1

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN

ORIFICE METER
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) of the Orifice meter
APPARTUS REQUIRED:
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U Tube mercury manometer
3. Collecting tank fitted with piezometer
4. Stop clock
5. Meter scale
THEORY:
An orifice meter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid
through a pipe. The basic principle on which orifice meter works is that by reducing
the cross sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created and
the measurement of the pressure difference enables to determine the discharge
through the pipe. The Orifice diameter is 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe.
Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) is given by
Cd = Qa / Q t

-------------------- (1)

where,
Qa =. Actual Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

Q t =Theoretical Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

2
CALCULATION:
i).To determine actual Discharge (Qa)
Qa = AH/ t

(m3/sec)

A= Area of the collecting tank (Lx B)

(m2)

H=Rise of water in the collecting tank.

(cm)

t= Time taken for H (cm) rise

(sec)

where,

ii). To determine the theoretical Discharge(Q t)

Q t = (a1a2 2gh) / ( a12 -a22)

(m3/sec)

where,
a1 =Area of inlet

(Measured value)

(m2)

a2 =.Area of orifice

(Measured value)

(m2)

g = Acceleration due to gravity

(Known value)

(m/sec2)

h = Differential head

(m)

iii). To determine the differential head (h)

h= x [(sm - sl) / sl ]

(m)

h1=Manometer head in one limb of the manometer.

(m)

h2= Manometer head in other limb of the manometer.

(m)

where,

sm= Specific gravity of mercury. (Known value = 13.6)

sl = Specific gravity of water.( Known value = 1)
x =Difference between two limbs calculated from h1 & h2
iv) To determine area of inlet and orifice(a1&a2 ):
The area (a1&a2) of the delivery pipe is given by
a1 = .d 12 / 4

(m2)

a2 = .d 22 / 4

(m2)

where
d1 = Diameter of the inlet

(Measured value)

(m)

d2 = Diameter of the Orifice

(Measured value)

(m)

Using the calculated values of Qa and Q t the coefficient of discharge of the

Orifice meter is calculated from Equation (1)

3
PROCEDURE:
1. The diagram relating to the experimental setup (Orifice meter) is given in
Figure showing the inlet valve, outlet valve, drain valve, differential manometer
etc.
2. The diameter of the inlet (d1), diameter of the orifice (d2) and the internal planned
dimension of collecting tank (L and B) are measured.
3. The outlet valve is closed and the inlet valve is opened fully.
4. The outlet valve is opened slightly.
5. The pressure difference between the two limbs of the differential manometer
is measured (h1and h2).
6. The drain valve is closed and the time taken (t) for10cm rise in the collecting tank
is noted using stopwatch and values are noted in Table.
7. Repeat the step 3 to 5 by varying the flow rate using the outlet valve.
8. Calculate the co-efficient of discharge (C d) of the orifice meter and its mean value
from Table.

1. Main valve
2. Inlet valve
3. Differential manometer
4. Meter scale
5. Orifice meter
6. Outlet valve
7. Collecting tank
8. Piezometer
9. Drain valve.

Main Components

5
Table
Diameter of the inlet (d1)

Diameter of the orifice (d2)

Length

Breadth

Internal plan dimension of the collecting tank

Manometer Reading
S.
No

h1

h2

cm

cm

Difference
x=h1~h2
m

Differential
head (h)
m

h
m

Time for
H(10cm) rise

Actual
Discharge

Theoretical
Discharge

Co-efficient
of Discharge

Qa

Qt

Cd

sec

(m3/sec)

(m3/sec)

1.
2.
3
4
5.
6
Mean Co-efficient of Discharge

6
GRAPH:
1. Draw a graph between square root of differential head (h) along X-axis and
actual discharge (Qa) along Y-axis using Table.
2. Draw a graph between differential head (h) along X-axis and actual discharge
(Qa) along Y-axis using Table.
Y- axis
Q a vs h
Qa
(m /sec)
3

Q a vs h

X- axis
h &h (metre)
The graph is linear. Obtain the slope (Q a / h)
Using the value of the slope (Q a / h).from the graph, measured values a1 and a2
and known value of g determine the co-efficient of discharge (C d) of the
Orifice meter, from the Equation (1)
RESULT:
The mean value of co-efficient of discharge (C d)
of the orifice meter as obtained in Table

The mean value of co-efficient of discharge (C d)

of the orifice meter as obtained by using Graph

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN

VENTURI METER
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of the Venturimeter
APPARTUS REQUIRED:
1. Venturimeter
2. Differential U Tube Mercury Manometer
3. Collecting tank fitted with piezometer
4. Stop Clock
5. Meter Scale
THEORY:
A Venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid
through a pipe. The basic principle on which a Venturimeter works is that by
reducing the cross sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference is
created and the measurement of the pressure difference enables to determine the
discharge through the pipe.
Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) is given by
Cd = Qa / Q t

-------------------- (1)

where,
Qa =. Actual Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

Q t =Theoretical Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

CALCULATION:
i).To determine actual Discharge (Qa)
Qa = AH/ t

(m3/sec)

A= Area of the collecting tank (Lx B)

(m2)

H=Rise of water in the collecting tank.

(cm)

t= Time taken for H (cm) rise

(sec)

where,

ii). To determine the theoretical Discharge(Q t)

Q t =( a1a2 2gh) / ( a12 -a22)

(m3/sec)

a1 =Area of inlet

(m2)

a2 =.Area of orifice

(m2)

g = Acceleration due to gravity(Known value )

(m/sec2)

h = Differential head

(m)

where,

iii). To determine the differential head (h)

h= x [ (sm - sl ) / sl ]

(m)

h1=Manometer head in one limb of the manometer.

(m)

h2= Manometer head in other limb of the manometer.

(m)

where,

sm= Specific gravity of mercury. (Known value = 13.6)

sl = Specific gravity of water.( Known value = 1)
x =Difference between two limbs calculated from h1 & h2
iv) To determine area of inlet and throat (a1&a2 ):
The area (a1&a2) of the delivery pipe is given by
a1 = .d 12 / 4

(m2)

a2 = .d 22 / 4

(m2)

where ,
d1 = Diameter of the inlet

(Measured value)

(m)

d2 = Diameter of the throat

(Measured value)

(m)

9
Using the calculated values of Qa and Qt, the coefficient of discharge of the
Venturimeter is calculated from Equation (1)
PROCEDURE:
1.The diagram relating to the experimental setup (Venturi meter) is given in
Figure showing the inlet valve, outlet valve, drain valve, differential manometer
etc.
2.The diameter of the inlet (d1), diameter of the throat (d2) and the internal planned
dimension of collecting tank (L and B) are measured.
3.The outlet valve is closed and the inlet valve is opened fully
4.The outlet valve is opened slightly.
5.The pressure difference between the two limbs of the tube differential manometer
is measured (h1and h2).
6.The drain valve is closed and the time taken (t) for10cm rise in the collecting tank
is noted using stopwatch and values are noted in Table.
7. Repeat the step 3 to 5 by varying the flow rate using the outlet valve.
8. Calculate the co-efficient of discharge (C d) of the Venturimeter and its mean value
from Table.

1. Main valve
2. Inlet valve
3. Differential U tube
manometer
4. Meter scale
5. Venturimeter
6. Outlet valve
7. Connecting tank
8. Piezometer
9. Drain valve

Main components

10

Table
Diameter of the inlet (d1)

Diameter of the throat (d2)

Length

Breadth

Internal plan dimension of the collecting tank

Manometer Reading
S.
No

h1

h2

cm

cm

Difference
x=h1~h2
m

Differential
head(h)
m

h
m

Time for
H(10cm) rise

Actual
Discharge

Theortical
Discharge

Co-efficient
of Discharge

Qa

Qt

Cd

sec

(m3/sec)

(m3/sec)

1.
2.
3
4
5.
6
Mean Co-efficient of Discharge

13
GRAPH :
1. Draw a graph between square root of differential head (h) along X-axis and
actual discharge (Qa) along Y-axis using Table.
2. . Draw a graph between differential head (h) along X-axis and
actual discharge (Qa) along Y-axis using Table.

Y- axis
Q a vs h
Qa
3
(m /sec)
Q a vs h

X- axis
h & h (metre)
The graph is linear. Obtain the slope (Q a / h)
Using the value of the slope (Q a / h). From the graph, measured values a1 and a2
and known value of g determine the co-efficient of discharge (C d) of the
Venturi meter, from the Equation (1)
RESULT:
The mean value of co-efficient of discharge (C d)
of the Venturi meter as obtained in Table

The mean value of co-efficient of discharge (C d)

of the Venturi meter as obtained by using Graph

14

DETERMINATION OF THE RATE OF FLOW OF WATER USING

ROTO METER
AIM:
To determine the rate of flow of water, coefficient of discharge and percentage
of error using Rotometer
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Rotometer
2. Metre scale
3. Stop clock
4. Collecting tank with piezometer.
THEORY:
A Rotometer is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of water flowing
through the pipe. A Rotometer consists of a tapered metering glass tube, inside of
which is located a rotor (float) of the meter. The tube is provided with suitable inlet
and outlet connections. The float tube has a specific gravity higher than that of the
fluid to be metered. The spherical slots cut on a part of the float causes it to rotate
slowly about the axis of the tube and keep it centered. With increase in the flow rate,
the float rises in the tube and there occurs an increase in the annular area between
the float and the tube. The float rides higher or lower depending on the flow rate.
Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd )
Cd = Qa /Qm

---------------(1)

Where,
Qa =. Actual Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

Qm = Rotometer reading

(Measured value)

(litre / min)

15

CALCULATION:
i)To determine the actual discharge( Qa)
Actual Discharge =AH / t

(m3/sec)

where
A= Area of the collecting tank (L x B).

( m2)

H=Rise of water in the collecting tank.

(cm)

t= Time taken for H (cm) rise.

(sec)

ii) To determine the percentage of error:

Percentage of error = (Qa - Qm) / Qm x100

PROCEDURE:
1. The diagram relating to the experimental setup (Rotometer) is given in
Figure showing the inlet valve, Rotometer etc
2. The internal planned dimension of collecting tank (L and B) is measured.
3. The outlet valve is closed and the inlet valve is opened fully
4. The outlet valve is opened slightly.
5. The reading in the Rotometer is noted simultaneously for the discharge.
6. The drain valve is closed and the time taken (t) for10cm rise in the collecting tank
is noted using stopwatch.
7. The procedure is repeated by varying the flow rate using the outlet valve.
8. Calculate the rate of flow, the coefficient of discharge( C d) and percentage error
from Table.

1. Roto meter
2. Pipe
3. Inlet valve

Main components

1. Rotometer
2. Pipe
3. Inlet valve

Main components

16

Table
Internal plan dimension of the collecting tank:

S.
No

Length =

(m)

Breadth=

(m)

Rotometer

Rotometer

Reading
Qm
Litre/ sec

Reading
Qm
3
(m /sec)

Time for
H(10cm) rise

Actual
Discharge

Percentage
of error.

Co-efficient of
Discharge

t
Sec

Qa
(m3/sec)

Cd

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mean Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd)

19
GRAPH:
Draw a graph between actual discharge( Qa )along X-axis and Rotometer
Reading( Qm ) along Y-axis using table 1.
Y- axis
Qm
(m 3/sec)
o

X-axis
Qa(m 3/sec)

The graph is linear. Obtain its slope ( Qm / Qa).

Using the value of the slope(Qm / Qa) from the graph, determine the coefficient
of discharge (Cd) of the Rotometer from Equation (1)
RESULT:
The mean value of Coefficient of discharge (C d)
of Rotometer as obtained in Table

The mean value of Coefficient of discharge (C d)

of Rotometer as obtained by using Graph

The mean value of Percentage error in

Rotometer as obtained in Table

20
DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR FOR A GIVEN SET OF PIPES
AIM:
To determine the friction factor f of the given pipe
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.A pipe provided with inlet, outlet and pressure tapping.
2.Differential U-tube manometer.
3.Collecting tank fitted with Piezometer and control valve.
4.Stop clock.
5.Metre scale.
THEORY:
When a liquid is flowing through a pipe, the velocity of the liquid layer
adjacent to the pipe wall is zero. The velocity of liquid goes on increasing from the
wall and hence shear stresses are produced in the whole due to viscosity. This
viscous action causes loss of energy, which is usually known as friction loss.
Darcys Weisbach equation for finding loss of head due to friction is given by
hf = f.L.V2 / d.2g

(m) ------ (1)

From the above equation (1) the friction factor (f) is given by,
f = 2g.d hf / LV2

---------------(2)

where,
f = Friction factor
g = acceleration due to gravity

(Known value) .

(m/sec2)

d = Diameter of the delivery pipe

(Measured value)

(m)

hf = Loss of head due to friction

(Calculated value) (m)

L= Length of the pipe

(Measured value)

V= Velocity of flow in the pipe

(Calculated value) (m/sec)

(m)

21
CALCULATION:
i) To determine loss of head due to friction (hf);
The loss of head due to friction (hf) is given by
hf = x [ (sm- sl) / sl ]
(m)
where
h1=Manometer head in one limb of the manometer.

(m)

h2= Manometer head in other limb of the manometer.

(m)

sm= Specific gravity of mercury. (Known value = 13.6)

sl = Specific gravity of water.( Known value = 1)
x =Difference between two limbs calculated from h1 & h2
ii) To determine discharge (Q) of water in the pipe ;
The discharge (Q) of water in the pipe is given by
Q= AH/ t

(m3/sec)

A= Area of the collecting tank (L x B)

(m2)

H=Rise of water in the collecting tank.

(cm)

t = Time taken for H (cm) rise.

(sec)

where

iii) To determine area (a) of the delivery pipe

The area (a) of the delivery pipe is given by
a = .d2 / 4

(m2)

d = Diameter of the delivery pipe

(m)

where
iv)To determine the velocity (V) of flow in the pipe
The velocity (V) of flow in the pipe is given by
V=Q / a

(m/sec)

where
Q= Discharge (m3/sec)
a = Area of the delivery pipe

(m2)

Using the calculated value of hf and V, measured values of L and d and known value
of g, the friction factor f is calculated from the Equation (2).

22
PROCEDURE:
1.The diagram relating to the experimental setup (Flow through Pipes) is given in
Figure showing the inlet valve, outlet valve, drain valve, differential manometer
etc.
2. The diameter of the pipe (d), the length of the pipe line (L) and the internal
planned dimension of the collecting tank (Land B) are measured.
3.The outlet valve is closed and the inlet valve is opened completely.
4.The outlet valve is opened slightly.
5.The pressure difference between the two limbs of the tube differential manometer
is measured (h1and h2).
6.The drain valve is closed and the time taken (t) for10cm rise in the collecting tank
is noted using stopwatch and values are noted in Table.
7.Repeat the step 3 to 5 by varying the flow rate using the outlet valve.
8.Calculate the friction factor (f) and its mean value from Table.

Main valve
Inlet valve
Differential manometer
Meter scale
Pipe
Outlet valve
Collecting tank
Piezometer
Drain valve.

Main components

23

24
Table.
Diameter of the pipe (d)

Length of the pipe

(L)

Internal plan dimension of the collecting tank

Length =

(m)

Breadth=

(m)
Manometer Reading

Time for
H(10cm) rise

Discharge

Velocity

Velocity2

hf

V2

Sec

m3/sec

m/sec

m2/sec2

S.
No

h1

h2

cm

cm

Difference
h=h1~h2
M

1.
2.
3
4
5.
Mean value of Friction Factor

Friction
factor
f

25
GRAPH:
Draw a graph between loss of head due to friction (hf) along X-axis and square
of the Velocity (V2) along Y-axis using Table.
Y- axis
V2
(m/sec)2
o

X-axis
hf (Metre)

The graph is linear. Obtain the slope (V2/ hf).

Using the value of the slope (V2/ hf).from the graph, measured values L and d and
known value of g, determine the friction factor (f), from the Equation (2)

RESULT:
The mean value of friction factor of the given pipe
as obtained in Table

The mean value of friction factor of the given pipe

as obtained by using Graph

26
PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AIM:
To conduct performance test on single stage centrifugal pump and to plot
various characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop Clock
2.Metre scale
THEORY:
The hydraulic machines, which convert mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy are called pump. If the mechanical energy is converted into
pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the machine is
called Centrifugal pump.
The Centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow,
which means that when an external torque rotates a certain mass of liquid, the rise
in pressure head of rotating liquid takes place. Thus at the outlet of the impeller
where radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be
discharged at the outlet with a high-pressure head. Due to this high-pressure head,
the liquid can be lifted to a high level.
The Efficiency of the pump is given by
= Po / Pi X 100

-----------------(1)

where,
Po = Output power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

Pi: = Input power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

27
CALCULATION:
i).To determine the output power (Po) :
P0 = W Q.h / 1000

(kw)

where,
W= Specific weight of water

(Known value)

(N/m3)

Q = Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

h =Total head

(Measured value)

(m)

ii)To determine discharge (Q) ;

Discharge (Q) = AH / t

(m3/sec)

A = Area of collecting tank ( L xB)

(m2)

L = Length of the collecting tank

(m)

B = Breadth of the collecting tank

(m)

H = Rise of water level in collecting tank

(m )

T =Time taken for 10 cm rise of water

(sec)

where,

iii). To determine total head (h);

Total head h = hd+hs

(m)

hs= Suction Head

(m)

hd = Delivery Head

(m)

where,

iv). To determine the input power (Pi) :

Pi = (3600 . Nr ) / ( T . Ne)

(Kw)

where,
Ne = Energy meter constant

(Known value)

Nr= Number of revolutions

(Known value)

T = Time taken for 3 rev of energy meter (Measured value)

(rev/kw hr
(sec)

Using the calculated value of Po and Pi the efficiency () is calculated from the
Equation (1) .

28
PROCEDURE:
1.The diagram relating to the experimental setup (Centrifugal pump) is given in
Figure showing the delivery pipe, delivery valve, suction pipe etc
2.The internal planned dimensions of collecting tank (Land B) are measured and
energy meter constant ( Ne) are observed.
2.The delivery valve is opened completely.
3. Start the motor and adjust the gate valve to required pressure.
4.The following observations are noted,
i. The pressure gauge reading (hd) in delivery pipe.
ii. The vacuum gauge reading (hs) in suction pipe.
iii. Time taken (t) for H (10 cm) rise of water in collecting tank.
iv. Time taken (T) for 3 revolutions of energy meter disc
5.The delivery valve is gradually closed and the above observations
are made for different valve positions .
6.The observation is tabulated and the efficiency () of the pump is calculated from
Table.

1. Delivery pipe
2. Delivery valve
3. Casing
4. Impeller
5. Eye of pump
6. Suction pipe
7. Sump level
8. Foot valve & strainer.

Main components

29

Table
i. Internal plan dimension of the collecting tank :
Length=

(m)

Breadth

ii. Number of revolutions (Nr)

iii. Energy meter constant ( Ne)

iv. Specific gravity of water

(m)
rev/kw hr

= 1.0

v. Specific weight of water (W) = 9810 N /m 3

S.
No

vi. Specific gravity of mercury

= 13.6

vii. 1 kg/cm2

= 10 m of water

vii.1 mm of Hg

= 0. 0131 m of water

Delivery head
hd
kg/cm2

1
2
3
4
5

hd
m of
H2o

Suction head
hs
mm of
Hg

hs
m of
H2o

H= hd+hs

Time
taken
for H
cm rise
t

sec

Total
head

Time for 3
revolutions

Discharge

Output
power

Input
power

Po

Pi

sec

m3/sec

kw

kw

Efficiency

31
Operating characteristic curves of a Centrifugal pump
Draw curves between Discharge (Q), along X-axis and Total head ( h),
Efficiency () and Input power (P i) along Y-axis using Table

Efficiency ()
Input power(P i )

Head (h), m

Efficiency ()
Input power (Pi), Kw

Y-axis

Head (h)
X-axis
Discharge (Q)

RESULT:
The characteristics curves of the centrifugal pump are drawn.
Maximum percentage of efficiency ()
as obtained in Table

Discharge (Q) as obtained in Table

m3/sec

Input power (Pi) as obtained in Table

kw

Output power (Po) as obtained in Table =

Total head (h) as obtained in Table
.

kw
=

32

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM:
To conduct performance test on Reciprocating Pump and to plot various
characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2. Meter scale
THEORY:
The hydraulic machines, which convert mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy are called pump. If the mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy
(Or pressure energy) by sucking the liquid into a cylinder in which a piston is
reciprocating (Moving backwards and forwards), which exerts thrust on the liquid
and increases its hydraulic energy (Pressure energy), the pump is known as
reciprocating pump. This pump is also known as positive displacement pump.
The Efficiency of the pump is given by
= Po / Pi X 100

-----------------(1)

where,
Po = Output power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

Pi: = input power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

33

CALCULATION:
i).To determine the output power (Po) :
P0 = W.Q.h / 1000

(kw)

where,
W= Specific weight of water

(Known value)

(N/m3)

Q = Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

h =Total head

(Measured value)

(m)

ii)To determine discharge (Q) ;

Discharge (Q) = AH / t

(m3/sec)

A = Area of collecting tank (L x B)

( m2)

L = Length of the collecting tank

( m)

B = Breadth of the collecting tank

( m)

H = Rise of water level in collecting tank

(m)

T =Time taken for 10 cm rise of water

( sec)

where,

iii). To determine total head (h);

Total head h = hd+hs

(m)

hs= Suction Head

(m)

hd = Delivery Head

(m)

where,

iv). To determine the input power (Pi) :

Pi = ( 3600 . Nr ) / ( T . Ne)

(Kw)

where,
Ne = Energy meter constant

(Known value)

Nr= Number of revolutions

(Known value)

T = Time taken for 3 rev of energy meter (Measured value)

(rev/kw hr)
(sec)

Using the calculated value of Po and Pi the efficiency () is calculated from the
Equation (1) .

34
PROCEDURE:
1.The diagram relating to the experimental setup (Reciprocating pump) is
given in Figure showing the delivery pipe, delivery valve, suction pipe,
suction valve etc.
2.The internal planned dimensions of collecting tank (Land B ) are
measured and energy meter constant ( Ne) are observed.
3.The delivery valve is opened completely.
4. Start the motor and adjust the gate valve to required pressure.
5.The following observations are noted,
i. The pressure gauge reading (hd) in delivery pipe.
ii. The vacuum gauge reading (hs) in suction pipe.
iii. Time taken (t) for H (10 cm) rise of water in collecting tank.
iv. Time taken (T) for 3 revolutions of energy meter disc.
6.The delivery valve is gradually closed and the above observations
are made for different valve positions .
7.The observation is tabulated and the efficiency of the pump is calculated
from Table.

Delivery pipe
Delivery valve
Cylinder
Piston
Suction valve
Suction pipe
Sump level
Piston rod
Connecting rod
Crank.

Main components

35

Table
i. Internal plan dimension of the collecting tank :
Length =
ii. Number of revolutions (Nr)

(m)

v. Specific weight of water (W)

vi. Specific gravity of mercury
vii. 1 kg/cm2

No

kg/cm2
1
2
3
4
5
6

rev/ kw hr
= 1.0
= 9810 N /m 3
= 13.6
= 0. 0131 m of water

Delivery head
hd

(m)

= 10 m of water

Vii.1 mm of Hg

S.

iii. Energy meter constant (Ne) =

iv. Specific gravity of water

Breadth

hd
m of
H2o

Suction head
hs
mm of
Hg

hs
m of
H2o

h= hd+hs

Time
taken
for H
cm rise
t

sec

Total
head

Time for 3
revolutions

Discharge

Output
power

Input
power

Po

Pi

sec

m3/sec

kw

kw

Efficiency

37
Operating characteristic curves of a Reciprocating pump
Draw curves between Discharge (Q), along X-axis and Total head (h), Efficiency ()
and Input power (P i) along Y-axis using Table

Efficiency ()
Input power(Pi )

Head (h), m

Efficiency ()
Input power (Pi), Kw

Y-axis

Head (h)
X-axis
Discharge (Q) m3/sec

RESULT:
The characteristics curves of the Reciprocating pump are drawn.
Maximum percentage of efficiency ()
as obtained in Table

Discharge (Q) as obtained in Table

m3/sec

Input power (Pi) as obtained in Table

kw

Output power (Po) as obtained in Table =

Total head (h) as obtained in Table
.

kw
=

38

PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR PUMP

AIM:
To conduct performance test on gear pump and to plot various characteristic
curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2.Meter scale
THEORY:
The Gear pump is a rotary pump in which two gears mesh to provide the
pumping action. This type of pump is mostly used for cooling water and pressure oil
to be supplied for lubrication to motors, turbines, machine tools etc. Although the
gear pump is rotating machinery, yet its action on liquid to be pumped is not dynamic
and it merely displaces the liquid from one side to the other. The flow of liquid to be
pumped is continuous and uniform.
The Efficiency of the pump is given by
= Po / Pi X 100

-----------------(1)

where,
Po = Output power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

Pi: = Input power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

39
CALCULATION:
i).To determine the output power (Po) :
P0 = W.Q.h / 1000

(kw)

where,
W= Specific weight of oil

(Known value)

(N/m3)

Q = Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3/sec)

h =Total head

(Measured value)

(m)

ii)To determine discharge (Q) ;

Discharge (Q) = AH / t

(m3/sec)

A = Area of collecting tank ( L x B)

( m2)

L = Length of the collecting tank

( m)

B = Breadth of the collecting tank

( m)

H = Rise of oil level in collecting tank

(m)

where,

T =Time taken for 10 cm rise of oil

( sec)

iii). To determine total head (h);

Total head h = hd+hs

(m)

hs= Suction Head

(m)

hd = Delivery Head

(m)

where,

iv). To determine the input power (Pi) :

Pi = ( 3600 . Nr ) / ( T . Ne)

(Kw)

where,
Ne = Energy meter constant

(Known value)

Nr= Number of revolutions

(Known value)

T = Time taken for 3 rev of energy meter (Measured value)

(rev/kw hr)
(sec)

Using the calculated value of Po and Pi the efficiency () is calculated from the
Equation (1) .

40

PROCEDURE:
1.The diagram relating to the experimental setup (Gear pump) is given in
Figure showing the delivery, suction etc.
2.The internal planned dimensions of collecting tank (Land B) are
measured and energy meter constant ( Ne) are observed.
3.The delivery valve is opened completely.
4. Start the motor and adjust the gate valve to required pressure.
5.The following observations are noted,
i. The pressure gauge reading (hd) in delivery pipe.
ii. The vacuum gauge reading (hs) in suction pipe.
iii. Time taken (t) for H (10 cm) rise of oil in collecting tank.
iv. Time taken (T) for 3 revolutions of energy meter disc.
6.The delivery valve is gradually closed and the above observations
are made for different valve positions .
7.The observation is tabulated and the efficiency of the pump is calculated
from Table.

1.Suction
2.Delivery
3.Oil
4.Casing

Main components

41

42
Table
i. Internal plan dimension of the collecting tank :
Length =

(m)

ii. Number of revolutions (Nr)

Breadth

(m)

iii. Energy meter constant ( Ne) =

rev/kw hr

iv. Specific gravity of oil

= 0.9

v. Specific weight of oil (W)

= 8829 N /m 3

vi. Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

vii. 1 kg/cm2

= 11.11 m of oil

Viii.1 mm of Hg

= 0. 0151 m of oil

S.
No

Delivery head
hd
kg/cm2

1
2
3
4
5

hd
m of
oil

Suction head
hs
mm of
Hg

hs
m of
oil

h= hd+hs

Time
taken
for H
cm rise
t

sec

Total
head

Time for 3
revolutions

Discharge

Output
power

Input
power

Po

Pi

sec

m3/sec

kw

kw

Efficiency

43
Operating characteristic curves of a Gear pump
Draw curves between Discharge (Q), along X-axis and Total head (h), Efficiency ()
and Input power (P i) along Y-axis using Table

Efficiency ()
Input power (Pi )

Head (h), m

Efficiency ()
Input power (Pi), Kw

Y-axis

Head (h)
X-axis
Discharge (Q) m3/sec

RESULT:
The characteristics curves of the Gear pump are drawn.
Maximum percentage of efficiency ()
as obtained in Table

Discharge (Q) as obtained in Table

m3/sec

Input power (Pi) as obtained in Table

kw

Output power (Po) as obtained in Table =

Total head (h) as obtained in Table
.

PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL

kw
=

44
AIM:
To conduct the performance tests on Pelton Turbine at rated head and at
constant spear opening and to draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2.Meter scale
3.Tachometer
THEORY:
The Pelton Turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the
bucket along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the
turbine is only kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and the outlet of the turbine is
atmospheric. This turbine is used for high heads.
The efficiency of the turbine is given by
Efficiency () = Po / Pi x 100

-----------(1)

where
Po = Output power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

Pi = Input power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

45
CALCULATION:
i ) To determine Output power (Po) ;

Po = (2 N T) / 60

(Kw)

where,
N = Speed of turbine

(Measured value)

(rpm)

T = Torque applied

(Calculated value)

(Nm)

ii) To determine Torque (T) ;

(T) = [(W-s). (D+d). 9.81] / 2

(N-m)

where,
W = Weight of hanger

(Known value)

(Kg)

S = spring balance reading

(Measured value)

(Kg)

D = Break drum diameter

(Known value)

(mm)

d = Diameter of rope

(Known value)

(mm)

W = specific weight of water

(Calculated value)

(N/m3)

h = Total head available

(Measured value)

(m)

Q = Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3 / sec)

iii) To determine Input power (Pi) :

Input power (Pi) = W. Q .h
Where,

iv) To determine Discharge (Q ):

Discharge (Q) = (Cd x A1 x A2 x 2gh) / (A12 A22 )
where,
cd = Coefficient of discharge

(Known value)

h = Venturimeter head

(Measured value)

(mm)

A1 = Area of inlet

(Calculated value)

(m2)

A2 = Area of throat

(Calculated value)

(m2)

46

v) To determine area of inlet and throat (A1 and A2):

A1= d12 /4
A2 = d22 /4
Where,
d1 = diameter of inlet
d2 = diameter of throat

(m2)
(m2)
(Known value)

(m)

(Known value)

(m)

Using the calculated value of Po and Pi the efficiency () is calculated from the
Equation (1).

PROCEDURE:
1.Before starting the experiment it is ensured that there is no load on the
weight hanger and the Venturimeter logs are on closed position.
2.The circumference of break drum and thickness of rope is measured.
3.The centrifugal pump is primed, the gate valve is fully closed and the pump
is started.
4.Open the gate valve for required discharge. The guide position and the gate
valve opening is adjusted to required head.
5.Load the turbine by adding weights (dead weight) in the weight hanger.
The dead weight and the spring balance weight are observed.
6.The turbine speed (N) is measured with Tachometer.
7.The Venturimeter pressure gauge readings and spear position are noted.
8.The procedure is repeated for different load conditions and the efficiency
are calculated from table.
9.After the experiments gets over the loads are removed from the hanger and
the gate valve is fully closed and the motor is switched off.

Main Components
Penstock
Spear
Nozzle
Runner
jet of Water
Buckets
casing
Break Nozzle

47

48
Table

S.
No

i.Diameter of brake drum(D)

mm

ii.Diameter of rope head (d)

mm

iii. Size of the Venturimeter (Inlet and throat)

mm

iv. Total supply head (H)

Kg/cm2

Manometer reading

Head

Discharge

Shaft
speed

Dead
weight

Spear
opening

Spring
weight

Net
Weight

Torque

Output
power

Input
power

Efficiency

49

P1

Kg/
cm2

1
2
3
4
5

X1

m
of
H2O

P2

Kg/
cm2

X2

h
(x1-x2)

m3/sec

rpm

Kg

w-s

Po

Pi

Kg

Kg

Nm

Kw

Kw

m
of
H2O

cm

50
Operating characteristic curves of Pelton Turbine:
Draw curves between Discharge (Q), along X-axis,, Efficiency () and
Input power (P i) along Y-axis using the values in Table

Y-axis
Efficiency ()
Input power (Pi), Kw

Input power (Pi)

Efficiency ()

X-axis
0

Discharge (Q) m3/sec

RESULT:
The characteristics curves of the Pelton Turbine are drawn.
Maximum percentage of efficiency ()
as obtained from Table

Input power (Pi) as obtained from Table

kw

Output power (Po) as obtained from Table

kw

PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE

AIM:
To conduct the performance tests on Francis turbine at rated head and at
constant guide vane opening and to draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2. Meter scale
3. Tachometer
THEORY:
As the water flows over the vanes of Francis Turbine, the pressure is
atmospheric from inlet to outlet of the turbine. If at the inlet of the turbine, the water
possesses kinetic energy as well as pressure energy, the turbine is known as
Reaction Turbine.
The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as
Francis Turbine. In Francis Turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine in the
radial direction at outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner.
Thus the modern Francis Turbine is a mixed flow type turbine.
The efficiency of the turbine is given by
Efficiency () = Po / Pi x 100

-----------(1)

where
Po = Output power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

Pi = Input power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

53
CALCULATION:
i ) To determine Output power (Po) ;

Po = (2 N T) / 60

(Kw)

where,
N = Speed of turbine

(Measured value)

(rpm)

T = Torque applied

(Calculated value)

(Nm)

ii) To determine Torque (T) ;

(T) = [(W-s). (D+d). 9.81] / 2

(N-m)

where,
W = Weight of hanger

(Known value)

(Kg)

S = spring balance reading

(Measured value)

(Kg)

D = Break drum diameter

(Known value)

(mm)

d = Diameter of rope

(Known value)

(mm)

W = specific weight of water

(Calculated value)

(N/m3)

h = Total head available

(Measured value)

(m)

Q = Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3 / sec)

iii) To determine Input power (Pi) :

Input power (Pi) = W. Q .h
Where,

iv) To determine Discharge (Q ):

Discharge (Q) = (Cd x A1 x A2 x 2gh) / (A12 A22 )
where,
cd = Coefficient of discharge

(Known value)

h = Venturimeter head

(Measured value)

(mm)

A1 = Area of inlet

(Calculated value)

(m2)

A2 = Area of throat

(Calculated value)

(m2)

v) To determine area of inlet and throat (A1 and A2):

54

A1= d12 /4

(m2)

A2 = d22 /4
Where,
d1 = diameter of inlet
d2 = diameter of throat

(m2)
(Known value)

(m)

(Known value)

(m)

Using the calculated value of Po and Pi the efficiency () is calculated from the
Equation (1).

PROCEDURE:
1.Before starting the experiment it is ensured that there is no load on the
weight hanger and the Venturimeter logs are on closed position.
2.The circumference of break drum and thickness of rope is measured.
3.The centrifugal pump is primed, the gate valve is fully closed and the pump
is started.
4.Open the gate valve for required discharge. The guide position and the gate
valve opening is adjusted to required head.
5.Load the turbine by adding weights (dead weight) in the weight hanger .
The dead weight and the spring balance weight are observed.
6.The turbine speed (N) is measured with Tachometer.
7.The Venturimeter pressure gauge readings and spear position are noted.
8.The procedure is repeated for different load conditions and the efficiency
are calculated from table.
9.After the experiments gets over the loads are removed from the hanger and

Main Components
Shaft
Guide blades
Spiral casing
Runner
Draft Tube
Tail Race
Guide Wheel
From Penstock
Guide blades

the gate valve is fully closed and the motor is switched off.

55

Table

i. Diameter of brake drum(D)

ii. Diameter of rope head (d)
iii. Size of the Venturimeter (Inlet and throat)
iv. Total supply head (H)

S.
No

Manometer reading

Head

=
=
=
=

Discharge

mm
mm
mm
Kg/cm2

Shaft
speed

Dead
weight

Spear
opening

Spring
weight

Net
Weight

Torque

Output
power

Input
power

Efficiency

57

P1
Kg/
cm2

1
2
3
4
5

X1
m
of
H2O

P2
Kg/
cm2

X2

h
(x1-x2)

m3/sec

rpm

Kg

w-s

Po

Pi

Kg

Kg

Nm

Kw

Kw

m
of
H2O

cm

58
Operating characteristic curves of a Francis Turbine
Draw curves between Discharge (Q), along X-axis, Efficiency () and Input power
(P i) along Y-axis using the values in Table

Y-axis
Efficiency ()
Input power (Pi), Kw

Input power (Pi)

Efficiency ()

X-axis
0

Discharge (Q) m3/sec

RESULT:
The characteristics curves of the Francis Turbine are drawn.
Maximum percentage of efficiency ()
as obtained from Table

Input power (Pi) as obtained from Table

kw

Output power (Po) as obtained from Table

kw

PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE

59

AIM:
To conduct the performance tests on Kaplan turbine at rated head and to draw
the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2. Meter scale
3. Tachometer
THEORY:
If the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is
known as axial flow turbine, and if the head at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of
pressure energy and kinetic energy and during the flow of water through the runner
a part of pressure energy is converted in to kinetic energy, the turbine is known as
reaction turbine.
For axial flow reaction turbine, the shaft of the turbine is vertical. The lower of
the shaft is made larger which is known as hub. The vanes are fixed on the hub and
hence hub acts as a runner for axial flow reaction turbine. If the vanes on the hub or
boss are adjustable the turbine is known as a Kaplan Turbine.
The efficiency of the turbine given by
Efficiency () = Po / Pi x 100

-----------(1)

where
Po = Output power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

Pi = Input power

(Calculated value)

(Kw)

60

CALCULATION:
i ) To determine Output power (Po) ;

Po = (2 N T) / 60

(Kw)

where,
N = Speed of turbine

(Measured value)

(rpm)

T = Torque applied

(Calculated value)

(Nm)

ii) To determine Torque (T) ;

(T) = [(W-s). (D+d). 9.81] / 2

(N-m)

where,
W = Weight of hanger

(Known value)

(Kg)

S = spring balance reading

(Measured value)

(Kg)

D = Break drum diameter

(Known value)

(mm)

d = Diameter of rope

(Known value)

(mm)

W = specific weight of water

(Calculated value)

(N/m3)

h = Total head available

(Measured value)

(m)

Q = Discharge

(Calculated value)

(m3 / sec)

iii) To determine Input power (Pi) :

Input power (Pi) = W. Q .h
Where,

iv) To determine Discharge (Q ):

Discharge (Q) = (Cd x A1 x A2 x 2gh) / (A12 A22 )
where,
cd = Coefficient of discharge

(Known value)

h = Venturimeter head

(Measured value)

(mm)

A1 = Area of inlet

(Calculated value)

(m2)

A2 = Area of throat

(Calculated value)

(m2)

61

v) To determine area of inlet and throat (A1 and A2):

A1= d12 /4
A2 = d22 /4
Where,
d1 = diameter of inlet
d2 = diameter of throat

(m2)
(m2)
(Known value)

(m)

(Known value)

(m)

Using the calculated value of Po and Pi the efficiency () is calculated from the
Equation (1).

PROCEDURE:
1.Before starting the experiment it is ensured that there is no load on the
weight hanger and the Venturimeter logs are on closed position.
2.The circumference of break drum and thickness of rope is measured.
3.The centrifugal pump is primed, the gate valve is fully closed and the pump
is started.
4.Open the gate valve for required discharge. the guide position and the gate
valve opening is adjusted to required head.
5.Load the turbine by adding weights (dead weight) in the weight hanger.
The dead weight and the spring balance weight are observed.
6.The turbine speed (N) is measured with Tachometer.
7.The Venturimeter pressure gauge readings and spear position are noted.
8.The procedure is repeated for different load conditions and the efficiency
are calculated from table.
9.After the experiments gets over the loads are removed from the hanger and
the gate valve is fully closed and the motor is switched off.

1. Guide vanes
2. Shaft
3. Guide vanes
4. Scroll casing
5. Runner vanes
6. Boxes
7.Inlet of runner vanes
8.Outrlet of vanes
9.Tail race
10.Draft tube.

Main components

62

63
Table

i. Diameter of brake drum (D)

mm

ii. Diameter of rope head (d)

mm

iii. Size of the Venturimeter (Inlet and throat)

mm

Kg/cm2

iv. Total supply head (H)

S.
No

Manometer reading

Head

Discharge

Shaft
speed

Dead
weight

Spear
opening

Spring
weight

Net
Weight

Torque

Output
power

Input
power

Efficiency

64

P1

Kg/
cm2

1
2
3
4
5

X1

m
of
H2O

P2

Kg/
cm2

X2

h
(x1-x2)

m3/sec

rpm

Kg

w-s

Po

Pi

Kg

Kg

Nm

Kw

Kw

m
of
H2O

cm

Operating characteristic curves of a Kaplan Turbine

Draw curves between Discharge (Q), along X-axis, Efficiency () and
Input power (P i) along Y-axis using the values in Table.

Y-axis
Efficiency ()
Input power (Pi), Kw

Input power (Pi)

Efficiency ()

X-axis
0

Discharge (Q) m3/sec

RESULT:
The characteristics curves of the Kaplan Turbine are drawn.
Maximum percentage of efficiency ()
as obtained from Table

Input power (Pi) as obtained from Table

kw

Output power (Po) as obtained from Table

kw