Phys.

506 Electricity and Magnetism Winter 2004

Prof. G. Raithel
Problem Set 6
Total 30 Points

1. Problem 10.10a 10 Points

We consider the Smythe-Kirchhoff integral,

Z
1 exp(ikR) 0
Edif f = E
n da
2 hole R

where n is the normal of the conducting plane pointing into the volume of interest, and R = x x0 . It is
E = n
n Etan , where Etan is the total electric field tangential with the conducting plane. Also, in the
radiation zone

exp(ikR) exp(ikr)
= exp(ikx0 )
R r

where k = kr is the k-vector pointing to the observation point.

Thus, in the radiation zone

Z
1 exp(ikr)
Edif f = n Etan ) exp(ikx0 )da0
(
2 r hole

Also, since for expressions of the kind E = exp(ikr)

r F(, ) in the radiation zone the usual replacement
= ik applies, we obtain Eq. 10.109:
Z
i exp(ikr)
Edif f = k n Etan ) exp(ikx0 )da0
(
2 r hole

Since the aperture is small, we can make the small-source approximation for the fields emanating from the
hole, exp(ikx0 ) = 1 ik x0 , and get:
Z Z
i exp(ikr) 0 0 0
Edif f = k (
n Etan )da i (
n Etan )k x da
2 r hole hole

Etan in place of J,
As advertised in class, we employ the vector identity Eq. 9.31 with n

1 0 1
n Etan )k x0 =
( n Etan )] k + [(k x0 )(
[x ( n Etan )) x0 ]
n Etan ) + (k (
2 2

to get

Z Z
i exp(ikr) 1 i
Edif f = k (n Etan ) 1 ik x0 da0 x0 (
n Etan )da0 k
2 r hole 2 2 hole
Z
i 0 0
k (
n Etan )x da
2 hole
Since the hole is small, in the first integral we may set 1 21 ikx0 = 1. In the second integral, x0 (
n Etan ) =
(x0 Etan )
n (x0 n
)Etan = (x0 Etan )
n, because x0 n
= 0. Thus,

Z Z Z
i exp(ikr) i i
Edif f = k n Etan )da0
(
n x0 Etan da0 k n Etan )x0 da0
k (
2 r hole 2 hole 2 hole

The first term can be re-written as

Z
Z0 k 2 exp(ikr) 2i 0
Edif f,1 = k (
n Etan )da
4 r Z0 k hole

This field can be compared with with Eq. 9.36. Thereby, the term in the square bracket can be identified
with an effective magnetic dipole

Z Z
2i 2
m= n Etan )da0 =
( n Etan )da0
(
Z0 k hole i hole

(note in vacuum k = /c = /Z0 ). The second term,

Z
Z0 ck 2 exp(ikr) 1
Edif f,2 = k
n x0 Etan da0 k
4 r Z0 c hole

can be, by comparison with Eq. 9.19, identified with the electric field of an electric dipole

Z
p =
n x0 Etan da0
hole

Etan under the integral. Further, the third term is of the order
Both the first and the third term have an n
0
of the first term times kx << 1. Thus, the third term can be neglected.
2. Problem 10.12 10 Points

We start with the Smythe-Kirchhoff formula in the radiation zone,

Z
i exp(ikr)
Edif f = k n Etan ) exp(ikx0 )da0
(
2 r hole

The plane normal n =z, the incident wavevector k0 = k(cos z +sin

x), and the wavevector pointing to the
observation point, k = k(sin cos x + sin sin
y + cos z). The incident electric field is linearly polarized
transverse to the plane of incidence (the xz-plane), i.e. E0 = E0 y . The circular hole over which we integrate
extends in the x y -plane. Thus, using 2-dimensional cylindrical coordinates 0 and 0 in the x0 y 0 -plane,
0 0

Z a Z 2
iE0 exp(ikr)
Edif f = k (
zy ) exp(i(k0 k)x0 )0 d0 d 0
2 r 0 =0 =0
Z a Z 2
iE0 exp(ikr)
= (k x) exp(ik (sin cos sin cos( )))d 0 d0
0 0 0 0
2 r 0 =0 0 =0

The angular function in the exponent can be rewritten,

sin cos 0 sin cos( 0 ) = cos [sin sin cos ] + sin [ sin sin ]
= cos( 0 + )

where the amplitude is the square-root of the sum of the squares of the terms in square-brackets, and is
a constant phase shift. Thus,

q q
2 2
= [sin sin cos ] + [ sin sin ] = sin2 + sin2 2 sin sin cos

In the angular integral the phase shift is irrelevant, because the angular integral is over a full circle:

Z 2 Z 2
exp(ik0 (sin cos 0 sin cos( 0 )))d 0 = exp(ik0 cos( 0 + ))d 0
0 =0 0
Z 2 Z 2
= exp(ik0 cos 0 )d 0 = exp(ik0 sin 0 )d 0 = 2J0 (k0 )
0 0

and the diffracted fields

Z a
exp(ikr)
Edif f (r, , , ) = iE0 )
(k x J0 (k0 )0 d0
r 0 =0
exp(ikr) J1 (ka)
= iE0 a2 )
(k x
r ak
1
Hdif f (r, , , ) = k Edif f (x)
Z0
The diffracted power per solid angle

dP 1
= r2 Edif f Edif f
d 2Z0
2 2
|E0 | 4 J1 (ka)
= a |(k x )|2
2Z0 ak
2 2
|E0 | 4 2 J1 (ka)
= a k (cos2 + sin2 sin2 )
2Z0 ak

This can be normalized with the power incident on the hole,

1 2
Pin = |E0 | a2 cos
2Z0

yielding

2
dP a2 k 2 J1 (ka)
/Pin = (cos2 + sin2 sin2 )
d cos ak

b): The result we have obtained equals that of Eq. 10.114 (case of polarization in plane of incidence) times
a factor

1 (cos2 + sin2 sin2 )

cos (cos2 + sin2 cos2 )
2

It is also somewhat similar with the result of the scalar calculation, given in Eq. 10.119. In fact, all three
results share the essential dependence

2
2 2 J1 (ka)
k a
ak

It is also noted that for the case of normal incidence = 0 the two vectorial results are identical, as required.
To see this, take the polarization directions into account. Then, note that in the case of normal incidence in
both calculations - polarization perpendicular to and in the plane of incidence - the respective terms sin
and cos are equal to the sine of the angle between the laser polarization and the projection of k into the
xy-plane.
3. Problem 10.16 10 Points

a): Using Eq. 10.125 of Jackson, the scattering cross section for incident field E0 = E0 0 with incident
polarization 0 , summed over exit polarizations, is

d X ( Fsh )(i F )
i sh
=
d i
E 0 E 0
Z Z
k2 X 2 2 0 2 0
= | 0 | exp(ik x )d x exp(ik x )d x
4 2 i i shadow shadow

where the integrals go over the shadow of the object in the xy-plane. As orthonormal basis for the exit
polarizations we can use

sin k cos k cos k
1 = k = cos k and 2 = k = cos k sin k
0 sin k

with complex numbers c1 c1 +c2 c2 =

+c2 y
To cover the case of arbitrary incident polarization, we use 0 = c1 x
1. Then,

X 2 2 2
|i 0 | = |c1 | (sin2 k + cos2 k cos2 k ) + |c2 | (cos2 k + cos2 k sin2 k ) =: A(k , k )
i

Then,

Z Z
d k2
= exp(ik (x x0 ))A(k , k )d2 x d2 x0
d 4 2 sh sh
Z Z Z
k2
= exp(ik (x x0 ))A(k , k )d2 x d2 x0 sin k dk dk
4 2 k ,k sh sh

k = x
Since x k = kx = k sin k cos k and y
k = y
k = ky = k sin k sin k , in the angular integration
we can substitute

1
(k , k )
dk dk = dkx dky = (kx , ky ) d2 k = 1
d2 k
(kx , ky ) (k , k ) k 2 sin k cos k

and
Z Z Z
1 A(k , k ) 2
= exp(ik (x x0 )) d x d2 x0 d2 k
4 2 |k |<k sh sh cos k

Since the shadow region is much larger than the wavelength, in the double-integration over the area the
phase term is rapidly oscillating unless k k, that is unless k 0. Angles k substantially different form
0 will not significantly contribute to the integral. We are, essentially, restating the fact that short-wavelength
 A(k ,k )
shadow scattering mostly occurs into the forward directions. Thus, in the angle-dependent term cos k we
may set k = 0, and we may extend the integration range over k to infinity:

Z Z Z
1 A(0, k ) 2
= exp(ik (x x0 )) d x d2 x0 d2 k
4 2 |k |< sh sh cos(0)
Z Z Z
1 2 2
= exp(ik (x x0 ))(|c1 | + |c2 | )d2 x d2 x0 d2 k
4 2 |k |< sh sh
Z Z (Z )
1
= exp(ik (x x ))d k d2 x d2 x0
0 2
4 2 sh sh |k |<
Z Z
1
= (2)2 2 (x x0 )d2 x d2 x0
4 2 sh sh
Z
= d2 x = Ashadow
sh

b): According to the optical theorem, the total cross section (= the sum of scattering and absorption cross
section) is

4 F(k0 k0 )
t = + abs = Im 0
k E0

4 F (k
sh 0 k 0 )
Im 0
k E0
Z
4 ik E0 2
= Im ( 0 ) exp(ik x )d x
k 2 0 E0 shadow k =0
= 2Ashadow (1)

This result makes sense because of the following. As seen in part a), small-angle shadow scattering has a
cross section of Ashadow , independent of what happens to the radiation that actually hits the target. Since
the radiation that hits the target either gets absorbed or re-scattered into directions k 6= k0 , absorption
and scattering of the illuminated portion of the target also have a cross section of Ashadow . The total cross
section thus is 2Ashadow .