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Temperature-Vaporization Curve For A Typicalgasoline Mixture

Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbon components that vaporize over a range of temperatures, allowing for combustion in engines. Both gasoline and diesel fuels are obtained from petroleum but have different molecular structures and properties. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines, as it is produced from renewable sources like vegetable oils through a process called transesterification. Biodiesel offers environmental benefits over fossil fuels as it is renewable and produces lower emissions.

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29 views2 pages

Temperature-Vaporization Curve For A Typicalgasoline Mixture

Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbon components that vaporize over a range of temperatures, allowing for combustion in engines. Both gasoline and diesel fuels are obtained from petroleum but have different molecular structures and properties. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines, as it is produced from renewable sources like vegetable oils through a process called transesterification. Biodiesel offers environmental benefits over fossil fuels as it is renewable and produces lower emissions.

Uploaded by

Sree Murthy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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T e m p e ra tu re ( C )

LIQUID FUELS
Gasoline: The main fuel for SI engines is
T e m p e r a tu r e -v a p o r iz a tio n c u r v e fo r
gasoline, which is a mixture of many
a ty p ic a l g a s o lin e m ix tu r e
hydrocarbon
components
and
is
manufactured from crude petroleum. The
120
various components of different molecular
100
masses of gasoline will vaporize at different
80
temperatures small molecular masses at low
60
temperature and larger molecular masses at
40
higher temperature as shown in Fig. This
20
makes a very desirable fuel. A small
0
percentage of components that vaporize (boil)
0
20
40
60
80
100
at low temperature is needed in the gasoline
P e rc e n t E v a p o r ate d (% )
to assure the starting of a cold engine; fuel
must vaporize before it can burn.
However, too much of this front-end volatility can cause problems when the fuel vaporizes too
quickly. Volumetric efficiency of the engine will be reduced if fuel vapour replaces air too early
in the intake system. Another serious problem this can cause is vapour lock, which occurs when
fuel vaporizes in the fuel supply lines or in the carburettor in the hot engine compartment. When
this happens, the supply of fuel is cut off and the engine stops. A large percentage of fuel should
be vaporized at the normal intake system temperature during the short time of the intake process.
To maximize volumetric efficiency, some of the fuel should not vaporize until late into the
compression stroke and even into the start of combustion. This is why some high-molecularmass components are included in gasoline mixtures. If too much of this high-end volatility is
included in the gasoline, however, some of the fuel never get vaporized and ends up as exhaust
pollution or condenses on the cylinder walls and dilutes the lubricating oil. The availability and
cost of gasoline fuel is a result of a market competition with many other products. This becomes
more critical with the depletion of the earths crude oil reserves.If gasoline is approximated as
single-component hydrocarbon fuel, it would have a molecular structure of about C 8H15 and a
corresponding mass of 111.
Diesel fuel (diesel oil, fuel oil) is obtainable over a large range of molecular masses and physical
properties. For diesel fuel viscosity is an important characteristic, as it effects the atomization of
fuel and operation of the high-pressure fuel pumps. The greater the number of carbon atoms, the
greater the viscosity of the oil. Of two hydrocarbons having the same number of carbon atoms,
the one with the lower hydrogen content will have a higher viscosity and its viscosity will change
more rapidly with the change of temperature. Various methods are used to classify diesel fuels.
For IC engines they can be divided into two extreme categories.
Light diesel fuel will be less viscous and easier to pump, will generally inject into smaller
droplets, and will be more costly. It has a molecular mass of about 170 and can be approximated
by the chemical formula C12.3H22.2.
Heavy diesel fuel can generally be used in larger engines with higher injection pressures and
heated intake systems. It has a molecular mass of about 200 and can be approximated as
C14.6H24.8. Most Diesel fuel used in engines will fit in this range.
Biodiesel Fuel: Biodiesel is a diesel replacement fuel that is produced from renewable sources
such as vegetable oil, animal fat, greases and recycled cooking oil. Bio represents its
renewable and biological source and diesel refers to its use in diesel engine. The biodiesel

Manufacturing process convert oil and fats into chemical called long chain monoalkyl ester or
biodiesel. These chemicals are also referred to as Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
Transestrerification is the term used to describe the transformation of vegetable oil into the
biodeisel. Biodiesel is environmentally friendly as it is renewable. Using vegetable oils or animal
fats as fuel for motor vehicles is in effect running them on solar energy. All biofuels, including
ethanol, are derived from the conversion of sunlight to energy (carbohydrates) that takes place in
the green leaves of plants. Plants take up carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere; burning
plant (or animal) products in an engine releases the CO 2 uptake back into the atmosphere, to be
taken up again by other plants. The CO2 is recycled therefore atmospheric CO2 levels remain
constant. Thus biofuels do not increase the Greenhouse Effect unlike fossil fuels, which release
large amounts of CO2. Biodiesel is much cleaner than fossil-fuel diesel. It can be used in any
diesel engine without any modifications. Diesel engines run better and last longer with biodiesel.
Biodiesel exhaust is not offensive and doesn't cause eye irritation (it smells like French fries!).
Sulphur dioxide emissions are eliminated as biodiesel contains no sulphur. Biodiesel
substantially reduces unburned hydrocarbons, CO and particulate matter in exhaust fumes. The
ozone-forming potential of biodiesel emissions is less than conventional diesel fuel. Nitrogen
oxide (NOx) emissions may increase or decrease but can be reduced to well below conventional
diesel fuel levels by adjusting engine timing etc. Biodiesel substantially reduces cancer-causing
compounds. According to a U.S. Department of Energy study, the use of pure biodiesel instead of
petroleum-based diesel fuel could offer a 93.6% reduction in cancer risks from exhaust emissions
exposure. Biodiesel is a much better lubricant than conventional diesel fuel and extends engine
life. Biodiesel can be mixed with ordinary petroleum diesel fuel in any proportion, without any
mixing additive. Even a small amount of biodiesel means cleaner emissions and better engine
lubrication. Biodiesel has a high cetane rating, which improves engine performance: 20%
biodiesel added to conventional diesel fuel improves the cetane rating 3 points, making it a
Premium fuel.

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