Grinding machine

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Rotating abrasive wheel on a bench grinder.

Pedal-powered grinding machine, Russia, 1902.

A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine tools
used for grinding, which is a type of machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each
grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear
deformation.
Grinding is used to finish workpieces that must show high surface quality (e.g., low surface
roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in grinding
is on the order of 0.000025 mm, in most applications it tends to be a finishing operation and
removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50 mm depth. However, there are some
roughing applications in which grinding removes high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus,
grinding is a diverse field.

Contents
[hide]

1 Introduction

2 Types

3 See also

4 References

Introduction[edit]
The grinding machine consists of a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece, and a
power-driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed. The speed is determined by the
wheels diameter and manufacturers rating. The user can control the grinding head to travel
across a fixed work piece, or the work piece can be moved while the grind head stays in a fixed
position.
Fine control of the grinding head or tables position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand
wheel, or using the features of numerical controls.
Grinding machines remove material from the work piece by abrasion, which can generate
substantial amounts of heat. To cool the work piece so that it does not overheat and go outside its
tolerance, grinding machines incorporate a coolant. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the
heat generated may cause burns. In high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and
surface grinders), the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 200 nm
(less than 1/10000 in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the
temperature rise is negligible. '

Types[edit]

A surface grinder.

A cylindrical grinder.
These machines include the:

Belt grinder, which is usually used as a machining method to process metals and other
materials, with the aid of coated abrasives. Sanding is the machining of wood; grinding is
the common name for machining metals. Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for
all kind of applications like finishing, deburring, and stock removal.

Bench grinder, which usually has two wheels of different grain sizes for roughing and
finishing operations and is secured to a workbench or floor stand. Its uses include shaping

tool bits or various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are manually
operated.

Cylindrical grinder, which includes both the types that use centers and the centerless
types. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple grinding wheels. The workpiece is rotated
and fed past the wheel(s) to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods, tubes,
bearing races, bushings, and many other parts.

Surface grinder which includes the wash grinder. A surface grinder has a "head" which is
lowered, and the workpiece is moved back and forth past the grinding wheel on a table
that has a permanent magnet for use with magnetic stock. Surface grinders can be
manually operated or have CNC controls. Rotary surface grinders or commonly known as
"Blanchard" style grinders, the grinding head rotates and the table usually magnetic but
can be vacuum or fixture, rotates in the opposite direction, this type machine removes
large amounts of material and grinds flat surfaces with noted spiral grind marks. Used to
make and sharpen; burn-outs, metal stamping die sets, flat shear blades, fixture bases or
any flat and parallel surfaces.

Tool and cutter grinder and the D-bit grinder. These usually can perform the minor
function of the drill bit grinder, or other specialist toolroom grinding operations.

Jig grinder, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when finishing jigs, dies, and
fixtures. Its primary function is in the realm of grinding holes and pins. It can also be
used for complex surface grinding to finish work started on a mill.

Gear grinder, which is usually employed as the final machining process when
manufacturing a high-precision gear. The primary function of these machines is to
remove the remaining few thousandths of an inch of material left by other manufacturing
methods (such as gashing or hobbing).

See also[edit]

Angle grinder

Diamond tool

References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Grinder (category)

Harvey, James A. Machine Shop Trade Secrets.

A.K.Hajra Choudhury. Elements of WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY.

R.K.Gupta. Manufacturing Engineering.

[show]

Metalworking
[hide]

Machining and computing

Computeraided

2.5D

engineering

Drilling and
threading

CAD

CAM

G-code

Numerical control (NC and CNC)

Stewart platform

Die head

Drill

Drill bit

Drill bit shank

Drill bit sizes

Drilling

List of drill and tap sizes

Tap and die

Tap wrench

Threading

Grinding and
lapping

Abrasive

Angle grinder

Bench grinder

Coated abrasives

Cylindrical grinder

Diamond plate

Flick grinder

Grinding

Grinding dresser

Grinding machine

Grinding wheel

Jig grinder

Lapping

Sanding

Sharpening stone

Spark testing

Machining

Surface grinder

Tool and cutter grinder

Boring

Broaching

Electrical discharge machining

Electrochemical machining

Electron beam machining

Endmill

Engraving

Facing

Hobbing

Jig borer

Machine tool

Machining

Metal lathe

Machine tooling

Milling cutter

Milling machine

Pantograph

Photochemical machining

Planer

Reamer

Shaper

Turning

Ultrasonic machining

Angle plate

Chuck

Collet

Fixture

Indexing head

Jig

Terminology

Lathe center

Machine taper

Magnetic base

Mandrel

Rotary table

Wiggler

Cutting fluid

Machining vibrations

Speeds and feeds

Swarf

Tolerance

Tool and die making

Tramp oil

[show]

Machine and metalworking tools

Types of tools :
Cleaning
Cutting and abrasive
Forestry
Garden
Hand
Machine and metalworking
Measuring and alignment
Power
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