National College Of Engineering

MARUTHAKULAM, TIRUNELVELI - 627151

CE 6461 / FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prepared by
Mr.S.Alangaram., M.E., Asst.Prof/Mech
Ex. Page Staff
Date Experiment Name Marks
No No. Signature
Determination of the co-efficient of
1. 1
discharge of given orifice meter
Determination of the co-efficient of
2. 4
discharge of given venturimeter
Calculation of the coefficient of discharge of
3. 7
the given rotameter
Determination of friction factor of the given
4. 10
set of pipes
Conducting experiments and drawing the
5. 13
characteristic curves of centrifugal pump
Conducting experiments and drawing the
6. 16
characteristic curves of submersible pump
Conducting experiments and drawing the
7. 19
characteristics curves of reciprocating pump
Conducting experiments and drawing the
8. 22
characteristics curves of gear oil pump
Conducting experiments and drawing the
9.
characteristics curves of Pelton wheel 25
test rig
Conducting experiments and drawing the
10.
characteristics curves of Francis turbine 28
test rig
Conducting experiments and drawing the
11.
characteristics curves of Kaplan turbine test 31
rig
 1. DETERMINATION OF THE CO-FFICIENTOF DISCHARGE
OF GIVEN ORIFICE METER

AIM:
To determine the co-efficient of discharge through orifice meter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U tube manometer
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale

FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
 Q act =
A.H (m / s)
3

2.
THEORE
TICAL
DISCHAR
GE :

Q th = k  h
(m3 / s)

k = a1 . a
2 . 2 g

 a1 2 - a 2 2
W
h
e
r
e
:

A = Area of collecting
tank = 0.3 x 0.3
m2
H = Height of
collected water
in tank = 0.1 m
a 1 = Area of
inlet pipe in
m2 d1 = 25
mm

a 2 = Area of the
orifice in m2 d2
= 16.79 mm
g = Specify
gravity
= 9.81 m / s2
t =
Time
taken
 for h
cm rise
of water
h = Differential head
of manometer in
metres
of water of
flowing liquid
h = hm (s m - 1) where: hm
= h1 ~ h2
s
h1 =
Manometric
head in first
limb
h2 = Manometric
head in second
limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric
liquid = 13.6
s = Specific gravity of
water =1
TABULATION:

Size of Orificemeter inlet d1 = 25mm

Orificemeter diameter d2 = 16.77mm
Area ratio a2/a1 = 0.45

Measuring area in collecting tank A = 0.3 x 0.3m2

‘K’ Value = a22g

1-m2
= 1.095 x 10-3

Sl. Manometer Reading Manometer Time for Actual Discharge Theoretical Co-efficient of
No. (cm of hg) Head 100mm Qa Discharge discharge
h rise Qt Cd
t

h1 h2 hm m of water sec m3/sec m3/sec No unit

1. 14.1 38.1 24 3.1024 6.97 1.29 1.906 0.677
2. 14.8 37.4 22.6 2.846 7.44 1.21 1.850 0.654
3. 15.9 36.4 20.5 2.583 7.75 1.16 1.761 0.659
4. 16.9 35.5 18.6 2.344 8.31 1.08 1.678 0.645
5. 18.8 33.5 14.7 1.852 9.28 0.97 1.492 0.650
Mean Cd = 0.657
 3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:

Co- efficient of discharge = Q act (no units)

Q th

DESCRIPTION:

Orifice meter has two sections. First one is of area a 1, and second one of area a2, it
does not have throat like venturimeter but a small hole on a plate fixed along the diameter
of pipe. The mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out of manometer.

PROCEDURE:

1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments

2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the differential U-tube
manometer
4. The reading of h1 and h2 are noted
5. The time taken for 0.10 m rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
6. The experiment is repeated for various flows in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated.
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09 m2
H = 0.1 m
t = 6.97 sec.

Qa = 0.09x0.1
6.97
Qa = 1.29 x 10-3 m3/sec.

2. Theoretical discharge,

Qt = k  h m3/sec

Where k= 2g . a2
----------- or
1-m2

a1 . a2 . 2g
k= ---------------------
a12 – a22

d1 = 25mm a1 = π/4 x 0.0252 = 4.909x10-4 m2

d2 = 16.77mm a2 = π/4 x 0.016772 = 2.209x10-4 m2

k= 4.909x10-4 x 2.209x10-4 x 2 x 9.81

--------------------------------------------- = 1.096 x 10-3
(4.909x10-4 - 2.209x10-4)2
h = hm (Sm – 1) /S, hm = Difference between h1 and h2 = 38.1-14.1 cm
= 24.0 cm
h = 0.24 (13.6-1)/ 1
= 3.024 m

Therefore, Qt = k  h
= 1.096 x 10-3 x  3.024
Qt = 1.906 x 10-3 m3/sec

3. Coefficient of Discharge,
 Cd = Qact / Qth
= 1.29 x 10-3 / 1.906 x 10-3
= 0.677
Average Cd = 0.657

GRAPH
1. Q act vs Head
2. Qth vs Head

RESULT:
The co-efficient of discharge through orifice meter 0.657 (No unit)
VENTURIMETER, ORIFICEMETER AND ROTAMETER TEST RIG
VENTURIMETER, ORIFICEMETER AND ROTAMETER TEST RIG
 2. DETERMINATION OF THE CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF
GIVEN VENTURIMETER

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge for liquid flowing through venturimeter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Venturimeter
2. Stop watch
3. Collecting tank
4. Differential U-tube manometer
5. Scale
FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q act = A x H (m3 / s)
t

2. THEORTICAL DISCHARGE:

Qth = k √h = a 1 x a 2 x  2gh (m3 / s)

 ( a 12 - a 22)
Where:
A = Area of collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
H = Height of collected water in tank = 0.1 m
a 1= Area of inlet pipe in m2 d1 = 25mm
a 2= Area of the throat in m 2
d2 = 14.79mm
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / s2
t = Time taken for 0.1m rise of water
h = Differential head of manometer
in meter of water
= hm (s m - 1) where: hm = (h1 ~
h2)
s
h1 = Manometric
head in the first limb
h2 = Manometric head in
the second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid = 13.6
s = Specific gravity of water
=1
 TABULATION:

Size of Venturimeter d1 = 25mm

Throat diameter d2 = 14.79mm
Area ratio (a2/a1)m = 0.35

Measuring area in collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3m2

‘K’ Value = a22g

1-m2
= 8.12 x 10-4

Sl. Manometer Reading Manometer Head Time for Actual Discharge Theoretical Co-efficient of
No. (cm of hg) h 100mm rise Qa x 10-3 Discharge discharge
t Qt x 10-3 Cd

h1 h2 hm m of water sec m3/sec m3/sec No unit

1. 8.5 38.4 29.9 3.767 6.66 1.351 1.577 0.857
2. 10.8 35.8 25.0 3.150 6.81 1.322 1.441 0.917
3. 13.2 33.5 20.3 2.558 7.53 1.195 1.299 0.920
4. 16.2 30.6 14.4 1.814 8.13 1.105 1.094 1.012
5. 19.6 27.1 7.5 0.945 12.60 0.714 0.789 0.905
Average 0.922
 3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:

Co- efficient of discharge = Q act (no units)

Q th

DESCRIPTION:
Venturimeter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The
former is represented as a1 and the latter is a2 . Water or any other liquid flows through the
venturimeter and it passes to the throat area, the value of discharge is same at a 1 and a 2 .

PROCEDURE:
1. The motor is switched on; as a result water will flow
2. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the differential U-tube
manometer
3. The reading of h1 and h2 are noted
4. The time taken for 0.10 m rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
5. The experiment is repeated for various flows in the same pipe
6. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
MODEL CALCULATION:
1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09 m2
H = 0.1 m
t = 6.66 sec.

Qa = 0.09x0.1
6.66
Qa = 1.351 x 10-3 m3/sec.

2. Theoretical discharge,

Qt = k  h m3/sec

Where k= 2g . a2
----------- or
1-m2

a1 . a2 . 2g
k= ---------------------
a12 – a22

d1 = 25mm a1 = π/4 x 0.0252 = 4.909x10-4 m2

d2 = 14.79mm a2 = π/4 x 0.014792 = 1.718x10-4 m2

k= 4.909x10-4 x 1.718x10-4 x 2 x 9.81

--------------------------------------------- = 8.12 x 10-4
(4.909x10-4 – 1.718x10-4)2
h = hm (Sm – 1) /S, hm = Difference between h1 and h2 = 38.4-8.5 cm
= 29.9 cm =0.299m
h = 0.299 (13.6-1)/ 1
= 3.7674 m

Therefore, Qt = k  h
= 8.12 x 10-4 x  3.767
Qt = 1.577 x 10-3 m3/sec

3. Coefficient of Discharge,
Cd = Qact / Qth
= 1.351 x 10-3 / 1.577 x 10-3
 = 0.857
Average Cd = 0.922

GRAPH
1. Q act vs Head
2. Qth vs Head

RESULT:
The co efficient of discharge through Venturimeter is 0.922 (No unit)
 3. CALCULATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF THE
GIVEN ROTAMETER

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of the given Rotameter .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Rotameter setup
2. Measuring scale
3. Stopwatch.

FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q act = A x H (m3 / s)
t
Where:

A = Area of the collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3 (m2)

H =Rise of water level in the collecting tank = 0.05m.
t = Time taken for 0.05 m rise of water level in collecting tank.
Qth = Rotameter reading (m3 / s)
60 x 1000

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate of flow in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotameter, for example say 5 liters per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 0.05 m rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotameter readings
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
TABULATION:

Internal area of measuring tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2

Sl Rotameter reading Time taken Actual Theritical Co-efficient

No (Theoretical For 50mm discharge discharge of discharge
discharge)LPM Rise sec Qac Qth cd
(m3/sec.) (m3/sec.)

1. 30 8.53 5.275 5 1.055

2. 24 11.34 3.968 4 0.992
3. 18 16.15 2.786 3 0.929
4. 12 23.62 1.905 2 0.953
5. 6 42.44 1.060 1 1.060
Average 0.998
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09 m2
H = 0.05 m
t = 8.53 sec.

Qa = 0.09x0.05
8.53
Qa = 5.275 x 10-4 m3/sec.

2. Theoretical discharge,

Qt = Rotameter reading x [1/60 x 1000] m3/sec

= 30 x [ 1/ 60 x 1000]

Qt = 5.000 x 10-4 m3/sec

3. Coefficient of Discharge,
Cd = Qact / Qth
= 5.275 x 10-4 /5.000 x 10-4
= 1.055
Average Cd = 0.998
RESULT:
The co-efficient of discharge of the Rotameter was found to be 0.998
FRICTION LOSSES TEST RIG
 4. DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF THE GIVEN SET OF
PIPES

AIM:
To find the friction ' for the given set of pipes.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 1.2.Setof pipes provided with inlet
3.4.and outlet and pressure tapping
5. Diffe
rentia
l u-
tube
mano
meter
Collect
ing
tank
with
piezo
meter
S
t
o
p
w
a
t
c
h

S
c
a
l
e

F
O
R
M
U
L
A
E
:

1
.
FRI
CTI
ON
FAC
TOR
( F ):

f = 2 x g x d x hf where
(no unit)
l x v2
g = Acceleration due to
gravity = 9.81 v=
d= Velocit
Dia y of
mete liquid
r of followi
the ng in
pipe the
l pipe

= h

L
e =
n
g L
t
o
h
s
s
o
f
o
f
t
h
h
e
e
a
p
i d

p
e d
u
e to friction (m /
= (sm - 1) hm, sec2
where h m = h1 ~ h2 )
s (
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
/
s)
(
m
)

s m = Specific
gravity of Manometric liquid = 13.6
s = Specific
gravity of water =1
h1 =
Manometric head in the first limb
h2 =
Manometric head in the second limb

2
.

A
C
T
U
A
L

D
I
S
C
H
A
R
G
E
:

=
A

/
t
(m
3

/
s
e
c
)
W
h
e
r
e

A = Area of the collecting

tank = 0.3 x 0.6 (m2)
H = Rise of water
= 0.05m (m)
t = Time
taken for
0.05 m
rise (sec)
 TABULATION:

Type & Brand : G.I.Pipe, GEM Brand

Length between Pressure tappings : 3 metres
Measuring area : 0.5 x 0.3m2
Pump set used : CRI ; ACM 0

Sl. Pipe Manometer Reading Loss of Time for Actual Velocity Frictional
2
No. Dia head 50mm rise Discharge, Qact V factor
(m) X10-3

d h1 h2 hm hf T Q V=Q/a f
m cm of hg m Sec m3/sec m/s m2/s2
1. 0.025 19.8 25.1 5.3 0.668 6.97 1.291 2.630 6.917 0.016
20.2 24.5 4.3 0.542 7.25 1.240 2.530 6.381 0.014
20.9 23.5 2.6 0.328 10.63 0.847 1.730 2.977 0.018
2. 0.02 15.3 29.4 14.1 1.777 7.97 1.129 3.594 12.917 0.018
17.5 27.0 9.5 1.197 9.47 0.950 3.025 9.151 0.017
18.8 25.7 6.9 0.869 10.59 0.850 2.705 7.317 0016
3. 0.015 5.70 38.5 32.8 4.133 9.97 0.903 5.108 26.092 0.016
6.8 37.4 30.6 3.856 10.91 0.825 4.669 21.800 0.017
9.3 34.9 25.6 3.226 11.38 0.791 4.476 20.035 0.016
Mean, f for 25 dia= 0.016
Mean, f for 20 dia= 0.017
Mean, f for 15 dia= 0.016
 3. VELOCITY:

V =Q (m / sec)
a
Where
Q = Actual discharge (m3/ sec)
a = Area of the pipe (m2)
DESCRIPTION:
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional
resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be, more the
frictional resistance. The loss of head between selected lengths of the pipe is observed.

PROCEDURE:

1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal dimensions of the
collecting tank and the length of the pipe line are measured
2. Keep the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs are noted
4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow rate and then
the corresponding readings are noted.
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.3 x 0.6 = 0.18 m2
H = 0.05 m
t = 6.97 sec.

Qa = 0.18x0.05
6.97
Qa = 1.291 x 10-3 m3/sec.

2. Friction Factor,

f = 2 x g x d x hm
l x v2

d = 0.025m
a = π x 0.0252/4

hm = 25.1-19.8
= 5.3 cm
Therefore, hf = (13.6/1 – 1)
= 0.6678 m

Friction, f = 2x9.81x0.025x0.6678/3 x 2.632

= 0.0158

RESULT:

The frictional factor for given pipe: 25 mm dia.Pipe = 0.016 (no unit)
20 mm dia. Pipe = 0.017 (no unit)
15 mm dia. Pipe = 0.0165 (no unit)
 5. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a two stage centrifugal pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Centrifugal pump setup (Two stage)

2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q =Axh/t (m3 / s)

Where:

A = Area of the collecting tank 0.5 x 0.5 (m2)

h = 0.10 m rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 0.10 m rise of water level in collecting tank.

2. TOTAL HEAD:

H=P+V+Z
P - Pressure gauge reading in meters of water
V - Vacuum gauge reading in metres of water
H = (p x 10) + Vm x (13.6-1) + Z

1000
Where:
p = p1 ~ p2 kg / cm2
p1 = Pressure gauge reading 1st stage
p2 = Pressure gauge reading 2nd stage kg / cm2
Vm = Vacuum gauge reading (mm of mercury)
Z = Datum head = 0.7 m
 3. INPUT POWER:

I/P = 3600 x n x m (watts)

NxT
Where:
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
N = Energy meter constant = 100 (rev / Kw hr)
T = time taken for 'n' revolutions (seconds)
m = efficiency of motor = 0.8

4. OUTPUT POWER:

O/p =  x Q x H / 1000 (watts)

Where,
 = Density of water = 9810 (kg / m³)
H = Total head of water (m)

Q = Actual discharge (m3 / s)

5. EFFICIENCY:

 = Output power x 100 %

input power

Where,
O/p = Output power kW

I/ p = Input power kW

DESCRIPTION:

PRIMING:

The operation of filling water in the suction pipe, casing and a portion of delivery pipe
for the removal of air before starting the pump is called priming.
After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a
centrifugal head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is
gradually opened. The water flows in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the
outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure. Now kinetic energy is gradually converted
into pressure energy. The high-pressure water is sent through the delivery pipe to the required
height and then to the next pump connected in series. The pressure and velocity are further increased
and the head is increased.
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.5 x0.5 = 0.25 m2
H = 0.1 m
t = 6.68 sec.

Qa = 0.25x0.1
6.68
Qa = 3.74 x 10-3 m3/sec.
2. Total Head,
Head (H) = (Px 10) + Vm x (13.6-1) + Z
1000
= 0.5x10 +(620X12.6/1000)+0.7
= 13.512 m

3. Input power,

Input = 3600 x n x 0.8

Nxt
= 3600x2x0.8/ 100x29.53
= 1.95
4. Output power,

Output = γ QH/1000
= 9.81x3.74x10-3 x 13.612/1000
= 0.496
5. Efficiency,

Efficiency = Output x 100

Input
= (1.95/0.496)x100
= 25.43%
PROCEDURE:

1. Prime the pump, close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the delivery head reading and the corresponding suction head
reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level
in collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery heads, repeat the experiment
7. For every set of reading note down the time taken for 2 revolutions of energy
meter disc.

GRAPHS:

1. Head Vs Efficiency
2. Head Vs Input power
3. Head Vs Output power

RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump was studied and
the efficiency was found to be 27.26%
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP TEST RIG
 6. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a submersible pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Submersible pump setup

2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q =Axh (m3 / s)
t

Where:

A = Area of the collecting tank = 0.5 x 0.5 (m2)

h = 0.10 m rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 0.10 m rise of water level in collecting tank.

2. TOTAL HEAD:

H = p x 10

Where:

p - Pressure gauge reading in kg / cm2

V - Vacuum gauge reading in metres of water
OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

Measuring Area = 0.6 x 0.5m2 = Efficiency of motor = 0.8

Energymeter constant = 1200 rev/kW.hr

Sl. Supply Time Time for 5 Discharge Input Output Efficienc

no. head for rev of y
10cm energymete
rise r
P H t T Q x10-3 IP OP 
kg/cm m sec sec m3/sec kW kW %
2

1 1.2 12 7.06 15.04 3.54 1.596 0.417 26.13

2 1.4 14 7.31 15.13 3.42 1.586 0.470 29.62
3 1.6 16 7.41 15.57 3.37 1.541 0.530 34.36
4 1.8 18 8.31 15.85 3.01 1.514 0.531 35.00
5 2.0 20 9.47 16.44 2.64 1.500 0.518 34.53
Maximum efficiency 35.00
 3. INPUT POWER:

I/P = 3600 x n x m (watts)

NxT
Where:
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
N = Energy meter constant = 1200 (rev / Kw hr)
T = time taken for 'n' revolutions (seconds)

m = efficiency of motor = 0.8

4. OUTPUT POWER:

O/p =  x Q x H (watts)
1000

Where,
 = Density of water (kg / m³)
H = Total head of water (m)

5. EFFICIENCY:

 = Output power x 100 %

input power

Where,
O/p = Output power kW

I/ p = Input power kW

DESCRIPTION:

PRIMING:

The operation of filling water in the suction pipe, casing and a portion of delivery pipe
for the removal of air before starting is called priming.
After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. When the pump attains a constant
speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The high-pressure water is sent through the delivery
pipe.
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.5 x0.5 = 0.25 m2
H = 0.1 m
t = 7.06 sec.

Qa = 0.25x0.1
7.06
Qa = 3.54 x 10-3 m3/sec.
2. Total Head,
Head (H) = (Px 10)
= 1.2x10
= 12 m

3. Input power,

Input = 3600 x n x 0.8

Nxt
= 3600x10x0.8/ 1200x15.04
= 1.596
4. Output power,

Output = γ QH/1000
= 9.81x3.54x10-3 x 12/1000
= 0.4169
5. Efficiency,

Efficiency = Output x 100

Input
=(0.4169/1.596)x100
= 26.13%
PROCEDURE:

1. Prime the pump, close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the delivery head reading .
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level
in collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery heads, repeat the experiment
7. For every set of reading note down the time taken for 2 revolutions of energy
meter disc.

GRAPHS:

1. Head Vs Efficiency
2. Head Vs Input power
3. Head Vs Output power

RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of submersible pump was studied and
the maximum efficiency was found to be 35.00%
RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG
 7.CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine
the characteristic with maximum efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q =Axh (m3 / s)
t
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h =0.10 m rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 0.10 m rise of water level in collecting tank

2. TOTAL HEAD:
H=P + V + Z
H = Total head in metres = p x 10 + Vm x (13.6-1) + 0.6
1000
Where:
P = pressure gauge reading in metres of water
V = Vacuum gauge reading in metres of water
Z = Datum head, m

3. INPUT POWER:

Pi = n x 3600 x m (kW)
NT
Where,
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
N = Energy meter constant (rev / kW hr)
T = time taken for 'n' revolutions (seconds)
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.8
 OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

PUMP DETAILS:
Size : 1” x 3/4” Area of measuring tank A : 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Power : 1HP, Single phase, 1420 rpm Pressure Head P : Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2 x 10m
Brand & Model : SUGUNA Suction Head V : Vacuum gauge reading in mm of hg x 13.6
1000
Energymeter Constant N:1200 Rev/kW-hr Motor Efficiency m : 0.8
Datum Head Z = 0.6 m Number of disc revolution in Energymeter n: 3
Pump Speed = 285 rpm
Sl. Pressure Vacuum Total Time for Discharge Time for Input Output Efficiency
No. Gauge Gauge Head 50mm ‘n’ rev of Power Power
reading reading rise EM disc
P V H T Q x10-4 T IP OP 
kg/cm2 mm of hg metres Sec m3/sec sec kW kW %
1 0 140 2.364 15.19 2.962 36.37 0.132 0.0069 5.2
2 0.3 80 4.608 17.03 2.642 32.16 0.149 0.0119 8.0
3 0.6 60 7.356 16.82 2.675 30.00 0.160 0.0193 12.06
4 0.9 40 10.104 17.43 2.582 28.54 0.168 0.0260 15.48
5 1.2 40 13.104 16.09 2.797 26.09 0.184 0.0332 18.04
6 1.5 40 16.104 17.84 2.520 24.72 0.194 0.0410 21.00
Maximum 21.00
4. OUTPUT POWER:

O/P =  x Q x H (
1000 K
w
Wh  = Density of )
ere, water
H = Total head of
water (kg
/
Q= m³)
Discharge

5. (
EFFICIENC m
Y:
)

(m3 /
sec)

 =Output power x 100 %

input power
W
h
e
r
e
,

O/P =
Output power KW
I/P = Input
power KW

P
R
O
C
E
D
U
R
E
:

1. Close the delivery valve and

 switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required
delivery head
3. Note down the delivery head reading and note the corresponding
suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 0.10 m rise
of water level
in
collectin
g tank
5. Measure the area of
collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the
experiment
7. For every set of reading note down the time taken for 2 revolutions
of energy
m
et
er
di
sc.

G
R
A
P
H
S
:

1. Head Vs
Efficiency
2. Head Vs Input
power
3. Head Vs Output
power
MODEL CALCULATION:
1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.3 x0.3 = 0.09 m2
H = 0.05 m
t = 15.19 sec.

Qa = 0.09x0.05
15.19
Qa = 2.962 x 10-4 m3/sec.
2. Total Head,
Head (H) = (Px 10) + Vm x (13.6-1) + Z
1000
= 0x10 +(140X12.6/1000)+0.6
= 2.364 m

3. Input power,

Input = 3600 x n x 0.8

Nxt
= 3600x2x0.8/ 1200x36.37
= 0.1320
4. Output power,

Output = γ QH/1000
= 9810x2.962x10-4 x 2.364/1000
= 0.0069
5. Efficiency,

Efficiency = Output x 100

Input
= (0.0069/0.1320)x100
= 5.20%
RESULT:
The performance characteristic of the reciprocating pump is studied and the
maximum efficiency is calculated 21.00 %
GEAR PUMP TEST RIG
 8. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF GEAR OIL PUMP
AIM:

To draw the characteristics curves of gear oil pump and also to determine efficiency
of given gear oil
pump.

APPARATUS
REQUIRED:

1. Gear oil pump

setup
2. Meter
scale
3. Stop
watch
(m
³/
se
FOR c)
MUL
AE:

1. ACTUAL
DISCHARGE:

Q=A
xh

t
Where, A = Area of the collecting tank = 0.3
x0.3 (m²)
h = Rise of oil level in collecting tank (cm)
t = Time taken for 'h' rise of oil in
collecting tank (s)

2.
TOTA
L
HEAD:

H = P+ V+ Z

= p x 10 +
(Vm x 13.6) + Z
1000
Where, P = Pressure gauge reading
'm' of water
 P= Pressure gauge reading
in Kg/m2
Vm = Vacuum gauge reading
'm' of mercury
Z = Datum head, m

3.
INPUT
POWE
R:

I/P = n x 3600 x
m (kw)
NT

Where n = Number of revolutions of

energy meter disc
N = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr)
T = Time taken for 'n'
revolutions (seconds)
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.8
 OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

Size of the Pump = 20x 20mm Pressure gauge reading = P =kg/cm2

Energymeter constant Emc = 750 Rev/kW-hr
Vacuum gauge reading = V = mm of hg
Measuring Area in collecting tank = 0.3x0.3m2
Datum head Z = 0.3 meters

Sl. P Vaccum Datum Total head, Time for Discharge, Q Time for Input Output Efficiency
No. Gauge head H 100 rise x10-4 3 rev of
reading in EM
In
kg/cm2 mm M m Sec(t) m3/sec Sec(T) kW kW %
1 0.25 200 0.5 5.72 16.34 5.51 32.22 0.149 0.0309 20.7
2 0.50 200 0.5 8.22 16.85 5.34 31.15 0.154 0.0430 27.92
3 0.75 200 0.5 10.72 17.31 5.20 29.62 0.162 0.0550 33.95
4 1.00 200 0.5 13.22 17.43 5.164 27.38 0.175 0.0670 38.22
5. 1.25 200 0.5 15.72 17.58 5.12 25.72 0.187 0.0790 42.31
Maximum 38.22
 4. OUTPUT POWER:

O/P =  x Q x H
1000
Where,
 = Density of water
H = Total head of water
Q = Discharge
5. EFFICIENCY:

 = Output power x 100

Input power

DESCRIPTION:

The gear oil pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur wheels working with
a fine clearance inside the casing. The wheels are so designed that they form a fluid tight joint at the
point of contact. One of the wheels is keyed to driving shaft and the other revolves as the driven
wheel.
The pump is first filled with the oil before it starts. As the gear rotates, the oil is trapped in
between their teeth and is flown to the discharge end round the casing. The rotating gears build-up
sufficient pressure to force the oil in to the delivery pipe.

PROCEDURE:
1. The gear oil pump is started.
2. The delivery gauge reading is adjusted for the required value.
3. The corresponding suction gauge reading is noted.
4. The time taken for 'N' revolutions in the energy meter is noted with the help of a
stopwatch.
5. The time taken for 'h' rise in oil level is also noted down after closing the gate
valve.
6. With the help of the meter scale the distance between the suction and delivery
gauge is noted.
7. For calculating the area of the collecting tank its dimensions are noted down.
8. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings.
9. Finally the readings are tabulated.

GRAPH:
1. Head Vs Efficiency
2. Head Vs Input power
3. Head Vs Output power
MODEL CALCULATION:
1. Actual Discharge,
Qa = A x H m3/sec
t
Where A = 0.3 x0.3 = 0.09 m2
H = 0.1 m
t = 16.34 sec.

Qa = 0.09x0.1
16.34
Qa = 5.51 x 10-4 m3/sec.
2. Total Head,
Head (H) = (Px 10) + Vm x (13.6-1) + Z
1000
= 0.25x10 + (200X13.6/1000)+0.5
= 5.72 m

3. Input power,

Input = 3600 x n x 0.8

Nxt
= 3600x2x0.8/ 1200x32.22
= 0.149
4. Output power,

Output = γ QH/1000
= 9810 x 5.51x10-4 x 5.72/1000
= 0.0309
5. Efficiency,

Efficiency = Output x 100

Input
= (0.0309/0.149)x100
= 20.7%
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristic of gear oil pump was studied and maximum efficiency
was found to be 38.22 %.
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE TEST
RIG
 9. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF PELTON WHEEL TEST RIG
AIM:
To conduct load test on pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of pelton
wheel turbine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight
FORMULAE:

1. PRESSURE GAUGE READING PS

Input total head H = P . S x 10 m of water

2. PRESSURE GAUGE CONNECTED TO VENTURE METER

h = (p1 ~ p2) x 10 (m of water)

Where,
p1, p2 - Venturimeter reading in Kg /cm2

3. DISCHARGE :

Q=Kh (m3 / s)

K = a1 a2  2 g
 (a12 - a22 )

4. OUTPUT POWER :

Output brake power O/P =2 N Re W x 9.81 KW

60,000
N = speed of the turbine (rpm)
Dia of pipe 1 = 150 mm
Dia of pipe 2 = 100 mm
T- Torque in kg.m
T = effective radius of the brake drum in meters (Re) x the net brake
load in Kg (W)
Brake drum net load = W = (W1 + 1) - W2
W1 - Weight on hanger (Kg)
W2 - Spring balance reading (Kg)
OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
5. INPUT POWER :

Input power =  Q H
Where,
 = density
H = Total head (m)
Q = discharge

6. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:

 = Output x 100%
Input

DESCRIPTION:

Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and
for generating electricity. All the available heads are classified into velocity energy by means of spear
and nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least relative
resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets the velocity of the water is reduced and hence
an impulse force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence shaft is rotated.

PROCEDURE:

1. The Pelton wheel turbine is started.

2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained
constant for different loads.
4. The Venturimeter readings are
5. noted down.
6. The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted
down.
7. A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding
readings are noted down.
The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings
are tabulated.
G
R
A
P
H
S
:

The following
graphs are drawn.
1. Unit Speed
Vs
Discharge
2. Unit Speed
Vs
Efficiency
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Pressure gauge reading P.S = 3.45 kg/cm2

Input total head H = P.S x 10 metres of water
= 3.45 x10
H = 34.5 metres of water
2. Pressure gauge readings connected to Venturimeter
P1 = 3.7
P2 = 3.0
Venturimeter Head h = (p1-p2) x 10
= (3.7 – 3.0) x10
= 7 metres of water
3. Discharge Q = k h m3/sec
Where k = a1 a2 2g
----------------
a12 – a22

= 3.183 x 10-3
Q = 3.183 x 10-3 x 7
= 8.4214 x 10-3 m3/sec
4. Input Power IP =  Q H kW

 =Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3

= 9.81 x 8.4214 x10-3 x 34.5

= 2.8502 kW

5. Output Power OP = 2 N Re W x 9.81 kW

60,000
Brake drum net load W = (W1 + 1) –W2

= (8 +1) – 2.4

= 5.6 kg

= 2 x  x 1294 x 0.115 x 5.6 x 9.81

60000

= 0.8556 kW

Output
6. Efficiency  = ------------- x 100 %
Input

0.8556
= --------------- x 100
2.8502

= 30%
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristic of the Pelton Wheel Turbine is done and the
efficiency of the turbine is 41.8 %
FRANCIS TURBINE TEST
RIG
 10. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG

AIM:
To conduct load test on Francis turbine and to study the characteristics of Francis turbine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer
3. Orifice meter
FORMULAE:

1. PRESSURE GAUGE READING PS

Input total head H = P . S x 10 m of water

2. PRESSURE GAUGE CONNECTED TO ORIFICE METER

h = (p1 ~ p2) x 10 (m of water)

Where,
p1, p2 - Orifice meter reading in Kg /cm2

3. DISCHARGE :

Qact = K  h (m3 / s)

K = a1 a2  2 g
 (a12 - a22 )
4. OUTPUT POWER :

Output brake power O/P =2 N Re W x 9.81 KW

60,000
N = speed of the turbine (rpm)
Dia of pipe 1 = 150 mm
Dia of pipe 2 = 100 mm
T. Torque in kg.m
T = effective radius of the brake drum in meters (Re) x the net brake
load in Kg (W)
Brake drum net load = W = (W1 + 1) - W2
W1 - Weight on hanger (Kg)
W2 - Spring balance reading (Kg)
OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
5. INPUT POWER :

Input power =  Q H
Where,
 = density
H = Total head (m)
Q = discharge

6. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:

 = Output x 100%
Input

DESCRIPTION:

Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine. It is a medium head
turbine. Hence it requires medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from the penstock
enters the squirrel casing. The casing completely surrounds the series of fixed vanes. The guide' vanes
direct the water on to the runner. The water enters the runner of the turbine in the dial direction at
outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner. Thus it is a mixed flow turbine.

PROCEDURE:

1. The Francis turbine is started

2. All the weights in the hanger are removed
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and this is to be
maintained constant for different loads
4. Pressure gauge reading is ascended down
5. The Orifice meter reading and speed of turbine are noted down
6. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.

GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn.
1. Unit Speed Vs Discharge
2. Unit Speed Vs Efficiency
MODEL CALCULATION:
1. Pressure gauge reading P.S = 3.45 kg/cm2
Input total head H = P.S x 10 metres of water
= 3.45 x10
H = 34.5 metres of water
2. Pressure gauge readings connected to Venturimeter
P1 = 3.7
P2 = 3.0
Venturimeter Head h = (p1-p2) x 10
= (3.7 – 3.0) x10
= 7 metres of water
3. Discharge Q = k h m3/sec
Where k = a1 a2 2g
----------------
a12 – a22

= 3.183 x 10-3
Q = 3.183 x 10-3 x 7
= 8.4214 x 10-3 m3/sec
4. Input Power IP =  Q H kW

 =Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3

= 9.81 x 8.4214 x10-3 x 34.5

= 2.8502 kW

5. Output Power OP = 2 N Re W x 9.81 kW

60,000
Brake drum net load W = (W1 + 1) –W2

= (8 +1) – 2.4

= 5.6 kg

= 2 x  x 1294 x 0.115 x 5.6 x 9.81

60000

= 0.8556 kW

Output
6. Efficiency  = ------------- x 100 %
Input

0.8556
= --------------- x 100
2.8502

= 30%
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristic of the Francis wheel turbine is done and the
efficiency of the turbine is 69.2 %
KAPLAN TURBINE TEST
RIG
 11. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG

AIM:

To study the characteristics of a Kaplan turbine .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Orifice meter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight

FORMULAE:

1. PRESSURE GAUGE READING PS

Input total head H = P . S x 10 m of water

2. PRESSURE GAUGE CONNECTED TO ORIFICE METER

h = (p1 ~ p2) x 10 (m of water)

Where,
p1, p2 - Orifice meter reading in Kg /cm2

3. DISCHARGE :

Q=Kh (m3 / s)

K = a1 a2  2 g /  (a12 - a22 )

4. OUTPUT POWER :

Output brake power O/P = 2 N Re W x 9.81 KW

60,000
N = speed of the turbine (rpm)
Dia of pipe 1 = 150 mm
Dia of pipe 2 = 100 mm
T. Torque in kg.m
= effective radius of the brake drum in meters (Re) x the net brake
load in Kg (W)
Brake drum net load = W = (W1 + 1) - W2
W1 - Weight on hanger (Kg)
W2 - Spring balance reading (Kg)
OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
5. INPUT POWER :

Input power =  Q H
Where,
 = density
H = Total head (m)
Q = discharge

6. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:

 = Output x 100%
Input

DESCRIPTION:

Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of low
height to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. They are best
suited for low heads say from 10m to 5 m. the specific speed ranges from 200 to 1000

The flow through the pipelines into the turbine is measured with the office meter fitted
in the pipeline. A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference across the orifice
meter. The net pressure difference across the turbine output torque is measured with a pressure gauge
and vacuum gauge. The turbine output torque is determined with the rope brake drum. A tachometer is
used to measure the rpm.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Keep the runner vane at required opening

2. Keep the guide vanes at required opening
3. Prime the pump if necessary
4. Close the main sluice valve and they start the pump.
5. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge when the pump motor switches
from star to delta mode.
6. Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger. Open the brake drum
cooling water gate valve for cooling the brake drum.
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings 9. Note the
orifice meter pressure readings.

9. Repeat the experiments for other loads

MODEL CALCULATION:
1. Pressure gauge reading P.S = 3.45 kg/cm2
Input total head H = P.S x 10 metres of water
= 3.45 x10
H = 34.5 metres of water
2. Pressure gauge readings connected to Venturimeter
P1 = 3.7
P2 = 3.0
Venturimeter Head h = (p1-p2) x 10
= (3.7 – 3.0) x10
= 7 metres of water
3. Discharge Q = k h m /sec
3

Where k = a1 a2 2g
----------------
a12 – a22

= 3.183 x 10-3
Q = 3.183 x 10-3 x 7
= 8.4214 x 10-3 m3/sec
4. Input Power IP =  Q H kW

 =Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3

= 9.81 x 8.4214 x10-3 x 34.5

= 2.8502 kWS

5. Output Power OP = 2 N Re W x 9.81 kW

60,000
Brake drum net load W = (W1 + 1) –W2

= (8 +1) – 2.4

= 5.6 kg

= 2 x  x 1294 x 0.115 x 5.6 x 9.81

60000

= 0.8556 kW

Output
6. Efficiency  = ------------- x 100 %
Input

0.8556
= --------------- x 100
2.8502
= 30%
GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn.
1. Unit Speed Vs Discharge
2. Unit Speed Vs Efficiency
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristic of the Kaplan Turbine is done and the
efficiency of the turbine is 51.3 %