CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADED

CHAPTER3:HOWSECURITIESARETRADED
PROBLEM SETS
1.

Stop-loss order: allows a stock to be sold if the price falls below a predetermined
level. Stop-loss orders often accompany short sales. Limit sell order: sells stock
when the price rises above a predetermined level. Market order: either a buy or sell
order that is executed immediately at the current market price

2.

In response to the potential negative reaction to large [block] trades, trades will be split
up into many small trades, effectively hiding the total number of shares bought or sold.

3.

The use of leverage necessarily magnifies returns to investors. Leveraging

borrowed money allows for greater return on investment if the stock price increases.
However, if the stock price declines, the investor must repay the loan, regardless of
how far the stock price drops, and incur a negative rate of return. For example, if an
investor buys an asset at $100 and the price rises to $110, the investor earns 10%.
If an investor takes out a $40 loan at 5% and buys the same stock, the return will be
13.3%, computed as follows: $10 capital gain minus $2 interest expense divided by
the $60 original investment. Of course, if the stock price falls below $100, the
negative return will be greater for the leveraged account.

4.

(a)

6.

A market order is an order to execute the trade immediately at the best possible
price. The emphasis in a market order is the speed of execution (the reduction
of execution uncertainty). The disadvantage of a market order is that the price
at which it will be executed is not known ahead of time; it thus has price
uncertainty.
a. The stock is purchased for: 300 $40 = $12,000
The amount borrowed is $4,000. Therefore, the investor put up equity, or
margin, of $8,000.

b. If the share price falls to $30, then the value of the stock falls to $9,000. By the
end of the year, the amount of the loan owed to the broker grows to:
$4,000 1.08 = $4,320
Therefore, the remaining margin in the investors account is:
$9,000 $4,320 = $4,680
The percentage margin is now: $4,680/$9,000 = 0.52, or 52%

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CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADED

Therefore, the investor will not receive a margin call.

c. The rate of return on the investment over the year is:
(Ending equity in the account Initial equity)/Initial equity
= ($4,680 $8,000)/$8,000 = 0.415, or 41.5%
Alternatively, divide the initial equity investments into the change in value
plus the interest payment:
($3,000 loss + $320 interest)/$8,000 = -0.415.

7.

a.

The initial margin was: 0.50 2,500 $70 = $87,500

As a result of the increase in the stock price Old Economy Traders loses:
$10 2,500 = $25,000
Therefore, margin decreases by $25,000. Moreover, Old Economy Traders
must pay the dividend of $3.5 per share to the lender of the shares, so that the
margin in the account decreases by an additional $8,750. Therefore, the
remaining margin is:
$87,500 $25,000 $8,750 = $53,750

b.

The percentage margin is: $53,750/$200,000 = 0.27, or 27%

So there will be a margin call.

9.

c.

The equity in the account decreased from $87,500 to $53,750 in one year, for a
rate of return of: ($33,750/$87,500) = 0.3857, or 38.57%

a.

You buy 200 shares of Telecom for $10,000. These shares increase in value by
10%, or $1,000. You pay interest of: 0.08 $5,000 = $400
The rate of return will be: $1, 000 $400 0.12 12%
$5, 000

b.

The value of the 200 shares is 200P. Equity is (200P $5,000). You will
receive a margin call when:
200 P $5,000
= 0.30 when P= $35.71 or lower
200 P

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CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADED

10.

a.

Initial margin is 50% of $5,000, or $2,500.

b.

Total assets are $7,500 ($5,000 from the sale of the stock and $2,500 put up for
margin). Liabilities are 100P. Therefore, equity is ($7,500 100P). A margin
call will be issued when:
$7,500 100 P
= 0.30 when P = $57.69 or higher
100 P

11.

The total cost of the purchase is: $20 1,000 = $20,000

You borrow $5,000 from your broker and invest $15,000 of your own funds.
Your margin account starts out with equity of $15,000.
a.

(i)

Equity increases to: ($22 1,000) $5,000 = $17,000

Percentage gain = $2,000/$15,000 = 0.1333, or 13.33%

(ii)

With price unchanged, equity is unchanged.

Percentage gain = zero

(iii) Equity falls to ($18 1,000) $5,000 = $13,000

Percentage gain = ($2,000/$15,000) = 0.1333, or 13.33%
The relationship between the percentage return and the percentage change in
the price of the stock is given by:
Total investment

% return = % change in price Investor's initial equity = % change in price 1.333

For example, when the stock price rises from $20 to $22, the percentage change in
price is 10%, while the percentage gain for the investor is:
$20,000

% return = 10% $15,000 = 13.33%

b.

The value of the 1,000 shares is 1,000P. Equity is (1,000P $5,000). You will
receive a margin call when:
1,000 P $5,000
= 0.25 when P = $6.67 or lower
1,000 P

c.

The value of the 1,000 shares is 1,000P. But now you have borrowed $10,000
instead of $5,000. Therefore, equity is (1,000P $10,000). You will receive a
margin call when:
1,000 P $10,000
= 0.25 when P = $13.33 or lower
1,000 P

With less equity in the account, you are far more vulnerable to a margin call.
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CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADED

d. By the end of the year, the amount of the loan owed to the broker grows to:
$5,000 1.08 = $5,400
The equity in your account is (1,000P $5,400). Initial equity was $15,000.
Therefore, your rate of return after one year is as follows:
(i)

(1,000 $22) $5,400 $15,000

= 0.1067, or 10.67%
$15,000

(ii)

(1,000 $20) $5,400 $15,000

= 0.0267, or 2.67%
$15,000

(iii)

(1,000 $18) $5,400 $15,000

= 0.1600, or 16.00%
$15,000

The relationship between the percentage return and the percentage change in
the price of Intel is given by:

Total investment

Funds borrowed

8%

% return = % change in price

Investor' s initial equity
Investor' s initial equity

For example, when the stock price rises from $40 to $44, the percentage
change in price is 10%, while the percentage gain for the investor is:

10%

e.

$20,000
$5,000 =10.67%

8%

$15,000
$
15,000

The value of the 1000 shares is 1,000P. Equity is (1,000P $5,400). You will
receive a margin call when:
1,000 P $5,400
= 0.25 when P = $7.20 or lower
1,000 P

12.

a.

The gain or loss on the short position is: (1,000 P)

Invested funds = $15,000
Therefore: rate of return = (1,000 P)/15,000
The rate of return in each of the three scenarios is:
(i)

Rate of return = (1,000 $2)/$15,000 = 0.1333, or13.33%

(ii)

Rate of return = (1,000 $0)/$15,000 = 0%

(iii) Rate of return = [1,000 ($2)]/$15,000 = +0.1333, or+13.33%

b.

Total assets in the margin account equal:

$20,000 (from the sale of the stock) + $15,000 (the initial margin) = $35,000

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CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADED

Liabilities are 500P. You will receive a margin call when:

$35,000 1,000 P
= 0.25 when P = $28 or higher
1,000 P

c. With a $1 dividend, the short position must now pay on the borrowed shares:
($1/share 1000 shares) = $1000. Rate of return is now:
[(1,000 P) 1,000]/15,000
Rate of return = [(1,000 $2) $1,000]/$15,000 = 0.2000, or

(i)

20.00%
Rate of return = [(1,000 $0) $1,000]/$15,000 = 0.0667, or 6.67%

(ii)

(iii) Rate of return = [(1,000) ($2) $1,000]/$15,000 = +0.067, or

+6.67%
Total assets are $35,000, and liabilities are (1,000P + 1,000). A margin call will
be issued when:
35,000 1,000 P 1,000
= 0.25 when P = $27.2 or higher
1,000 P

13.

The broker is instructed to attempt to sell your Marriott stock as soon as the
Marriott stock trades at a bid price of $40 or less. Here, the broker will attempt to
execute but may not be able to sell at $40, since the bid price is now $39.95. The
price at which you sell may be more or less than $40 because the stop-loss becomes
a market order to sell at current market prices.

14.

a.

$17.8

b.

$17.63

c.

The trade will not be executed because the bid price is lower than the price
specified in the limit-sell order.

d.

The trade will not be executed because the asked price is greater than the price
specified in the limit-buy order.

a.

You will not receive a margin call. You borrowed $20,000 and with another
$20,000 of your own equity you bought 1,000 shares of Disney at $40 per
share. At $35 per share, the market value of the stock is $35,000, your equity
is $15,000, and the percentage margin is: $15,000/$35,000 = 42.9%
Your percentage margin exceeds the required maintenance margin.

15.

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CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADED

b.

You will receive a margin call when:

1,000 P $20,000
= 0.35 when P = $30.77 or lower
1,000 P

CFA PROBLEMS
2.

(d)

3.

(d)

The broker will sell, at current market price, after the first transaction at
$55 or less.

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