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Solubility Equil2014 PDF

This document discusses solubility equilibria and the solubility product constant (Ksp). It defines Ksp as the product of the molar concentrations of ions in a saturated solution of an ionic compound. A compound dissolves until its ion product equals its Ksp value. The document provides examples of calculating Ksp from concentrations and calculating concentrations from a given Ksp. It also discusses when precipitation will occur based on comparisons of the ion product to Ksp. Precipitation occurs when the ion product is greater than Ksp, indicating the solution is supersaturated.

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Khaled Abeed
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71 views5 pages

Solubility Equil2014 PDF

This document discusses solubility equilibria and the solubility product constant (Ksp). It defines Ksp as the product of the molar concentrations of ions in a saturated solution of an ionic compound. A compound dissolves until its ion product equals its Ksp value. The document provides examples of calculating Ksp from concentrations and calculating concentrations from a given Ksp. It also discusses when precipitation will occur based on comparisons of the ion product to Ksp. Precipitation occurs when the ion product is greater than Ksp, indicating the solution is supersaturated.

Uploaded by

Khaled Abeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SolubilityEquil 1

Solubility Equilibrium

Solubility Product

If an insoluble or slightly soluble material placed in water then


there is Equilibrium between solid and ions in solution

for AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

K = [Ag+] [Cl-] but there is no conc for pure solid [AgCl]


[AgCl]

so just write

Ksp = [Ag+] [ Cl-]

Ksp is solubility product


Ksp is function of temperature table of values at 25C
Concentration is in mol/L

Ksp (AgCl) = 1.7 x10-10


Ksp (PbCl2) = 1.6 x10-5

More soluble then more ions in solution and Ksp is larger value

Example - Bisthmium Sulfide

For Bi2S3 2 Bi3+ + 3 S2-

Write Ksp = [Bi3+]2 [S2-]3

Must account for all ions present but not solid


SolubilityEquil 2

Ksp Problems

1. Know concentrations find Ksp

2. Know Ksp find concentrations

Example (1) :

For Silver Chromate


Maximum 7.8 x10-5 mol Ag2CrO4 dissolves in 1 L of water
Find Ksp = ?

Ag2CrO4 2 Ag+ + CrO42-

Ksp = [Ag+]2 [CrO42-]

Ksp = [ ( 2 ) ( 7.8 x10-5 ) ]2 [ 7.8 x10-5 ]


Ksp = 1.9 x10-12

Example (2):

For CaF2 given that Ksp = 3.9 x10-11


find concentrations in saturated solution [Ca2+] = ? [F-] = ?

CaF2 Ca2+ + 2 F-
x 2x

Ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2


3.9 x10-11 = [x] [2x]2
3.9 x10-11 = 4x3
x = 2.1 x10-4

So
[Ca2+] = 2.1 x10-4 mol/L
[F-] = 4.2 x10-4 mol/L
SolubilityEquil 3

Corrections to Model

Complications in this model occur and less correct if:


1. at higher concentrations
2. if other ions present

A more complex analysis uses activities in place of concentrations but we can


ignore this correction.

Example when Ksp does not predict correctly due to salt effect solubility of a
salt is increased by presence of other ions in solution

AgCl 20% more soluble in 0.20 M KNO3, other ions surround ions in solution so
more stable and tend to stay in solution

Normally dont have such complications for dilute solutions (can ignore)
SolubilityEquil 4

Precipitation

The formula for the concentrations used to calculate the Ksp is the ion product

[Ag+] [Cl-]
[Bi3+] 2 [S2-]3
[Ag+] 2 [CrO42-]

Ion product (IP) actual concentrations present

Relation between Ksp and ion product

Ion product < Ksp Unsaturated solution


Ion product = Ksp Saturated solution
Ion product > Ksp Supersaturated solution expect precipitate will form

Supersaturated dissolve at one temperature where Ksp greater, then allow temp to
come to desired value if ions stay in solution then IP > Ksp

Normally,
Unless special information given
IP > Ksp Precipitate will form
IP Ksp No precipitate

IP Example-
Will precipitate form from
10 mL of 0.010M AgNO3 and 10 mL 0.0001 M NaCl mixed
if Ksp = 1.7 x10-10 AgCl ?

(Conc.) (Vol.) = (mol)

moles of Ag+ = (0.01 mol/L) (0.010 L) = 1.0 x10-4 mol


Cl- = (1.0 x10-4 mol/L) (0.010 L) = 1.0 x10-6 mol

Conc. after dilution (1.0 x10-4 mol)/ (0.020 L) = 5.0 x10-3 M Ag+
(1.0 x10-6 mol)/ (0.020 L) = 5.0 x10-5 M Cl-

[Ag+] [Cl-] = 2.5 x10-7 > Ksp


AgCl will precipitate!
SolubilityEquil 5

IP Example

Will precipitate form from?


0.001M Mg(NO3)2 in pH = 9.0
given Ksp = 8.98 x10-12 Mg(OH)2

So first find pOH = 5.0


then [OH-] = 1.0 x10-5

IP = [Mg2+] [OH-]2
= [1.0 x10-3] [1.0 x10-5 ] 2
= 1.0 x10-13 < Ksp
No precipitate

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