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cH3 1

This document contains 5 problems from the problem set of Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig 10th edition. Each problem finds the Wronskian of a system of functions to determine whether the functions are linearly independent. The Wronskian is computed for each system and found to not equal 0, indicating the functions are linearly independent.

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93 views8 pages

cH3 1

This document contains 5 problems from the problem set of Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig 10th edition. Each problem finds the Wronskian of a system of functions to determine whether the functions are linearly independent. The Wronskian is computed for each system and found to not equal 0, indicating the functions are linearly independent.

Uploaded by

henk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Engineering Mathematics, by Erwin Kreyszig 10th. Ed.

Problem Set 3.1


No. 1
1, x, x 2 , x 3
y1 1, y1iv 0
y 2 x, y 2iv 0
y 3 x 2 , y3iv 0
y 4 x 3 , y 4iv 0
2
1 x x x3
1 2x 3x 2
2 2 6x
W 0 1 2x 3x 0 2 6 x 12 0
0 0 2 6x 0 6
0 0 6
0 0 0 6
No. 2
e x , ex , e x 2
y1 e x , y '1 e x , y"1 e x , y" '1 e x
2 y1" ' y1"2 y1 ' y1 2e x e x 2e x e x 0
y 2 e x , y ' 2 e x , y 2 " e x , y 2 " ' e x
2 y 2 " ' y 2 "2 y 2 ' y 2 2e x e x 2e x e x 0
y 3 e x 2 , y3 ' 1 e x 2 , y3 " 1 e x 2 , y3 " ' 1 e x 2
2 4 8
2 y3 " ' y3 "2 y3 ' y3 1 e x 2 1 e x 2 e x 2 e x 2 0
4 4

ex e x e x 2
W e x e x 1 e x 2 1 ex 2 1 ex 2 ex 2 ex 2 1 ex 2 1 ex 2 3 ex 2 0
2 4 2 4 2 2
x x 1 ex 2
e e
4
No. 3
cos x, sin x, x cos x, x sin x
y1 cos x, y1 ' sin x, y1" cos x, y1" ' sinx, y1iv cos x
y1iv 2 y1" y1 cos x 2 cos x cos x 0
y 2 sin x, y 2 ' cos x, y 2 " sin x, y 2 " ' cos x, y 2iv sin x
y 2iv 2 y 2 " y 2 sin x 2 sin x sin x 0
y3 x cos x, y3 ' cos x x sin x, y3 " sin x sin x x cos x 2 sin x x cos x
y3 " ' 2 cos x cos x x sin x 3 cos x x sin x, y 2iv 3 sin x sin x x cos x 4 sin x x cos x
y3iv 2 y3 " y 3 4 sin x x cos x 4 sin x 2 x cos x x cos x 0
y 4 x sin x, y 4 ' sin x x cos x, y 4 " cos x cos x x sin x 2 cos x x sin x
y 4 " ' 2 sin x sin x x cos x 3 sin x x cos x, y 2iv 3 cos x cos x x sin x 4 cos x x sin x
y 4iv 2 y 4 " y 4 4 cos x x sin x 4 cos x 2 x sin x x sin x 0
cos x sin x x cos x x sin x
Row 1 added to Row 3
sin x cos x cos x x sin x sin x x cos x Row 2 added to Row 4
W
cos x sin x 2 sin x x cos x 2 cos x x sin x
sin x cos x 3 cos x x sin x 3 sin x x cos x
cos x sin x x cos x x sin x
sin x cos x cos x x sin x sin x x cos x

0 0 2 sin x 2 cos x
0 0 2 cos x 2 sin x
cos x cos x x sin x sin x x cos x sin x x cos x x sin x
cos x 0 2 sin x 2 cos x sin x 0 2 sin x 2 cos x
0 2 cos x 2 sin x 0 2 cos x 2 sin x
2 sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x
cos x cos x sin x sin x
2 cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x
sin x cos x sin x cos x
4 cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x
cos x sin x cos x sin x

4 cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
4 cos 2 x 4 sin 2 x
40
No. 4
e 4 x , xe4 x , x 2 e 4 x
y1 e 4 x , y '1 4e 4 x , y"1 16e 4 x , y" '1 64e 4 x
y1" '12 y1"48 y1 '64 y1 64e 4 x 192e 4 x 192e 4 x 64e 4 x 0
y 2 xe4 x , y ' 2 e 4 x 4 xe4 x , y 2 " 8e 4 x 16 xe4 x , y 2 " ' 48e 4 x 64 xe4 x
y 2 " '12 y 2 "48 y 2 '64 y 2 48e 4 x 64 xe4 x 96e 4 x 192 xe4 x 48e 4 x 192 xe4 x 64 xe4 x 0
y 3 x 2 e 4 x , y3 ' 2 xe4 x 4 x 2 e 4 x
y3 " 2e 4 x 8 xe4 x 8 xe4 x 16 x 2e 4 x 2e 4 x 16 xe4 x 16 x 2e 4 x
y3 " ' 8e 4 x 16e 4 x 64 xe4 x 32 xe4 x 64 x 2 e 4 x 24e 4 x 96 xe4 x 64 x 2 e 4 x
y3 " '12 y3 "48 y 3 '64 y 3 24e 4 x 96 xe4 x 64 x 2 e 4 x 24e 4 x 192 xe4 x 192 x 2 e 4 x
96 xe4 x 192 x 2 e 4 x 64 x 2 e 4 x 0
e 4x xe 4 x x 2e 4x
W 4e 4 x e 4 x 4 xe 4 x 2 xe 4 x 4 x 2 e 4 x
16e 4 x 8e 4 x 16 xe 4 x 2e 4 x 16 xe 4 x 16 x 2 e 4 x
1 x x2 Row14+Row2
12 x 2 Row1(-16)+Row3
e 4 1 4x 2x 4x
16 8 16 x 2 16 x 16 x 2

1 x x2
e 12 x 0 1 2x
0 8 2 16 x
1 2x
e 12 x
8 2 16 x
e 12 x 2 16 x 16 x 2e 12 x 0
No. 5
1, e 2 x cos x, e 2 x sin x
y1 1, y '1 0, y"1 0, y" '1 0
y1" '4 y1"5 y1 ' 0 0 0 0
y 2 e 2 x cos x, y ' 2 2e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x
y 2 " 4e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x 4e 2 x sin x 2e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x cos x 6e 2 x sin x
y 2 ' " 4e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x 12e 2 x sin x 6e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x cos x 14e 2 x sin x
y 2 " '4 y 2 "5 y 2 ' 2e 2 x cos x 14e 2 x sin x 8e 2 x cos x 24e 2 x sin x 10e 2 x cos x 10e 2 x sin x 0
y 3 e 2 x sin x, y3 ' 2e 2 x sin x e 2 x cos x
y3 " 4e 2 x sin x 2e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x cos x e 2 x sin x 4e 2 x cos x 3e 2 x sin x
y3 " ' 8e 2 x cos x 4e 2 x sin x 6e 2 x sin x 3e 2 x cos x 11e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x
y 3 " '4 y 3 "5 y 3 ' 11e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x 16e 2 x cos x 12e 2 x sin x 10e 2 x sin x 5e 2 x cos x 0
1 e 2 x cos x e 2 x sin x
W 0 e 2 x 2 cos x sin x e 2 x 2 sin x cos x
0 e 2 x 3 cos x 4 sin x e 2 x 4 cos x 3 sin x

e 2 x 2 cos x sin x e 2 x 2 sin x cos x



e 2 x 3 cos x 4 sin x e 2 x 4 cos x 3 sin x
2 cos x sin x 2 sin x cos x
e4x Row14+Row2
3 cos x 4 sin x 4 cos x 3 sin x
2 cos x sin x 2 sin x cos x
e4x
5 cos x 5 sin x
2 cos x sin x 2 sin x cos x
5e 4 x
cos x sin x

5e 4 x 2 cos x sin x sin 2 x 2 cos x sin x cos 2 x
5e 4 x sin 2 x cos 2 x 5e 4 x 0

No. 6
1, x 2 , x 4
y1 1, y '1 0, y"1 0, y" '1 0
x 2 y1" '3xy1"3 y1 ' 0 0 0 0
y 2 x 2 , y ' 2 2 x, y 2 " 2, y 2 " ' 0
x 2 y 2 " '3 xy2 "3 y 2 ' x 2 0 3 x 2 3 2 x 6 x 6 x 0
y 3 x 4 , y3 ' 4 x 3 , y3 " 12 x 2 , y3 " ' 24 x
x 2 y3 " '3 xy3 "3 y3 ' x 2 24 x 3 x 12 x 2 3 4 x 3 24 x 3 36 x 3 12 x 3 0
1 x2 x4
2x 4x3
W 0 2 x 4x3
2
24 x 3 8 x 3 16 x 3 0 x 0
2 12 x
0 2 12 x 2
No. 7
No. 8
x2 ,1 x2 , 0
2

2
If k1 x k 2 1 x k 3 0 0 , k1 0, k 2 0, k 3 0
Linearly dependent.
No. 9
tan x, cot x,
4
tan x cotx
4
sec 2 x csc 2 x
W sec 2 x csc 2 x 0
4
2 2 2 tan x sec 2 x 2cotx csc 2 x
2 tan x sec x 2cotx csc x 0

sec 2 x csc 2 x

2
tan x sec 2 x cotx csc 2 x

cot x sec 2 x csc 2 x tan x sec 2 x csc 2 x
2

cos 2 x sin 2 x


2 2
2 2
0
3 3
sin x cos x sin x cos x 3 3
sin x cos x sin x cos 3 x
3
Linearly independent at any point.
No.10
x x 2 x
e , xe , x e
ex xe x x 2e x
W e x 1 x e x 2 x x 2 e x
e x 2 x e x 2 4 x x 2 e x

1 x 2 4 x x 2 e3 x x 2 x x 2 e3 x x 2 2 x e3 x
x 2 1 x e 3 x x 2 4 x x 2 e3 x 2 x 2 x x 2 e3 x
2 4x x 2 2x 4x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 3
e3x
x 2 x3 2 x 4 x 2 x3 4 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x3

2e 3 x 0
Linearly independent.
No.11
e x cos x, e x sin x, e x
e x cos x e x sin x e x
W e x cos x sin x e x cos x sin x e x
2e x sin x 2e x cos x e x
cos x sin x 1
3x
e cos x sin x cos x sin x 1
2 sin x 2 cos x 1
cos x sin x 1
3x
e sin x cos x 0
2 sin x cos x 2 cos x sin x 0
sin x cos x
e 3x
2 sin x cos x 2 cos x sin x

e 3 x 2 cos x sin x sin 2 x 2 cos x sin x cos 2 x
e 3 x sin 2 x cos 2 x e 3 x 0
Linearly independent.

No. 12
cos 2 x, sin 2 x, cos 2 x
cos 2 x cos 2 sin 2 x
Linearly dependent.
No. 13
sin x, cos x, sin2 x
sin x cos x sin 2 x
W cos x sin x 2 cos 2 x
sin x cos x 4 sin 2 x
sin x cos x sin 2 x
cos x sin x 2 cos 2 x
0 0 3 sin 2 x
sin x cos x
3 sin 2 x
cos x sin x

3 sin 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x 0
Linearly independent.
No. 14
cos 2 x, sin 2 x, 2
2 2 cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x
2 cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x 1 2 0
Linearly dependent.
No. 15
cosh x, sinh x, e x
x x
cosh x e e
2
e ex
x
cosh x
2
e x cosh x sinh x
Linearly dependent.
No. 16

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