DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment

UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG
Doornfontein Campus

Title: Experiment 1: The Thin Cylinder

By

Mpho Matheta
223084928

A Semester 2 Report submitted

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the module

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS [STRMIB1]

B. ENG TECH (BENG(TECH))
Engineering: Mechanical

LECTURER: Mr. OJ. Kaelo

Date: 19/09/2023
 PLAGIARISM DECLARATION

1. I am aware that plagiarism involves using someone else's thoughts, words,

creations, or other works as one's own. I am aware that plagiarism encompasses
both verbatim copying and the extensive use of someone else's ideas without
appropriate attribution (including the appropriate use of quotation marks). I am
aware that using information obtained from printed sources or the Internet in this
manner constitutes plagiarism.

2. I am aware of the moral wrongness of plagiarism.

3. I am aware that I need to correctly cite my research. I abided by the guidelines for
reference, citation, and the usage of quote marks as outlined in the departmental
guide.

4. Paraphrased or summarized information from other sources has been properly

cited and referenced.

5. Any data, figures, or tables taken from external sources have been appropriately
acknowledged and referenced.

6. My sole effort is this assignment. I understand that it's improper to duplicate an

assignment entirely or partially from another person and that submitting the same
work to many people will be considered plagiarism.

7. I have never let anyone to replicate my work and present it as their own, and I
never will in the future.

Name: Mpho Matheta Student #: 223084928

Signed ………………………………. Date : 04 September 2023

1
Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the lab personnel Mr Williams Thali for his assistance with
this experiment and for demonstrating how to utilize the provided equipment and
guiding us through the experiment. I also want to express my gratitude to the lab
staff for making the experiment's purpose and required steps clear. They helped
us do the experiment and collect the recordings, and they were able to assist me
with the experiment that I did not understand.

I would like to thank my friends which happen to be 2nd and 3rd year students
which helped me in making my lab report since I was totally clueless. I would also
like to thank our tutors AP Dhliwayo, L Nickson, LB Seabata and KT Senyolo who
have thoroughly explained the experiments to us and took us through the
experiment step by step also for providing their previous lab reports which helped
provide me the picture of what I need to do.

Lastly, I would like to thank the sources found online and the textbooks found in
the library which helped me in the theory or background part.

2
Table of Contents
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT .............................................................................................. 4
THEORY/BACKGROUNDS ............................................................................................................... 4
FORMULAS.......................................................................................................................................... 5
APPARATUS ......................................................................................................................................... 7
ASSUMPTIONS.................................................................................................................................. 10
PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................................... 11
RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................. 11
DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 15
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 16

List of Figures
Figure 1: Thin Cylinder Schematic ....................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Apparatus ................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 3: Apparatus ................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 4: Apparatus ................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 5: Apparatus ............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 6: Stress VS Axial Strain Graph .............................................................................. 14
Figure 7: Stress VS Hoop Strain Graph ............................................................................. 14

List Of Tables
Table 1: Experimental Results table ............................................................................................................. 11
Table 2: Calculated Results Table ................................................................................................................... 12

3
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT

• Stress and Strain Analysis: To determine the stress and strain distributions
in the cylinder's material under various loading conditions, helping to
assess its structural integrity.

• Validation of Analytical Models: To validate analytical or numerical

models used for open-ended thin cylinder analysis by comparing
experimental findings with theoretical expectations.

THEORY/BACKGROUNDS
The term "thin cylinder," also referred to as "thin-walled cylinder," refers to a cylindrical
structure having relatively thin walls relative to its radius (Love, 1944). In engineering
applications like pressure tanks, pipes, and structural components, thin cylinders are
frequently used. The safety and structural integrity of thin cylinders must be ensured by
analysis (Poisson, 1831).
The Stress Analysis of Thin Cylinders was proposed by Timoshenko and Goodier in 1970
whereby they deduced that thin cylinders under internal pressure undergo axial stress
and circumferential (hoop) stress. The most important stress factor is the hoop stress. The
Lame equation or Lamé's formula is often used to calculate hoop stress in thin cylinders.
Thin cylinders undergo radial deformation under pressure, causing an increase in the
inner diameter and a decrease in the outer diameter. Strain analysis involves calculating
the strains in the circumferential and axial directions due to pressure and thermal effects
(Megson, 2017).
The Thin Cylinder definitions and terminology:
• Strain - Measure of the deformation or change in shape experienced by a material
when subjected to external forces, loads, or stresses.
• Stress - Measure of the internal resistance of a material to deformation when
subjected to external forces, loads, or mechanical actions.
• Adjust – To make changes or alterations to something, often with the goal of
achieving a desired outcome or improving a situation.
• Increase Pressure – To apply additional force or energy to a confined space or a
substance, resulting in an increase in the force exerted per unit area within that
space.
• Compute - To perform a series of mathematical or logical operations or
calculations to determine a specific result, value, or outcome.

4
The following figure (Figure 1) displays the similar schematic design of a Thin Cylinder
utilized for this experiment for understanding purposes. It provides some components
labelled in their positions.

Figure 1: Thin Cylinder Schematic

FORMULAS
The theoretical stress and Strain can be calculated using the
following formula:

To determine the hoop strain.

𝜎ℎ
Hoop Strain, 𝜀ℎ =
𝐸
Where:

𝜎ℎ - Hoop Stress
E – Young’s modulus

To determine the axial strain.

𝜎ℎ
Axial Strain, 𝜀𝑎 = −𝜈
𝐸
Where:

𝜺𝒂 is negative.
V – Poisson’s ratio

5
𝝈𝒉 - Hoop Stress
E – Modulus of Elasticity

To determine the gauge strain.

𝑒 ×4
Gauge Strain, 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐵𝑉1× 𝐺𝐹

Where:
𝒆𝟏 – Strain gauge 1
BV – Bridge Voltage
GF – Gauge Factor

To determine the hoop stress.

𝑝𝑑
Hoop Stress, 𝜎ℎ =
2𝑡
Where:
P - Pressure
d - Diameter
t – Thickness

To determine the inner diameter.

𝑫−𝒅
Thickness, 𝒕=
𝟐
6
Where:
t – Thickness
D – Outer Diameter
d – Inner Diameter

APPARATUS

Figure 2: Apparatus

• Thin Cylinder of 360 mm length

• Thin Cylinder of 80 mm outer diameter
• Thin Cylinder of 3 mm wall thickness
• Strain Gauge 1 at 0̊
• Strain Gauge 2 at 90̊

7
`

Oil Return Line

Thin Cylinder

Base Plate

Pressure Relief Valve

Hand Wheel

Figure 3: Apparatus

8
 Bridge-Box

Strain Indicator
Box

Figure 4: Apparatus

9
 Pressure Gauge
Vent Valve

Steel Frame

Vessel

Strain Gauge Terminal

Ball Check Valve
Hydraulic Pump

Strain Gauge

Figure 5: Apparatus

ASSUMPTIONS
• Length is 360 mm.
• The outer diameter is 80 mm.
• Wall thickness is 3 mm.
• Young’s modulus is 71.7 GPa
• Poisson’s ratio is 0.3

10
PROCEDURE
1. The thin cylinder unit was connected to the bridge-box while the bridge-box was
connected to the strain indicator box.
2. The hand wheel was turned to push the piston in by about 5 mm which then made
the cylinder open-ended.
3. The power supply was turned on for about 5-10 minutes which allowed the strain
gauges to be warmed up.
4. Strain readings of (Gauge 1 and 6) at zero pressure were recorded. The strain
readings read “0.000”. Before they were not close to zero hence the corresponding
knob was adjusted on the bridge-box which brought the reading near to zero.
5. The oil return valve was closed.
6. The pressure in the cylinder was increased by 5 kg/cm2 because of using the hand
pump and then the strain readings from strain gauges 1 and 6 only were recorded.
7. Step 6 was repeated until the pressure was at 30 kg/cm2.
8. The actual strains from values which were obtained in Steps 6 and 7 were
computed using formula from theory section.
9. The hoop stresses using the hoop strains which were obtained from Step 8 were
computed.
10. Corresponding theoretical hoop stresses and the theoretical hoop and axial strains
were computed using formulae from theory section.
11. My experimental stresses and strain values were then graphically compared to the
calculated ones.

RESULTS
Table 1: Experimental Results table
Strain gauge reading
Pressure Axial strain gauge 1 at 0̊ Hoop strain gauge 6 at 90̊
kg/cm2
0 0 0
5 -0.040 0.200
10 -0.101 0.405
15 -0.167 0.612
20 -0.237 0.822
25 -0.310 1.033
30 -0.380 1.235

11
 Table 2: Calculated Results Table

Pressure Corrected Axial Strain Axial Strain Corrected Hoop Strain Hoop Stress from
kg/cm2 Gauge 1 reading Hoop Strain experiment (Pa).
bar Gauge 6
reading
0
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 =
𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒
𝜺𝒂 = −𝝂
𝝈𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜎ℎ 𝝈𝒉 =
𝒑𝒅

𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝑬 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝜀ℎ = 𝟐𝒕
=
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝐸 𝑫−𝒅
𝟎× 𝟒 𝒕=
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂 𝟐
𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜀ℎ
𝟎 𝟎× 𝟒 0
= (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟑) = 𝟖𝟎 − 𝒅
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 =
𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟑=
=0 𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
𝜺𝒉 = 𝟎 d = 74 mm

(𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
𝝈𝒉 =
𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝝈𝒉 = 𝟎 MPa

5 𝝈𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝈𝒉 d = 74 mm
𝜺𝒂 = −𝝂 𝜺𝒉 =
𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝑬 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝑬
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = = 𝝈𝒉
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭
𝜺𝒉 (𝟓 × 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝜺𝒂 = (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟑) =
−𝟎, 𝟎𝟒𝟎 × 𝟒 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟒 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝝈𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
= = -27.85×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 =
𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝜺𝒉 = 𝟖𝟒.34×
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = −𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
𝟏𝟎−𝟔
= 𝟕𝟓. 𝟕𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
10 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝝈𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝈𝒉 d = 74 mm
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂 = −𝝂 𝜺𝒉 =
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝑬 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝑬
= 𝝈𝒉
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 (𝟏𝟎 × 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜺𝒉 =
−𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟏 × 𝟒 𝜺𝒂 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝝈𝒉 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟓 × 𝟒 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 = (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟑)
𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 =
= -55.69×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝜺𝒉
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = −𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
= 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟔
= 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
15 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝝈𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝈𝒉 d = 74 mm
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂 = −𝝂 𝜺𝒉 =
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝑬 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝑬
= 𝝈𝒉
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 (𝟏𝟓 × 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜺𝒉 =
−𝟎, 𝟏𝟔𝟕 × 𝟒 𝜺𝒂 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝝈𝒉 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
= 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟐 × 𝟒 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 = (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟑)
𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 =
= -83.49×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = −𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

12
 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜺𝒉
= 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗
× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
20 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝝈𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝈𝒉 d = 74 mm
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂 = −𝝂 𝜺𝒉 =
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝑬 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝑬
= 𝝈𝒉
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 (𝟐𝟎 × 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜺𝒉 =
−𝟎, 𝟐𝟑𝟕 × 𝟒 𝜺𝒂 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝝈𝒉 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂
= 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 = (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟑)
𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 =
= 111.33×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝜺𝒉
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = −𝟖𝟗. 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
= 𝟑𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟖
= 𝟑𝟏𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
25 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝝈𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝈𝒉 d = 74 mm
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂 = −𝝂 𝜺𝒉 =
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝑬 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝑬
= 𝝈𝒉
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 (𝟐𝟓 × 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝜺𝒉 =
−𝟎, 𝟑𝟏𝟎 × 𝟒 𝜺𝒂 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝝈𝒉 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
= 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 × 𝟒 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 = (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟑)
𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 =
= -139.18×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝜺𝒉
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
= 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟔
= 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
30 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝝈𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝈𝒉 d = 74 mm
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂 = −𝝂 𝜺𝒉 =
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 𝑬 𝒆𝟏 × 𝟒 𝑬
= 𝝈𝒉
𝑩𝑽 × 𝑮𝑭 (𝟑𝟎 × 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
−𝟎, 𝟑𝟖𝟎 × 𝟒 𝜺𝒉 =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒂 𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝟔
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝝈𝒉 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎
𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 × 𝟒 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗
= (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟑)
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = −𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 =
= -167.03×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝜺𝒉
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
= 𝟓𝟎𝟔, 𝟏𝟒
= 𝟒𝟔𝟕. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

13
The Figure 6 below represents the comparison relationship of the Axial Strain
and the Hoop Stress.

COMPARISON RELATIONSHIP OF THE AXIAL STRAIN AND

THE HOOP STRESS.
40000000

35000000

30000000
HOOP STRESS

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 0.00002785 0.00005569 0.00008349 0.00011133 0.00016703
AXIAL STRAIN

Figure 6: Stress VS Axial Strain Graph

NB: The values of the Axial Strain are negative.

The Figure 7 below represents the comparison relationship of the Hoop Strain
and the Hoop Stress.

COMPARISON RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOOP STRAIN AND

THE HOOP STRESS.
40000000

35000000

30000000
HOOP STRESS

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 0.00008434 0.00016876 0.000252999 0.00033738 0.00042176 0.00050614
HOOP STRAIN

Figure 7: Stress VS Hoop Strain Graph

14
DISCUSSION
The purpose of the thin cylinder experiment is to examine the behavior of thin-walled
cylinders under various loads and situations. It is a fundamental experiment in
mechanical engineering and materials research. To build safe and effective engineering
components like pressure vessels, pipes, and storage tanks, it is essential to have a solid
understanding of how these structures deform, buckle, and collapse. As said by the
textbook the strain is a result of change in length over the original length (Shigley and
Goodier, 1970). The experiment helped show the strain or deformation of the thin cylinder
as show under the results table. The primary purpose of the thin cylinder experiment is
to study the mechanical behaviour of thin-walled cylindrical structures which was met in
this experiment. Challenges and Limitations would be from the equipment used in the
experiment as I would say they were not very stable. Conducting accurate experiments on
thin-walled cylinders can be challenging due to factors like material properties, geometric
imperfections, and the difficulty of applying controlled loads. Additionally, obtaining
precise measurements under extreme conditions can be demanding (Bathe and Wilson,
1975), with that said I can say errors were expected from my side.

CONCLUSION
In this thin cylinder experiment, we aimed to investigate the theoretical stress and strains
with the experimental values in open-ended thin cylinder by comparing them and that we
successfully achieved our aim. Through careful experimentation and analysis, several
important findings and conclusions have been drawn:
Stress and Strain Distribution: I observed that stress and strain distributions within the thin-
walled cylinder were influenced significantly by the type of pressure applied. In cases of
internal pressure like the experiment we had, axial strain, and hoop strain were distinct,
demonstrating the importance of understanding the pressure conditions when designing
such structures.
Results: The theoretical stress and strain were not even close to the experimental stress and
strain. The difference margin was big, I am assuming that the reason for the big difference
is the unstable experiment we had, since they were not done under properly maintained
conditions hence the readings were way off.
Recommendation: My Recommendation would try as much as possible to make the
environment into a vacuum area as much as we can to avoid the readings being way too off
next time. To guarantee that the necessary results are achieved about the experiment, it is
advised that the lab be properly supervised by the lab technician. It is also advised that the
device be thoroughly inspected for any problems and/or loose connections.

15
REFERENCES

Annual Book of ASTM Standards. “Standard Test Method for Poisson's Ratio at Room
Temperature”, Designation E132-61. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, 1984.

J. E. Shigley and C. R. Mischke, Mechanical Engineering Design, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill,

New York, 2001.

K.J. Bathe, E. Ramm and E.L. Wilson, “Finite Element Formulations for Large
Deformation Dynamic Analysis”, Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 9, 353–
386, 1975

LOVE A. E. H, “A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity” 4th Edition, Dover,

New York, 1944, p. 163.

Megson, T. H. G, Introduction to Aircraft Structural Analysis, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-

Heinemann The Boulevard, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK. 2017

S.P. Timoshenko and J.N. Goodier, “Theory of Elasticity,” McGraw-Hill, Third Ed., New
York, (1970).

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