
SelectingRadials
InterceptingaPreSelectedRadial
AssessmentofDistancetoInterception
EffectsofWind
MaintainingaRadial
TrackingTo/FromaVORStation
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ProcedureTurns
StationPassage
UseofTwoStationsforObtainingaFix
PreSelectingFixesAlongaTrack
AssessmentofGroundSpeedandTiming
HoldingProcedures
VariousEntries
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
AIREXERCISE3
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVOR(VHFOMNIRANGE)
StationSelectionandIdentification
Orientation
InterceptingaPreSelectedRadial
R/TProceduresandATCLiaison
MaintainingaRadialInbound
RecognitionofStationPassage
MaintainingaRadialOutbound
ProcedureTurns
UseofTwoStationstoObtainaFixAlongtheTrack
AssessmentofGroundSpeedandTiming
HoldingProcedures/Entries
HoldingataPreSelectedFix
HoldingataVORStation
LONGBRIEFING4
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFADF(AUTOMATICDIRECTIONFINDINGEQUIPMENT)
AvailabilityofNDB(NonDirectionalBeacons)FacilitiesEnRoute
Location,Frequencies,Tuning(asapplicable)andIdentificationCodes
SignalReceptionRange
StaticInterference
NightEffect
StationInterference
MountainEffect
CoastalRefraction
OrientationinRelationtoaNDB
Homing
InterceptingaPreSelectedMagneticBearingandTrackingInbound
StationPassage
TrackingOutbound
Time/DistanceChecks
UseofTwoNDBstoObtainaFixoralternativelyuseofOneNDBandOneotherNavaid
HoldingProcedures/VariousApprovedEntries
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
AIREXERCISE4
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFADF(AUTOMATICDIRECTIONFINDINGEQUIPMENT)
Selecting,TuningandIdentifyingaNDB
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ADFOrientation
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
Homing
TrackingInbound
StationPassage
TrackingOutbound
Time/DistanceChecks
InterceptingaPreSelectedMagneticBearing
Determining the Airships position from Two NDBs or alternatively from One NDB and One Other
Navaid
ADFHoldingProcedures/VariousApprovedEntries
LONGBRIEFING5
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVHF/DF(VeryHighFrequency/DirectionFinding)
AvailabilityofVHF/DFFacilitiesEnRoute
Location,Frequencies,StationCallSignsandHoursofOperation
SignalandReceptionRange
EffectofAltitude
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
ObtainingandUsingTypesofBearings,e.g.QTE,QDM,QDR
HomingtoaStation
EffectofWind
Use of Two VHF/DF Stations to Obtain a Fix (or alternatively One VHF/DF Station and One other
Navaid)
AssessmentofGroundspeedandTiming
AIREXERCISE5
RADIONAVIGATION(APPLIEDPROCEDURES)
USEOFVHF/DF(VeryHighFrequency/DirectionFinding)
EstablishingContactwithaVHF/DFStation
R/TProceduresandATCLiaison
ObtainingandUsingaQDRandQTE
HomingtoaStation
EffectofWind
Use of Two VHF/DF Stations to Obtain a Fix (or alternatively One VHF/DF Station and One other
Navaid)
AssessmentofGroundspeedandTiming
LONGBRIEFING6
USEOFDME(DistanceMeasuringEquipment)
AvailabilityofDMEFacilities
Location,FrequenciesandIdentificationCodes
SignalReceptionRange
SlantRange
UseofDMEtoobtainDistance,GroundspeedandTiming
UseofDMEtoobtainaFix
AIREXERCISE6
USEOFDME(DistanceMeasuringEquipment)
StationSelectionandIdentification
UseofEquipmentFunctions
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Distance
Groundspeed
Timing
DMEArcApproach
DMEHolding
LONGBRIEFING7
USEOFTRANSPONDERS(SSR)
OperationofTransponders
CodeSelectionProcedure
EmergencyCodes
PrecautionswhenusingAirborneEquipment
AIREXERCISE7
USEOFTRANSPONDERS(SSR)
OperationofTransponders
TypesofTransponders
CodeSelectionProcedure
EmergencyCodes
PrecautionswhenSelectingtheRequiredCode
LONGBRIEFING8
USEOFENROUTERADAR
AvailabilityofRadarServices
Location,StationFrequencies,CallSignsandHoursofOperation
AIPandNOTAMs
ProvisionofService
Communication(R/T,ProceduresandATCLiaison)
AirspaceRadarAdvisoryService
EmergencyService
AircraftSeparationStandards
AIREXERCISE8
USEOFENROUTERADAR
Communication(R/TProceduresandATCLiaison)
EstablishingtheServiceRequiredandPositionReporting
MethodofReportingConflictingTraffic
TerrainClearance
LONGBRIEFING9
PREFLIGHTANDAERODROMEDEPARTURE
DeterminingtheServiceabilityoftheAirshipRadio
NavigationEquipment
ObtainingtheDepartureClearance
SettingupRadioNavaidspriortoTakeoffe.g.VORFrequencies,RequiredRadials,etc.
AerodromeDepartureProcedures,FrequencyChanges
AltitudeandPositionReportingasRequired
StandardInstrumentDepartureProcedures(SIDs)
ObstacleClearanceConsiderations
AIREXERCISE9
PREFLIGHTANDAERODROMEDEPARTURE
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RadioEquipmentServiceabilityChecks
DepartureClearance
NavaidSelection
Frequencies,Radials,etc.
AerodromeDepartureChecks,FrequencyChanges,AltitudeandPositionReports
StandardInstrumentDepartureProcedures(SIDs)
LONGBRIEFING10
INITIAL/INTERMEDIATE/FINALAPPROACHPROCEDURES
PrecisionApproachCharts
ApproachtotheInitialApproachFixandMinimumSectorAltitude
NavaidRequirements,e.g.Radar,ADF,etc.
Communication(ATCLiaisonandR/TPhraseology)
Review:
HoldingProcedure
TheFinalApproachTrack
FormingaMentalPictureoftheApproach
CompletionofAerodromeApproachChecks
InitialApproachProcedure
SelectionoftheILSFrequencyandIdentification
ObstacleClearanceAltitude/Height
OperatingMinima
AchievingtheHorizontalandVerticalPatterns
AssessmentofDistance,GroundspeedTime,andRateofDescentfromtheFinalApproachFixtothe
Aerodrome
UseofDME(asapplicable)
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
ReviewofthePublishedInstructions
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VISUALMANOEUVRINGAFTERANINSTRUMENTAPPROACH
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
AIREXERCISE10
PRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
InitialApproachtotheILS
CompletionofApproachPlanning
HoldingProcedure
FrequencySelectionandIdentificationofILS
ReviewofthePublishedProcedureandMinimumSectorAltitude
Communication(ATCLiaisonandR/TPhraseology)
DeterminationofOperatingMinimaandAltimeterSetting
WeatherConsideration,e.g.CloudBaseandVisibility
AvailabilityofRunwayLighting
ILSEntryMethods
RadarVectors
ProceduralMethod
AssessmentofApproachTimefromtheFinalApproachFixtotheAerodrome
Determinationof:
TheDescentRateonFinalApproach
TheWindVelocityattheSurface(andtheLengthoftheLandingRunway)

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The Obstruction Heights to be borne in mind during Visual manoeuvring after an Instrument
Approach
Circlingapproach
TheApproach:
AttheFinalApproachFix
UseofDME(asapplicable)
ATCliaison
NoteTimeandestablishAirspeedandDescentRate
MaintainingtheLocaliserandGlidePath
AnticipationinChangeofWindVelocityanditsEffectonDrift
DecisionHeight
RunwayDirection
MissedApproachProcedure
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
LONGBRIEFING11
NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
NonPrecisionApproachCharts
InitialApproachtotheInitialApproachFixandMinimumSectorAltitude
ATCLiaison
Communication(ATCProceduresandR/TPhraseology)
ApproachPlanning:
HoldingProcedure
TheApproachTrack
FormingaMentalPictureoftheApproach
InitialApproachProcedure
OperatingMinima
CompletionofApproachPlanning
AchievingtheHorizontalandVerticalPatterns
AssessmentofDistance,GroundspeedTime,andRateofDescentfromtheFinalApproachFix(FAF)
totheAerodrome
UseofDME(asapplicable)
GoaroundandMissedApproachProcedure
ReviewofthePublishedInstructions
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VisualManoeuvringafteranInstrumentApproach
CirclingApproach
VisualApproachtoLanding
AIREXERCISE11
NONPRECISIONAPPROACHPROCEDURE
CompletionofApproachPlanningincluding
Determinationof:
DescentRatefromtheFinalApproachFix
TheWindVelocityattheSurfaceandLengthoftheLandingRunway
The Obstruction Heights to be Borne in Mind During Visual Manoeuvring after an Instrument
Approach
CirclingApproach
GoAroundandMissedApproachProcedure
InitialApproach
FrequencySelectionandIdentification
ReviewofthePublishedProcedureandMinimumSafeSectorAltitude
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ATCliaisonandR/TPhraseology
DeterminationofDecisionHeightandAltimeterSetting
WeatherConsiderations,e.g.CloudBaseandVisibility
AvailabilityofRunwayLighting
DeterminationofInboundTrack
AssessmentofTimefromFinalApproachFixtotheMissedApproachPoint
ATCLiaison
TheOutboundProcedure(incl.CompletionofPreLandingChecks)
TheInboundProcedure
ReCheckofIdentificationCode
AltimeterSettingReChecked
TheFinalApproach
NoteTimeandDescentRate
MaintainingtheFinalApproachTrack
AnticipationofChangeinWindVelocityanditsEffectontheDrift
MinimumDescentAltitude/Height
RunwayDirection
GoaroundandMissedApproachProcedure
TransitionfromInstrumenttoVisualFlight(SensoryIllusions)
VisualApproach
LONGBRIEFING12
AIREXERCISES
UseofGPS(tobedeveloped)
AMCtoFCL.930.MCCI
MCCItrainingcourseaeroplanes
GENERAL
The objective of the technical training is to apply the core instructorcompetencies acquired during
thetheoreticalknowledgetrainingtoMCCtraining.
DuringthepracticaltrainingtheapplicantshoulddemonstratetheabilitytoinstructapilotinMCC.
For the purpose of supervising applicants for MCCI certificates, the adequate experience should
includeatleast3typeratingorMCCcourses.
COURSEOBJECTIVE
1

The course should be designed to give adequate training to the applicant in theoretical
knowledge instruction and synthetic flight instruction in order to instruct those aspects of
multicrewcooperation(MCC)requiredbyanapplicantforatyperatingonafirstmultipilot
aeroplane.

ConfirmationofcompetencyoftheapplicanttobeauthorisedasanMCCI(A)willbedetermined
bytheapplicantconductingatleast3hoursMCCinstructiontoasatisfactorystandardonthe
relevantFNPTorflightsimulatorunderthesupervisionofaTRI(A),SFI(A)orMCCI(A)notified
bytheAuthorityforthispurpose.

Thecourseconsistsof2parts

Part1,thatshouldfollowthecontentofAMCFCL.920

Part2,thatshouldhavethefollowingcontent:

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PART2
TECHNICALTRAINING

The FSTD training consists of the application of core instructor competencies to MCC training in a
commercialairtransportenvironment,includingprinciplesofthreatanderrormanagementandCRM.

ThecontentofthetrainingprogrammeshouldcoverMCCcourseexercisesinsufficientdepthtomeetthe
standardrequiredforissueoftheMCCI(A)authorization.
1

Thecourseshouldbe related to the type ofSTDon which theapplicantwishes to instruct.A

trainingprogrammeshouldgivedetailsofalltheoreticalknowledgeinstruction.

Identification and application of human factors (as set in the ATPL syllabus 040) related to
multicrewcooperationaspectsofthetraining.

Thecontent oftheinstructionprogrammeshouldcovertrainingexercisesasapplicabletothe
MCCrequirementsofanapplicantforamultipilottyperating.

TrainingExercises
The exercises should be accomplished as far as possible in a simulated commercial air transport
environment.Theinstructionshouldcoverthefollowingareas:
a.

preflightpreparationincludingdocumentation,andcomputationoftakeoffperformancedata

b.

preflightchecksincludingradioandnavigationequipmentchecksandsetting

c.

beforetakeoffchecksincludingpowerplantchecks,andtakeoffbriefingbyPF

d.

normaltakeoffswithdifferentflapsettings,tasksofPFandPNF,callouts

e.

rejected takeoffs crosswind takeoffs takeoffs at maximum takeoff mass engine failure
afterV1

f.

normalandabnormaloperationofaircraftsystems,useofchecklists

g.

selectedemergencyprocedurestoincludeenginefailureandfire,smokecontrolandremoval,
windshear during takeoff and landing, emergency descent, incapacitation of a flight crew
member

h.

earlyrecognitionofandreactiononapproachingstallindifferingaircraftconfigurations

i.

instrument flight procedures including holding procedures precision approaches using raw
navigation data, flight director and automatic pilot, one engine simulated inoperative
approaches, nonprecision and circling approaches, approach briefing by PF, setting of
navigation equipment, callout procedures during approaches computation of approach and
landingdata

j.

goarounds normalandwithoneenginesimulated inoperative, transition from instrumentto

visualflightonreachingdecisionheightorminimumdescentheight/altitude.

k.

landings, normal, crosswind and with one engine simulated inoperative, transition from
instrumenttovisualflightonreachingdecisionheightorminimumdescentheight/altitude.

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SUBPARTK
EXAMINERCERTIFICATES
GMtoFCL.1000
Examinercertificatesspecialconditions
When new aircraft are introduced, requirements such as to hold a licence and rating equivalent to
theoneforwhichtheskilltestisbeingconducted,ortohaveadequateflightexperience,maynotbe
possibletocomplywith.In thiscase, toallow forthe firstratings for theseaircrafttobe issued to
applicants, competent authorities need the possibility to issue a specific certificate that does not
havetocomplywiththerequirementsestablishedinthisSubpart.
Thecompetentauthorityshouldonlygivethesecertificatestoholdersofotherexaminercertificates.
Asfaraspossible,preferenceshouldbegiventopersonswithexperienceinsimilartypesorclasses
ofaircraft,forexample,inaircrafthavingthesamekindandnumberofenginesorrotorsandofthe
sameorderofmassortechnology.
Thecertificateshouldideallybelimitedinvaliditytothetimeneededtoqualifythefirstexaminers
forthenewaircraftinaccordancewiththisSubpart,butinanycaseitshouldnotexceedthe3years
establishedintherule.
AMCtoFCL.1015
Examinerstandardisationcourse

GENERAL
1.

The competent authority may provide the course itself or through an arrangement with a
training organisation. This arrangement should clearly state that the training organisation is
actingunderthemanagementsystemofthecompetentauthority.
1.1

Thecourseshouldlast:
1.1.1

FortheLAFE,FEandFIE,atleastoneday,dividedintotheoreticalandpractical
training

1.1.2

for otherexaminers,at least5days,divided intogroundtrainingand practical

training in asimulatorconducting role playedproficiency checks andskill tests
(atleast3days).

CONTENT
2.

Thetrainingshouldcomprise:
2.1

Theoreticaltrainingcoveringatleast:

a.

ThecontentsofAMCNo2toFCL.1015andtheFlightExaminersManual(FEM).

b.

PartFCLandrelatedAMCsandGMrelevanttotheirduties

c.

PartOPSandrelatedAMCandGMrelevanttotheirduties

d.

Nationalrequirementsrelevanttotheirexaminationduties.

e.

Fundamentalsofhumanperformanceandlimitationsrelevanttoflightexamination.

f.

Fundamentalsofevaluationrelevanttoapplicantsperformance.

g.

QualitySystemoftheApprovedTrainingOrganisation

h.

MultiCrewCooperation(MCC),HumanPerformanceandLimitations,ifapplicable.
2.1.1

Examiners should also be briefed on the protection requirements for personal

data, liability, accident insurance and fees, as applicable in the Member State
concerned.

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All items above are core knowledge requirements for an examiner and are
recommendedascorecoursematerial.Thiscorecoursemaybestudiedbefore
recommended examiner training is commenced. The core course may utilise
anysuitabletrainingformat.

2.2

Practicaltrainingconsistingofatleast:

a.

Knowledgeandmanagementofthetestforwhichthecertificateistobesought.These
aredescribedintherelevantModulesintheFlightExaminerManual(FEM).

b.

Knowledgeoftheadministrativeprocedurespertainingtothattest/check.

c.

For an initial examiner certificate, practical training should include the examination of
the test profile sought, consisting of the conduct of at least two test/check profiles in
the role of examiner, including briefing, conduct of the skill test/proficiency check,
assessment of the applicant to whom the test/check is given, debriefing and
recording/documentation under the supervision of an examiner of the appropriate
categoryontheapplicabletype.Thistrainingisconductedintheaircraftifapprovalfor
testing/checking in the aircraft is required. If examiner privileges in FSTDs are
required,practicalinstructionintheuseofFSTD(s)fortesting/checkingshouldalsobe
completed.

2.3

2.2.1

The approved training organisation should determine any further training

required before the candidate is presented to the Authority for the examiner
assessmentofcompetence.

2.2.2

Forhelicopters,ifexaminerprivileges aretoincludetheconductofproficiency
checks for the revalidation or renewal of an instrument rating, practical
instructionshouldincludetheconductofatleastfourinstrumentcheckprofiles
in the role ofexaminer, includingbriefing, conduct of the skill test/proficiency
check,assessmentoftheapplicanttowhomthetest/checkisgiven,debriefing
and recording/documentation under the supervision of an examiner of the
appropriate category on the applicable type. This training is conducted in the
aircraft if approval for testing/checking in the aircraft is required. If examiner
privilegesinbothFSTDandaircraftarerequired,atleastoneoftheinstrument
checkprofilesshouldbeconductedinanFSTD.

For extension of an examiner certificate to further types (as required for TRE), further
practicaltrainingonthenewtypemayberequired,consistingoftheconductofatleast
one test/check profile in the role of examiner on the new type, including briefing,
conduct of the skill test/proficiency check, assessment of the applicant to whom the
test/checkisgiven,debriefingandrecording/documentationunderthesupervisionofan
examineroftheappropriatecategoryontheapplicabletype.Afurtherexaminercheck
on the new type may be required, which may be supervised by an inspector of the
Authorityorasuitablyauthorisedseniorexaminer.

AMC2toFCL.1015
Standardisationarrangementsforexaminers
LIMITATIONS
1

An examiner should plan per working day not more than three test checks relating to PPL,
CPL,IR,LAFIorclassrating,notmorethanfourtests/checksrelatingtoLPL,SPLorGPL,or
more than two tests/checks related to FI, CPL/IR and ATPL or more than four tests/checks
relatingtotyperating.

AnexaminershouldplanatleasttwohoursforaLPL,SPLorBPL,threehoursforaPPL,CPL,
IR,LAFIorclassratingtest/checks,andatleastfourhoursforFI,CPL/IR,MPL,ATPLortype
rating tests/checks, including preflight briefing and preparation, conduct of the test/check,
debriefingandevaluationoftheapplicantanddocumentation.

An examiner should allow an applicant adequate time to prepare for a test/check, normally
notmorethanonehour.

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An examiner should plan a test/check flight so that the flight time in an aircraft or ground
timeinanapprovedsynthetictrainingdeviceisnotlessthan:
a.

45minutesforaLPL(B)/BPL,BasicLPL(A)/(H)

b.

90minutesforLPL(A)/(H),PPLandCPL,includingnavigationsection

c.

60minutesforIR,LAFI,FIandsinglepilottype/classratingand

d.

120minutesforCPL/IR,MPLandATPL.

FortheLPL(S)andSPLtest/checkflighttheflighttimemustbesufficienttoallowthatallthe
itemsineachtest/checksectioncanbefullycompleted.Ifnotalltheitemscanbecompleted
inoneflight,additionalflightshavetobedone.
PURPOSEOFATEST/CHECK
5

Determinethroughpracticaldemonstrationduringatest/checkthatanapplicanthasacquired
ormaintainedtherequiredlevelofknowledgeandskill/proficiency

Improvetrainingandflightinstructioninregisteredfacilities,ApprovedTrainingOrganisations
byfeedbackofinformationfromexaminersconcerningitems/sectionsoftests/checksthatare
mostfrequentlyfailed

Assistinmaintainingand,wherepossible,improvingairsafetystandardsbyhavingexaminers
displaygoodairmanshipandflightdisciplineduringtests/checks.

CONDUCTOFTEST/CHECK
8

Anexaminerwillensurethatanapplicantcompletesatest/checkinaccordancewith PartFCL
requirementsandisassessedagainsttherequiredtest/checkstandards.

Each item within a test/check section should be completed and assessed separately. A failed
itemisafailedsection.Thetest/checkschedule,asbriefed,shouldnotnormallybealteredby
an examiner. A failed item is not always a failed section, e.g. type rating skill test where a
failure of an item in a section does not fail the entire section, only the failed item is taken
again.

10

Marginalorquestionableperformanceofatest/checkitemshouldnotinfluenceanexaminers
assessmentofanysubsequentitems.

11

Anexaminershouldverifytherequirementsandlimitationsofatest/checkwithanapplicant
duringthepreflightbriefing.

12

Whenatest/checkiscompletedordiscontinued,anexaminershoulddebrieftheapplicantand
give reasons for items/sections failed. In the event of a failed or discontinued skill test or
proficiency check, the examiner should provide appropriate advice to assist the applicant in
retests/rechecks.

13

Any comment on, or disagreement with, an examiners test/check evaluation/assessment

madeduringadebriefingwillberecordedbytheexamineronthetest/checkreport,andwill
besignedbytheexaminerandcountersignedbytheapplicant.

EXAMINERPREPARATION
14

Anexaminershouldsuperviseallaspectsofthetest/checkflightpreparation,including,where
necessary,obtainingorassuringanATCslottime.

15

An examiner will plan a test/check in accordance with PartFCL requirements. Only the
manoeuvres and procedures set out in the appropriate test/check form will be undertaken.
The same examiner should not reexamine a failed applicant without the agreement of the
applicant.

EXAMINERAPPROACH

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3Jun2008

Anexaminershouldencourageafriendlyandrelaxedatmospheretodevelopbothbeforeand
during a test/check flight. A negative or hostile approach should not be used. During the
test/check flight, the examiner should avoid negative comments or criticisms and all
assessmentsshouldbereservedforthedebriefing.

ASSESSMENTSYSTEM
17

Although test/checks may specify flight test tolerances,an applicant should not be expected
toachievetheseattheexpenseofsmoothnessorstableflight.Anexaminershouldmakedue
allowance for unavoidable deviations due to turbulence, ATC instructions, etc.. An examiner
should terminate a test/check only for the purpose of assessing the applicant, or for safety
reasons.Anexaminerwilluseoneofthefollowingtermsforassessment:
a.

A pass, provided the applicant demonstrates the required level of knowledge,

skill/proficiency and, where applicable, remains within the flight test tolerances for the
licenceorratingor

b.

Afailprovidedthatanyofthefollowingapply:

c.

i.

the flight test tolerances have been exceeded after the examiner has made due
allowanceforturbulenceorATCinstructions

ii.

theaimofthetest/checkisnotcompleted

iii.

the aim of exercise is completed but at the expense of safe flight, violation of a
ruleorregulation,poorairmanshiporroughhandling

iv.

anacceptablelevelofknowledgeisnotdemonstrated

v.

anacceptablelevelofflightmanagementisnotdemonstratedor

vi.

the intervention of the examiner or safety pilot is required in the interest of

safety.

Apartialpassinaccordancewiththecriteriashownintherelevantskilltestappendix
ofPartFCL.

METHODANDCONTENTSOFTHETEST/CHECK
18

Beforeundertaking atest/check, anexaminer will verify that the aircraft or flight simulation
synthetic training device intended to be used, is suitable and appropriately equipped for the
test/check. Only aircraft or synthetic flight simulation training devices approved by the
Authorityforskilltesting/proficiencycheckingmaybeused.

19

Atest/checkflightwillbeconductedinaccordancewiththeaircraftflightmanual(AFM)and,
ifapplicable,theaircraftoperatorsmanual(AOM).

20

Atest/checkflightwillbeconductedwithinthelimitationscontainedintheoperationsmanual
of a Approved Training Organisation and, where applicable, the operations manual of a
registeredfacility.

21

Contents
a.

b.

Atest/checkiscomprisedof:

oralexaminationontheground(whereapplicable)

preflightbriefing

inflightexercisesand

postflightdebriefing

Oralexaminationonthegroundshouldinclude:

aircraftgeneralknowledgeandperformance

planningandoperationalproceduresand

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c.

d.

otherrelevantitems/sectionsofthetest/check

Preflightbriefingshouldinclude:

test/checksequence

powersettingandspeeds,ifapplicableand

safetyconsiderations

Inflightexerciseswillinclude:

e.

3Jun2008

eachrelevantitem/sectionofthetest/check

Postflightdebriefingshouldinclude:

assessment/evaluationoftheapplicant

documentationofthetest/checkwiththeapplicantsFIpresent,ifpossible.

22

A test/check is intended to simulate a practical flight. Accordingly, an examiner may set

practical scenarios for an applicant whileensuring that the applicant is not confused and air
safetyisnotcompromised.

23

An examiner should maintain a flight log and assessment record during the test/check for
referenceduringthepost/flightdebriefing.

24

Anexaminershouldbeflexibletothepossibilityofchangesarisingtopreflightbriefsdueto
ATCinstructions,orothercircumstancesaffectingthetest/check.

25

Where changes arise to a planned test/check an examiner should be satisfied that the
applicant understands and accepts the changes. Otherwise, the test/check flight should be
terminated.

26

Shouldanapplicantchoosenottocontinueatest/checkforreasonsconsideredinadequateby
an examiner, the applicant will be assessed as having failed those items/sections not
attempted.Ifthetest/checkisterminatedforreasonsconsideredadequatebytheexaminer,
onlytheseitems/sectionsnotcompletedwillbetestedduringasubsequenttest/check.

27

At the discretion of the examiner, any manoeuvre or procedure of the test/check may be
repeatedoncebytheapplicant.Anexaminermayterminateatest/checkatanystage,ifitis
consideredthattheapplicantscompetencyrequiresacompleteretest/recheck.

AMCtoFCL.1020
Assessmentofcompetence

GENERAL
Thecompetentauthoritymaynominateeitheroneofitsinspectorsoraseniorexaminertoassessthe
competenceofapplicantsforanexaminercertificate.
DEFINITIONS
InspectorTheinspectoroftheAuthorityconductingtheexaminercompetenceassessment.
ExaminerApplicantThepersonseekingcertificationasanExaminer
CandidateThepersonbeingtested/checkedbytheExaminerApplicant.Thispersonmaybeapilot
for whom the test/check would be required, or the Inspector of the Authority who is conducting the
ExaminerCertificationAcceptanceTest.
CONDUCTOFTHEASSESSMENT
AninspectoroftheAuthority,oraseniorexaminer,willobserveallexaminerapplicantsconducting
atestonacandidateinanaircraftforwhichexaminercertificateissought.Itemsfromtherelated
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Syllabi for training course and skill tests/proficiency checks content for class/type rating will be
selected by the inspector for examination of the candidate by the examiner applicant. Having
agreed with the inspector the content of the test, the examiner applicant will be expected to
manage the entire test. This will include briefing, the conduct of the flight, assessment and
debriefingofthecandidate.Theinspectorwilldiscusstheassessmentwiththeexaminerapplicant
beforethecandidateisdebriefedandinformedoftheresult.
BRIEFINGTHECANDIDATE
4

Thecandidateshouldbegiventimeandfacilitiestoprepareforthetestflight.Thebriefingshould
coverthefollowing:
a.

theobjectiveoftheflight

b.

licensingchecks,asnecessary

c.

freedomforthecandidatetoaskquestions

d.

operatingprocedurestobefollowed(e.g.operatorsmanual)

e.

weatherassessment

f.

operatingcapacityofcandidateandexaminer

g.

aimstobeidentifiedbycandidate

h.

simulatedweatherassumptions(e.g.icing,cloudbase)

i.

contentsofexercisetobeperformed

j.

agreedspeedandhandlingparameters(e.g.Vspeeds,bankangle)

k.

useofR/T

l.

respectiverolesofcandidateandexaminer(e.g.duringemergency)

m.

administrativeprocedures(e.g.submissionofflightplan)

The examiner TRE applicant should maintain the necessary level of communication with the
candidate.ThefollowingcheckdetailsshouldbefollowedbytheexaminerTREapplicant:
a.

involvementofexaminerinamultipilotoperatingenvironment

b.

theneedtogivethecandidatepreciseinstructions

c.

responsibilityforsafeconductoftheflight

d.

interventionbyexaminer,whennecessary

e.

useofscreens

f.

liaisonwithATCandtheneedforconcise,easilyunderstoodintentions

g.

promptingthecandidateregardingrequiredsequenceofevents(e.g.followingagoaround)

h.

keepingbrief,factualandunobtrusivenotes

ASSESSMENT
6

Theexaminerapplicantshouldrefertotheflighttesttolerancesgivenintherelevantskilltest

Appendix..Attentionshouldbepaidtothefollowingpoints:
a.

questionsfromthecandidate

b.

giveresultsofthetestandanysectionsfailed

c.

givereasonsforfailure

DEBRIEFING

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Theexaminerapplicantshoulddemonstratetotheinspectortheabilitytoconductafair,unbiased,
debriefingofthecandidatebasedonidentifiablefactualitems.Abalancebetweenfriendlinessand
firmness should beevident. The following points shouldbediscussedwith the candidate, at the
applicantsdiscretion:
a.

advisethecandidateonhowtoavoidorcorrectmistakes

b.

mentionanyotherpointsofcriticismnoted

c.

giveanyadviceconsideredhelpful

RECORDING/DOCUMENTATION
Theexaminerapplicantshoulddemonstratetotheinspectortheabilitytocompletetherelevantrecords
correctly.Theserecordsmaybe:
a.

therelevantskilltestform

b.

licenceentry

c.

notificationoffailureform

d.

relevant company forms where the examiner has privileges of conducting operator
proficiencychecks

DEMONSTRATIONOFTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The examiner applicantshoulddemonstrate to the inspectorasatisfactory knowledge ofthe regulatory
requirementsassociatedwiththefunctionofanexaminer.
AMCtoFCL.1025
Validity,revalidationandrenewal
The period of 3 years should be counted in addition to the remainder of the month of issue. If issued
withinthefinal12calendarmonthsofvalidityofapreviousexaminercheck,theperiodofvalidityshould
beextendedfromthedateofissueuntil3yearsfromtheexpirydateofthatpreviousexaminercheck.
Whentheexaminerauthorizationisrevalidatedatthesametimeashisinstructorcertificate,thevalidity
periodoftheinstructorcertificatemaybealignedwiththeexaminercertificate.

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3Jun2008

AMCANDGMTOPARTFCLAPPENDICES

AMCtoAppendix3
A.

ATPintegratedcourseaeroplanes

CREDITING
In thecase ofa PPL(A) or PPL(H)entrant, 50% ofthe aircraft hours flownby the entrant prior to the
course may be credited towards the required flight instruction up to a maximum of 40 hours flying
experience,or45hoursifanaeroplanenightratinghasbeenobtained,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybe
dualinstruction.Thiscreditforthehoursflownshouldbeenteredintotheapplicantstrainingrecord.In
thecaseofastudentpilotwhodoesnotholdapilotlicenceandwiththeapprovaloftheAuthorityaATO
maydesignatecertaindualexercisestobeflowninahelicopteroraTMGuptoamaximumof20hours.
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 750 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
The 750 hours of instructionshould bedivided in such away that ineach subject the minimum hours
are:
Subject

hours

AirLaw

40

AircraftGeneralKnowledge

80

FlightPerformance&Planning

90

HumanPerformance&Limitations

50

Meteorology

60

Navigation

150

OperationalProcedures

20

PrinciplesofFlight

30

Communications

30

OthersubdivisionofhoursmaybeagreeduponbetweentheAuthorityandtheATO.
THEFLYINGINSTRUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTOFIVEPHASES:

Phase1
1

Exercisesuptothefirstsoloflightcompriseatotalofatleast10hoursdualflightinstructionona
singleengineaeroplaneincluding:
a.

preflight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and

servicing

b.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceandprecautions

c.

controloftheaeroplanebyexternalvisualreferences

d.

normaltakeoffsandlandings

e.

flightatcriticallylowairspeeds,recognitionofandrecoveryfromincipientandfullstalls,
spinavoidanceand

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f.

3Jun2008

unusualattitudesandsimulatedenginefailure.

Phase2
2

Exercises up to the first solo crosscountry flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual
flightinstructionandatleast10hourssoloflightincluding:
a.

maximumperformance(shortfieldandobstacleclearance)takeoffs,shortfieldlandings

b.

flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments,includingthecompletionofa180turn

c.

dual crosscountry flying using external visual references, deadreckoning and radio
navigationaids,diversionprocedures

d.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperationsatdifferentaerodromes

e.

crosswindtakeoffsandlandings

f.

abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane

equipmentmalfunctions

g.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic
servicesprocedures,radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseologyand

h.

knowledgeofmeteorologicalbriefingarrangements,evaluationofweatherconditionsfor
flightanduseofAeronauticalInformationServices(AIS).

Phase3
3

Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 5 hours of dual
instructionandatleast25hoursaspilotincommand.
ThedualinstructionandtestinguptotheVFRnavigationprogresstestshouldcomprise:
a.

repetitionofexercisesofPhases1and2

b.

VFR flight at relatively critical high airspeeds, recognition of and recovery from spiral
dives

c.

VFR navigation progress test conducted by a flight instructor not connected with the
applicantstraining.

Phase4
4

Exercisesuptotheinstrumentratingskilltestcomprise:
a.

at least 55 hours instrument flight, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument

groundtimeinaFNPTIorupto40hoursinanFNPTIIorflightsimulatorwhichshould
beconductedbyaflightinstructorand/oranauthorisedsyntheticflightinstructorand

b.

35hoursinstrumenttimeflownasSPIC

c.

nightflightincludingtakeoffsandlandingsaspilotincommand

d.

preflight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and
appropriateairtrafficservicesdocumentsinthepreparationofanIFRflightplan

e.

procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency
conditionscoveringatleast

transitionfromvisualtoinstrumentflightontakeoff

standardinstrumentdeparturesandarrivals

enrouteIFRprocedures

holdingprocedures
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instrumentapproachestospecifiedminima

missedapproachprocedures

landingsfrominstrumentapproaches,includingcircling

3Jun2008

f.

inflightmanoeuvresandspecificflightcharacteristicsand

g.

operationofamultiengineaeroplaneintheexercisesof5(e),includingoperationofthe
aeroplanesolelybyreferencetoinstrumentswithoneenginesimulatedinoperative,and
engine shutdown and restart. (The latter training should be at a safe altitude unless
carriedoutinasynthetictrainingdevice).

Phase5
5

Instruction and testing in multicrew cooperation (MCC) comprise the relevant training
requirements.

Ifatyperatingformultipilotaeroplanesisnotrequiredoncompletionofthispart,theapplicant
willbeprovidedwithacertificateofcoursecompletionforMCCtraining.

B.

CPL/IRintegratedcourseaeroplanes

CREDITING
In thecase ofa PPL(A) or PPL(H)entrant, 50% ofthe aircraft hours flownby the entrant prior to the
course may be credited towards the required flight instruction up to a maximum of 40 hours flying
experience,or45hoursifanaeroplanenightratinghasbeenobtained,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybe
dualinstruction.Thiscreditforthehoursflownshouldbeenteredintotheapplicantstrainingrecord.In
thecaseofastudentpilotwhodoesnotholdapilotlicenceandwiththeapprovaloftheAuthorityaATO
maydesignatecertaindualexercisestobeflowninahelicopteroraTMGuptoamaximumof20hours.
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 500 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
The 500 hours of instructionshould bedivided in such away that ineach subject the minimum hours
are:
Subject

hours

AirLaw

30

AircraftGeneralKnowledge

50

FlightPerformance&Planning

60

HumanPerformance&Limitations

15

Meteorology

40

Navigation

100

OperationalProcedures

10

PrinciplesofFlight

25

Communications

30

OthersubdivisionsofhoursmaybeagreedbetweentheAuthorityandtheATO.

THEFLYINGINSTRUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTOFOURPHASES:

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Phase1
1

Exercisesuptothefirstsoloflightcompriseatotalofatleast10hoursdualflightinstructionona
singleengineaeroplaneincluding:
a.

preflight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and

servicing

b.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceandprecautions

c.

controloftheaeroplanebyexternalvisualreferences

d.

normaltakeoffsandlandings

e.

flightatcriticallylowairspeeds,recognitionofandrecoveryfromincipientandfullstalls,
spinavoidanceand

f.

unusualattitudesandsimulatedenginefailure.

Phase2
2

Exercises up to the first solo crosscountry flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual
flightinstructionandatleast10hourssoloflightincluding:
a.

maximumperformance(shortfieldandobstacleclearance)takeoffs,shortfieldlandings

b.

flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments,includingthecompletionofa180turn

c.

dual crosscountry flying using external visual references, deadreckoning and radio
navigationaids,diversionprocedures

d.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperationsatdifferentaerodromes

e.

crosswindtakeoffsandlandings

f.

abnormal and emergency operations and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane

equipmentmalfunctions

g.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic
servicesprocedures,radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseologyand

h.

knowledgeofmeteorologicalbriefingarrangements,evaluationofweatherconditionsfor
flightanduseofAeronauticalInformationServices(AIS).

Phase3
3

ExercisesuptotheVFRnavigationprogresstestcompriseatotalofatleast5hoursofinstruction
andatleast40hoursaspilotincommand.

ThedualinstructionandtestinguptotheVFRnavigationprogress testandtheskilltestshould
containthefollowing:
a.

repetitionofexercisesofPhases1and2

b.

VFR flight at relatively critical high airspeeds, recognition of and recovery from spiral
dives

c.

VFR navigation progress test conducted by a flight instructor not connected with the
applicantstraining

Phase4
5

Exercisesuptotheinstrumentratingskilltestcomprise:

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C.

3Jun2008

a.

at least 55 hours instrument time, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument

groundtimeinanFNPTIorupto40hoursinanFNPTIIorflightsimulatorwhichshould
beconductedbyaflightinstructorand/oranauthorisedsyntheticflightinstructor,and

b.

50hoursinstrumenttimeflownasSPIC

c.

nightflightincludingtakeoffsandlandingsaspilotincommand

d.

preflight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and
appropriateairtrafficservicesdocumentsinthepreparationofanIFRflightplan

e.

procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency
conditionscoveringatleast:

transitionfromvisualtoinstrumentflightontakeoff

standardinstrumentdeparturesandarrivals

enrouteIFRprocedures

holdingprocedures

instrumentapproachestospecifiedminima

missedapproachprocedures

landingsfrominstrumentapproaches,includingcircling

f.

inflightmanoeuvresandparticularflightcharacteristicsand

g.

operationofeitherasingleengineoramultiengineaeroplaneintheexercises of5(e),
including in the case of a multiengine aeroplane, operation of the aeroplane solely by
reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative and engine shut down
andrestart.Thelatterexerciseistobeconductedatasafealtitudeunlesscarriedoutin
asynthetictrainingdevice.

CPLintegratedcourseaeroplanes

CREDITING
In thecase ofa PPL(A) or PPL(H)entrant, 50% ofthe aircraft hours flownby the entrant prior to the
course may be credited towards the required flight instruction up to a maximum of 40 hours flying
experience,or45hoursifanaeroplanenightratinghasbeenobtained,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybe
dualinstruction.Thiscreditforthehoursflownshouldbeenteredintotheapplicantstrainingrecord.In
thecaseofastudentpilotwhodoesnotholdapilotlicenceandwiththeapprovaloftheAuthorityaATO
maydesignatecertaindualexercisestobeflowninahelicopteroraTMGuptoamaximumof20hours.
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 350 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
THEFLYINGINSTRUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTOFOURPHASES:

Phase1
1

Exercisesuptothefirstsoloflightcompriseatotalofatleast10hoursdualflightinstructionona
singleengineaeroplaneincluding:
a.

preflight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and

servicing

b.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceandprecautions

c.

controloftheaeroplanebyexternalvisualreferences

d.

normaltakeoffsandlandings
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3Jun2008

e.

flight at relatively slow airspeeds, recognition of and recovery from incipient and full
stalls,spinavoidanceand

f.

unusualattitudesandsimulatedenginefailure.

Phase2
2

Exercises up to the first solo crosscountry flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual
flightinstructionandatleast10hourssoloflightincluding:
a.

maximumperformance(shortfieldandobstacleclearance)takeoffs,shortfieldlandings

b.

flightbyreferencesolelytoinstruments,includingthecompletionofa180turn

c.

dual crosscountry flying using external visual references, deadreckoning and radio
navigationaids,diversionprocedures

d.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperationsatdifferentaerodromes

e.

crosswindtakeoffsandlandings

f.

abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane

equipmentmalfunctions

g.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic
servicesprocedures,radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseologyand

h.

knowledgeofmeteorologicalbriefingarrangements,evaluationofweatherconditionsfor
flightanduseofAeronauticalInformationServices(AIS).

Phase3
3

ExercisesuptotheVFRnavigationprogresstestcompriseatotalofatleast30hoursinstruction
andatleast58hoursaspilotincommand,including:
a.

atleast10hoursinstrumenttime,whichmaycontain5hoursofinstrumentgroundtime
inaFNPToraflightsimulatorandshouldbeconductedbyaflightinstructorand/oran
authorisedsyntheticflightinstructor.

b.

repetitionofexercises ofPhases 1and2,whichshouldincludeat least fivehoursinan

aeroplanecertificatedforthecarriageofatleastfourpersons and haveavariablepitch
propellerandretractablelandinggear

c.

VFR flight at relatively critical high airspeeds, recognition of and recovery from spiral
divesand

d.

nightflighttimeincludingtakeoffsandlandingsaspilotincommand.

Phase4
4

ThedualinstructionandtestinguptotheCPL(A)skilltestcontainthefollowing:
a.

upto30hoursinstructionwhichmaybeallocatedtospecialisedaerialworktraining

b.

repetitionofexercisesinPhase3,asrequired

c.

inflightmanoeuvresandparticularflightcharacteristicsand

d.

multienginetraining.

Ifrequired,operationofamultiengineaeroplaneincludingoperationoftheaeroplanewithone
engine simulated inoperative, and engine shut down and restart (the latter exercise at a safe
altitudeunlesscarriedoutinasynthetictrainingdevice).

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D.

3Jun2008

CPLmodularcourseaeroplanes

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 250 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
FLYINGTRAINING
Visualflighttraining

Suggested
Flight
time

Preflightoperationsmassand
balancedetermination,aeroplane
inspectionandservicing.

Takeoff,trafficpattern,

0:45

approachandlanding.Useof
checklistcollisionavoidance
checkingprocedures.

Trafficpatterns:simulated

0:45

enginefailureduringandafter
takeoff.

Maximumperformance(shortfield

1:00

andobstacleclearance)
takeoffsshortfieldlandings.

Crosswindtakeoffsand

1:00

landingsgoarounds.

Flightatrelativelycriticalhigh

0:45

airspeedsrecognitionofand
recoveryfromspiraldives.

Flightatcriticallyslow

0:45

airspeeds,spinavoidance,
recognitionof,andrecovery
from,incipientandfullstalls.

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NPA200817b

Crosscountryflying

3Jun2008

10:00

usingdeadreckoningandradio
navigationaids.Flightplanning
bytheapplicantfilingofATC
flightplanevaluationof
weatherbriefingdocumentation,
NOTAMetcradiotelephony
proceduresandphraseology
positioningbyradionavigation
aidsoperationto,fromand
transitingcontrolled
aerodromes,compliancewith
airtrafficservicesprocedures
forVFRflights,simulatedradio
communicationfailure,weather
deterioration,diversion
proceduressimulatedengine
failureduringcruiseflight
selectionofanemergencylanding
strip.

Instrumentflighttraining

Thismoduleisidenticaltothe10hourBasicInstrumentFlightModuleassetoutinAMC2toAppendix6.
This module is focused on thebasics of flying by sole reference to instruments, including limitedpanel
andunusualattitudes.

Allexercises maybeperformedinaFNPTIorIIoraflightsimulator.Ifinstrumentflighttrainingis in
VMC,asuitablemeansofsimulatingIMCforthestudentshouldbeused.

ABITDmaybeusedforthefollowingexercises9,10,11,12,14and16.

TheuseoftheBITDissubjecttothefollowing:

thetrainingiscomplementedbyexercisesonanaeroplane

therecordoftheparametersoftheflightisavailableand

AFI(A)orIRI(A)conductstheinstruction.

Basicinstrumentflyingwithout

0:30
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NPA200817b

3Jun2008

externalvisualcues.Horizontal
flightpowerchangesfor
accelerationordeceleration,
maintainingstraightandlevelflight
turnsinlevelflightwith15and25
bank,leftandrightrolloutonto
predeterminedheadings.

10

Repetitionofexercise9

0:45

additionallyclimbingand
descending,maintainingheading
andspeed,transitionto
horizontalflightclimbingand
descendingturns.

11

Instrumentpattern:

a.

0:45

Startexercise,decelerate
toapproachspeed,flapsinto
approachconfiguration

b.

Initiatestandardturn
(leftorright)

c.

Rolloutonoppositeheading,
maintainnewheadingfor
1minute

d.

Standardturn,geardown,
descend500ft/min

e.

Rolloutoninitialheading,
maintaindescent(500ft/min)
andnewheadingfor1minute

f.

Transitiontohorizontal
flight,1.000ftbelow
initialflightlevel
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NPA200817b

g.

Initiategoaroundand

h.

Climbatbestrate

3Jun2008

ofclimbspeed.

12

Repetitionofexercise9and

0:45

steepturnswith45bank
recoveryfromunusual
attitudes.

13

Repetitionofexercise12

0:45

14

RadionavigationusingVOR,NDB

0:45

or,ifavailable,VDFinterceptionof
predeterminedQDM,QDR.

15

Repetitionofexercise9and

0:45

recoveryfromunusualattitudes

16

Repetitionofexercise9,turns

0:45

andlevelchange[andrecoveryfrom
unusualattitudes]withsimulated
failureoftheartificialhorizon
and/ordirectionalgyro.

17

Recognitionof,andrecoveryfrom,

0:45

incipientandfullstalls.

18

Repetitionofexercises14,16

3:30

and17

Multienginetraining
Ifrequired,operationofamultiengineaeroplane intheexercises 1through 18,includingoperationof
the aeroplane with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shutdown and restart. Before
commencingtraining,theapplicantshouldhavecompliedwiththetypeandclassratingsrequirementsas
appropriatetotheaeroplaneusedforthetest.
E.

ATP/IRintegratedcourseHelicopters

CREDITING

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3Jun2008

InthecaseofaPPL(H)entrant,50%ofthehelicopterhoursflownbytheentrantpriortothecoursemay
becreditedtowardstherequiredflightinstructiontoamaximumof:
(a) upto40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) ifahelicopternightratinghasbeenobtained,upto50hours,ofwhichupto25hoursmaybe
dualinstruction.
This creditforthehoursflownshouldbeenteredintotheapplicantstrainingrecord.Incaseofa
studentpilotwhodoes notholdapilotlicenceandwiththeapprovaloftheAuthority,aATOmay
designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20
hours.

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 750 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
The 750 hours of instructionshould bedivided in such away that ineach subject the minimum hours
are:

Subject

hours

AirLaw

40

AircraftGeneralKnowledge

80

FlightPerformance&Planning

90

HumanPerformance&Limitations

50

Meteorology

60

Navigation

150

OperationalProcedures

20

PrinciplesofFlight

30

Communications

30

OthersubdivisionofhoursmaybeagreedbetweentheAuthorityandtheATO.
THEFLIGHTINSTRUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTOFOURPHASES:

Phase1
1

Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight
instructiononahelicopterincluding:
a. preflightoperations,massandbalancedeterminationhelicopterinspectionandservicing
b. aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceandprocedures
c.

controlofthehelicopterbyexternalvisualreference

d. takeoffs,landings,hovering,lookoutturnsandnormaltransitionsfromandtothehover
e. emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance
recoveryifrelevanttotype.

Phase2

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3Jun2008

FlightexercisesuntilgeneralhandlinganddayVFRnavigationprogresscheck,andbasicinstrument
flying progresscheck.Thisphasecomprises atotalflighttimeofnotless than128hours including
73hoursofdualflightinstructionflighttimeandincludingatleast5hoursVFRconversiontraining
on a multiengine helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student pilotin
command.Theinstructionandtestingcontainthefollowing:
a. sidewaysandbackwardsflight,turnsonthespot
b. incipientvortexringrecovery
c.

advanced/touchdown autorotations, simulated engineoff landings, practice forced landings.

Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of
engines,controls,electricalandhydrauliccircuits

d. steepturns
e. transitions,quickstops,outofwindmanoeuvres,slopinggroundlandingsandtakeoffs
f.

limited power and confined area operations including low level operations to and from
unpreparedsites

g. flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments including completion of a 180 turn and
recoveryfromunusualattitudestosimulateinadvertententryintocloud
h. crosscountry flying by external visual reference, dead reckoning and radio navigation aids,
diversionprocedures
i.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperationsatdifferentaerodromes

j.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes compliance with air traffic services
procedures,radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseology

k.

applicationofmeteorologicalbriefingarrangements,evaluationofweatherconditions forflight
anduseofAeronauticalInformationServices(AIS)

l.

nightflightincludingtakeoffsandlandingsaspilotincommand

m. generalhandling,dayVFRnavigationandbasicinstrumentflyingprogresschecksinaccordance
withAppendix4toPartFCL,conductedbyaflightinstructornotconnectedwiththeapplicants
training.

Phase3
3

Flight exercises up to Instrument Rating skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual
instrumentflighttimeincluding10hoursofamultiengineIFRcertificatedhelicopter.
Theinstructionandtestingshouldcontainthefollowing:
a. Preflightprocedures for IFR flights including the use of the flight manual and appropriate air
trafficservicesdocumentsinthepreparationofanIFRflightplan.
b. Procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency
conditionscoveringatleast:

transitionfromvisualtoinstrumentflightontakeoff.

standardinstrumentdeparturesandarrivals.

enrouteIFRprocedures.

holdingprocedures.

instrumentapproachestospecifiedminima.

missedapproachprocedure.

landingsfrominstrumentapproaches.

inflightmanoeuvresandparticularflightcharacteristics.

instrumentexerciseswithoneenginesimulatedinoperative.

Phase4
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3Jun2008

Instructioninmulticrewcooperation(MCC)shouldcomprisetherelevanttrainingsetoutinAMCto
FCL.H.1.724.

5 If a type rating for multipilot helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant
shouldbeprovidedwithacertificateofcoursecompletionforMCCtraining.
F.

ATPintegratedcourseHelicopters

CREDITING
InthecaseofaPPL(H)entrant,50%ofthehelicopterhoursflownbytheentrantpriortothecoursemay
becreditedtowardstherequiredflightinstructiontoamaximumof:
(a) upto40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) ifahelicopternightratinghasbeenobtained,upto50hours,ofwhichupto25hoursmaybe
dualinstruction.
Thiscreditforthehoursflownshouldbeenteredintotheapplicantstrainingrecord.Incaseofastudent
pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the Authority, a ATO may designate
certaindualexercisestobeflowninanaeroplaneoraTMGuptoamaximumof20hours.
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 650 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
The 650 hours of instructionshould bedivided in such away that ineach subject the minimum hours
are:

Subject

hours

AirLaw

30

AircraftGeneralKnowledge

70

FlightPerformance&Planning

65

HumanPerformance&Limitations

40

Meteorology

40

Navigation

120

OperationalProcedures

20

PrinciplesofFlight

30

Communications

25

OthersubdivisionofhoursmaybeagreedbetweentheAuthorityandtheATO.

THEFLIGHTINSTRUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTHREEPHASES.
Phase1
1

Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight
instructiononahelicopterincluding:
a. preflightoperations,massandbalancedeterminationhelicopterinspectionandservicing
b. aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceandprocedures
c.

controlofthehelicopterbyexternalvisualreference

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3Jun2008

d. takeoffs,landings,hovering,lookoutturnsandnormaltransitionsfromandtothehover
e. emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance
recoveryifrelevanttotype.
Phase2
2

FlightexercisesuntilgeneralhandlinganddayVFRnavigationprogressandbasicinstrumentflying
progress check conducted by a flight instructor not connected with the applicant's training. This
phasecomprisesatotalflighttimeofnotlessthan128hoursincluding73hoursofdualinstruction
flight timeand including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training ona multiengine helicopter, 15
hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student pilotincommand. The instruction and testing
containthefollowing:
a. sidewaysandbackwardsflight,turnsonthespot
b. incipientvortexringrecovery
c.

touchdown/advanced autorotations, simulated engineoff landings, practice forced landings.

Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of
engines,controls,electricalandhydrauliccircuits

d. steepturns
e. transitions,quickstops,outofwindmanoeuvres,slopinggroundlandingsandtakeoffs
f.

limited power and confined area operations including low level operations to and from
unpreparedsites

g. 10hoursflightbysolereferencetobasicflightinstruments,includingcompletionofa180oturn
andrecoveryfromunusualattitudestosimulateinadvertententryintocloud
h. crosscountry flying by external visual reference, dead reckoning and radio navigation aids,
diversionprocedures
i.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperationsatdifferentaerodromes

j.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic services
procedures,radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseology

k.

applicationofmeteorologicalbriefingarrangements,evaluationofweatherconditions forflight
anduseofAeronauticalInformationServices(AIS)

l.

nightflightincludingtakeoffsandlandingsaspilotincommand

m. generalhandling,dayVFRnavigationandbasicinstrumentflyingprogresschecksinaccordance
Appendix 4 to PartFCL, conducted by a flight instructor not connected with the applicants
training.

Phase3
3

Instruction in multicrew cooperation (MCC) comprise the relevant training set out in AMC to
FCL.H.2.724.

If a type rating for multipilot helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant
shouldbeprovidedwithacertificateofcoursecompletionforMCCtraining.

G.

CPL/IRintegratedcoursehelicopters

CREDITING
InthecaseofaPPL(H)entrant,50%ofthehelicopterhoursflownbytheentrantpriortothecoursemay
becreditedtowardstherequiredflightinstructiontoamaximumof:
(a) upto40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) ifahelicopternightratinghasbeenobtained,upto50hours,ofwhichupto25hoursmaybe
dualinstruction.

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NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Thiscreditforthehoursflownshouldbeenteredintotheapplicantstrainingrecord.Incaseofastudent
pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the Authority, a ATO may designate
certaindualexercisestobeflowninanaeroplaneoraTMGuptoamaximumof20hours.
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 500 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
The 500 hours of instructionshould bedivided in such away that ineach subject the minimum hours
are:
Subject

hours

AirLaw

30

AircraftGeneralKnowledge

50

FlightPerformance&Planning

60

HumanPerformance&Limitations

15

Meteorology

40

Navigation

100

OperationalProcedures

10

PrinciplesofFlight

25

Communications

30

OthersubdivisionofhoursmaybeagreedbetweentheAuthorityandtheATO.

THEFLIGHTINSTRUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTHREEPHASES.

Phase1
1. Flightexercisesuptothefirstsoloflight.Thispartcomprisesatotalofatleast12hoursdualflight
instructiononahelicopterincluding:
a. preflightoperations:massandbalancedeterminationhelicopterinspectionandservicing
b. aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceandprocedures
c.

controlofthehelicopterbyexternalvisualreference

d. takeoffs,landings,hovering,lookoutturnsandnormaltransitionsfromandtothehover
e. emergency procedures, basic autorotation, simulated engine failure, ground resonance
recoveryifrelevanttotype.

Phase2
2. FlightexercisesuntilgeneralhandlinganddayVFRnavigationprogresscheckconductedbyaflight
instructornotconnectedwiththeapplicantstraining,andbasicinstrumentprogresscheck.Thispart
comprisesatotalflighttimeofnotlessthan128hoursincluding73hoursofdualinstructionflight
timeandincludingatleast5hoursVFRconversiontrainingonamultienginehelicopter,15hoursof
soloflightand40hoursflownasSPIC.Theinstructionandtestingcontainthefollowing:
a. sidewaysandbackwardsflight,turnsonthespot
b. incipientvortexringrecovery
c.

touchdown/advancedautorotationandsimulatedengineofflandings,practiceforcedlandings.
Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of
engines,controls,electricalandhydrauliccircuits

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3Jun2008

d. steepturns
e. transitions,quickstops,outofwindmanoeuvres,slopinggroundlandingsandtakeoffs
f.

limited power and confined area operations including selection of and low level operations to
andfromunpreparedsites

g. flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of 180o turn and
recoveryfromunusualattitudestosimulateinadvertententryintocloud
h. crosscountry flying by external visual reference, dead reckoning and radio navigation aids,
diversionprocedures
i.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperationsatdifferentaerodromes

j.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic services
procedures,radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseology

k.

applicationofmeteorologicalbriefingarrangements,evaluationofweatherconditions forflight
anduseofAeronauticalInformationServices(AIS)

l.

general handling progress test conducted by a delegated instructor not connected with the
applicantstraining

m. nightflightincludingtakeoffsandlandingsaspilotincommand
n. generalhandling,dayVFRnavigationandbasicinstrumentflyingprogresschecks,conductedby
aflightinstructornotconnectedwiththeapplicantstraining.

Phase3
3. Flight exercises up to Instrument Rating skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual
instrumentflighttimeincluding10hoursofamultiengineIFRcertificatedhelicopter.
Theinstructionandtestingshouldcontainthefollowing:
a. preflight procedures for IFR flights including the use of the flight manual and appropriate air
trafficservicesdocumentsinthepreparationofanIFRflightplan.
b. procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency
conditionscoveringatleast:

H.

transitionfromvisualtoinstrumentflightontakeoff.

standardinstrumentdeparturesandarrivals.

enrouteIFRprocedures.

holdingprocedures.

instrumentapproachestospecifiedminima.

missedapproachprocedure.

landingsfrominstrumentapproaches.

inflightmanoeuvresandparticularflightcharacteristics.

instrumentexerciseswithoneenginesimulatedinoperative.
CPLintegratedcourseHelicopters

CREDITING
InthecaseofaPPL(H)entrant,50%ofthehelicopterhoursflownbytheentrantpriortothecoursemay
becreditedtowardstherequiredflightinstructiontoamaximumof:
(a) upto40hours,ofwhichupto20hoursmaybedualinstruction,or
(b) Upto50hoursifahelicopternightratinghasbeenobtained,ofwhichupto25hoursmaybe
dualinstruction.
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3Jun2008

Thiscreditforthehoursflownshouldbeenteredintotheapplicantstrainingrecord.Incaseofastudent
pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the Authority, a ATO may designate
certaindualexercisestobeflowninanaeroplaneoraTMGuptoamaximumof20hours.
THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 350 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
The 350 hours of instructionshould bedivided in such away that ineach subject the minimum hours
are:

Subject

hours

AirLaw

25

AircraftGeneralKnowledge

30

FlightPerformance&Planning

25

HumanPerformance&Limitations

10

Meteorology

30

Navigation

55

OperationalProcedures

PrinciplesofFlight

20

Communications

10

OthersubdivisionofhoursmaybeagreedbetweentheAuthorityandtheATO.
THEFLIGHTINSTRUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTWOPHASES.

Phase1
1

Flightexercisesuptothefirstsoloflight.Thispartcomprisesatotalofnotlessthan12hoursdual
flightinstructiononahelicopterincluding:
a. preflightoperations,massandbalancedeterminationhelicopterinspectionandservicing
b. aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperations,collisionavoidanceandprocedures
c.

controlofthehelicopterbyexternalvisualreference

d. takeoffs,landings,hovering,lookoutturnsandnormaltransitionsfromandtothehover
e. emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance
recoveryifrelevanttotype.

Phase2
2

FlightexercisesuntilgeneralhandlinganddayVFRnavigationprogresscheckconductedbyaflight
instructornotconnectedwiththeapplicant'straining,andbasicinstrumentprogresscheck.Thispart
comprisesatotalflighttimeofnotlessthan123hoursincluding73hoursofdualinstructionflight
time, 15 hours of solo flight and 35 hours flown as SPIC. The instruction and testing contain the
following:
a. sidewaysandbackwardsflight,turnsonthespot
b. incipientvortexringrecovery

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c.

3Jun2008

touchdown/advancedautorotationsandsimulatedengineofflandings,practiceforcedlandings.
Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of
engines,controls,electricalandhydrauliccircuits

d. steepturns
e. transitions,quickstops,outofwindmanoeuvres,slopinggroundlandingsandtakeoffs
f.

limited power and confined area operations including selection of and low level operations to
andfromunpreparedsites

g. flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180o turn and
recoveryfromunusualattitudestosimulateinadvertententryintocloud
h. crosscountry flying by external visual reference, dead reckoning and radio navigation aids,
diversionprocedures
i.

aerodromeandtrafficpatternoperationsatdifferentaerodromes

j.

operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic services
procedures,radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseology

k.

applicationofmeteorologicalbriefingarrangements,evaluationofweatherconditions forflight
anduseofAeronauticalInformationServices(AIS)

l.

general handling progress test conducted by a delegated instructor not connected with the
applicant'straining

m. nightflightincludingtakeoffsandlandingsaspilotincommand
n. generalhandling,dayVFRnavigationandbasicinstrumentflyingprogresschecksinaccordance
withAppendix4toPartFCL,conductedbyaflightinstructornotconnectedwiththeapplicants
training.
I.

CPLmodularcourseHelicopters

THEORETICALKNOWLEDGE
The 250 hours of instruction can include classroom work, interactive video, slide/tape presentation,
learning carrels, computer based training, and other media as approved by the Authority, in suitable
proportions.
FLYINGTRAINING
The flying instructioncomprises thefollowing items.The flighttimeallocatedtoeachexerciseis at the
discretionoftheflightinstructor,providedatleast5hoursflighttimeisallocatedtocrosscountryflying.

Visualflight
Withinthetotalofdualflightinstructiontime,theapplicantmayhavecompletedduringthevisualphase
upto5hoursinahelicopterFSorFTD2,3orFNPTII,III.
a. Preflightoperations:massandbalancecalculations,helicopterinspectionandservicing.
b. Level flight speedchanges, climbing,descending, turns,basicautorotations, use of checklist,
collisionavoidance,checkingprocedures.
c.

Takeoffsandlandings,trafficpattern,approach,simulatedenginefailuresinthetrafficpattern.
Sidewaysandbackwardsflightandspotturnsinthehover.

d. Recoveryfromincipientvortexringcondition.
e. Advanced autorotations covering the speed range from low speed to maximum range and
manoeuvreinautorotations(180 360 and'S'turns),simulatedengineofflandings.
f.

Selectionofemergencylandingareas,autorotationsfollowingsimulatedemergenciestogiven
areas.Steepturnsat30 and45 bank.

g. Manoeuvresatlowlevelandquickstops.

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h. Landings,takeoffsandtransitionstoandfromthehoverwhenheadingoutofwind.
i.

Landingsandtakeoffsfromslopingorunevenground.

j.

Landingsandtakeoffswithlimitedpower.

k.

Lowleveloperationsintoandoutofconfinedlandingsites.

l.

Crosscountry flying using dead reckoning and radio navigation aids. Flight planning by the
applicant filing of ATC flight plan evaluation of weather briefing documentation, NOTAM etc
radiotelephonyproceduresandphraseologypositioningbyradionavigationaidsoperationto,
from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic services procedures for
VFRflights,simulatedradiocommunicationfailure,weatherdeterioration,diversionprocedures
locationofanoffairfieldlandingsiteandsimulatedapproach.

BasicInstrumentFlight
A maximum of 5 hours of the following exercises may be performed in a FS or FTD or FNPT. Flight
trainingshouldbecarriedoutinVMCusingasuitablemeansofsimulatingIMCforthestudent.
m. Instrument flying without external visual cues. Level flight performing speed changes,
maintainingflightaltitude(level,heading)turnsinlevelflightatrateoneand30 bank,leftand
rightrolloutonpredeterminedheadings.
n. Repetition of exercise (m) additionally climbing and descending, maintaining heading and
speed,transitiontohorizontalflightclimbinganddescendingturns.
o. Repetitionofexercise(m)andrecoveryfromunusualattitudes.
p. Radionavigation.
q. Repetition of exercise (m) and turns using standby magnetic compass and standby artificial
horizon(iffitted).

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GMtoAppendix5
MPLIntegratedMultiCrewPilotLicencetrainingcourse

GENERAL
Inbroadterms,theMPLholderisexpectedtobeabletocompletetheairlineoperatorsconversioncourse
with a high probability of success and within the time frame normally allowed for this phase. The
standardisequivalenttowhatiscurrentlyexpectedfromgraduatesoftheATP(A)integratedcoursewho
havecompletedtyperatingtraining.
The general approach is to use the existing ATP(A) integrated training course as a reference and to
implementprogressivelytheMPLintegratedtrainingcourseandspecificallythetransferfromactualflight
tosimulatedflight.
This transfer shouldbe organised in a way that is similar to the approach used for ETOPS. Successive
evolutions of the training syllabus introduce progressively a higher level of simulated flight and a
reduction of actual flight. Change from one version to the next should only take place after enough
experiencehasbeengainedandonceitsresults,includingthoseofairlineoperatorconversioncourses,
havebeenanalysedandtakenintoaccount.

MPLTRAININGSCHEME

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THEORETICALKNOWLEDGEINSTRUCTION
The 750 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction can include classroom work, interactive video,
slide/tapepresentation,learningcarrels,computerbasedtraining,andothermediaas approvedbythe
Authority,insuitableproportions.

COMPETENCYUNITS,COMPETENCYELEMENTSANDPERFORMANCECRITERIA

1.

Applyhumanperformanceprinciples,includingprinciplesofthreatanderrormanagement

1.1

Cooperation

1.2

Leadershipandmanagerialskills

1.3

Situationawareness

1.4

Decisionmaking
Thesebehaviourcategoriesareintendedtohelpintheeffectiveutilisationofallavailableresourcesto
achievesafeandefficientoperations.

These behaviour categoriesmay be adapted and extended to incorporate issues like communication
anduseofautomationifitisconsideredtoberelevanttothedevelopmentofthecurriculum.
2.

PerformAircraftGroundandPreFlightOperations
Listofcompetencyelementsandperformancecriteria

2.0

Demonstrate attitudes and behavioursappropriate to the safe conduct offlight,includingrecognizing

andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment

2.1

Performdispatchduties

satisfactory/unsatisfactory

2.1.1

verifies technical condition of the a/c, including

adequateuseofMEL

PF/PNF

2.1.2

checkstechnicalbulletinsandnotices

PF/PNF

2.1.3

determines operational environment and pertinent

weather

PF/PNF

2.1.4

determinesimpactofweatheronaircraftperformance

PF/PNF

2.1.5

appliesflightplanningand loadprocedures

PF/PNF

2.1.6

determinesfuelrequirement

PF/PNF

2.1.7

filesanATSflightplan(ifrequired)

PF/PNF

2.2

Provideflightcrewandcabincrewbriefings

2.2.1

briefedflightcrewinallrelevantmatters

PF

2.2.2.

briefedcabincrewinallrelevantmatters

PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

2.3

Performpreflightchecksandcockpitpreparation

2.3.1

ensurestheairworthinessoftheaircraft

2.3.2

performsthecockpitpreparationandbriefings

PF/PNF

2.3.3

performs FMS initialisation, data insertion and

confirmation

PF/PNF

2.3.4

optimisesandcheckstakeoffperformanceandtakeoff
datacalculation

PF/PNF

2.4

Performenginestart

2.4.1

asks for, receives acknowledges and checks ATC

clearance

2.4.2

performsenginestartprocedure

PF/PNF

2.4.3

uses standard communication procedures with ground

crewandATC

PF/PNF

2.5

Performtaxiout

2.5.1

receives,checksandadherestotaxiclearance

PNF

2.5.2

taxistheaircraftincludinguseofexteriorlighting

PF

2.5.3

compliestotaxiclearance

PF/PNF

2.5.4

maintainslookoutforconflictingtrafficandobstacles

PF/PNF

2.5.5

operatesthrust,brakesandsteering

PF

2.5.6

conductsrelevantbriefings

PF

2.5.7

usesstandardcommunicationprocedureswithcrewand
ATC

2.5.8

completes
checklists

2.5.9

updatesandconfirmsFMSdata

standard

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF

satisfacto /unsatisfacto
ry
ry
PNF

satisfacto /unsatisfacto
ry ry

operating

procedures

and

PNF
PF/PNF
PF/PNF

2.5.10 manageschangesinperformanceanddepartureroute

PF/PNF

2.5.11 completesde/antiiceprocedures

PF/PNF

2.6

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

satisfacto /unsatisfacto
ry
ry

2.6.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

2.6.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

2.6.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

2.7

Communicate with cabin crew, passengers and

company

2.7.1

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcabincrew

2.7.2

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcompany

PF/PNF

2.7.3

makespassengerannouncementswhenappropriate

PF/PNF

satisfacto /unsatisfacto
ry
ry
PF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

3.

PerformTakeoff
Listofcompetencyelementsandperformancecriteria

3.0

Demonstrateattitudesandbehavioursappropriatetothesafeconductofflight,includingrecognising
andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment

3.1

Performpretakeoffandpredeparturepreparation

satisfactory/unsatisfactory

3.1.1

checksandacknowledgeslineupclearance

PF/PNF

3.1.2

checkscorrectrunwayselection

PF/PNF

3.1.3

confirmsvalidityofperformancedata

PF/PNF

3.1.4

checksapproachsectorandrunwayareclear

PF/PNF

3.1.5

confirmsallchecklistsandtakeoffpreparationscompleted

PF/PNF

3.1.6

linesuptheaircraftoncentrelinewithoutlosingdistance

3.1.7

checksweatherondeparturesector

PF/PNF

3.1.8

checksrunwaystatusandwind

PF/PNF

3.2

Performtakeoffroll

3.2.1

appliestakeoffthrust

3.2.2

checksengineparameters

PNF

3.2.3

checksairspeedindicators

PF/PNF

3.2.4

staysonrunwaycentreline

PF

3.3

Performtransitiontoinstrumentflightrules

3.3.1

appliesV1procedures

3.3.2

rotatesatVRtoinitialpitchattitude

PF

3.3.3

establishesinitialwingslevelattitude

PF

3.3.4

retractslandinggear

3.3.5

maintainsclimboutspeed

3.4

Performinitialclimbtoflapretractionaltitude

3.4.1

setsclimbpower

PF

3.4.2

adjustsattitudeforacceleration

PF

3.4.3

selectsflapsaccordingflapspeedschedule

3.4.4

observesspeedrestrictions

PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF/PNF

PNF
PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

PF/PNF
PF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

3.4.5

completesrelevantchecklists

PF/PNF

3.5

Performrejectedtakeoff

3.5.1

recognisestherequirementtoabortthetakeoff

PF

3.5.2

appliestherejectedtakeoffprocedure

PF

3.5.3

assessestheneedtoevacuatetheaircraft

3.6

Performnavigation

3.6.1

compliestodepartureclearance

PF

3.6.2

complieswithpublisheddepartureprocedures,e.gspeeds

PF

3.6.3

monitorsnavigationaccuracy

3.6.4

communicatesandcoordinateswithATC

3.7

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

3.7.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

3.7.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

3.7.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

4.

PerformClimb

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

PF/PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

PF/PNF
PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

Listofcompetencyelementsandperformancecriteria

4.0

Demonstrateattitudesandbehavioursappropriatetothesafeconductofflight,includingrecognising
andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment

4.1

Perform standard instrument departure / en route

navigation

satisfactory/unsatisfactory

4.1.1

complieswithdepartureclearanceandprocedures

4.1.2

demonstratesterrainawareness

PF/PNF

4.1.3

monitorsnavigationaccuracy

PF/PNF

4.1.4

adjustsflighttoweatherandtrafficconditions

4.1.5

communicatesandcoordinateswithATC

4.1.6

observesminimumaltitudes

4.1.7

selectsappropriatelevelofautomation

4.1.8

complieswithaltimetersettingprocedures

4.2

Completeclimbproceduresandchecklists

4.2.1

performstheaftertakeoffitems

PF

PF
PNF
PF/PNF
PF
PF/PNF
satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF/PNF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

4.2.2

confirmsandchecksaccordingchecklists

PF/PNF

4.3

Modifyclimbspeeds,rateofclimbandcruisealtitude

4.3.1

recognises the need to change speed / rate of climb /

cruisealtitude

PF

4.3.2

selectsandmaintainstheappropriateclimbspeed/rate
ofclimb

PF

4.3.3

selectsoptimumcruiseflightlevel

4.4

Performsystemsoperationsandprocedures

4.4.1

monitorsoperationofallsystems

PF/PNF

4.4.2

operatessystemsasrequired

PF/PNF

4.5

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

4.5.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

4.5.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

4.5.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

4.6

Communicatewithcabincrew,passengersandcompany

4.6.1

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcabincrew

4.6.2

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcompany

4.6.3

makespassengerannouncementswhenappropriate

5.

PerformCruise

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

PF/PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF
PF/PNF
PF

Competencyelementsandperformancecriteria

5.0

Demonstrateattitudesandbehavioursappropriatetothesafeconductofflight,includingrecognizing
andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment
satisfactory/unsatisfactory

5.1

Monitornavigationaccuracy

5.1.1

demonstratesadequateareaknowledge

PF/PNF

5.1.2

demonstratesadequaterouteknowledge

PF/PNF

5.1.3

navigatesaccordingtoflightplanandclearance

PF

5.1.4

adjustsflighttoweatherandtrafficconditions

PF

5.1.5

communicatesandcoordinateswithATC

PNF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

5.1.6

observesminimumaltitudes

PFPNF

5.1.7

usesallmeansofautomation

5.2

Monitorflightprogress

5.2.1

selectsoptimumspeed

PF

5.2.2

selectsoptimumcruiseflightlevel

PF

5.2.3

monitorsandcontrolsfuelstatus

PF/PNF

5.2.4

recognisestheneedforapossiblediversion

PF/PNF

5.2.5

createsadiversioncontingencyplanifrequired

PF/PNF

5.3

Performdescentandapproachplanning

5.3.1

checksweatherofdestinationandalternateairport

PF/PNF

5.3.2

checksrunwayinuseandapproachprocedure

PF/PNF

5.3.3

setstheFMSaccordingly

PNF

5.3.4

checkslandingweightandlandingdistancerequired

PNF

5.3.5

checksMEA,MGAandMSA

PF/PNF

5.3.6

identifiestopofdescentpoint

PF

5.4

Performsystemsoperationsandprocedures

5.4.1

monitorsoperationofallsystems

5.4.2

operatessystemsasrequired

5.5

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

5.5.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

5.5.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

5.5.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

5.6

Communicatewithcabincrew,passengersandcompany

5.6.1

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcabincrew

5.6.2

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcompany

5.6.3

makespassengerannouncementswhenappropriate

6.

PerformDescent

PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF/PZN
PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF
PF/PNF
PF

Listofcompetencyelementsandperformancecriteria

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NPA200817b

6.0

3Jun2008

Demonstrate attitudes and behaviours appropriate to the safe conduct of flight, including recognizing
andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment
satisfactory/unsatisfactory

6.1

Initiateandmanagedescent

6.1.1

starts descent according to ATC clearance or optimum

descentpoint

PF

6.1.2

selectsoptimumspeedanddescentrate

PF

6.1.3

adjustsspeedtoexistingenvironmentalconditions

PF

6.1.4

recognisestheneedtoadjustthedescentpath

PF

6.1.5

adjuststheflightpathasrequired

PF

6.1.6

utilisesallmeansofFMSdescentinformation

PF

6.2

Monitorandperformenrouteanddescentnavigation

6.2.1

complieswitharrivalclearanceandprocedures

6.2.2

demonstratesterrainawareness

PF/PNF

6.2.3

monitorsnavigationaccuracy

PF/PNF

6.2.4

adjustsflighttoweatherandtrafficconditions

6.2.5

communicatesandcoordinateswithATC

6.2.6

observesminimumaltitudes

6.2.7

selectsappropriatelevel/modeofautomation

6.2.8

complieswithaltimetersettingprocedures

6.3

Replanningandupdateofapproachbriefing

6.3.1

rechecksdestinationweatherandrunwayinuse

6.3.2

briefs/rebriefsaboutinstrumentapproachandlandingas
required

6.3.3

reprogramstheFMSasrequired

6.3.4

rechecksfuelstatus

6.4

Performholding

6.4.1

identifiesholdingrequirement

6.4.2

programsFMSforholdingpattern

6.4.3

entersandmonitorsholdingpattern

6.4.4

assesses fuel requirements and determines max

holdingtime

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF

PF
PNF
PF/PNF
PF
PF/PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PNF
PF
PNF
PF/PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF/PNF
PNF
PF
PF/PNF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

6.4.5

reviewstheneedforadiversion

PF/PNF

6.4.6

initiatesdiversion

6.5

Performsystemsoperationsandprocedures

6.5.1

monitorsoperationofallsystems

PF/PNF

6.5.2

operatessystemsasrequired

PF/PNF

PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

Duty
6.6

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

6.6.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

6.6.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

6.6.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

6.7

Communicatewithcabincrew,passengersandcompany

6.7.1

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcabincrew

6.7.2

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcompany

6.7.3

makespassengerannouncementswhenappropriate

7.

PerformApproach

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF
PF/PNF
PF

Listofcompetencyelementsandperformancecriteria

7.0

Demonstrateattitudesandbehavioursappropriatetothesafeconductofflight,includingrecognizing
andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment
satisfactory/unsatisfactory

7.1

Performapproachingeneral

7.1.1

executesapproachaccordingtoproceduresandsituation

PF

7.1.2

selectsappropriatelevel/modeofautomation

PF

7.1.3

selectsoptimumapproachpath

PF

7.1.4

operatescontrolssmoothandcoordinated

PF

7.1.5

performsspeedreductionandflapextension

PF/PNF

7.1.6

performsrelevantchecklists

PF/PNF

7.1.7

initiatesfinaldescent

PF

7.1.8

achievesstabilisedapproachcriteria

PF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

7.1.9

ensuresadherencetominima

PF/PNF

7.1.10 initiatesgoaroundifrequired

PF

7.1.11 masterstransitiontovisualsegment

PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

7.2

Performprecisionapproach

7.2.1

performsILSapproach

PF

7.2.2

performsMLSapproach

PF

7.3

Performnonprecisionapproach

7.3.1

performsVORapproach

PF

7.3.2

performsNDBapproach

PF

7.3.3

performsSREapproach

PF

7.3.4

performsGPS/GNSSapproach

PF

7.3.5

performsILSlocapproach

PF

7.3.6

performsILSbackbeamapproach

PF

7.4

Performapproachwithvisualreferencetoground

7.4.1

performsstandardvisualapproach

PF

7.4.2

performscirclingapproach

PF

7.5

Monitortheflightprogress

7.5.1

insuresnavigationaccuracy

7.5.2

communicateswithATC,Crewmembers

7.5.3

monitorsfuelstatus

7.6

Performsystemsoperationsandprocedures

7.6.1

monitorsoperationofallsystems

PF

7.6.2

operatessystemsasrequired

PF

7.7

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

7.7.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

7.7.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

7.7.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

7.8

Performgoaround/missedapproach

7.8.1

initiatesgoaroundprocedure

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF/PNF
PNF
PF/PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

7.8.2

navigatesaccordingtomissedapproachprocedure

PF

7.8.3

completestherelevantchecklists

7.8.4

initiatesapproachordiversionafterthegoaround

7.8.5

communicateswithATCandcrewmembers

7.9

Communicatewithcabincrew,passengersandcompany

7.9.1

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcabincrew

7.9.2

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcompany

7.9.3

makespassengerannouncementswhenappropriate

PF

7.8.1

initiatesgoaroundprocedure

PF

8.

PerformLanding

PF/PNF
PF
PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF
PF/PNF

Competencyelementsandperformancecriteria

8.0

Demonstrateattitudesandbehavioursappropriatetothesafeconductofflight,includingrecognising
andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment
satisfactory/unsatisfactory

8.1

Landtheaircraft

8.1.1

maintainsastabilizedapproachpathduringvisual
segment

PF

8.1.2

recognizesandactsonchangingconditionsfor
windshift/windshearsegment

PF

8.1.3

initiatesflare

PF

8.1.4

controlsthrust

PF

8.1.5

achievestouchdownintouchdownzoneoncentreline

PF

8.1.6

lowersnosewheel

PF

8.1.7

maintainscentreline

PF

8.1.8

performsaftertouchdownprocedures

PF

8.1.9

makesuseofappropriatebrakingandreversethrust

PF

8.1.10 vacatesrunwaywithtaxispeed

PF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

8.2

Performsystemsoperationsandprocedures

8.2.1

monitorsoperationofallsystems

PF

8.2.2

operatessystemsasrequired

PF

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

8.3

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

8.3.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

8.3.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

8.3.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

9.

PerformAfterLandingandPostFlightOperations
Competencyelementsandperformancecriteria

9.0

Demonstrateattitudesandbehavioursappropriatetothesafeconductofflight,includingrecognising
andmanagingpotentialthreatsanderrors

Duty

Observationand
Assessment
satisfactory/unsatisfactory

9.1

Performtaxiingandparking

9.1.1

receives,checksandadherestotaxiclearance

9.1.2

taxiestheaircraftincludinguseofexteriorlighting

9.1.3

controlstaxispeed

9.1.4

maintainscentreline

PF

9.1.5

maintainslookoutforconflictingtrafficandobstacles

PF

9.1.6

identifiesparkingposition

PF/PNF

9.1.7

complieswithmarshalling/standguidance

PF/PNF

9.1.8

appliesparkingandengineshutdownprocedures

9.1.9

completeswithrelevantchecklists

9.2

Performaircraftpostflightoperations

9.2.1

communicatestogroundpersonnelandcrew

9.2.2

completesallrequiredflightdocumentation

9.2.3

ensuressecuringoftheaircraft

PF

9.2.4

conductsthedebriefings

PF

9.3

Performsystemsoperationsandprocedures

9.3.1

monitorsoperationofallsystems

PF/PNF

9.3.2

operatessystemsasrequired

PF/PNF

9.4

Manageabnormalandemergencysituations

PNF
PF
PF/PNF

PF
PF/PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF
PF/PNF

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

satisfactory /unsatisfactory

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Duty

Observationand
Assessment

9.4.1

identifiestheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

9.4.2

interpretstheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

9.4.3

performstheprocedurefortheabnormalcondition

PF/PNF

9.5

Communicatewithcabincrew,passengersandcompany

9.5.1

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcabincrew

9.5.2

communicatesrelevantinformationwithcompany

9.5.3

makespassengerannouncementswhenappropriate

satisfactory /unsatisfactory
PF
PF/PNF
PF

PRINCIPLESOFTHREATANDERRORMANAGEMENT
Onemodel that explains the principles of threat and error management is the TEM model (Threat and
ErrorManagement).
1.

ThecomponentsoftheTEMModel
1.1

2.

TherearethreebasiccomponentsintheTEMModel,fromtheperspectiveofflightcrews:
threats, errors and undesired aircraft states. The model proposes that threats and errors
arepartofeverydayaviationoperationsthatmustbemanagedbyflightcrews,sinceboth
threats and errors carry the potential to generate undesired aircraft states. Flight crews
must also manage undesired aircraft states, since they carry the potential for unsafe
outcomes. Undesired state management is an essential component of the TEM Model, as
important as threat and error management. Undesired aircraft state management largely
represents the last opportunity to avoid an unsafe outcome and thus maintain safety
marginsinflightoperations.

Threats
2.1

Threatsaredefinedaseventsorerrorsthatoccurbeyondtheinfluenceoftheflightcrew,
increase operational complexity,and which must be managed to maintain the margins of
safety. During typical flight operations, flight crews have to manage various contextual
complexities. Such complexities would include, for example, dealing with adverse
meteorological conditions, airports surrounded by high mountains, congested airspace,
aircraftmalfunctions,errorscommittedbyotherpeopleoutsideofthecockpit,suchasair
traffic controllers,flightattendants ormaintenanceworkers,andsoforth.The TEMModel
considers these complexities as threats because they all have the potential to negatively
affectflightoperationsbyreducingmarginsofsafety.

2.2

Somethreatscanbeanticipated,sincetheyareexpectedorknowntotheflightcrew.For
example,flightcrewscananticipatetheconsequences ofathunderstormbybriefing their
response in advance, or prepare for a congested airport by making sure they keep a
watchfuleyeforotheraircraftastheyexecutetheapproach.

2.3

Somethreatscanoccurunexpectedly,suchasaninflightaircraftmalfunctionthathappens
suddenly and without warning. In this case, flight crews must apply skills and knowledge
acquiredthroughtrainingandoperationalexperience.

2.4

Lastly, some threats may not be directly obvious to, or observable by, flight crews
immersed in the operational context, and may need to be uncovered by safety analysis.
These are considered latent threats. Examples of latent threats include equipmentdesign
issues,opticalillusions,orshortenedturnaroundschedules.

2.5

Regardless of whether threats are expected, unexpected, or latent, one measure of the
effectiveness of a flight crews ability to manage threats is whether threats are detected
with the necessary anticipation to enable the flight crew to respond to them through
deploymentofappropriatecountermeasures.

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2.6

Threat management is a building block toerrormanagement and undesiredaircraftstate

management.Althoughthethreaterrorlinkageisnotnecessarilystraightforward,although
it may not be always possible to establish a linear relationship, or onetoone mapping
betweenthreats,errorsandundesiredstates,archivaldatademonstratesthatmismanaged
threatsarenormallylinkedtoflightcrewerrors,whichinturnareoftenlinkedtoundesired
aircraftstates.Threatmanagementprovidesthemostproactiveoptiontomaintainmargins
of safety in flightoperations, by voiding safetycompromisingsituationsat their roots. As
threat managers, flight crewsare the last line of defense to keep threats from impacting
flightoperations.

2.7

Table1presentsexamplesofthreats,groupedundertwobasiccategoriesderivedfromthe
TEMModel.Environmentalthreatsoccurduetotheenvironmentinwhichflightoperations
take place. Some environmental threats can be planned for and some will arise
spontaneously,buttheyallhavetobemanagedbyflightcrewsinrealtime.Organizational
threats, on the other hand, can be controlled (i.e.removed or, at least, minimised) at
sourcebyaviationorganizations.Organizationalthreatsareusuallylatentinnature.Flight
crews still remain the last line of defence, but there are earlier opportunities for these
threatstobemitigatedbyaviationorganizationsthemselves.

EnvironmentalThreats

Weather:thunderstorms,turbulence,
icing,windshear,cross/tailwind,very
low/hightemperatures.

ATC:trafficcongestion,TCASRA/TA,
ATCcommand,ATCerror,ATC
languagedifficulty,ATCnonstandard
phraseology,ATCrunwaychange,ATIS
communication,unitsofmeasurement
(QFE/meters).

Airport:contaminated/shortrunway
contaminatedtaxiway,lack
of/confusing/fadedsignage/markings,
birds,aidsU/S,complexsurface
navigationprocedures,airport
constructions.

Terrain:Highground,slope,lackof
references,blackhole.

Other:similarcallsigns.

OrganizationalThreats

Operationalpressure:delays,late
arrivals,equipmentchanges.

Aircraft:aircraftmalfunction,
automationevent/anomaly,
MEL/CDL.

Cabin:flightattendanterror,cabin
eventdistraction,interruption,
cabindoorsecurity.

Maintenance:maintenance
event/error.

Ground:groundhandlingevent,
deicing,groundcrewerror.

Dispatch:dispatchpaperwork
event/error.

Documentation:manualerror,chart
error.

Ot
he
er
r:
:c
cr
re
ew
ws
sc
ch
he
ed
du
ul
li
in
ng
ge
ev
ve
en
nt
t
Oth

Table1.Examplesofthreats(Listnotexhaustive)
3.

Errors
3.1

Errors are defined actions or inactions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from
organizationalorflightcrewintentions orexpectations.Unmanagedand/ormismanaged
errorsfrequentlyleadtoundesiredaircraftstates.Errors intheoperationalcontextthus
tendtoreducethemarginsofsafetyandincreasetheprobabilityofadverseevents.

3.2

Errorscanbespontaneous(i.e.withoutdirectlinkagetospecific,obviousthreats),linked
to threats, or part of an error chain. Examples of errors would include the inability to
maintainstabilizedapproachparameters,executingawrongautomationmode,failingto
givearequiredcallout,ormisinterpretinganATCclearance.

3.3

Regardlessofthetypeoferror,anerrorseffectonsafetydependsonwhethertheflight
crewdetectsandrespondstotheerrorbeforeitleadstoanundesiredaircraftstateand
toapotentialunsafeoutcome.ThisiswhyoneoftheobjectivesofTEMistounderstand
error management (i.e. detection and response), rather than solely focusing on error

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3Jun2008

causality(i.e.causationandcommission).Fromthesafetyperspective,operationalerrors
thataretimelydetectedandpromptlyrespondedto(i.e.properlymanaged),errorsthat
do not lead to undesired aircraft states, do not reduce margins of safety in flight
operations,andthusbecomeoperationallyinconsequential.Inadditiontoitssafetyvalue,
proper error management represents an example of successful human performance,
presentingbothlearningandtrainingvalue.
3.4

Capturinghowerrorsaremanagedisthenasimportant,ifnotmore,thancapturingthe
prevalenceofdifferenttypes oferror.Itis ofinterest tocaptureifandwhenerrorsare
detected and by whom, the response(s) upon detecting errors, and the outcome of
errors. Some errors are quickly detected and resolved, thus becoming operationally
inconsequential,whileothersgoundetectedoraremismanaged.Amismanagederroris
definedasanerror that is linkedto or induces anadditional error or undesiredaircraft
state.

3.5

Table2presentsexamplesoferrors,groupedunderthreebasiccategoriesderivedfrom
the TEM Model. In the TEM concept, errors have to be "observable" and therefore, the
TEMModelusesthe"primaryinteraction"asthepointofreferencefordefiningtheerror
categories.

3.6

The TEMModelclassifies errors basedupontheprimaryinteractionofthepilotorflight

crew at the moment the error is committed. Thus, in order to be classified as aircraft
handlingerror,thepilotorflightcrewmustbeinteractingwiththeaircraft(e.g.through
its controls, automation or systems). In order to be classified as procedural error, the
pilot or flight crew must be interacting with a procedure (i.e.checklists SOPsetc). In
ordertobeclassifiedascommunicationerror,thepilotorflightcrewmustbeinteracting
withpeople(ATC,groundcrew,othercrewmembers,etc).

3.7

Aircraft handling errors, procedural errors and communication errors may be

unintentional or involve intentional noncompliance.Similarly, proficiencyconsiderations
(i.e. skill or knowledgedeficiencies, training system deficiencies)may underlie all three
categories oferror.Inordertokeeptheapproachsimpleand avoidconfusion,theTEM
Model does not consider intentional noncompliance and proficiency as separate
categoriesoferror,butratherassubsetsofthethreemajorcategoriesoferror.

Aircrafthandlingerrors

Proceduralerrors

Manualhandling/flightcontrols:vertical/lateraland/orspeed
deviations,incorrectflaps/speedbrakes,thrustreverseror
powersettings.

Automation:incorrectaltitude,speed,heading,autothrottle
settings,incorrectmodeexecuted,orincorrectentries.

Systems/radio/instruments:incorrectpacks,incorrectanti
icing,incorrectaltimeter,incorrectfuelswitchessettings,
incorrectspeedbug,incorrectradiofrequencydialled.

Ground navigation: attempting to turn down wrong

taxiway/runway, taxi too fast, failure to hold short, missed
taxiway/runway.

SOPs:failuretocrossverifyautomationinputs.

Checklists:wrongchallengeandresponseitemsmissed,
checklistperformedlateoratthewrongtime.

Callouts:omitted/incorrectcallouts.

Briefings:omittedbriefingsitemsmissed.

Documentation: wrong weight and balance, fuel information,

ATIS,orclearanceinformationrecorded,misinterpreteditems
onpaperworkincorrect logbookentries,incorrect application
ofMELprocedures.

Page616of647

NPA200817b

Communicationerrors

3Jun2008

Crewtoexternal:missedcalls,misinterpretationsof
instructions,incorrectreadback,wrongclearance,taxiway,
gateorrunwaycommunicated.

Pilot to pilot: within crew miscommunication or mis

interpretation.

Table2.Examplesoferrors(Listnotexhaustive)

4.

UndesiredAircraftStates
4.1

Undesired aircraft states are flight crewinduced aircraft position or speed deviations,
misapplication of flight controls, or incorrect systems configuration, associated with a
reductioninmarginsofsafety.Undesiredaircraftstatesthatresultfromineffectivethreat
and/or error management may lead to compromising situations and reduce margins of
safety in flight operations. Often considered at the cusp of becoming an incident or
accident,undesiredaircraftstatesmustbemanagedbyflightcrews.

4.2

Examples of undesired aircraft states would include lining up for the incorrect runway
during approach to landing, exceeding ATC speed restrictions during an approach, or
landing long on a short runway requiring maximum braking. Events such as equipment
malfunctions or ATC controller errors can also reduce margins of safety in flight
operations,butthesewouldbeconsideredthreats.

4.3

Undesired states can be managed effectively, restoring margins of safety, or flight crew
response(s)caninduceanadditionalerror,incident,oraccident.

4.4

Table 3 presents examples of undesired aircraft states, grouped under three basic
categoriesderivedfromtheTEMModel.

Aircrafthandling

Groundnavigation

Incorrectaircraftconfigurations

Aircraftcontrol(attitude).

Vertical,lateralorspeeddeviations.

Unnecessaryweatherpenetration.

Unauthorizedairspacepenetration.

Operationoutsideaircraftlimitations.

Unstableapproach.

Continuedlandingafterunstableapproach.

Long,floated,firmoroffcentrelinelanding.

Proceedingtowardswrongtaxiway/runway.

Wrongtaxiway,ramp,gateorholdspot.

Incorrectsystemsconfiguration.

Incorrectflightcontrolsconfiguration.

Incorrectautomationconfiguration.

Incorrectengineconfiguration.

Incorrectweightandbalanceconfiguration.

Table3.Examplesofundesiredaircraftstates(Listnotexhaustive)

4.5

An important learning and training point for flight crews is the timely switching from
error management to undesired aircraft state management. An example would be as
follows: a flight crew selects a wrong approach in the Flight Management Computer
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NPA200817b

3Jun2008

(FMC).Theflightcrewsubsequentlyidentifiestheerrorduringacrosscheckpriortothe
Final Approach Fix (FAF). However, instead of using a basic mode (e.g. heading) or
manually flying the desired track, both flight crew members become involved in
attemptingtoreprogramthecorrectapproachpriortoreachingtheFAF.Asaresult,the
aircraft stitches through the localiser, descends late, and goes into an unstable
approach. This would be an example of the flight crew getting "locked in" to error
management,ratherthanswitchingtoundesiredaircraftstatemanagement.Theuseof
theTEMModelassistsineducatingflightcrewsthat,whentheaircraftisinanundesired
state,thebasictaskoftheflightcrewisundesiredaircraftstatemanagementinsteadof
error management. It also illustrates how easy it is to get locked in to the error
managementphase.

5.

4.6

Also from a learning and training perspective, it is important to establish a clear

differentiationbetweenundesiredaircraftstatesandoutcomes.Undesiredaircraftstates
are transitional states between a normal operational state (i.e., a stabilised approach)
andanoutcome.Outcomes,ontheotherhand,areendstates,mostnotably,reportable
occurrences(i.e.incidentsandaccidents).Anexamplewouldbeasfollows:astabilised
approach (normal operational state) turns into an unstabilised approach (undesired
aircraftstate)thatresultsinarunwayexcursion(outcome).

4.7

Thetrainingandremedialimplicationsofthisdifferentiationareofsignificance.Whileat
theundesiredaircraftstatestage,theflightcrewhasthepossibility,throughappropriate
TEM,ofrecoveringthesituation,returningtoanormaloperationalstate,thusrestoring
margins ofsafety.Oncethe undesiredaircraftstate becomes an outcome, recovery of
thesituation,returntoanormaloperationalstate,andrestorationofmarginsofsafety
isnotpossible.

Countermeasures
5.1

Flight crews must, as part of the normal discharge of their operational duties, employ
countermeasures to keep threats, errors and undesired aircraft states from reducing
margins of safety in flight operations. Examples of countermeasures would include
checklists,briefings,calloutsandSOPs,aswellaspersonalstrategiesandtactics.Flight
crews dedicate significant amounts of time and energies to the application of
countermeasures to ensure margins of safety during flight operations. Empirical
observationsduringtrainingandcheckingsuggestthatasmuchas 70percentofflight
crewactivitiesmaybecountermeasuresrelatedactivities.

5.2

Allcountermeasuresarenecessarilyflightcrewactions.However,somecountermeasures
tothreats,errorsandundesiredaircraftstatesthatflightcrewsemploybuilduponhard
resources providedby the aviation system. These resources are already in place in the
system before flight crews report for duty, and are therefore considered as systemic
basedcountermeasures.Thefollowingwouldbeexamplesofhardresourcesthatflight
crewsemployassystemicbasedcountermeasures:

5.3

AirborneCollisionAvoidanceSystem(ACAS)

GroundProximityWarningSystem(GPWS),

StandardOperationProcedures(SOPs)

Checklists

Briefings

Training

Etc.

Othercountermeasuresaremoredirectlyrelatedtothehumancontributiontothesafety
of flight operations. These are personal strategies and tactics, individual and team
countermeasures, that typically include canvassed skills, knowledge and attitudes
developedbyhumanperformancetraining,mostnotably,byCrewResourceManagement

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3Jun2008

(CRM) training. There are basically three categories of individual and team
countermeasures:

5.4

Planning countermeasures: essential for managing anticipated and unexpected

threats

Executioncountermeasures:essentialforerrordetectionanderrorresponse

Reviewcountermeasures:essentialformanagingthechangingconditionsofaflight.

EnhancedTEMistheproduct ofthecombineduseofsystemicbasedandindividualand
team countermeasures. Table 4 presents detailed examples of individual and team
countermeasures. Further guidance on countermeasures can be found in the sample
assessmentguidesforterminaltrainingobjectives(PANSTRG,Chapter3,AttachmentB)
aswellasintheICAOmanual,LineOperationsSafetyAudit(LOSA)(Doc9803).

PlanningCountermeasures

SOPBRIEFING

Therequiredbriefingwas Concise, not rushed, and met SOP

requirements
interactiveand
operationallythorough
Bottomlineswereestablished

PLANSSTATED

Operational plans and

decisions
were Shared understanding about plans
communicated
and
Everybodyonthesamepage
acknowledged

WORKLOAD
ASSIGNMENT

Roles and responsibilities Workloadassignmentswerecommunicated

were defined for normal
andacknowledged
and
nonnormal
situations

CONTINGENCY
MANAGEMENT

Crew
members Threats and their consequences were
anticipated
developed
effective
strategies to manage Used all available resources to manage
threatstosafety
threats

ExecutionCountermeasures

MONITOR
CROSSCHECK

Crew members actively

/ monitored and cross Aircraftposition,settings,andcrewactions
wereverified
checked systems and
othercrewmembers

WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT

Operational tasks were

prioritized and properly Avoidedtaskfixation
managed
to
handle Didnotallowworkoverload
primaryflightduties

AUTOMATION
MANAGEMENT

Automation was properly Automation setup was briefed to other

members
managed to balance
situational
and/or Effective
recovery
techniques
from
workloadrequirements
automationanomalies

Page619of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

ReviewCountermeasures
EVALUATION/

Existing
plans
were Crew decisions and actions were openly
reviewed
and
modified
analyzed to make sure the existing plan
MODIFICATION OF
whennecessary
wasthebestplan
PLANS

INQUIRY

Crew members asked

Crewmembersnotafraidtoexpressalack
questions to investigate
ofknowledgeNothingtakenforgranted
and/or clarify current
attitude
plansofaction

ASSERTIVENESS

Crew members stated

critical
information
Crewmembersspokeupwithouthesitation
and/or solutions with
appropriatepersistence
Table4.Examplesofindividualandteamcountermeasures

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AMCNo1toAppendix6
ModulartrainingcourseforIR
1.

Thetheoreticalknowledgeinstructionmaybegivenatanapprovedtrainingorganisationconducting
theoretical knowledge instruction only, in which case the Head of Training of that organisation
shouldsupervisethatpartofthecourse.

2.

The 150hours oftheoreticalknowledgeinstructioncanincludeclassroomwork,interactivevideo,

slide/tapepresentation,learningcarrels,computerbasedtraining,andothermediaasapprovedby
the Authority, in suitable proportions. Approved distance learning (correspondence) courses may
alsobeofferedaspartofthecourse.

AMCNo2toAppendix6
ModulartrainingcourseforIRaeroplanes
BASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHTMODULETRAININGCOURSE
1.

This10hourmoduleisfocusedonthebasicsofflyingbysolereferencetoinstruments,including
limitedpanelandunusualattituderecovery.

2.

AllexercisesmaybeperformedinaFNPTIorIIoraflightsimulator,foramaximumof5hours.If
instrumentflighttrainingisinVMC,asuitablemeansofsimulatingIMCforthestudentshouldbe
used.

3.

ABITDmaybeusedforthefollowingexercises1,2,3,4,6and8.
TheuseoftheBITDissubjecttothefollowing:
thetrainingshouldbecomplementedbyexercisesonanaeroplane
therecordoftheparametersoftheflightmustbeavailableand
AFI(A)orIRI(A)shouldconducttheinstruction.

EXERCISES
1

Basicinstrumentflyingwithout

0:30

externalvisualcues.Horizontal
flightpowerchangesfor
accelerationordeceleration,
maintainingstraightandlevelflight
turnsinlevelflightwith15and25
bank,leftandrightrolloutonto
predeterminedheadings.
2

Repetitionofexercise1

0:45

additionallyclimbingand
descending,maintainingheading
andspeed,transitionto
horizontalflightclimbingand
descendingturns.
3

Instrumentpattern:
a.

0:45

Startexercise,decelerate
toapproachspeed,flapsinto
Page621of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

approachconfiguration
b.

Initiatestandardturn
(leftorright)

c.

Rolloutonoppositeheading,
maintainnewheadingfor
1minute

d.

Standardturn,geardown,
descend500ft/min

e.

Rolloutoninitialheading,
maintaindescent(500ft/min)
andnewheadingfor1minute

f.

Transitiontohorizontal
flight,1.000ftbelow
initialflightlevel

g.

Initiategoaroundand

h.

Climbatbestrate
ofclimbspeed.

Repetitionofexercise1and

0:45

steepturnswith45bank
recoveryfromunusual
attitudes.
5

Repetitionofexercise4

0:45

RadionavigationusingVOR,NDB

0:45

or,ifavailable,VDFinterceptionof
predeterminedQDM,QDR.
7

Repetitionofexercise1and

0:45

recoveryfromunusualattitudes
8

Repetitionofexercise1,turns,

0:45

levelchangeandrecoveryfrom
unusualattitudeswithsimulated
failureoftheartificial
horizonand/ordirectionalgyro.
9

Recognitionof,andrecoveryfrom,

0:45

incipientandfullstalls.
10

Repetitionofexercises6,8

3:30

and9

Page622of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONOFBASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHTMODULE

CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONOFBASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHTMODULE

Pilot'slastname:

Firstnames:

Typeoflicence:

Number:

Flight training hours

performed on single
engineaeroplane:

OR

State:

Flight
training
hours performed
on multiengine
aeroplane:

Flight training hours

performed in a FSTD
(maximum5hours):
Signatureofapplicant:

The satisfactory completion of Basic Instrument Flight Module according to requirements is certified
below:
TRAINING

BasicInstrumentFlightmoduletrainingreceivedduringperiod:
from:

to:

Locationanddate:

at:

FTO

SignatureofHeadofTraining:

Type and number of licence and State of Nameincapitallettersofauthorisedinstructor:

issue:

Page623of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

AMCNo3toAppendix6
ModulartrainingcourseforIRairships

BASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHTMODULETRAININGCOURSE
This10hourmoduleisfocusedonthebasicsofflyingbysolereferencetoinstruments,includinglimited
panelandunusualattituderecovery.
All exercises may be performed in a FNPT I or II or a flight simulator, for a maximum of 5 hours. If
instrumentflighttrainingisinVMC,asuitablemeansofsimulatingIMCforthestudentshouldbeused.
ABITDmaybeusedforthefollowingexercises1,2,3,4,6and8.
TheuseoftheBITDissubjecttothefollowing:

thetrainingshouldbecomplementedbyexercisesonanairship

therecordoftheparametersoftheflightmustbeavailableand

aFI(As)orIRI(As)shouldconducttheinstruction.

EXERCISES
1

Basicinstrumentflyingwithout

0:30

externalvisualcues.Horizontal
flightmaintainingstraightand
levelflightturnsinlevelflight,
leftandrightrolloutonto
predeterminedheadings.

Repetitionofexercise1

0:45

additionallyclimbingand
descending,maintainingheading
andspeed,transitionto
horizontalflightclimbingand
descendingturns.

Instrumentpattern:

a.

0:45

Startexercise,decelerate
toapproachspeed,
approachconfiguration

b.

Initiatestandardturn
(leftorright)

c.

Rolloutonoppositeheading,
maintainnewheadingfor
Page624of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

1minute

d.

Standardturn,
descendwithgivenrate
(eg500ft/min)

e.

Rolloutoninitialheading,
maintaindescent(eg500t/min)
andnewheadingfor1minute

f.

Transitiontohorizontal
flight(eg1000ftbelowinitiallevel),

g.

Initiategoaroundand

h.

Climbatbestrate
ofclimbspeed.

Repetitionofexercise1

0:45

recoveryfromunusual
attitudes.

Repetitionofexercise4

0:45

RadionavigationusingVOR,NDB

0:45

or,ifavailable,VDFinterceptionof
predeterminedQDM,QDR.

Repetitionofexercise1and

0:45

recoveryfromunusualattitudes

Repetitionofexercise1,turns,

0:45

levelchangeandrecoveryfrom
unusualattitudeswithsimulated
failureoftheartificial
horizonand/ordirectionalgyro.

Repetitionofexercises6and8

4:15

Page625of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONOFBASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHTMODULE(AS)

CERTIFICATEOFCOMPLETIONOFBASICINSTRUMENTFLIGHTMODULE

Pilot'slastname:

Firstnames:

Typeoflicence:

Number:

State:

Flight training hours

performedonairship:

Flight training hours

performed in a FSTD
(maximum5hours):
Signatureofapplicant:

The satisfactory completion of Basic Instrument Flight Module according to requirements is certified
below:
TRAINING

BasicInstrumentFlightmoduletrainingreceivedduringperiod:

from:

to:

Locationanddate:

at:

FTO

SignatureofHeadofTraining:

Type and number of licence and State of Nameincapitallettersofauthorisedinstructor:

issue:

Page626of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

GMtoAppendix7
Skilltest
Forthepurposeoftheskilltest,amultienginecentrelinethrustaeroplaneisconsideredasingleengine
aeroplane.
AMCNo1toAppendix7
IRskilltestandproficiencycheckform
A.

Aeroplanes

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHEIR(A)SKILLTEST
Applicantslastname:

Firstname:

Licenceheld:

Number:

Detailsoftheflight

Class/Typeofaeroplane:

Departureaerodrome:

Registration:

Destination
aerodrome:

Blocktimeoff:

Blocktimeon:

Totalblocktime:

Takeofftime:

Resultofthetest
*deleteasnecessary

Pass*
3

Fail*

Partialpass*

Remarks

Location
date:

and

SignatureofFE:

TypeandnumberofFEslicence:

NameofFE,incapitals:

Page627of647

NPA200817b

B.

3Jun2008

Helicopters

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHEIR(H)SKILLTEST
Applicant'slastname:

Firstnames:

Licenceheld:

Number:

Stateoflicenceissueinwhichtestperformed:

Signature:

Details

Typeofhelicopter:
2

Resultofthetest
*deleteasnecessary
Passed*

Registration:

Failed*

Partialpass*

Remarks

Locationanddate:

Type and number of FEs

licence:

SignatureofFE:

NameofFE,incapitals:

Page628of647

NPA200817b

C.

3Jun2008

Airships

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHEIR(AS)SKILLTEST
Applicantslastname:

Firstname:

Licenceheld:

Number:

Detailsoftheflight

Class/Typeofairship:

Departureaerodrome:

Registration:

Destination
aerodrome:

Blocktimeoff:

Blocktimeon:

Totalblocktime:

Takeofftime:

Resultofthetest
*deleteasnecessary

Passed*
3

Failed*

Partialpass*

Remarks

Location
date:

and

SignatureofFE:

TypeandnumberofFEslicence:

NameofFE,incapitals:

Page629of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

AMCtoAppendix9
ATPL/typerating/training/skilltestandproficiencycheckform

A.

Multienginemultipilotaeroplanes

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORM
Applicant'slastname:
Typeoflicence:
State:

Firstnames:
Number:
Type rating as pilotin Signatureofapplicant:
command/copilot*
Multiengineaeroplane:
Proficiencycheck:
Trainingrecord:
Typerating:
Skilltest:
ATPL(A):
SatisfactorycompletionofTyperating trainingaccordingtorequirementsiscertifiedbelow:
1

Theoreticaltrainingfortheissueofatyperatingperformedduringperiod

from:
markobtained:

To:
%(Passmark75%):

Signatureofinstructor:
2

Simulator(aeroplanetype):

at:
Type and
licence:
Name
in
letters:
Three
axes:

Simulatormanufacturer:

or

number

of

capital
more YES

NO

Ready for service

andused

motion/system:

Simulatoroperator:

Visualaid:

YES* NO*

Totaltrainingtimeatthecontrols:
Instrumentapproachesataerodromes:
toadecisionaltitude/heightof:
Location/date/time:

Signature
of
instructor/examiner*:
Nameincapitalletters:

TypeandNooflicence:
3 Flighttraining:
Typeofaeroplane:
Takeoffs:

Registration:
Landings:

Locationanddate:
TypeandNooflicence:
4

Skill
test/Proficiency
Check
Remark: if the applicant
failed the examiner
indicates the reasons
why

Locationanddate
Signature
examiner*

of

rating

Flighttimeatthecontrols:
Training aerodromes/sites (takeoffs, approaches and
landings):
Signatureoftyperatinginstructor/examiner*:
Nameincapitalletters:
SIM/AircraftReg:

Pass

Fail

Type and
licence
authorised

type

number

of

Nameincapitalletters

*deleteasnecessary

Page630of647

NPA200817b

B.

3Jun2008

Singleengineandmultienginesinglepilotaeroplanes

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORM
Applicant'slastname:

Firstname:

Typeoflicence:

Number:

Typeofaeroplane:

Registration:

State:

Signatureofapplicant:

Iherebycertifypropercompletionofthetheoreticalandpracticalinstructioninaccordancewiththerequirements:
1

Singleengine/multiengine/singlepilotAeroplanes

Typerating:

Skilltest:

Classrating:

Proficiencycheck:

Trainingrecord:

Flighttraining:

Flighttime:

Takeoffs:

Landings:

Trainingaerodromes(takeoffs,approachesandlandings):
Locationanddate:

SignatureofTRI/CRI*:

TypeandNooflicence:

Nameincapitalletters:

Skilltest

Aerodrome:

Takeofftime:

Skill
test/Proficiency
Check
Remark:iftheapplicantfailedthe
examiner indicates the reasons
why
Locationanddate:

Signature
examiner*:

of

Landingtime:
SIM/AircraftReg:

Pass

Fail

Type and number of

licence:
authorised

Nameincapitalletters:

*deleteasnecessary

Page631of647

NPA200817b

C.

3Jun2008

Multipilothelicopters

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORM
Applicant'slastname

Firstname

Typeoflicence

Number

State

Type rating as pilot in Signatureofapplicant

command/copilot*

Multienginehelicopter

Proficiencycheck

Trainingrecord

Typerating

Skilltest

ATPL(H)

SatisfactorycompletionofTyperatingtrainingaccordingtorequirementsiscertifiedbelow:
1

Theoreticaltrainingfortheissueofatyperatingperformedduringperiod

from:

to:

at:

markobtained:

%(Passmark75%):

Type and
licence:

Signatureofinstructor
2

number

of

Nameincapitalletters

Flightsimulator(helicoptertype):

Three
axes

or

more YES
*

Flightsimulatormanufacturer:

motion/system

Flightsimulatoroperator:

Visualaid:

YES
*

NO*

Ready
service
used

for
and

NO*

Totaltrainingtimeatthecontrols:
Instrument approaches at aerodromes to a decision
altitudeof:
Location/date/time:

Signature
of
instructor/examiner*:

TypeandNooflicence:

Nameincapitalletters:

type

rating

Flighttraining:

Typeofhelicopter:

Registration:

Flighttimeatthecontrols:

Takeoffs

Landings:

Locationanddate:

Training aerodromes/sites (takeoffs, approaches

andlandings)
Signatureoftyperatinginstructor/examiner*:

TypeandNooflicence

Nameincapitalletters

Skill
test/Proficiency
Check
Remark: if the applicant
failed the examiner
indicates the reasons
why

Locationanddate
Signature
examiner*

of

SIM/AircraftReg:
Pass*

Fail*

Type and
licence
authorised

number

of

Nameincapitalletters

*deleteasnecessary

Page632of647

NPA200817b

D.

3Jun2008

Singleengineandmultienginesinglepilothelicopters

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORM

Applicant'slastname

Firstname

Typeoflicence

Number

State

Signatureofapplicant

Helicopter

Proficiencycheck

Trainingrecord

Typerating

Skilltest
SatisfactorycompletionofTyperatingtrainingaccordingtorequirementsiscertifiedbelow:
1

Theoreticaltrainingfortheissueofatyperatingperformedduringperiod

from:

to:

at:

markobtained:

%(Passmark75%):

Type and
licence:

Signatureofinstructor
2

number

of

Nameincapitalletters

Flightsimulator(helicoptertype):

Three
axes

or

more YES
*

Flightsimulatormanufacturer:

motion/system

Flightsimulatoroperator:

Visualaid:

YES
*

NO*

Ready
service
used

for
and

NO*

Totaltrainingtimeatthecontrols:
Instrument approaches at aerodromes to a decision
altitudeof:
Location/date/time:

Signature
of
instructor/examiner*:

TypeandNooflicence:

Nameincapitalletters:

type

rating

Flighttraining:

Typeofhelicopter:

Registration:

Flighttimeatthecontrols:

Takeoffs

Landings:

Locationanddate:

Training aerodromes/sites (takeoffs, approaches

andlandings)
Signatureoftyperatinginstructor/examiner*:

TypeandNooflicence

Nameincapitalletters

Skill
test/Proficiency
Check
Remark: if the applicant
failed the examiner
indicates the reasons
why

Locationanddate
Signature
examiner*

of

SIM/AircraftReg:
Pass*

Fail*

Type and
licence
authorised

number

of

Nameincapitalletters

*deleteasnecessary

Page633of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

AMCNo1toAppendix12
Skilltestandproficiencycheckformfortheflightinstructorcertificate
A.

Aeroplanes

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHEINSTRUCTORSKILLTEST
1

Applicantspersonalparticulars:

Applicantslastname:

Firstnames:

DateofBirth:

Tel(Home):

Address:

Country:

Tel(Work):

LicenceDetails

Licencetype:

Number:

Classratingsincludedinthelicence:

Exp.Date:

Typeratingsincludedinthelicence:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Otherratingsincludedinthelicence:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Precourseflyingexperience
TOTALFLYING

PIC

HOURS

hours

SINGLEENGINE

INSTRUMENTFLIGHT

CROSSCOUNTRY

(PISTON)
preceding6months

INSTRUCTION

hours

Preentryflighttest
Irecommend.....................................fortheFlightInstructorCourse.

NameofATO:

Dateofflighttest:

NameofFIconductingthetest(Blockcapitals):

Licencenumber:
Signature:

Page634of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Declarationbytheapplicant
IhavereceivedacourseoftraininginaccordancewiththesyllabusapprovedbytheAuthorityforthe:
(Tickasapplicable)

FlightInstructor

Instrument Rating Instructor

ClassRatingInstructorCertificateformulti

CertificateFI(A)

Certificate(IRI(A))

engineSPA(CRI(A)MESPA)

Applicantsname:

Signature:

(BlockLetters)
6

Declarationbythechiefflightinstructor
Icertifythat..........................................hassatisfactorilycompletedanapprovedcourseoftrainingforthe

Flight
Instructor
CertificateFI(A)

Instrument Rating Instructor

Certificate(IRI(A))

Class Rating Instructor Certificate for

multiengineSPA(CRI(A)MESPA)

inaccordancewiththerelevantsyllabusapprovedbytheAuthority.
Flyinghoursduringthecourse:
Aeroplane/s,simulator/sorflightandnavigationproceduretrainersused:

NameofCFI:
Signature:
NameofATO:
7

Flightinstructorexaminerscertificate
IhavetestedtheapplicantaccordingtoAppendix12toPartFCL
AFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENTincaseofpartialpass:

Theoreticaloralexamination:

Skilltest:

Passed

Failed

Passed

Failed

Irecommendfurtherflight/groundtrainingwithaFIinstructorbeforeretest
Idonotconsiderfurtherflight/theoreticalinstructionnecessarybeforeretest
Tickasapplicable
BFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENT:
FlightInstructorcertificate
InstrumentInstructorcertificate
ClassRatingInstructorCertificateformultiengineSPA
Tickasapplicable
FIEsname(blockletters):
Signature:
Licencenumber:

Date:

Page635of647

NPA200817b

B.

3Jun2008

Helicopters

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHEFI(H)SKILLTEST
1

Applicantspersonalparticulars:

Applicantslastname:

Firstnames:

DateofBirth:

Tel(Home):

Address:

Country:

Tel(Work):

LicenceDetails

Licencetype:

Number:

Exp.Date:

Typeratingsincludedinthelicence:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Otherratingsincludedinthelicence:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Precourseflyingexperience

IR(hours)

PIC

TOTAL

CROSSCOUNTRY

(hours)

(hours)

(hours)

Preentryflighttest

Irecommend.....................................fortheFlightInstructorCourse.
NameofATO:

Dateofflighttest:

NameofFIconductingthetest(Blockcapitals):

Licencenumber:

Page636of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Signature:
5

Declarationbytheapplicant

IhavereceivedacourseoftraininginaccordancewiththesyllabusapprovedbytheAuthorityforthe:
(Tickasapplicable)
Flight Instructor
FI(H)

Certificate

Instrument Rating
Certificate(IRI(H))

Applicantsname:

Instructor
Signature:

(BlockLetters)
6

Declarationbythechiefflightinstructor

Icertifythat..........................................hassatisfactorilycompletedanapprovedcourseoftrainingforthe
Flight
FI(H)

Instructor

Certificate

Instrument Rating Instructor

Certificate(IRI(H))

inaccordancewiththerelevantsyllabusapprovedbytheAuthority.

Flyinghoursduringthecourse:
Helicopter/s,flightsimulator/sorflightandnavigationproceduretrainersused:

NameofCFI:
Signature:
NameofATO:
7

Flightinstructorexaminerscertificate
IhavetestedtheapplicantaccordingtoAppendix12toPartFCL
AFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENTincaseofpartialpass:
Theoreticaloralexamination:
Passed

Failed

Skilltest:
Passed

Failed

Irecommendfurtherflight/groundtrainingwithaFIinstructorbeforeretest
Idonotconsiderfurtherflight/theoreticalinstructionnecessarybeforeretest
Tickasapplicable
BFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENT:

Page637of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

FlightInstructorcertificate
InstrumentInstructorcertificate
Tickasapplicable
FIEsname(blockletters):
Signature:
Licencenumber:

C.

Date:

Airships

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHEINSTRUCTORSKILLTEST(AIRSHIPS)
1

Applicantspersonalparticulars:

Applicantslastname:

Firstnames:

DateofBirth:

Tel(Home):

Address:

Country:

Tel(Work):

LicenceDetails

Licencetype:

Number:

Typeratingsincludedinthelicence:

1.

Exp.Date:

2.
3.
4.
3

Precourseflyingexperience
TOTALFLYING

PIC

HOURS

hours

PIChours
holdingaCPL(As)

Preentryflighttest
Irecommend.....................................fortheFlightInstructorCourse.

NameofATO:

Dateofflighttest:

NameofFIconductingthetest(Blockcapitals):

Licencenumber:
Signature:
5

Declarationbytheapplicant

Page638of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

IhavereceivedacourseoftraininginaccordancewiththesyllabusapprovedbytheAuthorityforthe:
(Tickasapplicable)
Flight

Instructor

Instrument Rating Instructor

CertificateFI(As)

Certificate(IRI(As))

Applicantsname:

Signature:

(BlockLetters)
6

Declarationbythechiefflightinstructor
Icertifythat..........................................hassatisfactorilycompletedanapprovedcourseoftrainingforthe

Flight

Instructor

Instrument Rating Instructor

CertificateFI(As)

Certificate(IRI(As))
inaccordancewiththerelevantsyllabusapprovedbytheAuthority.

Flyinghoursduringthecourse:
Airship/s,simulator/sorflightandnavigationproceduretrainersused:

NameofCFI:
Signature:
NameofATO:
7

Flightinstructorexaminerscertificate
IhavetestedtheapplicantaccordingtoAppendix12
AFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENTincaseofpartialpass:

Theoreticaloralexamination:

Skilltest:

Passed

Failed

Passed

Failed

Irecommendfurtherflight/groundtrainingwithaFIinstructorbeforeretest
Idonotconsiderfurtherflight/theoreticalinstructionnecessarybeforeretest
Tickasapplicable
BFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENT:
FlightInstructorcertificate
InstrumentInstructorcertificate

Tickasapplicable

FIEsname(blockletters):
Signature:
Licencenumber:

Date:

Page639of647

NPA200817b

D.

3Jun2008

Sailplanes

The AMC No 2 to Appendix 12 (Skill test and proficiency check form for the Light Aircraft Flight
Instructorcertificate)shouldbeused.
E.

Balloons

The AMC No 2 to Appendix 12 (Skill test and proficiency check form for the Light Aircraft Flight
Instructorcertificate)shouldbeused.
AMCNo2toAppendix12
SkilltestandproficiencycheckformfortheLightAircraftFlightInstructorcertificate
A.

Aeroplanes

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHELIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTORSKILLTEST(LAFI(A))
1

Applicantspersonalparticulars:

Applicantslastname:

Firstnames:

DateofBirth:

Tel(Home):

Address:

Country:

Tel(Work):

LicenceDetails

Licencetype:

Number:

Classincludedinthelicence:

Ratingsincludedinthelicence:

1.

Exp.Date:

2.

Exp.Date:

1.
2.
3.

Precourseflyingexperience

TOTALFLYING

PIC

SINGLEENGINE

INSTRUMENTFLIGHT

CROSSCOUNTRY

HOURS

hours

totaland

INSTRUCTION

hours

(SEPandTMG)

preceding6months

Preentryflighttest
Irecommend.....................................fortheLightAircraftFlightInstructorCourse.

NameofATO:

Dateofflighttest:

NameofFIconductingthetest(Blockcapitals):

Page640of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Licencenumber:
Signature:
5

Declarationbytheapplicant
IhavereceivedacourseoftraininginaccordancewiththesyllabusapprovedbytheAuthorityforthe:

LightAircraftFlight
InstructorCertificate
LAFI(A)
Applicantsname:

Signature:

(BlockLetters)
6

Declarationbythechiefflightinstructor
Icertifythat..........................................hassatisfactorilycompletedanapprovedcourseoftrainingforthe

LightAircraftFlight
InstructorCertificate
LAFI(A)
inaccordancewiththerelevantsyllabusapprovedbytheAuthority.
Flyinghoursduringthecourse:
Aeroplane/s,simulator/sorflightandnavigationproceduretrainersused:

NameofCFI:
Signature:
NameofATO:
7

Flightinstructorexaminerscertificate
IhavetestedtheapplicantaccordingtoAppendix12
ALIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENTincaseofpartialpass:

Theoreticaloralexamination:

Skilltest:

Passed

Failed

Passed

Failed

Irecommendfurtherflight/groundtrainingwithaLAFIorFIbeforeretest
Idonotconsiderfurtherflight/theoreticalinstructionnecessarybeforeretest
Tickasapplicable
BFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENT:
LightAircraftFlightInstructorCertificate
FIEsname(blockletters):
Signature:
Licencenumber:

Date:

Page641of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

B.Helicopters

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHELAFI(H)SKILLTEST
1

Applicantspersonalparticulars:

Applicantslastname:

Firstnames:

DateofBirth:

Tel(Home):

Address:

Country:

Tel(Work):

LicenceDetails

Licencetype:

Number:
Exp.Date:

Ratingsincludedinthelicence:

1.
2.
3.

Precourseflyingexperience
IR(hours)

PIC

TOTAL

CROSSCOUNTRY

(hourstotalandontype)

(hours)

(hours)

Preentryflighttest
Irecommend.....................................fortheLightAircraftFlightInstructorCourse.

NameofATO:

Dateofflighttest:

NameofFIconductingthetest(Blockcapitals):
Licencenumber:
Signature:
5

Declarationbytheapplicant

IhavereceivedacourseoftraininginaccordancewiththesyllabusapprovedbytheAuthorityforthe:
(Tickasapplicable)
Light
Aircraft
Flight
Instructor
Certificate
LAFI(H)
Applicantsname:

Signature:

(BlockLetters)

Page642of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

Declarationbythechiefflightinstructor

Icertifythat..........................................hassatisfactorilycompletedanapprovedcourseoftrainingforthe
Flight Instructor Certificate
FI(H)

inaccordancewiththerelevantsyllabusapprovedbytheAuthority.
Flyinghoursduringthecourse:
Helicopter/s,flightsimulator/sorflightandnavigationproceduretrainersused:

NameofCFI:
Signature:
NameofATO:
7

Flightinstructorexaminerscertificate
IhavetestedtheapplicantaccordingtoAppendix12
ALIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENTincaseofpartialpass:
Theoreticaloralexamination:
Passed

Failed

Skilltest:
Passed

Failed

Irecommendfurtherflight/groundtrainingwithaLAFI/FIinstructorbeforeretest
Idonotconsiderfurtherflight/theoreticalinstructionnecessarybeforeretest
Tickasapplicable
BLIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENT:
LightAircraftFlightInstructorcertificate
FIEsname(blockletters):
Signature:
Licencenumber:

Date:

Page643of647

NPA200817b

C.

3Jun2008

Sailplanes

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHELAFI(S)/FI(S)SKILLTEST

Applicantspersonalparticulars:

Applicantslastname:

Firstnames:

DateofBirth:

Tel(Home):

Address:

Country:

Tel(Work):

LicenceDetails

Licencetype:

Number:

TMGextension:

Precourseflyingexperience
TOTALHOURS

PIC

SAILPLANE

TOURINGMOTORGLIDER

hours

(PIChoursandtakeoffs)

(PIChoursandtakeoffs)

Preentryflighttest
Irecommend.....................................fortheFlightInstructor/LightAircraftFlightInstructorCourse.

NameofATO:

Dateofflighttest:

NameofLAFI/FIconductingthetest(Blockcapitals):

Licencenumber:
Signature:
5

Declarationbytheapplicant
IhavereceivedacourseoftraininginaccordancewiththesyllabusapprovedbytheAuthorityforthe:

LightAircraftFlight
InstructorCertificate
LAFI(S)

Flight Instructor Certificate

FI(S)

Applicantsname:

Signature:

(BlockLetters)
6

Declarationbythechiefflightinstructor
Icertifythat..........................................hassatisfactorilycompletedanapprovedcourseoftrainingforthe

LightAircraftFlight

Flight Instructor Certificate

Page644of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

FI(S)

InstructorCertificate
LAFI(A)

inaccordancewiththerelevantsyllabusapprovedbytheAuthority.
Flyinghoursduringthecourse:

Takeoffsduringthecourse:

Sailplanes/poweredsailplanes/touringmotorglidersused:

NameofCFI:
Signature:
NameofATO:
7

LightAircraftFlightinstructor/FlightInstructorexaminerscertificate
IhavetestedtheapplicantaccordingtoAppendix12
ALIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTOR/FLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENTincaseofpartial
pass:

Theoreticaloralexamination:
Passed

Skilltest:
Failed

Passed

Failed

Irecommendfurtherflight/groundtrainingwithaLAFI/FIbeforeretest
Idonotconsiderfurtherflight/theoreticalinstructionnecessarybeforeretest
Tickasapplicable
BLIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTOR/FLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENT:
LightAircraftFlightInstructorcertificate/FlightInstructorcertificate
Date:
FIEsname(blockletters):
Signature:
Licencenumber:

D.

Date:

Balloons

APPLICATIONANDREPORTFORMFORTHELAFI(B)/FI(B)SKILLTEST
1

Applicantspersonalparticulars:

Applicantslastname:

Firstnames:

DateofBirth:

Tel(Home):

Address:

Country:

Tel(Work):

Page645of647

NPA200817b

LicenceDetails

Licencetype:

Number:

Classextensions:

3Jun2008

1.

Groups:

2.

Groups:

3.

Groups:

Precourseflyingexperience

TOTALFLYING

PIC

HOURS

hours

HOTAIRBALLOON

GASBALLOON

HOTAIRAIRSHIP

small
mdium
large
4

Preentryflighttest
Irecommend.....................................fortheLightAircraftFlightInstructor/FlightInstructorcourse

NameofATO:

Dateofflighttest:

NameofLAFI/FIconductingthetest(Blockcapitals):

Licencenumber:
Signature:
5

Declarationbytheapplicant
IhavereceivedacourseoftraininginaccordancewiththesyllabusapprovedbytheAuthorityforthe:

LightAircraftFlight

Flight Instructor Certificate

FI(B)

InstructorCertificate
LAFI(B)
Applicantsname:

Signature:

(BlockLetters)
6

Declarationbythechiefflightinstructor
Icertifythat..........................................hassatisfactorilycompletedanapprovedcourseoftrainingforthe

LightAircraftFlight

Flight
FI(B)

InstructorCertificate
LAFI(A)

Instructor

Certificate

inaccordancewiththerelevantsyllabusapprovedbytheAuthority.
Flyinghoursduringthecourse:

Takeoffsduringthecourse:

Balloons,hotairairshipsused:

Page646of647

NPA200817b

3Jun2008

NameofCFI:
Signature:
NameofATO:
7

LightAircraftFlightinstructor/FlightInstructorexaminerscertificate
IhavetestedtheapplicantaccordingtoAppendix12
ALIGHTAIRCRAFTFLIGHTINSTRUCTOR/FLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENTin
caseofpartialpass:

Theoreticaloralexamination:
Passed

Skilltest:
Failed

Passed

Failed

Irecommendfurtherflight/groundtrainingwithaLAFIorFIbeforeretest
Idonotconsiderfurtherflight/theoreticalinstructionnecessarybeforeretest
Tickasapplicable
BFLIGHTINSTRUCTOREXAMINERSASSESSMENT:
LightAircraftFlightInstructorCertificate/FlightInstructorCertificate
FIEsname(blockletters):
Signature:
Licencenumber:

Date:

Page647of647