Matter and forces @ Read and discover. The Universe is made up of matter and energy and empty space. Everything around us, living and non-living, is made up of matter: plants, animals, books, tables, the food we eat and the water we drink. Even the air we breathe is made up of matter Matter can't be created or destroyed; it just changes from one state or form to another. How many states of matter are there in the Universe?@) Identify the states of matter in the picture of the Titanic and in the photo below. What are the states of matter in the following examples? *a bowl of noodle soup © agas cylinder © a frozen lake @ Answer the following questions: * Which has more mass: a kilogram of feathers or a kilogram of iron? Which has more volume? Why? * Why do you think a small stone sinks in water while a giant cruise ship floats? ‘* Sometimes cruise ships sink. Why does this happen? * Is sea water a mixture? What is it made of? @ which force makes a parachute fall? Which force makes a parachute go down slowly? @Search for information about what materials y 7 a parachute is made of, Are they natural or \ j man-made materials?Analyse and organise @ in your notebook, label the diagram with the information about the three states of matter using the words in the box. volume _ Gases seg ya * shape ON may + s.. Volume: they can be compressed * container ae * indefinite shape: they take the shape * definite * indefinite & melting 3 ve > ra See hd (sees) ai solidification ses o> | « definite Solids * indefinite ...: they take * definite shape the shape of the container + soe volume @ Look at the photos below and identify the three states of matter. Some photos may show more than one state of matter. 96@ © Read the texts about the physical and chemical changes of matter. Choose the best word for each space. Physical changes To make an origami figure, you make many folds in a sheet of (1). The material takes on a different shape, but itis still paper and still has ie the same properties. Some physical changes, such as changes of state, are reversible, while others are irreversible. Sharpening a pencil is * irreversible as you cannot put the pencil shavings back onto the (2) ..- Che ical changes When wood burns (combustion) it’s transformed into other substances. These new substances include (3) «...and smoke and have different properties from the original wood. Other chemical changes include the oxidation of metals when in contact with air, or the fermentation of milk, which gives us (4) «.. and 2) yoghurt. Most chemical changes are irreversible. matter b.paper —_c. cardboard a.ashes b.wood —c. paper a.custard —b. food c. cheese °o © atable b.pencil —_c. sharpener 8 ° @© @ Listen to the recording about changes of state. Complete the missing information in your notebook. * In solids, particles are! forming a ..... They just vibrate .242°>po% if * In liquids, particles are 2, have a ..... and move —_ 4 Mu * In gases, particles are ..., have a 2.,and move ¥ * AS matter is ..., its particles begin to move more and more. * As matter is cooled its particles moveMatter is everything around us. Matter is made out of tiny particles called atoms. Some atoms join together to make groups known as molecules. Apart from its colour, odour and taste, matter has other properties and can be found in three different states, Volume describes how much space matter occupies. A car has 2 larger volume than a bicycle. We measure volume in millilitres (mb) 1000 millilitres = 1 litre Density is the amount of matter in a volume. We measure density in kilograms per litre (kg/D). density = mass/volume TRH oensy explains why some y — r objects float in water while others sink. ‘Mass is the amount of matter in an object. An apple has a greater mass than a grape. We measure mass in grams (g). Properties of matter Hardness is the > scratch-resistance of a ? gy solid, Diamonds are the hardest natural solids. 1000 grams = 1 Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance and form a solution. Sugar Thermal dissolves well in water, conductivity whereas oil does not. is the ability of certain substances to conduct or transfer heat. Metals, such as iron or copper, are good heat conductors, while materials such as wool, wood, paper, plastic or glass are good heat insulators,Ginet types of matter are there? According to its composition, we can classify matter into pure substances and mixtures. + Pure substances, such as table salt or silver, consist of only one type of matter. + Mixtures are made up of two or more pure substances and can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. + Ina homogeneous mixture, such as the air we breathe or sea water, we cannot see the individual substances that make it up. « Ina heterogeneous mixture, such as sand or a salad, we can see the individual substances that make it up. ‘There are different methods to separate the substances in mixtures. Evaporation When we heat a mixture of salt ‘and water, the liquid evaporates and leaves only the solids which crystallise and form salt crystals. ‘When we pour the juice of a lemon through a filter, the solids stay in the filter, and the liquid passes through it @ What is the relationship between matter and volume called? What does it explain? ‘Smog is a heterogeneous mixture of gases and very small particles from vehicle exhaust and factory emissions. Smog is very harmful to our health and to the environment. What two words were combined to make the word ‘smog’? Sieving We use a sieve to separate solids of different sizes, such as pebbles from sand. @ which method would you use to separate the following mixtures? a. salt from seawater @ in your notebook, identify pure substances (PS) and mixtures (M). b. mud from water c. rice from beans @ name three substances which dissolve in water and three substances which don't dissolve in water.A force is a push or pull that acts on an object. We can't see forces, but we can see and feel their effects. Forces can make things move, stop, speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can also make things change shape. Some forces act from a distance. These forces are called non-contact forces. Other forces act through physical contact. These are called contact forces. Non-contact forces Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion caused by magnetic materials. Magnets attract metals and also make compasses work. is a force which attracts all objects towards each other. Larger bodies, such as planets, have a stronger gravitational force. Gravity stops ‘everything on Earth from flying off into outer space and also causes objects to fall to ‘the ground Astronauts float in space, because there is no gravity there, ‘Mass is not the same as weight, ‘Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is the force that gravity applies to pull an object. The Moon's mass is smaller than the Earth's, so its gravitational pull is also smaller. Because of this, our weight would be far less on the Moon than on Earth while our mass would stay the same. $ =, Contact forces Friction is the force that exists when two objects rub against each other. Friction acts in the opposite direction to the direction of moverent. It can slow down or stop a moving object. Air friction slows down a parachute and water friction slows down a kayak or a boat. force pushes it up. Buoyancy is the ability of objects to float. It is an upward force which acts in the opposite direction to gravity on objects immersed in a liquid. f you put an ice cube in a glass of water, gravity pulls the ice cube down and the buoyant The submerged ice cube displaces some of the water and, as a result, the level of water rises, gravity buoyant forceEro @y some objects float in water and others sink The force of buoyancy was discovered by Archimedes (287-212 kc) by accident when he Was getting into the bathtub. He Cork has a lower density eas Noticed that the more he than water. This is why Wisi itueeh in the water, ork floats in water. ean 0.25 kg/l sana soa = Do you know what Archimedes Density explains why some objects float in water while others sink. Look at the densities of cork, water and iron. —— water 1.00 kg shouted when he left the bathtub? iron has a higher density than water. = thee 7.90 kg/l This is why it sinks — inwater The density of steel is around 7,7 to 8.0 kg/l. Why do ships float if they are made of steel which has a bigger density than water? ‘The ability to float depends on the average density of the object. Average density takes into account the steel that the ship is made of and the air that is trapped in the body of the ship. AA ship with a lot of air inside has a AA ship with cargo has less air inside, but its lower average density than water, so it average density is still lower than the floats. density of water. That's why it stil floats. @ What would happen if there was no @ Look at the following table. If you wanted \ gravity? What would happen if there was to build a toy boat, which material would no friction? you use? Why? - @ Name the force that is involved when you material = density apply the brakes on your bike. Do you think Ea er this force is helpful in this case? Why? 9 @ why does ice float in water? What does this say about the densities of water and ice? © Bak wood 0.8 kgNearly everything we use is made of materials that have been created or modified by scientists and engineers to make them perform better. Man-made materials have transformed our everyday life. Many elements found in nature, such as gold or aluminium, can’t bee used in their pure form because they are too soft, too brittle Cr rust too easily It is necessary to create an alloy by mixing two ‘or more elements, one of which must be a metal. Brass, for example, isan alloy of copper and zinc Steel is one of the most commonly used alloys in everyday life. Nearly everything contains at least some steel, Stainless steel is a steel alloy which resists rust and corrosion. Improving our health Today, surgeons can replace hip and knee joints with artificial joints made of a special ceramic mater which is hard and long lasting and has no side effects on the en body. material is also used by dentists to repair teeth which have developed cavities. This material is Popular for fillings Making alloys is like cooking. Two because it can be coloured different recipes with different to match the natural amounts of the same ingredients colour of the tooth. will produce alloys with different properties.In the 1990s, computer chips were made up of only 16 elements. Nowadays they contain as many as 60 different materials, of which 11 are rare Earth elements \@New materials in everyday life The black non-stick Teflon-PTFE coating on cookware is being replaced by a non-stick ceramic coating. This new material tolerates heat better, doesn’t peel off and doesn’t release harmful chemicals into the food we eat. Perhaps you are wearing something that used to be a plastic bottle! Polar fleece fabrics a type of material that can be manufactured from recycled plastic bottles. Up to 150 pieces of clothing can be made from 3700 large plastic bottles. This material is soft, lightweight and has good insulation properties. Often blankets, jackets, hats and athletic garments are made from this fabric. \@ Recent breakthrough Concrete Cloth isa durable and flexible waterproof building material made of cement sandwiched between fabric. It can be molded into any shape when wet and hardens on contact with air. It is useful during natural disasters as it can be used to make emergency shelters. materials? @ why do scientists investigate new @® Look for information about advances in the production of paper and paints. @ Find out what the most common alloys are. When were alloys first used? @ tow can polar fleece be both inexpensive to produce and environmentally friendly?