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HW4 Sol MATH0420 PDF

This document contains solutions to several exercises on continuity and discontinuity of functions. It proves that the function f(x) = x^2 is continuous using the definition of continuity. It also proves that the piecewise function f(x) = x if x is rational, x^2 if x is irrational is continuous at 1 but discontinuous at 2. Examples are given of functions that are discontinuous individually but whose sum is continuous, and functions that are nowhere continuous but whose sum is continuous. Finally, it is shown that if two continuous functions agree on all rational numbers, then they are equal everywhere.

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Bùi Quang Minh
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113 views3 pages

HW4 Sol MATH0420 PDF

This document contains solutions to several exercises on continuity and discontinuity of functions. It proves that the function f(x) = x^2 is continuous using the definition of continuity. It also proves that the piecewise function f(x) = x if x is rational, x^2 if x is irrational is continuous at 1 but discontinuous at 2. Examples are given of functions that are discontinuous individually but whose sum is continuous, and functions that are nowhere continuous but whose sum is continuous. Finally, it is shown that if two continuous functions agree on all rational numbers, then they are equal everywhere.

Uploaded by

Bùi Quang Minh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 0420 Homework 4

Exercise 3.2.1 Using the definition of continuity directly prove that f :


R R defined by f (x) := x2 is continuous.
Scratch Work: we know, |x c| < ,
|f (x) f (c)| = |x2 c2 |
= |x c||x + c|
(|x| + |c|)|x c|
(|c| + 1 + |c|)|x c|
In the last step, we let 1
Now we might hope that (|c| + 1 + |c|)|x c| < (2|c| + 1) = .
That is,

= min{1,
}
2|c| + 1

},
Proof. For any c R, let  > 0, choose = min{1. 2|c|+1
Then for any x such that |x c| < , we have |x c| < 1 then,

|x| |c| |x c| < 1 |x| < |c| + 1


Therefore,
|f (x) f (c)| = |x2 c2 |
= |x c||x + c|
(|x| + |c|)|x c|
(|c| + 1 + |c|)|x c|
< (2|c| + 1)
= (2|c| + 1)


2|c| + 1

=
By the definition of continuity, we can f (x) is continuous.
x if x is rational
using
x2 if x is irrational
the definition of continuity directly prove that f if continuous at 1 and discontinuous at 2.
Exercise 3.2.3 let f : R Rdefined byf (x) := {

Scratch Work: To show the continuity at 1, we need to find appropriate


.
if x is rational, |f (x) f (1)| = |x 1| < , we only need = .
if x is irrational, |f (x) f (1)| = |x2 1| = |x 1||x + 1| |x 1|(|x| + 1) <
3|x 1| = 3, we need = min{1, 3 }(The idea here is similar to exercise 3.2.1)

Thus, we want = min{1, , 3 }.


Proof. For the continuity at 1, Let  > 0, choose = min{1, 3 }, then,
|x 1| < = |x + 1| |x 1| + 2 < 3
Hence,
|f (x) 1| = {

if x is rational |x 1|
3|x 1| < 3 = 
if x is irrational |x2 1| = |x + 1||x 1|

By the definition of continuity, we have f (x) is continuous at 1.


For the discontinuity at 2, First let me write the definition of discontinuity
here.
Definition: f : R R is discontinuous at c, if there exists  > 0, for any
> 0, there exists x satifying |x c| < , |f (x) f (c)| .
Now take  = 1, then for any , we can find a irrational number x in (2, 2+),
then we have,
|f (x) f (2)| = |x2 2| = x2 2 > 22 2 = 4 2 = 2 > 1
Then, by the definition of discontinuity, we have f is discontinuous at 2.
Exercise 3.2.9 Give an example of functions f : R R and g : R R
such that the function defined by h(x) := f (x) + g(x) is continuous but f and
g are not continuous. Can you find f and g that are nowhere continuous, but h
is a continuous function.
0 if x > 0
1 if x > 0
Solution : let f (x) := {
and g(x) := {
1 if x 0
0 if x 0
Then both f (x) and g(x) are discontinuous at 0, However, h(x) := f (x) +
g(x) = 1 for all x. which is continuous everywhere.
1 if x is rational
1 if x is rational
and g(x) := {
0 if x is irrational
0 if x is irrational
Then both f (x) and g(x) are discontinuous everywhere, However, h(x) :=
f (x) + g(x) = 0 for all x. which is continuous everywhere.
let f (x) := {

Exercise 3.2.10 let functions f : R R and g : R R be continuous


functions. Suppose for all rational numbers r, f (r) = g(r). Show that f (x) =
g(x) for all x.
Proof. Let c R, Consider the sequence of intervals [c, c + n1 ] for all n
N. Select a rational number xn from each interval and we will get a rational
sequence {xn } which converges to c.

Then f (xn ) = g(xn ) for all n N.


Also by the continuity of f (x) and g(x), we have
lim f (xn ) = lim f (x) = f (c)

xc

and
lim g(xn ) = lim g(x) = g(c).

xc

Therefore, f (c) = g(c), c R.

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