ESCUELA DE INGENIERA MECNICA

CURSO: TERMODINMICA I

Tarea No. 7 Exerga

Nota: Recuerde en cada problema dibujar el esquema del sistema y sus alrededores, los diagramas
de propiedades adecuados (incluyendo los que involucran entropa) y listar las suposiciones.

1. Presente un resumen de la seccin 7.3 y del tema de inters del captulo 7 Aspectos de la
segunda ley en la vida diaria del libro de Cengel.

2. A vessel contains 1 kg of air at 4 bar and 97C. Using the ideal gas model, determine the
specific exergy of the air, in kJ/kg. The air is at rest and negligible elevation relative to the
exergy reference environment for which T0 = 15C, p0 = 1 bar.
(Ans. 44.85 kJ/kg)

3. Consider 1 kg of steam initially at 7 bar and 200C as the system. Determine the change in
exergy, in kJ, for each of the following processes.
(a) The system is heated at constant pressure until its volume is doubled.
(b) The system expands isothermally until its volume is doubled.
Let T0 = 15C, p0 = 1 bar.
(Ans. +355.6 kJ, -50.45 kJ)

4. A gearbox operating at steady state receives 20 horsepower along the input shaft while
delivering 18 horsepower along the output shaft. The outer surface is at 110F. For the gearbox,
determine the rate of exergy transfer accompanying work, the rate of exergy transfer
accompanying heat, and the irreversibility rate, each in Btu/s. Determine the total irreversibility
(system + surroundings). Let T0 = 500R.
(Ans. -1.41Btu/s, -0.174 Btu/s, 1.24Btu/s, 1.41Btu/s)

5. Three devices, each operating at steady state, are under consideration for delivering a heat
transfer at a use temperature, Tu = 140F. In each case, the energy loss by heat transfer from the
device to its surroundings is 10% of the supply. Energy is supplied to the devices as follows:
Device 1: A solar collector system that supplies heat at Ts = 240F.
Device 2: A solar collector system that supplies heat at Ts = 340F.
Device 3: An electrical resistance element that supplies heat at Ts = 540F.

For each case, evaluate the second law efficiency. Which alternative is preferred
thermodynamically? Let T0 = 40F.
(Ans. 52.5%, 40%, 30%)

6. 0.2 kg of water in a piston-cylinder device is initially at 0.9 MPa and a quality of 40%. The
water undergoes an internally reversible expansion at constant pressure and temperature to

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 saturated vapor while receiving energy through a thin wall from a thermal reservoir at 600 K.
Let T0 = 25C, p0 = 0.1 MPa.
(a) For the water as the system, evaluate the work, the heat transfer, the exergy transfer
accompanying work, the exergy transfer accompanying heat, and the irreversibility, each
in kJ.
(b) Evaluate the irreversibility, in kJ, for an enlarged system that includes the water and the
wall. Compare with the irreversibility of part (a) and comment on the difference.
(Ans. (a) 23.0 kJ, 243.7 kJ, 20.5 kJ, 81.7 kJ, 0, (b) 40.82 kJ)

7. A compressor operating at steady stale takes in 1 kg/s of air at 1 bar and 25C and compresses it
to 8 bar and 160C. The power input to the compressor is 230 kW, and heat transfer occurs from
the compressor to the surroundings at an average surface temperature of 80C.
(a) Perform a full exergy accounting of the power input to the compressor.
(b) Devise and evaluate a second law efficiency for the compressor.
(c) Evaluating exergy at 8 cents per kW-h, determine the hourly costs of the power input,
exergy loss associated with heat transfer, and exergy destruction.
Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. Let T0 = 25C, p0 = 1 bar.
(Ans. (a) exergy increase of air stream = 201.67 kW
exergy carried out by heat transfer = 14.60 kW
exergy destroyed = 13.63 kW
total = 229.90 kW,
(b) 87.7%, (c) $18/h; $1.17/h; $1.09/h)

Problemas adicionales (no deben entregarse):

8. One kg of air is contained in a closed, rigid, insulated tank. Initially the temperature is 280 K
and the pressure is 1 atm. Ninety Id of work are done on the air by a paddle wheel. For the air as
the system, determine the change in exergy, the transfer of exergy accompanying work, and the
irreversibility, all in kJ. Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects and let T0 = 280 K, p0 = 1
atm..
(Ans. 15.64 kJ, -90 kJ, 74.36 kJ)

9. An isolated system consists of two solid blocks. One block has a mass of 5 kg and is initially at
300C. The other block has a mass of 10 kg and is initially at -50C. The blocks are allowed to
come into thermal equilibrium. Assuming the blocks are incompressible with constant specific
heats of 1 and 0.4 kJ/kg-K, respectively, determine
(a) the final temperature, in C.
(b) the irreversibility, in kJ,
Let T0 = 27C.
(Ans. 144.3C, 276.99 kJ)

10. An electrical resistor is used in a furnace, as illustrated in the figure. At steady state, electrical
power is supplied to the resistor at a rate of 8.5 kW per meter of length to maintain it at 1500 K
when the furnace walls are at 500 K. For the resistor as the system, determine the rate of exergy
transfer accompanying heat and the irreversibility rate, each in kW per meter of length. Let T0 =
300 K.

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 (Ans. -6.8 kW/m, 1.7 kW/m)

11. An industrial process requires a liquid water stream at 180F, 1 atm. It is proposed to obtain this
condition at steady state by mixing a stream of liquid water at 50F, 1 atm with steam supplied
from a boiler as saturated vapor at 1 atm. If the irreversibility of the mixing chamber cannot be
permitted to exceed 145,000 Btu/h, determine the range of values allowed for the mass flow rate
of the liquid water stream. Neglect kinetic and potential energy and heat transfer with the
surroundings. Let T0 = 77F, p0 = 1 atm.
(Ans. 2.24 lb/s)

12. Two alternative systems operating at steady state are under consideration for bringing air from
17C to 52C at an essentially constant pressure of 1 bar. The systems operate as follows:
System 1: The air temperature is increased as a consequence of the stirring of a liquid
surrounding a line containing the air.
System 2: The air temperature is increased by passing it through one side of a counterflow heat
exchanger. On the other side, steam condenses at a pressure of 1 bar from saturated
vapor to saturated liquid.

On the basis of thermodynamic principles, which alternative would be preferred? Ignore all
kinetic and potential energy effects and assume that no significant heat transfer with the
surroundings occurs. Use the ideal gas model for the air. Let T0 = 17C, p0 = 1 bar.
(Ans. System 2)