UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEMB221 - MECHANICS AND MATERIALS LAB

(FORMAL REPORT)
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : THIN CYLINDER (EXPERIMENT 6)
COURSE & CODE : MECHANICS AND MATERIALS LAB (MEMB221)
SEMESTER & ACADEMIC YEAR

: SEMESTER 2 2015/2016

GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME

: AL AFNIL BIN ARIFIN

ID: ME095462

NAME

: MOHAMAD AMREE BIN ABD RAHIM

ID: ME094317

NAME

: MUHAMMAD WILDAN ZEN BIN DAHRI

ID: ME095549

NAME

: RAKEESH RADHAKRISHNAN

ID: ME095894

NAME

: THAYAAPARAN SIVAGNAM

ID: ME093047

SECTION

: 08

LAB INSTRUCTOR
Performed Date
12 January 2016

GROUP

: 04

: SITI ZUBAIDAH BINTI OTHMAN

Due Date*
19 January 2016

Submitted Date
19 January 2016

*Late submission penalty: Late 1 day: 10%, Late 2 days: 20%, Late 3 days: 30%, More
than 3 days: 50%

Table of Content:

Thin Cylinder

Content
Abstract and Summary
Objective
Theory
Equipment
Procedure
Data and observation
Results and Analysis
Discussions
Conclusions
References

Pages
2
3
3-5
6
6-7
8
9 - 11
12 - 13
13
13

ABSTRACT AND SUMMARY

In this experiment, students will study the strains in 2 ends of a thin wall cylinder which are
open and close ends condition. Student conduct this experiment by using an aluminium alloy
6063 cylinder to determine the stress and strain in the cylinder.
Open end condition and close end are done and the data are recorded. There are
difference in open and close end which is for the open end, it doesnt have axial load and
direct axial stress. For close ended, there are axial load and axial stress .
Circumferential and Biaxial stress is determined using the thin cylinder test. There are two
systems in determining the stress and strain incurred which are the complex stress systems
and two dimensional stress systems.

Thin Cylinder
Two conditions are applied during the experiment i.e. opens ended condition and
closed ended condition. A entirely circumferential stress system exists in the open ended
condition and a biaxial stress system in the closed ended condition. The experiment is
carried out using a computer and software designed fo operation of the thin cylinder.
There are five procedures in the experiment:- to find Youngs Modulus, to study the open
ends and closed ends condition, to etermine the Poissons Ratio and Principle Strains.
Procedures are carried out accordingly and results obtained are recorded.
.

OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the behaviour of aluminium alloy 6063 in open ends condition and closed
ends condition.
2. To determine the principle plane in open ends and closed ends condition.

THEORY

If the wall thickness of the cylinder is less than 1/20 th of internal diameter, the
variation of the tangential stresses through the wall thickness is small and the radial stresses
may be neglected. The solution can be treated as statically determine and the vessel is said to
be thin pressure vessel. Thus a thin pressure vessel is one whose thickness to inner radius
ratio is not greater than 1/10.

Thin Cylinder
The thin cylinder have two condition which is open ends condition and closed ends condition.
For open ends condition, it has no constraint and have longitudinal component of stress

and will be zero, unfortunately there will be some strain in this condition due to the Poisson
effect.

H
E

V H
E

For closed ends condition, with constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as
circumferential stress will be imposed upon the cylinder.

H
E

V H
E

Combination of these formula :

1
( H V L )
E

1
( L H )
E

These strains can be used to construct a Mohr Strain Circle in the same way as stresses.

Thin Cylinder

Figure 5: Representation of Strain on a Mohr Circle

In the usual manner, referring to Figure 5:
OR is the maximum principal strain.
OP is the maximum principal strain at right angles to maximum.
Q is the center of the strain circle.

From the diagram:

1 2 1 2

cos 2
2
2

m 2

1 2 1 2

cos 2
2
2

Thin Cylinder

and
1 2 1 2

cos 2
2
2

n 2

1 2 1 2

cos 2
2
2

To determine the value of Poissons Ratio:

L
V
H

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

Thin Cylinder

The figure shows thin walled cylinder of aluminium that has supported piston. The piston can
adjusted by moved in or out to alter end condition. To apply the pressure cylinder must be
closed the return valve, situated near pump outlet and to release pressure unscrew the return
valve.

PROCEDURE

General
1. A purely circumferential stress system which is the open ends condition
2. A biaxial stress system which is the closed ends condition.
To obtain the circumferential condition of stress;
The return valve on the pump must be ensure fully unscrewed so that oil can return to the oil
reservoir. The hand wheel was screwed until oit reaches the stop. The piston was moved away
from the left-handed end plate and thus the longitudinal load is transmitted onto the frame.
When in this condition, the value of Youngs Modulus for the cylinder material can be
determined and also the value of Poissons Ratio.
To obtain the biaxial stress system;
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Thin Cylinder
The return valve on the pump was ensure fully screwed. The hand wheel was unscrewed and
push the crosspiece to the left until it contacts the frame end plate. The return valve was
closed and operate hand pump to pump oil into the cylinder and the piston was push to the
end of the cylinder.
When the cylinder pressurized, both longitudinal and circumferential stresses was set up in
the cylinder. Before any test at zero pressure, each strain gauge channel must be brought to
zero or initial strain readings recorded as appropriated.
A) Experiment 1-open ends
I.

The pressure control was opened and screwed in the hand wheel to set up the Open Ends
condition.

II. Pressure control was closed and hold press&hold to zero to zero the strain gauge
display readings.
III. The pressure was increased in 0.5MN/

m2

step to 2.5MN/

m2

, at each step allowing a

couple of seconds for the pressure and strain readings to stabilize. Take down the
reading.
IV. Pressure control was opened to release the pressure.
B) Experiment 2-closed ends
I.

The pressure control was opened and carefully unscrewed the hand wheel to set up the
closed ends condition.

II. Pressure control was opened to released the pressure.

III. The pressure control was closed and press press&hold to zero button to zero the strain
gauge display readings. All the strain gauge readings must be read 0
the pressure meter must be read 0 MN/

m2

IV. The pressure was increased in 0.5MN/

(+/-0.05MN/

m2

m2

(+/-5

), and

).

step up to 2.5MN/

m2

, each step allowing a

couple of seconds for the pressure and strain readings to stabilize. Note down the
reading.
7

Thin Cylinder
V. Pressure control was opened to released the pressure.

DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

Open ends condition

Reading

Pressure

Direct hoop
stress
(MN/m2)

1
2
3
4

0
0.5
1.0
1.5

0
6.67
13.33
20.00

2.0

26.67

2.5

33.33

Values from actual Mohrs circle at

2.5MN/m2
Values from theoretical Mohrs circle
at 2.5MN/m2

Strain
G1
G2
0
0
100 -35
203 -76
304 115
404
154
507
191

519

171

G3
0
-2
-9
-13

G4
0
34
65
99

G5
0
68
133
201

G6
0
104
209
313

-18

132

267

417

-21

167

335

522

-9

200

405

1.5

174

346.
5

623

close ends condition

Reading

Pressure

Direct hoop
stress
(MN/m2)

1
0
0
2
0.5
6.67
3
1.0
13.33
4
1.5
20.00
5
2.0
26.67
6
2.5
33.33
Values from actual Mohrs circle at
2.5MN/m2
Values from theoretical Mohrs circle
at 2.5MN/m2

Strain

G1
0
82
164
248
332
416

G2
0
13
28
45
61
78

G3
0
31
64
97
131
164
199

G4
0
48
99
151
203
254
203

G5
0
64
130
198
265
331
400

G6
0
84
169
256
342
429

511

245

311.
5

378

444.
5

511

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Sample of calculation in open ends condition:
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Thin Cylinder

Thickness = 0.03 m
Diameter of cylinder = 0.086 m
Poissons ratio = 0.33
Youngs modulus = 69 x109

pd
2t

H
E
(2.5 M )(0.086)
2(0.03)

35.8 M
69109

= 519

= 35.8M
------ (G1)

v H
E

(0.03)(35.8 M )
69109

--------(G2)

2 + 1
2

2 1
2

)cos 2

)+(

171519
2

= - 171

=(

=(

171 + 519
2

= 1.5

=(

=(

)+ (

171 + 519
2

=(

)cos 60

------------(G3)

2 + 1
2

= 346.5

)+ (

2 + 1
2

1 2
2

)+(

)cos 2

519 +171
2

)cos 60

------------ (G5)
)+ (

1 2
2

)cos 2

Thin Cylinder
171 + 519
2

=(

= 174

519 +171
2

)+(

)cos 45

------------ (G4)

Sample calculation in closed ends condition:

pd
4t

(2.5 M )(0.086)
4(0.03)

= 18M

1
E

-v

= 69109 ( 35.8M (0.03 x 18M) )

= 511 -------- (G1)

1
E

1
69109

( 18M (0.03 x 35.8M) )

= 245 --------- (G2)

=(

=(

2 + 1
2

)+ (

245 +511
2

= 311.5

2 1
2

)+(

)cos 2

245511
2

)cos 60

-------- (G3)

10

Thin Cylinder

=(

=(

2 + 1
2

245 +511
2

= 444.5

=(

=(

)+ (

2 + 1
2

)+(

)cos 2

511 245
2

)cos 60

--------- (G5)

)+ (

245 +511
2

= 378

1 2
2

1 2
2

)+(

)cos 2

511 245
2

)cos 45

-------- (G4)

Stress over strain Graph

600
500
400
300

stress (MN/m2)

200
100
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

-100
-200
-300

Strain
Open Handed

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Thin Cylinder

Close Handed
Stress over strain Graph
500
450
400
350
300

stress (MN/m2)

250
200
150
100
50
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Strain

DISCUSSION
The experiment was carried out in two different conditions, i.e. close ended and
open ended conditions. A purely circumferential stress occurred in the open ended
condition whereas biaxial stress existed in the closed ended condition.
Based on part 1 of the experiment, the Youngs Modulus, E is obtained with a minute
percentage error of 0.87%. A line graph (refer to Graph 1) is produced, the graph is linear and
the experimental E value is obtained from the graph. The graph is obtained by using a
computer software as the experiment is carried out with the aid of a computer. Data obtained
is in Table 1
The analysis f both open ended and close ended conditions (experiment 2 and 3
respectively) is then recorded and observed. There are only small errors in both conditions.
Data obtained can be seen in Table 2 and 3. From the two experiments, Mohr circles are
12

Thin Cylinder
constructed (refer to Figure A and B), also computer generated. In the Mohr circles, the
Principal Strains is shown by the intersection between the circle and x-axis. In application,
the Principal strain is an important factor in designing. It is used as a guideline which
represents the maximum strain that the thin cylinder can sustain before rupture.
The Poissons Ratio is then calculated in experiment 4 by using equation (24). The
value is calculated to be 0.33. In experiment 5, the Principal Strains in open ended condition
are calculated using equation (16) and (17). Values obtained are H = 519 and L = -245 .
Again, both the experiments are done by computer.
Little errors seem to be present in this experiment. However the small errors may be due to:o Human error may cause inaccurate readings. The time taken for the readings to be
stabilized after the pressure changed may not be sufficient enough. Furthermore, the
pressure changes exerted may not be precise.
o Incorrect adjustment of the screw is not done accurately, thus causing inaccurate
readings.
o There may be some errors already there from the manufacturing of the experimental
apparatus itself. Some internal disturbances may occur such as resistance in the
connecting wires and also impurities in the thin cylinder.
o Outside factor such as the room temperature and pressure may also affect the results.
o Mechanical agitation towards the apparatus might also disturb and affect the results of
the experiment obtained

CONCLUSION
At the end of the experiment, it can be concluded that the objectives of this
experiment are successfully achieved. As the experiment end, the behavior of aluminium
alloy 6063 along with principle plane in open ends and closed ends condition. It has been
determined that purely circumferential stress occurred inn open ends condition while biaxial
stress occurred in closed ends condition.

13

Thin Cylinder

REFERENCES

Ferdinand P.Beer, E.Russell Johnston, Jr., John T.DeWolf. 2004. Mechanics Of

Materials. 3rd Edition. McGraw Hill. pp 423-455.

Semester 2 2015/2016. MEMB221 Mechanics and Materials Laboratory Manual.

COE, Uniten. pp 37-50.

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