SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

A Term Paper Presented to:

Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering
Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology

in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
CE 152 Structural Theory II

Presented By:

Raizel Kae Reyes

Queenie Ann Torralba
Evon Diane Llanos
Angela Liao
Kea Nathasha Macalam
Nikki Actub

May 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1

Introduction...

1.2

Objectives..

1.3

Scope and Limitations...

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1

Concept of Slope Deflection Method

2.1.1 Kinematically Indeterminate

2.1.2

Degree of Freedom.

2.2

Assumptions..

2.3

Advantages and Disadvantages.

2.4

Sign Conventions...

2.5

Applications and Derivations of Slope Deflection

Method...
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

8
16

3.1

Sample Problems...

17

3.2

Fixed-end Moments...

18

3.3

Slope-deflection Equations

18

3.4

Procedure in Slope-deflection Method..

19

3.5

Supplementary Problems...

20

3.5.1

20

Continuous Beam..

3.5.2 Frames without Sidesway...

22

3.5.3

25

Frames with Sidesway..

CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

29

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

43

5.1

Summary...

43

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.2

Conclusion

43

Appendix A

Fixed-end Moments..

44

Appendix B

Calculations...

45

Appendix C

GRASP Checking..

72

REFERENCES....

114

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1

Background about Slope Deflection Method

Structural analysis is a broad subject given attention by researchers in order to

develop theories and provide methods that are most appropriate in solving determinate
and indeterminate structures that could prove useful for practical calculations.
Indeterminate structures are those which cannot be analyzed by the equations of static
equilibriums alone. There are two distinct methods of analysis for statically indeterminate
structures depending on how equations of equilibrium, load displacement and
compatibility conditions are satisfied force method of analysis and displacement
method of analysis such as the slope-deflection method.
The slope-deflection method is a structural system analysis method developed by
Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr which was later presented by Professor G. A. Maney
in 1915 as a method of analysis for rigid-jointed beam and frame structure. It is an
equilibrium based method that primarily involves equations of equilibrium for the entire
system as the name suggests; one equation is written for each kinematic degree of
freedom while maintaining conditions of compatibility and the boundary conditions. By
forming slope deflection equations and applying joint and shear equilibrium conditions,
the rotation angles are calculated. Substituting them back into the slope deflection
equations, member end moments are readily determined.
As introduced earlier, the slope-deflection method can be used to analyze
statically determinate and indeterminate beams and frames. In this method it is assumed
that all deformations are due to bending only. In other words deformations due to axial
forces are neglected. As discussed beforehand in the force method of analysis

compatibility equations are written in terms of unknown reactions. It must be noted that
all the unknown reactions appear in each of the compatibility equations making it difficult
to solve resulting equations. The slope-deflection equations are not that lengthy in
comparison.
1.2

Objectives
Slope-deflection method consists of series of simultaneous equations acting at the

end of each member considering it to be fixed-end and taking each moment in terms of
slope and deflection. The solution of slope-deflection equations along with equilibrium
equations gives the values of unknown rotations of the joints. In relation, this paper aims
to comprehend the topic through the theory and derivation of slope-deflection hereby
providing additional illustration and activity for the earnest learners that wish to grasp the
whole of the lesson.
More specifically, this paper will:
1.

Present the theories to strengthen our foundation of slope-deflection method and

grasp the primary principles of the topic including the applications, sign
conventions and assumptions related to the analysis.

2.

Derive the general formula of slope-deflection method for which can be used in
structural analysis of the stiff connections between members of frames and beams
in design.

3.

Provide examples to further understand the theory and additional problems to

exercise ones understanding towards the topic.

4.

Compare results with Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program (GRASP)

for the provided problems.

1.3

Scope and Limitations

This paper covers the discussion of frames made up of rectangular elements which

are kinematically indeterminate, the derivation of fundamental equations, the

determination of moments, stresses, and deflections for a variety of typical structures, the
analysis of slope-deflection method using different example problems, and the application
of GRASP in validating the values obtained from the calculations.
This method has the following advantage and disadvantage which limits its
applicability to certain conditions. The analysis of slope-deflection is considered to be in
elastic state, assuming it to have the same physical properties in all direction and stresses
that can withstand are directly proportional to modulus of elasticity. Once approach to the
problem begins, the unknowns, primarily, the displacements are automatically chosen and
solved through equilibrium equations. For ease of calculations, it is bethought to be more
suitable in computer implementations. However, it is advantageous only for the structures
with small kinematic indeterminacy. Slope-deflection is also particularly tedious, time
consuming and unwieldy for highly indeterminate structures especially when doing hand
calculations. Hence this paper limits the application of slope-deflection method to beams
and frames with four members.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1

Concept of Slope Deflection Method

The slope deflection method is a structural method for beams and frames. It was

first used for calculating secondary stresses in trusses but later it was applied to analyzing
stresses in frames due to loads and variations of temperature.
The first appearance of the method in the American press was in the article by C.
Zunz in the Engineering Keys, Oct. 5, 1911, entitled "Secondary Stresses" where he refers
to Otto Mohr as the inventor of the method. In March 1915, it appeared in a bulletin by G.
A. Maney, entitled "Secondary Stress and Other Problems in Rigid Frames: a New
Method of Solution" in University of Minnesota, Studies in Engineering where he gave a
complete derivation of the fundamental deductions, including the case of any system of
leads on the member. He used area-moments to find deflections and slopes. The equations
derived in this bulletin are not in the form in which they are now used. However, they can
be brought to the standard form by a simple transformation. In June 1915, it appeared in
Bulletin Ko. 80, University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, "Wind Stresses in
the Steel frames of Office Buildings" by W. Wilson and G. A. Llaney the theoretical
work of Maney where the fundamental equations are derived in the form in which they
are now used, but the case of loading on the member is not word out.
The basic idea of the slope deflection method is to write the equilibrium equations
for each node in terms of the deflections and rotations. Solve for the generalized
displacements. Using moment-displacement relations, moments are then known. The
structure is thus reduced to a determinate structure.

2.1.1. Kinematically Indeterminate

Statical indeterminacy is difference of the unknown forces and the equations of
equilibrium while kinematic indeterminacy is the number of possible relative
displacements of the nodes in the directions of stress resultants.
Redundants: 2 (By, Cy)
Kinematics: 2 (B, C)

Redundants: 1 (Cy)
Kinematics: 3 (B, C,

Redundants: 6
Kinematics: 1(B)

Figure 2.1. Kinematically indeterminate structures vs. statically indeterminate structures

2.1.2. Degree of Freedom

The concept degree of freedom refers to the ability of a joint to rotate or displace.
Degree of freedom is the number of joints rotation and independent joint translation in a
structure. It is found at the supports, joints and free ends of a member. For frames, it plays
an important role in determining whether the frame has the ability to sway or not. A
sidesway may occur if the degree of freedom of translation is greater than zero.
2.2.

Assumptions
The slope defection method is applicable for beams and frames. It is useful for the

analysis of highly statically indeterminate structures which have a low degree of

kinematical indeterminacy. Therefore, the analysis of this method is based on the
following simplified assumptions.
1.

All the joints of the frame are rigid such that the angles between members at that
joint are considered not to change in value when loads are applied. When beams
are deformed, the rigid joints are considered to rotate only as a whole; in other
terms, the angles between the tangents to the various branches of the elastic curve
remain the same as in the original undeformed structure.

2.

The material of the structure is considered linearly elastic which shall be loaded
within elastic limit. The material is of the same nature under having identical
physical properties in all direction and stresses that can withstand are directly
proportional to modulus of elasticity.

3.

Distortion, due to axial and shear stresses, being very small, are neglected and
only flexural deformations are considered. In slope-deflection method, the
rotations and displacements of joints are treated as unknowns that are expressed as

end moments. However, to satisfy equilibrium condition, the sum of end moments
which any joints exerted on the ends of the union of the members must be zero,
because the rigid joints in question are subject to the sum of these moments at the
end; and so shall be the equation of sum in shear forces be zero.

2.3.

Advantages and Disadvantages

In the force method of analysis, primary unknowns are forces and compatibility of

displacements is written in terms of pre-selected redundant reactions and flexibility

coefficients using force displacement relations. Solving these equations, the unknown
redundant reactions are evaluated. The remaining reactions are obtained from equations
of equilibrium. As the name itself suggests, in the displacement method of analysis,
slope-deflection method, the primary unknowns are displacements. Once the structural
model is defined for the problem, the unknowns are automatically chosen unlike the force
method. It is early on, when hand calculations were used that the force method were
favored because it resulted in much smaller set of simultaneous equations, however, with
the appearance of computers, slope-deflection method favored the ease of automation and
low computational effort. In this method of analysis, first equilibrium equations are
satisfied. The equilibrium of forces is written by expressing the unknown joint
displacements in terms of load by using load displacement relations. These equilibrium
equations are solved for unknown joint displacements. In the next step, the unknown
reactions are computed from compatibility equations using force displacement relations.

2.4.

Sign Conventions
Direction is critical when it comes to solving frames using slope-deflection

method. A simple error in one section of the method will relay to other parts of the

solution and the moment equilibrium at joints will not work out. Joint rotation is
considered positive when occurring in counter-clockwise direction whereas fixed-end
moments are positive when occurring in a clockwise direction.

Figure 2.2. Sign Conventions for Slope-Deflection Method

2.5.

Applications and Derivations of Slope-Deflection Method

1.

Continuous beams with and without settlement

Continuous beams are those that rest over three or more supports, thereby having

one or more redundant support reactions. Slope-deflection equations are derived

considering the rotation of beam axis. In statically indeterminate beams, the rotation is
due to support yielding and in turn induces reactions and stresses in the structure. Hence,
in this case the beam end moments are related to rotations, applied loads and beam axes
rotation.

a) Original beam

b) moment diagram

c) fixed-end support with displacement

Figure 2.3. Derivation of Slope-Deflection Equation for Continuous Beam
Using moment-area method,
Theorem II:

( )

Theorem I:

10

Equilibrium equation,

For fixed-end support with linear displacement ,

Separate the beam with respect to the moments being applied such that FEMAB is
the fixed-end moment of the beam as calculated in force method and is kinematically
restrained structure. Superpose the fixed-end moments due to external load and end
moments due to displacements, the end moments in the actual structure is obtained .Thus,

11

In such a case that the beam is without settlement, =0, which gives

2.

Frames without sidesway

A sidesway will not occur if the frame geometry and loading are symmetric, and

sidesway is prevented due to supports.

For the frames without sidesway, the analysis is basically the same as that of
continuous beams without settlement; however, beams could only have two members
meeting at a joint whereas in the case of rigid frames two or more than two members
meet at a joint.

Figure 2.4. Frame without Sidesway

12

Figure 2.5. Fixed-end Moments of the Frame

One would write as many equilibrium equations as the number of unknowns, and
solving these equations joint rotations are evaluated. Substituting joint rotations in the
slopedeflection equations member end moments are calculated.
3.

Frames with sidesway

In general loading will never be symmetrical. Hence one could not avoid sidesway

in frames. A sidesway will occur if the frame geometry and loading are unsymmetrical,
and sidesway is not prevented due to supports.

13

Figure 2.5. Frame undergoing Sidesway

Assuming that rotation and displacement shown in Figure 2.5. are so small that

In this case the frame is symmetrical but not the loading. Due to unsymmetrical
loading the beam end moments MBC and MCB are not equal. If b is greater than a, then
joint B and C are displaced toward the right by an amount . The unknown joint rotations
B and C are related to joint moments by the moment equilibrium equations. Similarly,
when unknown linear displacement occurs, one needs to consider force-equilibrium
equations. While applying slope-deflection equation to columns in the above frame, one
must consider the column rotation as unknown. It is observed that in the column AB,
the end B undergoes a linear displacement with respect to end A. Hence the slopedeflection equation for column AB is similar to the one for beam undergoing support
settlement.

14

Figure 2.6. Free body Diagram of Columns and Beams

The horizontal shear force acting at A and B of the column AB is given by

Now, the required third equation is obtained by considering the equilibrium of member
BC,

15

Substituting the values of beam end moments from the equations, we get three
simultaneous equations in three unknowns, B, C, and , solving which joint rotations
and translations are evaluated.

16

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter focuses on the application of slope-deflection method in analyzing
the indeterminate beams and frames. Slope-deflection method requires less work both to
write the equations and solve them. This method mainly aims to represent the end
moments of the structure with respect to deflections (displacement or rotation). An
important characteristic of the slope-deflection method is that it does not become
increasingly complicated to apply as the number of unknowns in the problem increases.
Present the Sample Problem of
Indeterminate Structure

Calculate Fixed end Moments

Apply Slope Deflection Equation

Compute the Support Reactions

Compare Results with GRASP

Figure 3.1. General Methodology

17

3.1.

Sample Problems

The sample problems for the indeterminate structures are provided below.
1. Determine the support moments for the continuous beam. Assume E = 200 GPa
and I = 6 x 106 mm4. Label supports as A, B and C from left to right. Assume I for
AB and 3I for BC.

Figure 3.1. Example 1

2. The indeterminate beam is loaded as shown as is fixed at A and D. The flexural

rigidity EI for members AB, and BC are 2EI, 4EI, respectively. Determine the
following:
a. Internal moments at supports B and C
b. Support reactions

Figure 3.2. Example 2

18

3. Determine only the moment at each joint of the gable frame. The roof load is
transmitted to each of the purlins over simply supported sections of the roof
decking. The center column, connected to the ridge point C, is incompressible
keeping it from displacing vertically. EI is constant.

Figure 3.3. Example 3

3.2.

Fixed-end Moment
The fixed-end moments for beams with specific type of loading is

provided in the Appendix A.

3.3.

Slope-deflection Equations
The general equation for slope-deflection method is:

19

where:

3.4.

FEM

Fixed end moment due to the given loading

Slope

Sinking of a given support with respect to a reference support

Span of the structure

Modulus of elasticity of the material

Moment of inertia of the structure

Procedure in Slope-deflection Method

In the slope-deflection method the individual equations are relatively easy to construct
regardless of the number of unknowns. Hence, the slope deflection method is an easy
process following the procedures which is the same whether it is applied to beams or
frames and may be summarized as follows:
1.

Identify all kinematic degrees of freedom

-

This can be done by drawing the deflection shape of the structure. All degrees
of freedom are treated as unknowns in slope-deflection method.

2.

Calculate Fixed-end moments

-

Determine the fixed end moments at the end of each span due to applied loads
acting on span by considering each span as fixed ended. Assign Signs w.r.t.
above sign convention.

3.

Use slope deflection equations

-

Express all end moments in terms of fixed end moments and the joint rotations
by using slope deflection equations.

20

4.

Summation of end moments of two members acting on a joint is equal to zero

-

Establish simultaneous equations with the joint rotations as the unknowns by

applying the condition that sum of the end moments acting on the ends of the
two members meeting at a joint should be equal to zero.

5.

Rotations
-

6.

Solve unknown joint rotations

Equate
-

Substitute back the end rotations in slope deflection equations and compute
the end moments.

7.

Find the reactions

-

3.5.

Determine all reactions and verify the answer using GRASP.

Supplementary Problems
The supplementary problems below will serve as practice and recap for the

presented topic and its application to determine the support reactions of a beam and frame.
3.5.1. Continuous Beams
1.

A beam with rollers as supports at A and B and fixed support at C, it carries a a

nodal load of 10 kN at the midspan of AB and a uniform load of 49.6 kN/m along
span BC. EI is constant all throughout the beam. Assume E = 200 GPa and I = 6 x
106 mm4.
a. Compute the slope at B.
b. Find the MAB and MBC.

21

Figure 3.4. Problem 1

2.

Calculate the end moments and all support reactions using slope deflection
method. Support answers using bending moment diagram and elastic curve of the
beam. Assume E = 20 500 N/mm2 and I = 6.75 x 108 mm4.

Figure 3.5. Problem 2

3.

The indeterminate beam is loaded as shown. Assume constant flexural rigidity EI

all throughout the beam span. Using slope-deflection method, determine the
internal moments at point B and C as well as all the support reactions.

Figure 3.6. Problem 3

22

4.

Determine the member end moments and reactions for the beam using slope
deflection method. Label supports as A, B and C from left to right. B = 5 mm.
Assume E = 20 500 N/mm2 and I = 6.75 x 108 mm4.

Figure 3.7. Problem 4

5.

For the beam shown below with E = 200 000 MPa and I = 1 x 106 mm4, determine
the slope at joints B, C, and D if C = 5 mm and D = 10 mm.

Figure 3.8. Problem 5

3.5.2. Frames without Sidesway

6.

Calculate the end moments and all support reactions using slope deflection
method. Support answers using bending moment diagram and elastic curve of the
beam. Assume E = 20 500 N/mm2 and I = 6.75 x 108 mm4.

23

Figure 3.9. Problem 6

7.

Compute the reactions and the end moments for the rigid frame shown below.
Draw bending moment diagram and sketch the elastic curve for the frame.

Figure 3.10. Problem 7

8.

Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame shown by the
slopedeflection deflection method.

24

Figure 3.11. Problem 8

9.

Determine the moments at each joint and support of the battered-column frame.
The joints are rigid. The supports are fixed connected. EI is constant.

Figure 3.12. Problem 9

25

10.

Find end member moments and draw the diagrams of the frame. Assume E = 200
GPa and I = 6 x 106 mm4. Label members as A, B and C from left to right.

Figure 3.13. Problem 10

3.5.3. Frames with Sidesway

11.

Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame shown.

Figure 3.14. Problem 11

26

12.

For the frame shown, use the slope-deflection method to

a. Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports. Assume
3EI for AC and 2EI for CD.
b. Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the qualitative
deflected shape of the entire frame.

Figure 3.15. Problem 12

13.

A frame is loaded as shown in the Figure below. Assuming the flexural rigidity EI
of the frame is constant; compute the reactions at the joints using slope-deflection
method.

27

Figure 3.16. Problem 13

14.

Determine the end member moments of the frame below.

Figure 3.17. Problem 14

28

15.

A frame is loaded as shown in the Figure Celow. Assuming the flexural rigidity EI
of the frame is constant; compute the reactions at the joints using slope-deflection
method. E = 200 000 MPa, I = 1 x 106 mm4

Figure 3.18. Problem 15

29

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
In the previous chapter, a number of exercises where presented in order to
understand the concept of slope-deflection method. Knowing joint rotations and
translations, beam end moments are calculated from slope-deflection equations. The
complete procedure is explained for the numerical examples in chapter 4.
1. Solution:
In the given problem, joints B and C rotate. Hence, in this problem we have two
rotational unknown displacements to be evaluated. Considering the kinematically
determinate structure, fixed end moments are evaluated. Thus,

The end A is fixed and there is no translation in any joint of the given beam, hence,
A = = 0. Now, writing the slope-deflection equations for the four beam end moments,

30

Now consider the equilibrium at B and C. Since the beam is continuous, the sum
of the internal moments at a joint is equal to zero.

Equate (Eq. 4.11) and (Eq. 4.13),

Substituting the values of B and C in the slope-deflection equations, one could

calculate beam end moments. Thus,

31

Joint

Segment

FEM
(kN-m)

AB

-62.5

BA

62.5

Slope deflection equations

Slope

End member
moment
(kN-m)

Support
reactions
(kN)

-46.9

40.63

94.8

146.88
BC

-94.75

-94.8

CB

94.75

62.5

2. Solution:
It is observed that the continuous beam is kinematically indeterminate to first
degree as two joint rotations, B and C are unknown. By fixing the support or restraining
the support at B and C against rotation, the fixed-end moments are obtained.

For the fixed support A, the rotation is zero. Only two non-zero rotation is to be
evaluated for this problem. Now, write slope-deflection equations for span AB and BC.

32

In the above four slope-deflection equations, the member end moments are
expressed in terms of B and C unknown rotations. Now, the required equation to solve
for the rotation B and C is the moment equilibrium equation at support B and C. For,
moment equilibrium at support B and C, one must have,

Equate (Eq. 4.28) and (Eq. 4.30),

After evaluating B and C, substitute it in equations (Eq. 4.20) to (Eq. 4.23), to

evaluate beam end moments. Thus,

33

Slope

End member
moment
(kN-m)

Support
reactions
(kN)

-2.3

4.14

Joint

Segment

FEM
(kN-m)

AB

-4.6

BA

5.4

7.9

BC

-0.76

-7.9

CB

2.78

-15

Slope deflection equations

21.7

-1.83

3. Solution:
In this problem, there are three unknowns - two rotations need to be determined i.
e. B and D and one deformation, . Thus the required equations to evaluate B, , and D
are obtained by considering the equilibrium of joint B and joint D. Now, calculate the
fixed-end moments of the frame by considering the individual members as a beam and by
fixing the supports.

For writing slopedeflection equations two spans must be considered, BC and CD.
Since support A and E are fixed A = E = 0 and C = 0.

34

Now consider the joint equilibrium of support B and C,

35

Equate (Eq. 4.44), (Eq. 4.46) and (Eq. 4.48),

Joint Segments
A

FEM
(kNm)

Slope deflection
equations

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

37

22

94

-51

AB

-0

BA

BC

-48.75

51

CB

48.75

35

CD

-48.75

-35

DC

48.75

-51

DE

51

ED

-37

-22

94

Deflection

The supplementary problems serve as a practice to recap to the topic and do the
same process in solving structures using slope-deflection method provided that one
already understand the examples given above.

36

Problem 1
End member
moments
(kNm)

Support
reactions
(kN)

-12.5

-94.95

+12.5

999.48

Joint

Segments

FEM
(kN-m)

AB
BA

Slope deflection
equations

Slope

551.91
BC

-1653.3

CB

+1653.3

-999.48
-

1980.21

545.04

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Support
reactions
(kN)

-31.42

7.44

Problem 2
Joint

Segments

FEM
(kN-m)

AB

-61.2

BA

+40.8

100.36

BC

-150

-100.36

CB

+150

Slope deflection equations

37.08

174.82

32.48

Problem 3
Joint

Segments

FEM
(kN-m)

Slope deflection equations

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Support
reactions
(kN)

AB

BA

20

0.95
BC

-20

CB

36.18

CD

-48.75

-36.18

DC

48.75

69.78

51.26

37

Problem 4
Joint

Segment
s

FEM
(kN-m)

AB

-72.29

BA

+72.29

Slope deflection equations

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Support
reactions
(kN)

-73.76

90.95

52.75

100.03
BC

CB

-52.75
-

-34.68

-17.49

Problem 5
Joint

Segments

FEM
(kN-m)

Slope deflection equations

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Support
reactions
(kN)

AB

BA

BC

-15

CB

15

90

88.4
(

-90

-25

-45.4
CD

25

DC

56

83
DE

-84

ED

126

-56

)
)

140

154

38

Problem 6
Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

19.43

14.53

17

38.86

BC

-45.33

-38.86

CB

45.33

-38.86

CD

38.86

DC

19.43

-14.53

17

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

3.4

0.45

6.51

Joint

Segments

FEM
(kNm)

AB

BA

Slope deflection equations

Problem 7
Joint

Segment
s

FEM
(kNm)

AB

-3.92

BA

2.61

3.6

BC

-4.5

-4.6

BD

CB

4.5

2.2

CE

-2.2

DB

0.5

0.39

6.68

EC

-1.1

-0.83

2.61

Slope deflection
equations

39

Problem 8
Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

-185.8

-37.13

57.4

185

183.3

BC

-200

-183.3

CB

200

235.8

CD

36.7

CE

-200

-272.5

DC

-18.3

2.74

136.2

EC

200

-39.61

46.4

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

244.15

381.4

447.6

Joint

Segment
s

FEM
(kNm)

AB

-185

BA

Slope deflection equations

Problem 9
Joint

Segments

FEM
(kNm)

AB

BA

488.3

BC

-895.2

-488.3

CB

895.2

488.3

CD

-488.3

DC

-244.15

-381.4

447.6

Slope deflection equations

40

Problem 10
Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

14.82

-4.72

41.76

10

67.64

BC

-74.5

-67.64

CB

31.5

-26.29

8.24

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

4.86

1.94

7.87

8.71

Joint

Segments

FEM
(kNm)

AB

-15

BA

Slope deflection equations

Problem 11
FEM
Joint Segments
(kNm)
A

Slope deflection
equations

AB

BA

BC

-13.12

-8.71

CB

9.84

7.14

CD

-7.14

DC

-2.56

-1.94

5.52

Deflection

41

Problem 12
Joint Segments
A

FEM
(kNm)

Slope deflection
equations

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

131.6

-40

83.79

11.6

AC

-30

CA

30

CD

-70.2

-21.6

DC

70.2

66.61

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

-64.1

-36

5.41

31.9

(
(

)
)

Deflection

Problem 13
Joint Segments
A

FEM
(kNm)

Slope deflection
equations

AB

-53.33

BA

53.33

BC

-31.9

CB

-44

7.98

(
(

)
)

Deflection

42

Problem 14
FEM
Joint Segments
(kNm)
A

Slope deflection
equations
(

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

3.33

1.29

0.21

-3.33

AB

BA

BC

-9.25

-3.33

CB

9.25

-5.33

CD

5.33

DC

-4.3

3.67

8.79

Slope deflection
equations

Slope

End member
moments
(kNm)

Rx
(kN)

Ry
(kN)

1.68

14.53

74

-15

Deflection

Problem 15
FEM
Joint Segments
(kNm)
A

AB

-37

BA

37

BC

15

CB

22

CD

-49

DC

16.3

Deflection

43

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1

Summary
In this paper the slope-deflection equations are derived for beams and frames with

unyielding supports. The kinematically indeterminate structures are analyzed by slopedeflection equations. After the equations have been written for each member, by equating
the sum of the moments at each joint to zero and employing one equation of statics, a
number of equations are obtained which contain values of and as the only unknowns.
From these equations can be found values of and , which, when substituted in the
original slope-deflection equations, give values of the various moments. The advantages
of displacement method of analysis over force method of analysis are also brought out
here. A couple of examples are solved to illustrate the slope-deflection equations.
5.2

Conclusion
The general form of the fundamental equation of slope-deflection method is easily

memorized, and the equations may be written for all members of a structure with little
effort. It is frequently possible to simplify the equations through noting where values of
and must be equal to zero from the conditions of the problem. No integrations need be
performed and there is little danger of the omission of the effect of a single indeterminate
quantity. The method has been explained in sufficient detail to enable the designing
engineer to use it in the solution of his particular problems. It is believed that the
fundamental principles can be quickly coordinated with the ordinary principles of
mechanics so that the more complex problems and even the simpler ones may be studied
from a new viewpoint.

44

Appendix A
Fixed-End Moments

45

Appendix B
Calculations
Problem 1
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

46

Appendix B (contd)

47

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 2
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

48

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 3
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

49

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 4
Fixed-end moments:

Chord equations:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

50

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 5
Fixed-end moments:

Chord equations:

Slope-deflection equations:

51

Appendix B (contd)

Equilibrium equations:

52

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 6
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

53

Appendix B (contd)

54

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 7
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

55

Appendix B (contd)

Equilibrium equations:

56

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 8
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

57

Appendix B (contd)

Equilibrium equations:

58

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 9
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

59

Appendix B (contd)

60

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 10
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

61

Appendix B (contd)

Equate (Eq. A 10.1) and (Eq. A 10.2),

62

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 11
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

63

Appendix B (contd)
Equilibrium equations:

64

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 12
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

65

Appendix B (contd)

66

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 13
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

Equilibrium equations:

67

Appendix B (contd)

68

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 14
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

69

Appendix B (contd)
Equilibrium equations:

70

Appendix B (contd)
Problem 15
Fixed-end moments:

Slope-deflection equations:

71

Appendix B (contd)
Equilibrium equations:

72

Appendix C
GRASP Checking
Example 1

Figure C-1.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-1.2 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-1.3 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

73

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-1.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Beam

74

Appendix C (contd)
Example 2 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 1 x 106 mm4)

Figure C-2.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-2.2 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-2.3 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

75

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-2.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Beam

76

Appendix C (contd)
Example 3

Figure C-3.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-3.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

77

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-3.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-3.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

78

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-3.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

79

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 1

Figure C-4.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-4.2 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-4.3 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-4.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Beam

80

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 2

Figure C-5.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-5.2 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-5.3 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-5.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Beam

81

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 3 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-6.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-6.2 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

82

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-6.3 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-6.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Beam

83

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 4

Figure C-7.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-7.2 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-7.3 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-7.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Beam

84

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 5

Figure C-8.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-8.2 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-8.3 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Beam

Figure C-8.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Beam

85

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 6

Figure C-9.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-9.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

86

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-9.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-9.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-9.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

87

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 7 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-10.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-10.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

88

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-10.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-10.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

89

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-10.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

90

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 8 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-11.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-11.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

91

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-11.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-11.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

92

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-11.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

93

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 9 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-12.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-12.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

94

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-12.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-12.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

95

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-12.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

96

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 10 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-13.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-13.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

97

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-13.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-13.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

98

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-13.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

99

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 11 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-14.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-14.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

100

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-14.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-14.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

101

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-14.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

102

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 12 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-15.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-15.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

103

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-15.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-15.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

104

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-15.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

105

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 13 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-16.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-16.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

106

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-16.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-16.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

107

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-16.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

108

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 14 (Assumption: E = 20 500 MPa, I = 6.75 x 108 mm4)

Figure C-17.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-17.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

109

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-17.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-17.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

110

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-17.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

111

Appendix C (contd)
Problem 15

Figure C-18.1 Support Reactions of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-18.2 Axial Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

112

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-18.3 Shear Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

Figure C-18.4 Moment Diagram of Particular Indeterminate Frame

113

Appendix C (contd)

Figure C-18.4 Elastic Curve of Particular Indeterminate Frame

114

REFERENCES

Chapter (3) Slope Deflection Method. http://www1.zu.edu.eg/zusted/Advanced%20

Stractural%20analysis%20Part%201/chapter%203%20(slope%20Deflection).pdf.
Chapter 5: Indeterminate Structures Slope-Deflection Method. Structural Design II.
http://user.engineering.uiowa.edu/~design1/StructuralDesignII/Chapter5-Slope-de
fl_Method.pdf
Structural Analysis. IIT, Kharagpur. 2008. https://archexamacademy.com/download/
Structural%20Systems/beam%20diagrams/Structural%20Analysis%20e-Book.pdf.

Wilson, W. M, Richart, F. E., and Weiss, C. (1918). Analysis Of Statically Indeterminate

Structures By The Slope Deflection Method. University of Illinois Bulletin, vol.
XVI, no. 10. https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce474/Docs/engineeringexper
v00000i00108_slopedeflection.pdf.