Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics

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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics

NUMBER & OPERATION

Whole Number: Counting & Representation
Grades K-3
K 1 2 3
Understand the Count, compare and Compare and represent Compare and represent
relationship between represent whole numbers whole numbers up to 1000 whole numbers up to
quantities and whole up to 120, with an with an emphasis on place 100,000 with an emphasis
numbers up to 31. emphasis on groups of value and equality. on place value and
tens and ones. equality.
K.1.1.1 Recognize that a 2.1.1.1 Read, write and
number can be used to 1.1.1.1 Use place value to represent whole numbers up 3.1.1.1 Read, write and
represent how many objects describe whole numbers to 1000. Representations may represent whole numbers up
are in a set or to represent the between 10 and 100 in terms include numerals, addition, to 100,000. Representations
position of an object in a of tens and ones. subtraction, multiplication, may include numerals,
sequence. 1.1.1.2 Read, write and words, pictures, tally marks, expressions with operations,
K.1.1.2 Read, write, and represent whole numbers up number lines and words, pictures, number lines,
represent whole numbers to 120. Representations may manipulatives, such as and manipulatives such as
from 0 to at least 31. include numerals, addition bundles of sticks and base 10 bundles of sticks and base 10
Representations may include and subtraction, pictures, tally blocks. blocks.
numerals, pictures, real marks, number lines and 2.1.1.2 Use place value to 3.1.1.2 Use place value to
objects and picture graphs, manipulatives, such as describe whole numbers describe whole numbers
spoken words, and bundles of sticks and base 10 between 10 and 1000 in between 1000 and 100,000 in
manipulatives such as blocks. terms of hundreds, tens and terms of ten thousands,
connecting cubes. 1.1.1.3 Count, with and ones. Know that 100 is 10 thousands, hundreds, tens
K.1.1.3 Count, with and without objects, forward and tens, and 1000 is 10 and ones.
without objects, forward and backward from any given hundreds. 3.1.1.3 Find 10,000 more or
backward to at least 20. number up to 120. 2.1.1.3 Find 10 more or 10 10,000 less than a given five-
K.1.1.4 Find a number that is 1.1.1.4 Find a number that is less than a given three-digit digit number. Find 1000 more
1 more or 1 less than a given 10 more or 10 less than a number. Find 100 more or 100 or 1000 less than a given four-
number. given number. less than a given three-digit or five-digit. Find 100 more or
K.1.1.5 Compare and order 1.1.1.5 Compare and order number. 100 less than a given four- or
whole numbers, with and whole numbers up to 120. 2.1.1.4 Round numbers up five-digit number.
without objects, from 0 to 20. 1.1.1.6 Use words to to the nearest 10 and 100 and 3.1.1.4 Round numbers to
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
NUMBER & OPERATION
Whole Number: Counting & Representation
Grades K-3
K 1 2 3
describe the relative size of round numbers down to the the nearest 10,000, 1000, 100
numbers. nearest 10 and 100. and 10. Round up and round
1.1.1.7 Use counting and 2.1.1.5 Compare and order down to estimate sums and
comparison skills to create whole numbers up to 1000. differences.
and analyze bar graphs and 3.1.1.5 Compare and order
tally charts. whole numbers up to 100,000.

NUMBER & OPERATION

Whole Number: Operations
Grades K-5
K 1 2 3 4 5
Use objects and Use a variety of Demonstrate Add and subtract Demonstrate Divide multi-digit
pictures to models and mastery of multi-digit whole mastery of numbers; solve
represent strategies to solve addition and numbers; multiplication and real-world and
situations addition and subtraction basic represent division basic mathematical
involving subtraction facts; add and multiplication and facts; multiply problems using
combining and problems in real- subtract one- and division in various multi-digit arithmetic.
separating. world and two-digit numbers ways; solve real- numbers; solve
mathematical in real-world and world and real-world and 5.1.1.1 Divide
K.1.2.1 Use objects contexts. mathematical mathematical mathematical multi-digit numbers,
and draw pictures to problems. problems using problems using using efficient and
find the sums and 1.1.2.1 Use words, arithmetic. arithmetic. generalizable
differences of pictures, objects, 2.1.2.1 Use procedures, based on
numbers between 0 length-based models strategies to 3.1.2.1 Add and 4.1.1.1 knowledge of place
and 10. (connecting cubes), generate addition subtract multi-digit Demonstrate fluency value, including
K.1.2.2 Compose numerals and and subtraction facts numbers, using with multiplication standard algorithms.
and decompose number lines to including making efficient and and division facts. Recognize that
numbers up to 10 model and solve tens, fact families, generalizable 4.1.1.2 Use an quotients can be
with objects and addition and doubles plus or procedures based on understanding of represented in a
pictures. subtraction problems minus one, counting knowledge of place place value to variety of ways,
in part-part-total, on, counting back, value, including multiply a number by including a whole
adding to, taking and the commutative standard algorithms. 10, 100 and 1000. number with a
away from and and associative 3.1.2.2 Use 4.1.1.3 Multiply remainder, a fraction
comparing situations. properties. Use the addition and multi-digit numbers, or mixed number, or
1.1.2.2 Compose relationship between subtraction to solve using efficient and a decimal.
and decompose addition and real-world and generalizable 5.1.1.2 Consider
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
NUMBER & OPERATION
Whole Number: Operations
Grades K-5
K 1 2 3 4 5
numbers up to 12 subtraction to mathematical procedures, based on the context in which
with an emphasis on generate basic facts. problems involving knowledge of place a problem is situated
making ten. 2.1.2.2 whole numbers. Use value, including to select the most
1.1.2.3 Recognize Demonstrate fluency various strategies, standard algorithms. useful form of the
the relationship with basic addition including the 4.1.1.4 Estimate quotient for the
between counting facts and related relationship between products and solution and use the
and addition and subtraction facts. addition and quotients of multi- context to interpret
subtraction. Skip 2.1.2.3 Estimate subtraction, the use digit whole numbers the quotient
count by 2s, 5s, and sums and differences of technology, and by using rounding, appropriately.
10s. up to 100. the context of the benchmarks and 5.1.1.3 Estimate
2.1.2.4 Use mental problem to assess place value to assess solutions to
strategies and the reasonableness the reasonableness arithmetic problems
algorithms based on of results. of results. in order to assess the
knowledge of place 3.1.2.3 Represent 4.1.1.5 Solve multi- reasonableness of
value and equality to multiplication facts step real-world and results.
add and subtract by using a variety of mathematical 5.1.1.4 Solve real-
two-digit numbers. approaches, such as problems requiring world and
Strategies may repeated addition, the use of addition, mathematical
include equal-sized groups, subtraction and problems requiring
decomposition, arrays, area models, multiplication of addition, subtraction,
expanded notation, equal jumps on a multi-digit whole multiplication and
and partial sums and number line and skip numbers. Use division of multi-digit
differences. counting. Represent various strategies, whole numbers. Use
2.1.2.5 Solve real- division facts by including the various strategies,
world and using a variety of relationship between including the inverse
mathematical approaches, such as operations, the use relationships
addition and repeated subtraction, of technology, and between operations,
subtraction problems equal sharing and the context of the the use of
involving whole forming equal problem to assess technology, and the
numbers with up to 2 groups. Recognize the reasonableness context of the
digits. the relationship of results. problem to assess
2.1.2.6 Use between 4.1.1.6 Use the reasonableness
addition and multiplication and strategies and of results.
subtraction to create division. algorithms based on
and obtain 3.1.2.4 Solve real- knowledge of place
information from world and value, equality and
tables, bar graphs mathematical properties of
and tally charts. problems involving operations to divide
multiplication and multi-digit whole
division, including numbers by one- or
both "how many in two-digit numbers.
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
NUMBER & OPERATION
Whole Number: Operations
Grades K-5
K 1 2 3 4 5
each group" and Strategies may
"how many groups" include mental
division problems. strategies, partial
3.1.2.5 Use quotients, the
strategies and commutative,
algorithms based on associative, and
knowledge of place distributive
value, equality and properties and
properties of addition repeated subtraction.
and multiplication to
multiply a two- or
three-digit number
by a one-digit
number. Strategies
may include mental
strategies, partial
products, the
standard algorithm,
and the
commutative,
associative, and
distributive
properties.

NUMBER & OPERATION

Fractions & Decimals: Representations and Relationships
Grades 3-7
3 4 5 6 7
Understand meanings Represent and compare Read, write, Read, write, Read, write,
and uses of fractions fractions and decimals in represent and represent and represent and
in real-world and real-world and compare fractions compare positive compare positive and
mathematical mathematical situations; and decimals; rational numbers negative rational
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
situations. use place value to recognize and write expressed as numbers, expressed
understand how decimals equivalent fractions; fractions, decimals, as integers, fractions
3.1.3.1 Read and write represent quantities. convert between percents and ratios; and decimals.
fractions with words and fractions and write positive
symbols. Recognize that 4.1.2.1 Represent equivalent decimals; use integers as products 7.1.1.1 Know that every
fractions can be used to fractions using fraction models fractions and of factors; use these rational number can be
represent parts of a such as parts of a set, fraction decimals in real- representations in written as the ratio of
whole, parts of a set, circles, fraction strips, number world and real-world and two integers or as a
points on a number line, lines and other manipulatives. mathematical mathematical terminating or repeating
or distances on a Use the models to determine situations. situations. decimal. Recognize that
number line. equivalent fractions. is not rational, but that
3.1.3.2 Understand 4.1.2.2 Locate fractions on a 5.1.2.1 Read and write 6.1.1.1 Locate positive it can be approximated
that the size of a number line. Use models to decimals using place rational numbers on a by rational numbers such
fractional part is relative order and compare whole value to describe number line and plot 22
pairs of positive rational as and 3.14.
to the size of the whole. numbers and fractions, decimals in terms of 7
3.1.3.3 Order and including mixed numbers and groups from millionths numbers on a coordinate 7.1.1.2 Understand that
compare unit fractions improper fractions. to millions. grid. division of two integers
and fractions with like 4.1.2.3 Use fraction models to 5.1.2.2 Find 0.1 more 6.1.1.2 Compare positive
will always result in a
denominators by using add and subtract fractions with than a number and 0.1 rational numbers
rational number. Use this
represented in various
models and an like denominators in real-world less than a number. Find information to interpret
forms. Use the symbols <
understanding of the and mathematical situations. 0.01 more than a the decimal result of a
, = and >.
concept of numerator Develop a rule for addition and number and 0.01 less 6.1.1.3 Understand that division problem when
and denominator. subtraction of fractions with than a number. Find percent represents parts using a calculator.
like denominators. 0.001 more than a out of 100 and ratios to 7.1.1.3 Locate positive
4.1.2.4 Read and write number and 0.001 less 100. and negative rational
decimals with words and than a number. 6.1.1.4 Determine numbers on a number
symbols; use place value to 5.1.2.3 Order fractions equivalences among line, understand the
describe decimals in terms of and decimals, including fractions, decimals and concept of opposites,
thousands, hundreds, tens, mixed numbers and percents; select among and plot pairs of positive
ones, tenths, hundredths and improper fractions, and these representations to and negative rational
thousandths. locate on a number line. solve problems. numbers on a coordinate
4.1.2.5 Compare and order 5.1.2.4 Recognize and 6.1.1.5 Factor whole grid.
decimals and whole numbers generate equivalent numbers; express a 7.1.1.4 Compare
using place value, a number decimals, fractions, whole number as a positive and negative
line and models such as grids mixed numbers and product of prime factors rational numbers
and base 10 blocks. improper fractions in with exponents. expressed in various
4.1.2.6 Read and write tenths various contexts. 6.1.1.6 Determine
forms using the symbols
greatest common factors
and hundredths in decimal and 5.1.2.5 Round <,>,=,, .
and least common
fraction notations using words numbers to the nearest 7.1.1.5 Recognize and
multiples. Use common
and symbols; know the fraction 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001. factors and common generate equivalent
and decimal equivalents for multiples to calculate representations of
halves and fourths. with fractions and find positive and negative
4.1.2.7 Round decimals to the equivalent fractions. rational numbers,
nearest tenth. 6.1.1.7 Convert between including equivalent
equivalent fractions.
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
representations of
positive rational
numbers.
NUMBER & OPERATION
Fractions & Decimals: Operations
Grades 5-7
5 6 7
Add and subtract fractions, mixed Multiply and divide decimals, Calculate with positive and negative
numbers and decimals to solve fractions and mixed numbers; rational numbers, and rational
real-world and mathematical solve real-world and mathematical numbers with whole number
problems. problems using arithmetic with exponents, to solve real-world and
positive rational numbers. mathematical problems.
5.1.3.1 Add and subtract decimals and
fractions, using efficient and 6.1.3.1 Multiply and divide decimals 7.1.2.1 Add, subtract, multiply and divide
generalizable procedures, including and fractions, using efficient and positive and negative rational numbers
standard algorithms. generalizable procedures, including that are integers, fractions and terminating
5.1.3.2 Model addition and subtraction standard algorithms. decimals; use efficient and generalizable
of fractions and decimals using a 6.1.3.2 Use the meanings of fractions, procedures, including standard algorithms;
variety of representations. multiplication, division and the inverse raise positive rational numbers to whole-
5.1.3.3 Estimate sums and differences relationship between multiplication and number exponents.
of decimals and fractions to assess the division to make sense of procedures 7.1.2.2 Use real-world contexts and the
reasonableness of results. for multiplying and dividing fractions. inverse relationship between addition and
5.1.3.4 Solve real-world and 6.1.3.3 Calculate the percent of a subtraction to explain why the procedures
mathematical problems requiring number and determine what percent of arithmetic with negative rational
addition and subtraction of decimals, one number is of another number to numbers make sense.
fractions and mixed numbers, including solve problems in various contexts. 7.1.2.3 Understand that calculators and
those involving measurement, 6.1.3.4 Solve real-world and other computing technologies often
geometry and data. mathematical problems requiring truncate or round numbers.
arithmetic with decimals, fractions and 7.1.2.4 Solve problems in various contexts
mixed numbers. involving calculations with positive and
6.1.3.5 Estimate solutions to problems negative rational numbers and positive
with whole numbers, fractions and integer exponents, including computing
decimals and use the estimates to simple and compound interest.
assess the reasonableness of results in 7.1.2.5 Use proportional reasoning to solve
the context of the problem. problems involving ratios in various
contexts.
7.1.2.6 Demonstrate an understanding of
the relationship between the absolute
value of a rational number and distance on
a number line. Use the symbol for absolute
value.
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics

ALGEBRA
Algebra Concepts: Ratios to Proportions to Functions
Grades 6-11
6 7 8 9-11

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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
Understand the Understand the Understand the concept Understand the concept of function,
concept of ratio and concept of of function in real-world and identify important features of
its relationship to proportionality in and mathematical functions and other relations using
fractions and to the real-world and situations, and symbolic and graphical methods
multiplication and mathematical distinguish between where appropriate.
division of whole situations, and linear and nonlinear
numbers. Use ratios distinguish between functions. 9.2.1.1 Understand the definition of a
to solve real-world proportional and function. Use functional notation and
and mathematical other relationships. 8.2.1.1 Understand that a evaluate a function at a given point in its
problems. function is a relationship domain.
7.2.1.1 Understand between an independent 9.2.1.2 Distinguish between functions
6.1.2.1 Identify and that a relationship variable and a dependent and other relations defined symbolically,
use ratios to compare between two variables, variable in which the value of graphically or in tabular form.
quantities; understand x and y, is proportional if the independent variable 9.2.1.3 Find the domain of a function
that comparing it can be expressed in determines the value of the defined symbolically, graphically or in a
quantities using ratios is y dependent variable. Use real-world context.
the form k or y kx .
not the same as x functional notation, such as 9.2.1.4 Obtain information and draw
comparing quantities Distinguish proportional f(x), to represent such conclusions from graphs of functions and
using subtraction. relationships from other relationships. other relations.
6.1.2.2 Apply the relationships, including 8.2.1.2 Use linear functions 9.2.1.5 Identify the vertex, line of
relationship between inversely proportional to represent relationships in symmetry and intercepts of the parabola
ratios, equivalent relationships ( xy k or which changing the input corresponding to a quadratic function,
fractions and percents to variable by some amount using symbolic and graphical methods,
y k ).
solve problems in x leads to a change in the when the function is expressed in the form
various contexts, 7.2.1.2 Understand output variable that is a f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, in the form f (x) =
including those involving that the graph of a constant times that amount. a(x h)2 + k , or in factored form.
mixtures and proportional relationship 8.2.1.3 Understand that a 9.2.1.6 Identify intercepts, zeros,
concentrations. is a line through the function is linear if it can be maxima, minima and intervals of increase
6.1.2.3 Determine the origin whose slope is the expressed in the form and decrease from the graph of a
rate for ratios of unit rate (constant of f ( x) mx b or if its graph is a function.
quantities with different proportionality). Know straight line. 9.2.1.7 Understand the concept of an
units. how to use graphing 8.2.1.4 Understand that an asymptote and identify asymptotes for
6.1.2.4 Use reasoning technology to examine arithmetic sequence is a exponential functions and reciprocals of
about multiplication and what happens to a line linear function that can be linear functions, using symbolic and
division to solve ratio when the unit rate is expressed in the form graphical methods.
and rate problems. changed. f ( x) mx b , where x= 9.2.1.8 Make qualitative statements
0, 1, 2, 3,. about the rate of change of a function,
8.2.1.5 Understand that a based on its graph or table of values.
geometric sequence is a non- 9.2.1.9 Determine how translations
linear function that can be affect the symbolic and graphical forms of
expressed in the form a function. Know how to use graphing
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
f ( x) ab x , where technology to examine translations.
x = 0, 1, 2, 3,.

ALGEBRA
Algebra: Relationships and Functions
Grades K-11
K 1 2 3 4 5

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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
Recognize, Recognize and Recognize, Use single- Use input-output Recognize and
create, create patterns; create, describe, operation input- rules, tables and represent
complete, and use rules to and use patterns output rules to charts to patterns of
extend patterns. describe and rules to represent represent change; use
patterns. solve real-world patterns and patterns and patterns, tables,
K.2.1.1 Identify, and relationships and relationships and graphs and rules
create, complete, 1.2.1.1 Create mathematical to solve real- to solve real- to solve real-
and extend simple simple patterns problems. world and world and world and
patterns using using objects, mathematical mathematical mathematical
shape, color, size, pictures, numbers 2.2.1.1 Identify, problems. problems. problems.
number, sounds and rules. Identify create and
and movements. possible rules to describe simple 3.2.1.1 Create, 4.2.1.1 Create 5.2.1.1 Create
Patterns may be complete or extend number patterns describe, and apply and use input- and use rules,
repeating, growing patterns. Patterns involving repeated single-operation output rules tables,
or shrinking such may be repeating, addition or input-output rules involving addition, spreadsheets and
as ABB, ABB, ABB growing or subtraction, skip involving addition, subtraction, graphs to describe
or ,,. shrinking. counting and subtraction and multiplication and patterns of change
Calculators can be arrays of objects multiplication to division to solve and solve
used to create and such as counters or solve problems in problems in various problems.
explore patterns. tiles. Use patterns various contexts. contexts. Record 5.2.1.2 Use a rule
to solve problems the inputs and or table to
in various contexts. outputs in a chart represent ordered
or table. pairs of positive
integers and graph
these ordered pairs
on a coordinate
system.

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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
ALGEBRA
Algebra: Relationships and Functions
Grades K-11
6 7 8 9-11
Recognize and Recognize Recognize linear functions in Recognize linear, quadratic,
represent proportional real-world and mathematical exponential and other common
relationships relationships in real- situations; represent linear functions in real-world and
between varying world and functions and other mathematical situations; represent
quantities; mathematical functions with tables, verbal these functions with tables, verbal
translate from situations; represent descriptions, symbols and descriptions, symbols and graphs;
one these and other graphs; solve problems solve problems involving these
representation relationships with involving these functions functions, and explain results in the
to another; use tables, verbal and explain results in the original context.
patterns, tables, descriptions, symbols original context.
graphs and rules and graphs; solve 9.2.2.1 Represent and solve problems in
to solve real- problems involving 8.2.2.1 Represent linear various contexts using linear and quadratic
world and proportional functions with tables, verbal functions.
mathematical relationships and descriptions, symbols, equations 9.2.2.2 Represent and solve problems in
problems. explain results in the and graphs; translate from one various contexts using exponential
original context. representation to another. functions, such as investment growth,
6.2.1.1 8.2.2.2 Identify graphical depreciation and population growth.
Understand that a 7.2.2.1 Represent properties of linear functions 9.2.2.3 Sketch graphs of linear, quadratic
variable can be proportional including slopes and intercepts. and exponential functions, and translate
used to represent a relationships with tables, Know that the slope equals the between graphs, tables and symbolic
quantity that can verbal descriptions, rate of change, and that the y- representations. Know how to use graphing
change, often in symbols, equations and intercept is zero when the technology to graph these functions.
relationship to graphs; translate from function represents a 9.2.2.4 Express the terms in a geometric
another changing one representation to proportional relationship. sequence recursively and by giving an
quantity. Use another. Determine the 8.2.2.3 Identify how coefficient explicit (closed form) formula, and express
variables in various unit rate (constant of changes in the equation f (x) = the partial sums of a geometric series
contexts. proportionality or slope) mx + b affect the graphs of recursively.
6.2.1.2 Represent given any of these linear functions. Know how to 9.2.2.5 Recognize and solve problems
the relationship representations. use graphing technology to that can be modeled using finite geometric
between two 7.2.2.2 Solve multi-step examine these effects. sequences and series, such as home
varying quantities problems involving 8.2.2.4 Represent arithmetic mortgage and other compound interest
with function rules, proportional sequences using equations, examples. Know how to use spreadsheets
graphs and tables; relationships in tables, graphs and verbal and calculators to explore geometric
translate between numerous contexts. descriptions, and use them to sequences and series in various contexts.
any two of these 7.2.2.3 Use knowledge solve problems. 9.2.2.6 Sketch the graphs of common
representations. of proportions to assess 8.2.2.5 Represent geometric non-linear functions such as f x x , f x x
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
the reasonableness of sequences using equations, , f x 1x , f (x) = x3, and translations of these
solutions. tables, graphs and verbal
functions, such as f x x 2 4 . Know how to
7.2.2.4 Represent real- descriptions, and use them to
world or mathematical solve problems. use graphing technology to graph these
situations using functions.
equations and
inequalities involving
variables and positive
and negative rational
numbers.

ALGEBRA
Algebra: Expressions
Grades 5-11
5 6 7 8 9-11
Use properties Use properties Apply understanding Generate Generate equivalent algebraic
of arithmetic to of arithmetic to of order of operations equivalent expressions involving polynomials
generate generate and algebraic numerical and and radicals; use algebraic
equivalent equivalent properties to algebraic properties to evaluate expressions.
numerical numerical generate equivalent expressions and
expressions expressions numerical and use algebraic 9.2.3.1 Evaluate polynomial and
and evaluate and evaluate algebraic expressions properties to rational expressions and expressions
expressions expressions containing positive evaluate containing radicals and absolute values
involving whole involving and negative rational expressions. at specified points in their domains.
numbers. positive numbers and 9.2.3.2 Add, subtract and multiply
rational grouping symbols; 8.2.3.1 Evaluate polynomials; divide a polynomial by a
5.2.2.1 Apply numbers. evaluate such algebraic polynomial of equal or lower degree.
the commutative, expressions. expressions, 9.2.3.3 Factor common monomial
associative and 6.2.2.1 Apply including factors from polynomials, factor
distributive the associative, 7.2.3.1 Use properties expressions quadratic polynomials, and factor the
properties and commutative and of algebra to generate containing radicals difference of two squares.
order of distributive equivalent numerical and absolute 9.2.3.4 Add, subtract, multiply, divide
operations to properties and and algebraic values, at and simplify algebraic fractions.
generate order of expressions containing specified values of 9.2.3.5 Check whether a given
equivalent operations to rational numbers, their variables. complex number is a solution of a
numerical generate grouping symbols and 8.2.3.2 Justify quadratic equation by substituting it for
expressions and equivalent whole number steps in the variable and evaluating the
to solve expressions and exponents. Properties of generating expression, using arithmetic with
problems to solve algebra include equivalent complex numbers.
involving whole problems associative, expressions by 9.2.3.6 Apply the properties of
numbers. involving positive commutative and identifying the positive and negative rational
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
rational distributive laws. properties used, exponents to generate equivalent
numbers. 7.2.3.2 Evaluate including the algebraic expressions, including those
algebraic expressions properties of involving nth roots.
containing rational algebra. Properties 9.2.3.7 Justify steps in generating
numbers and whole include the equivalent expressions by identifying
number exponents at associative, the properties used. Use substitution to
specified values of their commutative and check the equality of expressions for
variables. distributive laws, some particular values of the variables;
7.2.3.3 Apply and the order of recognize that checking with
understanding of order operations, substitution does not guarantee
of operations and including grouping equality of expressions for all values of
grouping symbols when symbols. the variables.
using calculators and
other technologies.

ALGEBRA
Algebra: Equations and Inequalities
Grades 1-11
1 2 3 4 5
Use number Use number Use number Use number Understand and
sentences involving sentences involving sentences involving sentences involving interpret equations
addition and addition, multiplication and multiplication, and inequalities
subtraction basic subtraction and division basic facts division and involving variables
facts to represent unknowns to and unknowns to unknowns to and whole numbers,
and solve real-world represent and solve represent and solve represent and solve and use them to
and mathematical real-world and real-world and real-world and represent and solve
problems; create mathematical mathematical mathematical real-world and
real-world situations problems; create problems; create problems; create mathematical
corresponding to real-world real-world situations real-world situations problems.
number sentences. situations corresponding to corresponding to
corresponding to number sentences. number sentences. 5.2.3.1 Determine
1.2.2.1 Represent number sentences. whether an equation
real-world situations 3.2.2.1 Understand 4.2.2.1 Understand or inequality involving
involving addition and 2.2.2.1 Understand how to interpret number how to interpret a variable is true or
subtraction basic facts, how to interpret sentences involving number sentences false for a given value
using objects and number sentences multiplication and involving multiplication, of the variable.
number sentences. involving addition, division basic facts and division and unknowns. 5.2.3.2 Represent
1.2.2.2 Determine if subtraction and unknowns. Create real- Use real-world real-world situations
equations involving unknowns represented world situations to situations involving using equations and
addition and by letters. Use objects represent number multiplication or inequalities involving
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
ALGEBRA
Algebra: Equations and Inequalities
Grades 1-11
1 2 3 4 5
subtraction are true. and number lines and sentences. division to represent variables. Create real-
1.2.2.3 Use number create real-world 3.2.2.2 Use number sentences. world situations
sense and models of situations to represent multiplication and 4.2.2.2 Use corresponding to
addition and number sentences. division basic facts to multiplication, division equations and
subtraction, such as 2.2.2.2 Use number represent a given and unknowns to inequalities.
objects and number sentences involving problem situation using represent a given 5.2.3.3 Evaluate
lines, to identify the addition, subtraction, a number sentence. Use problem situation using expressions and solve
missing number in an and unknowns to number sense and a number sentence. equations involving
equation such as: represent given multiplication and Use number sense, variables when values
2 + 4 = ; 3 + = 7; problem situations. division basic facts to properties of for the variables are
5 = 3. Use number sense and find values for the multiplication, and the given.
1.2.2.4 Use addition properties of addition unknowns that make the relationship between
or subtraction basic and subtraction to find number sentences true. multiplication and
facts to represent a values for the division to find values
given problem situation unknowns that make for the unknowns that
using a number the number sentences make the number
sentence. true. sentences true.

ALGEBRA
Algebra: Equations and Inequalities
Grades 1-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
Understand and Represent real-world Represent real-world and Represent real-world and
interpret and mathematical mathematical situations using mathematical situations using
equations and situations using equations and inequalities equations and inequalities
inequalities equations with involving linear expressions. involving linear, quadratic,
involving variables variables. Solve Solve equations and inequalities exponential and nth root functions.
and positive equations symbolically and graphically. Solve equations and inequalities
rational numbers. symbolically, using Interpret solutions in the symbolically and graphically.
Use equations and the properties of original context. Interpret solutions in the original
context.
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
ALGEBRA
Algebra: Equations and Inequalities
Grades 1-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
inequalities to equality. Also solve
represent real- equations 8.2.4.1 Use linear equations to 9.2.4.1 Represent relationships in
world and graphically and represent situations involving a constant various contexts using quadratic
mathematical numerically. rate of change, including proportional equations and inequalities. Solve
problems; use the Interpret solutions in and non-proportional relationships. quadratic equations and inequalities by
8.2.4.2 Solve multi-step equations in appropriate methods including
idea of the original context.
one variable. Solve for one variable in a factoring, completing the square,
maintaining multi-variable equation in terms of the
equality to solve 7.2.4.1 Represent graphing and the quadratic formula.
other variables. Justify the steps by Find non-real complex roots when they
equations. relationships in various identifying the properties of equalities exist. Recognize that a particular
Interpret solutions contexts with equations used.
solution may not be applicable in the
in the original involving variables and 8.2.4.3 Express linear equations in
original context. Know how to use
context. positive and negative slope-intercept, point-slope and
standard forms, and convert between
calculators, graphing utilities or other
rational numbers. Use technology to solve quadratic equations
6.2.3.1 Represent the properties of these forms. Given sufficient
information, find an equation of a line. and inequalities.
real-world or equality to solve for the 9.2.4.2 Represent relationships in
8.2.4.4 Use linear inequalities to
mathematical value of a variable. various contexts using equations
represent relationships in various
situations using Interpret the solution in contexts. involving exponential functions; solve
equations and the original context. 8.2.4.5 Solve linear inequalities using these equations graphically or
inequalities involving 7.2.4.2 Solve properties of inequalities. Graph the numerically. Know how to use
variables and equations resulting solutions on a number line. calculators, graphing utilities or other
positive rational from proportional 8.2.4.6 Represent relationships in technology to solve these equations.
numbers. relationships in various various contexts with equations and 9.2.4.3 Recognize that to solve certain
6.2.3.2 Solve contexts. inequalities involving the absolute value equations, number systems need to be
equations involving of a linear expression. Solve such extended from whole numbers to
positive rational equations and inequalities and graph integers, from integers to rational
the solutions on a number line. numbers, from rational numbers to real
numbers using
8.2.4.7 Represent relationships in numbers, and from real numbers to
number sense, various contexts using systems of linear
properties of complex numbers. In particular, non-
equations. Solve systems of linear
arithmetic and the real complex numbers are needed to
equations in two variables symbolically,
idea of maintaining solve some quadratic equations with
graphically and numerically.
equality on both real coefficients.
8.2.4.8 Understand that a system of
sides of the equation. linear equations may have no solution, 9.2.4.4 Represent relationships in
one solution, or an infinite number of various contexts using systems of linear
Interpret a solution in
solutions. Relate the number of inequalities; solve them graphically.
the original context
solutions to pairs of lines that are Indicate which parts of the boundary are
and assess the included in and excluded from the
intersecting, parallel or identical. Check
reasonableness of solution set using solid and dotted lines.
whether a pair of numbers satisfies a
results. 9.2.4.5 Solve linear programming
system of two linear equations in two
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
ALGEBRA
Algebra: Equations and Inequalities
Grades 1-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
unknowns by substituting the numbers problems in two variables using
into both equations. graphical methods.
8.2.4.9 Use the relationship between 9.2.4.6 Represent relationships in
square roots and squares of a number to various contexts using absolute value
solve problems. inequalities in two variables; solve them
graphically.
9.2.4.7 Solve equations that contain
radical expressions. Recognize that
extraneous solutions may arise when
using symbolic methods.
9.2.4.8 Assess the reasonableness of a
solution in its given context and
compare the solution to appropriate
graphical or numerical estimates;
interpret a solution in the original
context.

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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics

GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT

Geometry: Shapes
Grades K-5
K 1 2 3 4 5
Recognize and Describe Identify, describe Use geometric Name, describe, Describe,
sort basic two- characteristics of and compare attributes to classify and classify, and
and three- basic shapes. basic shapes describe and sketch polygons. draw
dimensional Use basic shapes according to create shapes in representations
shapes; use to compose and their geometric various contexts. 4.3.1.1 Describe, of three-
them to model decompose other attributes. classify and sketch dimensional
real-world objects in 3.3.1.1 Identify triangles, including figures.
objects. various contexts. 2.3.1.1 Describe, parallel and equilateral, right,
compare, and perpendicular lines obtuse and acute 5.3.1.1 Describe
K.3.1.1 Recognize 1.3.1.1 Describe classify two- and in various contexts, triangles. and classify three-
basic two- and characteristics of three-dimensional and use them to Recognize triangles dimensional figures
three-dimensional two- and three- figures according describe and in various contexts. including cubes,
shapes such as dimensional to number and create geometric 4.3.1.2 Describe, prisms and
squares, circles, objects, such as shape of faces, and shapes, such as classify and draw pyramids by the
triangles, triangles, squares, the number of right triangles, quadrilaterals, number of edges,
rectangles, rectangles, circles, sides, edges and rectangles, including squares, faces or vertices as
trapezoids, rectangular prisms, vertices (corners). parallelograms and rectangles, well as the types of
hexagons, cubes, cylinders, cones 2.3.1.2 Identify trapezoids. trapezoids, faces.
cones, cylinders and spheres. and name basic 3.3.1.2 Sketch rhombuses, 5.3.1.2 Recognize
and spheres. 1.3.1.2 Compose two- and three- polygons with a parallelograms and and draw a net for
K.3.1.2 Sort (combine) and dimensional given number of kites. Recognize a three-
objects using decompose (take shapes, such as sides or vertices quadrilaterals in dimensional figure.
characteristics apart) two- and squares, circles, (corners), such as various contexts.
such as shape, three-dimensional triangles, pentagons,
size, color and figures such as rectangles, hexagons and
thickness. triangles, squares, trapezoids, octagons.
K.3.1.3 Use basic rectangles, circles, hexagons, cubes,
shapes and spatial rectangular prisms rectangular prisms,
reasoning to model and cylinders. cones, cylinders
objects in the real- and spheres.
world.

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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics

GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT

Geometry: Measurement
Grades K-11
K 1 2 3 4 5
Compare Use basic Understand length Understand Understand angle Determine the area
and order concepts as a measurable perimeter as a and area as of triangles and
objects of attribute; use measurable attribute measurable quadrilaterals;
according measurem tools to measure of real-world and attributes of real- determine the
to ent in real- length. mathematical world and surface area and
location world and objects. Use various mathematical volume of
and mathemati 2.3.2.1 Understand tools to measure objects. Use various rectangular prisms in
measurab cal the relationship distances. tools to measure various contexts.
le situations between the size of angles and areas.
attribute involving the unit of 3.3.2.1 Use half units 5.3.2.1 Develop and
s. length, measurement and when measuring 4.3.2.1 Measure use formulas to
time and the number of units distances. angles in geometric determine the area of
K.3.2.1 money. needed to measure 3.3.2.2 Find the figures and real-world triangles, parallelograms
Use words the length of an perimeter of a polygon objects with a and figures that can be
to 1.3.2.1 object. by adding the lengths protractor or angle decomposed into
compare Measure the 2.3.2.2 of the sides. ruler. triangles.
objects length of an Demonstrate an 3.3.2.3 Measure 4.3.2.2 Compare 5.3.2.2 Use various
according object in understanding of the distances around angles according to tools and strategies to
measure the volume and
to length, terms of relationship between objects. size. Classify angles as
surface area of objects
size, multiple length and the acute, right and obtuse.
that are shaped like
weight and copies of numbers on a ruler Use time, money and 4.3.2.3 Understand
rectangular prisms.
position. another by using a ruler to temperature to solve that the area of a two- 5.3.2.3 Understand
K.3.2.2 object. measure lengths to real-world and dimensional figure can that the volume of a
Order 2 or 1.3.2.2 Tell the nearest mathematical be found by counting three-dimensional figure
3 objects time to the centimeter or inch. problems. the total number of can be found by
using hour and same size square units counting the total
measurabl half-hour. Use time and 3.3.3.1 Tell time to the that cover a shape number of same-sized
e 1.3.2.3 money in real- minute, using digital without gaps or cubic units that fill a
attributes, Identify world and and analog clocks. overlaps. Justify why shape without gaps or
such as pennies, mathematical Determine elapsed time length and width are overlaps. Use cubic units
length and nickels and situations. to the minute. multiplied to find the to label volume
weight. dimes; find 3.3.3.2 Know area of a rectangle by measurements.
the value of 2.3.3.1 Tell time to relationships among breaking the rectangle 5.3.2.4 Develop and
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT
Geometry: Measurement
Grades K-11
K 1 2 3 4 5
a group of the quarter-hour and units of time. into one unit by one use the formulas V =
these coins, distinguish between 3.3.3.3 Make change unit squares and wh and V = Bh to
up to one a.m. and p.m. up to one dollar in viewing these as determine the volume of
dollar. 2.3.3.2 Identify several different ways, grouped into rows and rectangular prisms.
pennies, nickels, including with as few columns. Justify why base area B
dimes and quarters. coins as possible. 4.3.2.4 Find the areas and height h are
Find the value of a 3.3.3.4 Use an analog of geometric figures multiplied to find the
group of coins and thermometer to and real-world objects volume of a rectangular
determine determine temperature that can be divided into prism by breaking the
combinations of coins prism into layers of unit
to the nearest degree rectangular shapes.
that equal a given cubes.
in Fahrenheit and Use square units to
amount.
Celsius. label area
measurements.

GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT

Geometry: Measurement
Grades K-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
Calculate perimeter, area, Use reasoning with Solve problems Calculate measurements
surface area and volume of two- proportions and ratios involving right of plane and solid
and three-dimensional figures to to determine triangles using the geometric figures; know
solve real-world and measurements, justify Pythagorean Theorem that physical
mathematical problems. formulas and solve real- and its converse. measurements depend on
world and mathematical the choice of a unit and
6.3.1.1 Calculate the surface area problems involving 8.3.1.1 Use the that they are
and volume of prisms and use circles and related Pythagorean Theorem to approximations.
appropriate units, such as cm2 and geometric figures. solve problems involving
cm3. Justify the formulas used. right triangles. 9.3.1.1 Determine the
Justification may involve 7.3.1.1 Demonstrate an 8.3.1.2 Determine the surface area and volume of
decomposition, nets or other understanding of the distance between two pyramids, cones and spheres.
models. proportional relationship points on a horizontal or Use measuring devices or
6.3.1.2 Calculate the area of between the diameter and vertical line in a formulas as appropriate.
quadrilaterals. Quadrilaterals include circumference of a circle coordinate system. Use 9.3.1.2 Compose and
squares, rectangles, rhombuses, and that the unit rate the Pythagorean Theorem decompose two- and three-
parallelograms, trapezoids and kites. (constant of to find the distance dimensional figures; use
When formulas are used, be able to proportionality) is . between any two points in decomposition to determine
explain why they are valid. Calculate the a coordinate system. the perimeter, area, surface
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT
Geometry: Measurement
Grades K-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
6.3.1.3 Estimate the perimeter and circumference and area of area and volume of various
area of irregular figures on a grid circles and sectors of figures.
when they cannot be decomposed circles to solve problems in 9.3.1.3 Understand that
into common figures and use correct various contexts. quantities associated with
units, such as cm and cm2. 7.3.1.2 Calculate the physical measurements must
volume and surface area be assigned units; apply such
of cylinders and justify the units correctly in expressions,
formulas used. equations and problem
solutions that involve
measurements; and convert
between measurement
systems.
9.3.1.4 Understand and
apply the fact that the effect
of a scale factor k on length,
area and volume is to multiply
each by k, k2 and k3,
respectively.
9.3.1.5 Make reasonable
estimates and judgments
about the accuracy of values
resulting from calculations
involving measurements.

GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT

Algebra in Geometry
Grades 6-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
Choose Analyze the Solve problems Solve real-world and mathematical geometric
appropriate effect of change involving parallel problems using algebraic methods.
units of of scale, and perpendicular
measurement translations and lines on a coordinate 9.3.4.1 Understand how the properties of similar right
and use ratios to reflections on system. triangles allow the trigonometric ratios to be defined, and
convert within the attributes of determine the sine, cosine and tangent of an acute angle
measurement two-dimensional 8.3.2.1 Understand in a right triangle.
systems to solve figures. and apply the
real-world and relationships between 9.3.4.2 Apply the trigonometric ratios sine, cosine and
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT
Algebra in Geometry
Grades 6-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
mathematical 7.3.2.1 Describe the slopes of parallel tangent to solve problems, such as determining lengths
problems. the properties of lines and between the and areas in right triangles and in figures that can be
similarity, compare slopes of perpendicular decomposed into right triangles. Know how to use
6.3.3.1 Solve geometric figures lines. Dynamic calculators, tables or other technology to evaluate
problems in for similarity, and graphing software may trigonometric ratios.
various contexts determine scale be used to examine 9.3.4.3 Use calculators, tables or other technologies in
involving factors. these relationships. connection with the trigonometric ratios to find angle
conversion of 7.3.2.2 Apply 8.3.2.2 Analyze measures in right triangles in various contexts.
weights, scale factors, polygons on a 9.3.4.4 Use coordinate geometry to represent and
capacities, length ratios and coordinate system by analyze line segments and polygons, including
geometric area ratios to determining the slopes determining lengths, midpoints and slopes of line
measurements and determine side of their sides. segments.
times within lengths and areas 8.3.2.3 Given a line 9.3.4.5 Know the equation for the graph of a circle with
measurement of similar on a coordinate system radius r and center (h, k), (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2, and justify
systems using geometric figures. and the coordinates of this equation using the Pythagorean Theorem and
appropriate units. 7.3.2.3 Use a point not on the line, properties of translations.
6.3.3.2 Estimate proportions and find lines through that 9.3.4.6 Use numeric, graphic and symbolic
weights, capacities ratios to solve point that are parallel representations of transformations in two dimensions,
and geometric problems involving and perpendicular to such as reflections, translations, scale changes and
measurements scale drawings and the given line, rotations about the origin by multiples of 90, to solve
using benchmarks conversions of symbolically and problems involving figures on a coordinate grid.
in measurement measurement graphically. 9.3.4.7 Use algebra to solve geometric problems
systems with units. unrelated to coordinate geometry, such as solving for an
appropriate units. unknown length in a figure involving similar triangles, or
using the Pythagorean Theorem to obtain a quadratic
equation for a length in a geometric figure.

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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT
Euclidean Geometry and Reasoning
Grades 4-11
Grade 4 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
Use Understan Analyze Solve Construct logical arguments, based on axioms, definitions
translations, d and use the effect problems and theorems, to prove theorems and other results in
reflections relationshi of change involving geometry.
and ps of scale, right
rotations to between translatio triangles 9.3.2.1 Understand the roles of axioms, definitions, undefined terms and
establish angles in ns and using the theorems in logical arguments.
congruency geometric reflection Pythagore 9.3.2.2 Accurately interpret and use words and phrases such as "ifthen,"
and figures. s on the an "if and only if," "all," and "not." Recognize the logical relationships between
an "ifthen" statement and its inverse, converse and contrapositive.
understand attributes Theorem
9.3.2.3 Assess the validity of a logical argument and give
symmetries. 6.3.2.1 of two- and its counterexamples to disprove a statement.
Solve dimension converse. 9.3.2.4 Construct logical arguments and write proofs of theorems and
4.3.3.1 Apply problems al figures. other results in geometry, including proofs by contradiction. Express proofs
translations using the 8.3.1.3 in a form that clearly justifies the reasoning, such as two-column proofs,
(slides) to relationships 7.3.2.4 Informally paragraph proofs, flow charts or illustrations.
figures. between the Graph and justify the 9.3.2.5 Use technology tools to examine theorems, make and test
4.3.3.2 Apply angles describe Pythagorean conjectures, perform constructions and develop mathematical reasoning
reflections formed by translations Theorem by skills in multi-step problems. The tools may include compass and straight
(flips) to intersecting and using edge, dynamic geometry software, design software or Internet applets.
figures by lines. reflections of measurement
reflecting over 6.3.2.2 figures on a s, diagrams
Determine Know and apply properties of geometric figures to solve
vertical or coordinate and
horizontal missing angle real-world and mathematical problems and to logically
grid and computer
lines and measures in software. justify results in geometry.
determine
relate a triangle the
reflections to using the fact coordinates 9.3.3.1 Know and apply properties of parallel and perpendicular lines,
lines of that the sum of the including properties of angles formed by a transversal, to solve problems
symmetry. of the interior vertices of and logically justify results.
4.3.3.3 Apply angles of a the figure 9.3.3.2 Know and apply properties of angles, including corresponding,
rotations triangle is after the exterior, interior, vertical, complementary and supplementary angles, to
(turns) of 90 180. Use transformati solve problems and logically justify results.
clockwise or models of on. 9.3.3.3 Know and apply properties of equilateral, isosceles and scalene
counterclockwi triangles to triangles to solve problems and logically justify results.
se. illustrate this 9.3.3.4 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse to solve
4.3.3.4 fact. problems and logically justify results.
Recognize that 6.3.2.3 9.3.3.5 Know and apply properties of right triangles, including properties
translations, Develop and of 45-45-90 and 30-60-90 triangles, to solve problems and logically justify
reflections and use formulas results.
rotations for the sums 9.3.3.6 Know and apply properties of congruent and similar figures to
preserve of the interior solve problems and logically justify results.
congruency angles of 9.3.3.7 Use properties of polygonsincluding quadrilaterals and regular
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT
Euclidean Geometry and Reasoning
Grades 4-11
Grade 4 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grades 9-11
and use them polygons by polygonsto define them, classify them, solve problems and logically
to show that decomposing justify results.
two figures are them into 9.3.3.8 Know and apply properties of a circle to solve problems and
congruent. triangles. logically justify results.

DATA ANALYSIS
Grades 3-11
3 4 5 7 8 9-11
Collect, Collect, Display Use mean, median Interpret data using Display and analyze data; use
organize, organize, and and range to draw scatterplots and various measures associated
display, display interpret conclusions about approximate lines of with data to draw conclusions,
and and data; data and make best fit. Use lines of identify trends and describe
interpret interpret determine predictions. best fit to draw relationships.
data. Use data, mean, conclusions about
labels including median 7.4.1.1 Design data. 9.4.1.1 Describe a data set using
and a data and simple experiments data displays, including box-and-
variety of collected range. and collect data. 8.4.1.1 Collect, whisker plots; describe and compare
scales over a Determine mean, display and interpret data sets using summary statistics,
and units period of 5.4.1.1 median and range for data using scatterplots. including measures of center,
in time and Know and quantitative data and Use the shape of the location and spread. Measures of
displays. data use the from data scatterplot to informally center and location include mean,
represent definitions represented in a estimate a line of best median, quartile and percentile.
3.4.1.1 ed by of the display. Use these fit and determine an Measures of spread include standard
Collect, fractions mean, quantities to draw equation for the line. deviation, range and inter-quartile
display and median and conclusions about Use appropriate titles, range. Know how to use calculators,
and decimals. range of a the data, compare labels and units. Know spreadsheets or other technology to
interpret set of data. different data sets, how to use graphing display data and calculate summary
data using 4.4.1.1 Know how and make technology to display statistics.
frequency Use tables, to use a predictions. scatterplots and 9.4.1.2 Analyze the effects on
tables, bar bar graphs, spreadshee 7.4.1.2 Describe corresponding lines of summary statistics of changes in
graphs, timelines t to find the the impact that best fit. data sets.
picture and Venn mean, inserting or deleting 8.4.1.2 Use a line of 9.4.1.3 Use scatterplots to analyze
graphs diagrams median and a data point has on best fit to make patterns and describe relationships
and to display range of a the mean and the statements about between two variables. Using
number data sets. data set. median of a data set. approximate rate of technology, determine regression
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
DATA ANALYSIS
Grades 3-11
3 4 5 7 8 9-11
line plots The data Understand Know how to create change and to make lines (line of best fit) and correlation
having a may that the data displays using a predictions about coefficients; use regression lines to
variety of include mean is a spreadsheet to values not in the make predictions and correlation
scales. Use fractions or "leveling examine this impact. original data set. coefficients to assess the reliability
appropriat decimals. out" of 8.4.1.3 Assess the of those predictions.
e titles, Understand data. Display and reasonableness of 9.4.1.4 Use the mean and standard
labels and that 5.4.1.2 interpret data in a predictions using deviation of a data set to fit it to a
units. spreadshee Create and variety of ways, scatterplots by normal distribution (bell-shaped
t tables and analyze including circle interpreting them in the curve) and to estimate population
graphs can double-bar graphs and original context. percentages. Recognize that there
be used to graphs and histograms. are data sets for which such a
display line graphs procedure is not appropriate. Use
data. by applying 7.4.2.1 Use calculators, spreadsheets and tables
understand reasoning with to estimate areas under the normal
ing of proportions to curve.
whole display and interpret
numbers, data in circle graphs Explain the uses of data and
fractions (pie charts) and statistical thinking to draw
and histograms. Choose inferences, make predictions
decimals. the appropriate data and justify conclusions.
Know how display and know
to create how to create the 9.4.2.1 Evaluate reports based on
spreadshee display using a data published in the media by
t tables and spreadsheet or other identifying the source of the data,
graphs to graphing technology. the design of the study, and the way
display the data are analyzed and displayed.
data. Show how graphs and data can be
distorted to support different points
of view. Know how to use
spreadsheet tables and graphs or
graphing technology to recognize
and analyze distortions in data
displays.
9.4.2.2 Identify and explain
misleading uses of data; recognize
when arguments based on data
confuse correlation and causation.
9.4.2.3 Design simple experiments
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
DATA ANALYSIS
Grades 3-11
3 4 5 7 8 9-11
and explain the impact of sampling
methods, bias and the phrasing of
questions asked during data
collection.

PROBABILITY
Grades 6-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grades 9-11
Use probabilities to solve
real-world and Calculate probabilities and Calculate probabilities and apply probability concepts
mathematical problems; reason about probabilities to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
represent probabilities using proportions to solve
using fractions, decimals real-world and 9.4.3.1 Select and apply counting procedures, such as the
and percents. mathematical problems. multiplication and addition principles and tree diagrams, to
determine the size of a sample space (the number of possible
6.4.1.1 Determine the 7.4.3.1 Use random outcomes) and to calculate probabilities.
sample space (set of possible numbers generated by a 9.4.3.2 Calculate experimental probabilities by performing
outcomes) for a given calculator or a spreadsheet or simulations or experiments involving a probability model and
experiment and determine taken from a table to simulate using relative frequencies of outcomes.
which members of the sample situations involving 9.4.3.3 Understand that the Law of Large Numbers
space are related to certain randomness, make a expresses a relationship between the probabilities in a
events. Sample space may be histogram to display the probability model and the experimental probabilities found by
determined by the use of tree results, and compare the performing simulations or experiments involving the model.
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 Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics
PROBABILITY
Grades 6-11
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grades 9-11
diagrams, tables or pictorial results to known probabilities. 9.4.3.4 Use random numbers generated by a calculator or a
representations. 7.4.3.2 Calculate probability spreadsheet, or taken from a table, to perform probability
6.4.1.2 Determine the as a fraction of sample space simulations and to introduce fairness into decision making.
probability of an event using or as a fraction of area. 9.4.3.5 Apply probability concepts such as intersections,
the ratio between the size of Express probabilities as unions and complements of events, and conditional probability
the event and the size of the percents, decimals and and independence, to calculate probabilities and solve
sample space; represent fractions. problems.
probabilities as percents, 7.4.3.3 Use proportional 9.4.3.6 Describe the concepts of intersections, unions and
fractions and decimals reasoning to draw conclusions complements using Venn diagrams. Understand the
between 0 and 1 inclusive. about and predict relative relationships between these concepts and the words AND, OR,
Understand that probabilities frequencies of outcomes NOT, as used in computerized searches and spreadsheets.
measure likelihood. based on probabilities. 9.4.3.7 Understand and use simple probability formulas
6.4.1.3 Perform experiments involving intersections, unions and complements of events.
for situations in which the 9.4.3.8 Apply probability concepts to real-world situations to
probabilities are known, make informed decisions.
compare the resulting relative 9.4.3.9 Use the relationship between conditional probabilities
frequencies with the known and relative frequencies in contingency tables.
probabilities; know that there
may be differences.
6.4.1.4 Calculate
experimental probabilities
from experiments; represent
them as percents, fractions
and decimals between 0 and
1 inclusive. Use experimental
probabilities to make
predictions when actual
probabilities are unknown.

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