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Control Valves

Control valves are the final control element in a control loop used to regulate flow. They consist of top works (diaphragm motors), hand wheels or jacks, a bonnet, and a globe-shaped body. Control valves have advantages like low weight, simple design, and low initial cost. Pumps are used to move liquid from low to high levels or pressures and increase flow rates. They are classified as centrifugal or positive displacement pumps. Centrifugal pumps have advantages like cheap construction and long life while positive displacement pumps can handle varied viscosities and deliver non-pulsating flow to high pressures.

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Awais Khan
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84 views

Control Valves

Control valves are the final control element in a control loop used to regulate flow. They consist of top works (diaphragm motors), hand wheels or jacks, a bonnet, and a globe-shaped body. Control valves have advantages like low weight, simple design, and low initial cost. Pumps are used to move liquid from low to high levels or pressures and increase flow rates. They are classified as centrifugal or positive displacement pumps. Centrifugal pumps have advantages like cheap construction and long life while positive displacement pumps can handle varied viscosities and deliver non-pulsating flow to high pressures.

Uploaded by

Awais Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL VALVES

The control valve is the final control element in a control loop. It is the device used to
regulate the flow in a line. The same control valve could be used in temperature, level
flow or pressure control. Control valves are designed to range from fully open to fully
close. Control valves are known as single seated, double seated, three-way throttle plug
type, linear plug type etc on the basis of the difference in their construction.
Construction:
Top works (diaphragm motors).
The top works of a control valve consists of a metal enclosure that houses a diaphragm, a
plate for the diaphragm to push against, a spring that opposes the movement of the plate
and a stem that is connected to the valve plug inside the body.
Hand Wheels (Hand Jacks)
It is now common to eliminate the bypass piping around control valves. Without this
bypass, the flow must be regulated entirely by the control valve.
Bonnet
The bonnet connects the top works to the body and houses the packing that keeps the
process from leaking by the valve stem.
Body
The most common control valve bodies are known as the globe type because of their
global shape and they have the same principle of flow path as in a globe valve.
Advantages:

Low weight
Simple design
High relative CV
More reliable
Friction-free packing
Low initial cost.

PUMPS:
Pumps are designed for:
i).
Movement of liquid from low levels to higher levels.
ii).
Movement of liquid from areas of a low to high pressure.
iii).
Increasing in the rate of fluid flow through a process and its associated equipment.
CLASSIFICATION:
Pumps are generally classified as follows:
A. Centrifugal (kinetic)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Centrifugal (or volute)


Diffuser
Regenerative turbine
Propeller

B. Positive Displacement
Rotary Pumps
Reciprocating pump
1.
Gear
1.
Piston
2.
Lobe
2.
Plunger
3.
Screw
3.
Diaphragm
4.
Vane
5.
Cam
6.
Flexible Impeller

Centrifugal Pump:
The operation of pump is based on the principle of converting kinetic energy (created by
centrifugal force) into pressure energy.
Principle of operation:
The centrifugal pump works by centrifugal forces. Centrifugal force is the force in a
rotating body which makes particles move away from the center of rotation.
In the centrifugal pump an impeller containing curved vanes (or a similar construction)
receives liquid feed through a central hole or eye. The particles of fluid move outward
from the eye of the impeller towards the outer rim of impeller
The rotating vanes of the impeller cause liquid to move in a circular path, the rotation
generating centrifugal force. The centrifugal force propels particles of liquid outward
through the rotating vanes as shown.

Types of Impellers:
Closed impellers generate head between the two walls of the rotating impeller.
Open and semi open impellers require close clearances between the rotating vanes and
the corresponding wall of the casing. Wear results in increased clearances, greater leakage
losses and lower efficiencies.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS:
Types of positive displacement pumps:
A)
1.
2.
3.

Reciprocating Pumps:
The plunger pump
The piston pump
The diaphragm pump

B)
1.
2.

Rotary Pumps:
The gear pump
The screw pump

The plunger pump:


The pump casing has a suction and discharge valves. When the plunger moves to the
right, the suction stroke taken place. The plunger will then move to the left making a
discharge stroke.
The Piston Pump:
The working of this pump is, in principle, similar to that of a single-acting plunger pump.
The piston is sealed off by using one or more piston springs or piston rings that fit in
circular grooves in the piston.
The piston pump is made to handle larger volumes than the plunger pump.
The Diaphragm Pump:

The displacement device here is not a plunger or a piston but a diaphragm. A diaphragm
is a disc made of elastic material, which is clamped around the circumference and which
is connected in the middle to a rod which can move the diaphragm backwards and
forwards. The purpose of a diaphragm pump is to transport chemical liquids which could
corrode metal
Rotary Pumps:
The displacement bodies in this type of pump are meshed gears or screws, rotating discs
with internal teeth and occasionally other forms of rotating bodies. These pumps have
been used with success where a constant output under a relatively low pressure is needed,
for example the supply lubricating oil to bearings.
The Gear Pump:
Essentially this pump consists of a casing and in it two accurately meshed gears. The
casing is closed off by the covers in such a way that the gears are allowed very little play.
At the front and back of the casing, openings are provided to supply and remove the
liquid, i.e. the suction and discharge ports. Both gears have the same diameter and the
same number of teeth.
The Screw Pump:
The screw pump consists of one or more screws which fit closely in the casing and can
rotate

Centrifugal Pumps
1.

Advantages
Cheap, simple construction.

1.

2.

Long life.

2.

3.

Non-pulsating flow.

3.

4.

Can be pumped against a closed valve 4.


but this should only be for a short
time.
Absence of valves.
Can handle liquids containing a high
proportion of suspended solids.
Smaller than other pumps of same
capacity.
Operate at high speed.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Disadvantages
Incapable of handling liquids of high
viscosity.
Pump efficiency is lost if the
throughout is varied outside a narrow
range.
Single stage pump will not develop a
high-pressure, multistage pumps need
but are expensive. Better to use very
high speeds to reduce stages.
Need priming (unless self priming).

Rotary Pumps
1.
2.

Advantages
Can deliver liquids to a high pressure 1.
with a non-pulsating flow.
Can handle liquids of a wide range of 2.
viscosity. Usually the more viscous
the better.

3.

Throughput is proportional to speed. 3.


Can therefore be used for metering
liquids.

4.
5.

Action is reversible.
Cheap simple construction.

Disadvantages
Cannot be operated against a closed
valve even for a short time.
Subject to friction between moving
and stationary parts and therefore does
not have a long life without
considerable maintenance.
Cannot be run empty since liquid
being pumped acts as a lubricant
(would cause overheating and
seizure).

Reciprocating Pumps
1.
2.

3.

Advantages
Pump both liquids and gases to very 1.
high pressure.
Throughput can be accurately 2.
controlled by varying stroke of piston,
plunger or diaphragm, hence very
useful as accurate metering pumps.
With
correct
operation
and 3.
maintenance these pumps have a long
life.

Disadvantages
Quite expensive to both install and
operate.
Not really suitable for high capacity
flows.
Always require special attention to
avoid a pulsating flow especially when
pumping liquids.

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