unification.

Einstein's dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern
quests for a theory of everything and in particular string theory, where geometrical fields
emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting.

Wormholes
Main article: Wormhole
Einstein collaborated with others to produce a model of a wormhole. His motivation was to
model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line
with the program outlined in the paper "Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in
the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?". These solutions cut and
pasted Schwarzschild black holes to make a bridge between two patches.
If one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively
charged. These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles and antiparticles
could be described in this way.

EinsteinCartan theory
Main article: EinsteinCartan theory

Einstein at his office, University of Berlin, 1920

In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection
needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This
modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.

Equations of motion
Main article: EinsteinInfeldHoffmann equations
The theory of general relativity has a fundamental lawthe Einstein equations which
describe how space curves, the geodesic equation which describes how particles move
may be derived from the Einstein equations.
Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure
gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the
Einstein equations themselves, not by a new law. So Einstein proposed that the path of a

singular solution, like a black hole, would be determined to be a geodesic from general
relativity itself.
This was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without angular
momentum, and by Roy Kerr for spinning objects.

Other investigations
Main article: Einstein's unsuccessful investigations
Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These
pertain to force, superconductivity, gravitational waves, and other research.

Collaboration with other scientists

The 1927 Solvay Conference in Brussels, a gathering of the world's top physicists. Einstein is in the
center.

In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann and
others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.
Einsteinde Haas experiment
Main article: Einsteinde Haas effect
Einstein and De Haas demonstrated that magnetization is due to the motion of electrons,
nowadays known to be the spin. In order to show this, they reversed the magnetization in
an iron bar suspended on a torsion pendulum. They confirmed that this leads the bar to
rotate, because the electron's angular momentum changes as the magnetization changes.
This experiment needed to be sensitive, because the angular momentum associated with
electrons is small, but it definitively established that electron motion of some kind is
responsible for magnetization.
Schrdinger gas model
Einstein suggested to Erwin Schrdinger that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of
a BoseEinstein gas by considering a box. Then to each possible quantum motion of a
particle in a box associate an independent harmonic oscillator. Quantizing these oscillators,
each level will have an integer occupation number, which will be the number of particles in
it.
This formulation is a form of second quantization, but it predates modern quantum
mechanics. Erwin Schrdinger applied this to derive the thermodynamic properties of

a semiclassical ideal gas. Schrdinger urged Einstein to add his name as co-author,
although Einstein declined the invitation.[185]
Einstein refrigerator
Main article: Einstein refrigerator
In 1926, Einstein and his former student Le Szilrd co-invented (and in 1930, patented)
the Einstein refrigerator. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no
moving parts and using only heat as an input.[186] On 11 November 1930, U.S. Patent
1,781,541 was awarded to Albert Einstein and Le Szilrd for the refrigerator. Their
invention was not immediately put into commercial production, and the most promising of
their patents were acquired by the Swedish company Electrolux.[187]

Bohr versus Einstein

Einstein and Niels Bohr, 1925

The BohrEinstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum

EinsteinPodolskyRosen paradox
Main article: EPR paradox
In 1935, Einstein returned to the question of quantum mechanics. He considered how a
measurement on one of two entangled particles would affect the other. He noted, along
with his collaborators, that by performing different measurements on the distant particle,
either of position or momentum, different properties of the entangled partner could be
discovered without disturbing it in any way.
He then used a hypothesis of local realism to conclude that the other particle had these
properties already determined. The principle he proposed is that if it is possible to
determine what the answer to a position or momentum measurement would be, without in
any way disturbing the particle, then the particle actually has values of position or
momentum.

This principle distilled the essence of Einstein's objection to quantum mechanics. As a

Non-scientific legacy
While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and
Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to The Hebrew University. Margot
Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested
that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986 [191]). Albert Einstein
had expressed his interest in the profession of plumber and was made an honorary
member of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union.[192][193] Barbara Wolff, of The Hebrew
University's Albert Einstein Archives, told the BBC that there are about 3,500 pages of
private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955. [194]
Corbis, successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and
associated imagery, as agent for the university.[195]

In popular culture
Main article: Albert Einstein in popular culture
In the period before World War II, The New Yorker published a vignette in their "The Talk of
the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be
stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory". He finally figured out a
way to handle the incessant inquiries. He told his inquirers "Pardon me, sorry! Always I am
mistaken for Professor Einstein."[196]
Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of
music.[197] He is a favorite model for depictions of mad scientists and absent-minded
professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and
exaggerated. Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's
dream come true".[19