LANCO INFRATECH LIMITED

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION

1. Collection of Drawings :
Soon after the receipt of Work Order we shall collect all the approved drawings from
the client/consultant

2. Survey work :
We shall furnish all tools, plants, instruments, qualified supervisory personnel, labour,
materials, any temporary works, consumable, any and everything necessary. We shall
carry out the survey of the site before excavation and set properly all lines and
establish levels for various works such as earthwork in excavation for grading,
basement, foundations, plinth filling, roads, drains, cable trenches, pipelines etc. Such
survey shall be carried out by taking accurate cross sections of the area perpendicular
to established reference/grid lines at 8 m intervals or nearer as determined by
Engineer based on ground profile. These shall be checked by Engineer and thereafter
properly recorded.
Excavation shall be done to correct lines and levels. This shall also include, where
required, proper shoring to maintain excavation and also the furnishing, erecting and
maintaining of substantial barricades around excavated areas and warning lamps at
night for ensuring safety.

3. CLEARING
The area to be excavated filled shall be cleared of fences, trees, plants, logs, stumps,
bush, vegetation, rubbish, slush, etc. and other objectionable matter. If any roots or
stumps of trees are met during excavation, they shall also be removed. The material so
removed shall be burnt or disposal off as directed by Engineer. Where earth fill is
intended, the area shall be stripped of all loose/soft patches, topsoil containing
objectionable matter/materials before fill commences.

4. EXCAVATION
All excavation work shall be carried out by mechanical equipment's unless, in the
opinion of Engineer, the work involved and time schedule permit manual work.

Excavation for permanent work shall be taken out to such widths, lengths, depths and
profiles as are shown on the drawings or such other lines and grades as may be
specified by Engineer. Rough excavation shall be carried out to a depth 150 mm
above the final level. The balance shall be excavated with special care. Soft pockets
shall be removed even below the final level and extra excavation filled up as directed
by Engineer should be carried out just prior to laying the mud-mat.

All excavation shall be done to the minimum dimensions as required for safety and
working facility. Prior approval of Engineer shall be obtained by us in each individual
cases, for the methods he proposes to adopt for the excavation, including dimensions,
side slopes, dewatering, disposal, etc.

5. FILL, BACK FILLING AND SITE GRADING

 As the work in foundations has been accepted and measured, the spaces around the
foundations, structures, pits, trenches etc, shall be cleared of all debris, and filled with
earth in layers not exceeding 45 cm., each layer being watered, rammed and properly
consolidated, before the succeeding one is laid. Each layer shall be consolidated to the
satisfaction of Engineer. Earth shall be rammed with approved mechanical
compaction machines. The final backfill surface shall be trimmed and leveled to
proper profile

Plinth filling shall be carried out with approved material as described above in layers
not exceeding 45 cm, watered and compacted with mechanical compaction machines.
The final backfill surface shall be trimmed and leveled to specified profile. At places
backfilling shall be carried out with local sand if directed by Engineer.

Filling in trenches for pipes and drains shall be commenced as soon as the joints of
pipe and drains have been tested and passed. The backfilling materials shall be
properly consolidated by watering and ramming, taking due care that no damage is
caused to the pipes.

Site grading shall be carried out as indicated in the drawings and as directed by
Engineer. Excavation shall be carried out as specified in the specification. Filling and
compaction shall be carried out as specified.

6. LAYING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS/SPECIALS

a. CARTING AND HANDLING

Pipes and fittings/specials shall be transported from the factory to the work sites at
places along the alignment of pipeline as directed by Owner/ Engineer. We shall be
responsible for the safety of pipes and fittings/specials in transit, loading/unloading.
Every care shall be exercised in handling pipes and fittings/specials to avoid damage.
ropes or by any other approved means. Padding shall be provided any other approved
means. Padding shall be provided between coated pipes, fittings/ specials and timber
skids to avoid damage to the coating. The pipes shall be checked for any visible
damage (such as broken edges, cracking or spalling of pipe) while unloading and shall
be sorted out for reclamation. Any pipe, which shows sufficient damage to preclude it
from being used, shall be discarded. Dragging of pipes and fittings/specials along
concrete and similar pavement with hard surfaces shall be prohibited. Pipes can be
brought to site only after the mandatory tests i.e. are completed and pipe lots
accepted. i.e. Cube tests, T.E.B., Hydrostatic, water absorption test.

b. STORAGE
Each stack of pipes shall contain only pipes of same class and size, with consignment
or batch number marked on it with particulars of suppliers wherever possible. Storage
shall be done on firm level and clean ground and Wedges shall be provided at the
bottom layer to keep the stack stable. The stack shall be in pyramid shape or the pipes
laid length-wise and crosswise in alternate layers. The pyramid stack shall be made
for smaller diameter pipes for conserving space in storing them. The height of the
 stock shall not exceed 1.5m. Fittings/specials shall be stacked under cover and
separated from pipes.
Rubber rings shall be stored in a clean, cool store away from windows, boiler,
electrical equipment and petrol, oils or other chemicals. Particularly in the field where
the rubber rings are being used it is desirable that they are not left out on the ground in
the sun or overnight under heavy frost or snow conditions.

c. EXCAVATION
Before excavating the trench the alignment of pipeline shall be approved by
Owner/Engineer. The excavation of trenches and pits for manholes/ chambers shall be
carried out in accordance with the Technical Specification: Section-D1 and shall be
done such that it does note get far ahead of the laying operating as approved by
Owner/Engineer. The relevant Indian Standards and the rules and regulations of local
authorities in regards to safety provisions shall be observed.
During excavation, large stones and rubble shall be separated and removed from the
excavated soil and stacked separately. The material from excavation shall be
deposited on either side of the trench leaving adequate clear distance from the edges
of the trench and pit, or as may be necessary to prevent the sides of the trench pit to
slip or fall, or at such a distance and in such a manner as to avoid covering fire
hydrants, sluice valves, manholes covers etc. and so as to avoid abutting the wall or
structure or causing inconvenience to the public and other service organizations or
otherwise as Owner/engineer may direct.
When Welding is to be carried out with the pipes and specials in the trench, additional
excavation of not more than 60 cm in depth and 90 cm in length shall be made at
joints in order to facilitate Welding.
The excess excavated material shall be carried away from site of works to a place up
to a distance as directed by Owner/Engineer. This shall be done immediately so as not
to cause any inconvenience to the public or traffic. If the instructions from Engineer
are not implemented within seven days from the date of instructions to cart the
materials and to clear the site, the same shall be carried out by Owner/Engineer and
any claim or dispute shall not be entertained in this respect.

d. BEDDING
The type of bedding for pipes shall be as per specifications.

e. LAYING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS/SPECIALS

All precautions shall be taken during excavation and laying operations to guard
against possible damage to any existing structure/pipeline of water, gas, sewage etc.
After excavation of trenches, pipes shall not be lowered unless the dimensions of
trenches and bedding work for pipes at the bottom of the trenches are approved and
measured by Owner/Engineer. Pipes and fittings/specials shall be carefully lowered in
the trenches. Special arrangements such as cranes, tripods with chain pulley block for
lowering the pipes and fitting/specials shall be made by us. In no case pipes and
fittings/specials shall be dropped. Slings of canvas or equally non-abrasive material of
suitable width or special attachment to fit the ends of pipes and fittings/specials shall
be used to lift and lower the coated pipes and fittings/specials. The pipes and
fittings/specials shall be inspected for defects and is rung with slight hammer
preferably while suspended to detect cracks.
All the pipes are to be laid perfectly true both in alignment and to gradient specified.
In case of spigot and socket pipe the socket end of the pipe shall face upstream,
except when the pipeline runs uphill in which case the socket ends should face the
 upgrade. The laying of pipes shall always proceed upgrade of a slope. After placing a
pipe in the trench, the spigot end shall be centered in the socket and the pipe forced
home and aligned to required gradient. The pipes shall be secured in place with
approved backfill material tamped under it except at the socket. Pipes and
fittings/specials, which do not allow a sufficient and uniform space for joints, shall be
removed and replaced with pipes and fittings/specials of proper dimensions to ensure
such uniform space.
The cutting of pipe for inserting valves, fittings or specials shall be done in a neat and
workman like manner without damage to the pipe so as to leave a smooth end at right
angles to the axis of the pipe. For this purpose, pipe-cutting machine shall be used.

f. THRUST BLOCKS
Thrust blocks shall be provided, to counteract hydraulic thrust, at places wherever
directed by Owner/Engineer and as per relevant drawing.

g. LAYING OF PIPES
The laying of RCC pipes shall conform to Technical Specifications

h. JOINTING
1 GENERAL
Jointing of RCC pipes shall be done as per the requirements of following
specifications and as per the relevant IS. The type of joints shall be as per
Specifications. After jointing, extraneous material, if any, shall be removed from the
inside of the pipe and the newly made joints shall be thoroughly cured. In case,
rubber-sealing rings are used for jointing, these shall conform to IS 5382 and shall be
of such type as mentioned in `Specifications.

2 SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINT (RIGID)

The spigot of each pipe shall be slipped home well into the socket of the pipe
previously laid and adjusted in the correct position. The opening of the joint shall be
filled with stiff mixture of cement mortar in the proportion as, which shall be rammed
with caulking tool. This joint is used for low-pressure pipeline.

3 COLLAR JOINT (RIGID)

After laying the RCC pipes at proper alignment and gradient their abutting faces shall
be coated with hot bitumen in liquid condition by means of a brush. The Wedge-
shaped groove in the end of the pipe shall then be filled with a tarred gasket in one
length for each joint. The collar shall then be slipped over the end of the pipe and the
next pipe butted well against the tarred gasket by suitable appliances approved by
Owner/Engineer so as to thoroughly compress the tarred gasket into the grooves, care
being taken that the concentricity of the pipes and levels are not disturbed during this
operation. The collar shall then be placed symmetrically over the end of the two pipes
and the space between the inside of the collar and the outside of the pipe filled with a
mixture of cement and sand as specified, tempered with just sufficient water to have a
consistency of the semi-dry conditions, Well packed and thoroughly rammed with
caulking tools. The joints shall be finished off with a fillet sloping at 45( to the side of
the pipe. The finished joints shall be protected and cured thoroughly as directed by
Owner/Engineer. Any plastic solution or cement mortar that may have been squeezed
into the inside of the pipe shall be removed so as to leave the inside of the pipe
perfectly clean.
4 FLUSH JOINT (INTERNAL)
This joint shall be generally used for culvert pipes of 900-mm diameter and over. The
ends of the pipes are specially shaped to form a self-centering joint with an internal
jointing space 13-mm wide. The finished joint is flush with both inside and outside
with the pipe wall. The jointing space is filled with cement mortar in the proportion as
specified, mixed sufficiently dry to remain in position when forced with a trowel or
rammed.

5 FLUSH JOINT (EXTERNAL)

This joint is suitable for pipes which are too small for jointing from inside. This joint
is composed of specially shaped pipe ends. Each end shall be butted against each
other and adjusted in correct position. The jointing space shall then be filled with
cement mortar as specified, sufficiently dry and finished off flush. Great care shall be
taken to ensure that the projecting ends are not damaged as no repairs can be readily
affected from inside the pipe.

6 SPIGOT AND SOCKET (SEMI-FLEXIBLE)

This joint is composed of specially shaped spigot and socket ends on the RCC pipes.
A rubber ring as specified in Specifications, shall be lubricated and then placed on the
spigot, which is forced into the socket of the pipe previously laid. This compresses the
rubber ring as it rolls into the annular space formed between the two surfaces of the
spigot and socket, stiff mixture of cement and mortar as specified, shall then be filled
into the remaining annular space with a caulking tool.

7 COLLAR JOINT (SEMI-FLEXIBLE)

This joint is made up of a loose collar, which covers two specially shaped pipe ends.
Each end shall be fitted with a rubber ring as specified which when compressed
between the spigot and collar, seals the joint. Stiff mixture of cement mortar as
specified shall then be filled into the remaining annular space and rammed with a
caulking tool.

8 SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINT (FLEXIBLE)

The RCC pipe with the rubber ring accurately positioned on the spigot shall be pushed
Well home into the socket of the previously laid pipe by means of uniformly applied
pressure with the aid of a jack or similar appliance. The RCC pipes shall be of spigot
and socket type and rubber rings as specified in Specifications, shall be used, and the
manufacturers instructions shall be deemed to form a part of these specifications. The
rubber rings shall be lubricated before making the joint and the lubricant shall be soft
soap water or an approved lubricant supplied by the manufacturer.

i. TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

Testing and commissioning of pipes shall be done in accordance with the relevant
specifications.

j. BACKFILLING
Trenches shall be backfilled with approved selected excavated material only after the
successful testing of the pipeline. The tamping around the pipe shall be done by hand
or other hand-operated mechanical means. The water content of the soil shall be as
near the optimum moisture content as possible. Filling of the trench shall be carried
 out simultaneously on both sides of the pipe in such a manner that unequal pressure
does not occur. Backfilling shall be done in layers not exceeding 30 cm. Each layer
shall be consolidated by watering, ramming, care being taken to avoid damage to the
pipeline. In case of mild steel pipes/specials, the spiders provided during assembly
and Welding shall be retained until the trench is refilled and consolidated. Where
timbers are placed under the pipeline to aid alignment, these timbers shall be removed
before backfilling.

k. CLEARING OF SITE
All surplus materials, and all tools and temporary structures shall be removed from
the site as directed by Owner/Engineer and the construction site left clean to the
satisfaction of Owner/Engineer

7. ANCILLARY WORKS-MANHOLES AND VENT SHAFTS

a. MANHOLES

1 EXCAVATION
Excavation, shoring, dewatering etc. for the pits of manholes shall be done in
accordance with Technical Specification for excavation, shoring and dewatering and
Technical Specification: for laying of pipes and fittings/specials. The rate quoted for
manhole shall be inclusive of excavation and backfilling, bailing or pumping out
water and shoring.

2 BED CONCRETE
The bed concrete for manholes shall be done in accordance with specification
Technical Specification.

3 BRICK MASONRY
All bricks shall be thoroughly soaked in clean water for at least one hour immediately
before being laid. The cement mortar for brick masonry work of manholes shall be in
the proportion specified in 3.5.1. Brick work 230 mm thick and over shall be laid in
English Bond unless otherwise specified. 115 mm thick brickwork shall be laid with
stretchers. For laying bricks, a layer of mortar shall be spread over the full width of
suitable length of the lower course. Each brick shall be pressed into the mortar and
shoved into final position so as to embed the brick fully in mortar. Bricks shall be laid
with frogs uppermost.
Brick shall be so laid that all joints are well filled with mortar. The thickness of joints
shall not be less than 6 mm and not more than 10 mm. The face joints shall be raked
to a minimum depth of 12 mm by raking tools daily during the progress of work when
the mortar is still green, so as to provide a proper key for the plastering to be done.
When plastering is not required to be done, the joints shall be uniform in thickens and
be struck flush and finished at the time of laying. The face of brickwork shall be
cleaned daily and all mortar droppings removed. The surface of each course shall be
thoroughly cleaned of all dirt before another course is laid on top. If mortar in the
lower courses has begun to set, the joints shall be raked out to a depth of 12 mm
before another course is laid. No extra payment will be made for raking joints.

4 CEMENT PLASTER
 All joints in masonry shall be raked to a depth of 12 mm with a hooked tool made for
the purpose when the mortar is still green and in any case within 48 hours of its
laying. The surface to be rendered shall be washed with fresh clean water free from all
dirt, loose material, grease etc. and thoroughly Wetted for 6 hours before plastering
work is commenced. Concrete surfaces to be rendered will however be kept dry. The
wall should not be too wet but only damp at the time of plastering. The damping shall
be uniform to get uniform bond between the plaster and the wall.
Plastering work shall be carried out in two layers, the first layer being 14 mm thick
and the second layer being 6 mm thick. The first layer shall be dashed against the
prepared surface with a trowel to obtain an even surface. The second layer shall then
be applied and finished leaving an even and uniform surface, trowel finished unless
otherwise directed by Owner/Engineer.

5 PIPE ENTERING OR LEAVING MANHOLE

Whenever a pipe enters or leaves a manhole, bricks on edge must be cut to a proper
form and laid around the upper end of the pipe so as to form an arch. All around the
pipes, there shall be a joint of cement mortar (1:2) 13-mm thick between it and the
bricks.

6 CAST IRON STEPS

Cast iron steps shall be as per IS: 5455. The steps shall be of grey cast iron or grade
15 as per IS 210. The steps shall be clean, well cast and they shall be free from air and
sand holes, cold shuts and wrappings. The portion of the step, which projects, from
the wall of the manhole shall have a raised chequered design to provide and adequate
non-slip grip. C.I. steps shall weigh not less than 4.5 kg each and shall be of 150 mm
x 375 mm overall dimensions. These steps shall be coated with a black bituminous
composition. The coating shall be smooth and tenacious. It shall not flow when
exposed to a temperature of 63 degrees C and shall not be brittle as to chip of at
temperature of 0 degree C.
Where the depth of invert of manhole exceeds 800 mm, cast iron steps of approved
patterns hall be fixed in the brickwork at the interval of 300 mm vertically and
staggered at 360 mm horizontally centre to centre. In case of pipe diameter greater
than 600 mm, box type C.I. steps weighing 19 kg each shall be provided at 300 mm
vertically in the channel of manhole as per drawing.
Plastic molded/coated steps should be as per drawings and Abstract sheet

7 FRAME AND COVERS

Frame and covers for manholes shall be of required type and dimensions as per the
relevant drawings and as specified

8 CONCRETE
a. General
Concrete grade shall be as designated on drawings. In concrete grade M15, M20, M25
etc. the number represents the specified characteristic compressive strength of 150
mm cube at 28 days, expressed in N/sq.mm as per IS : 456. Concrete in the works
shall be Design Mix Concrete or Normal Mix Concrete. All concrete works of
grade M5, M7.5 and M10 shall be Nominal whereas all other grades, M15 and
above, shall be Design Mix Concrete.

b. Mix Design and Testing

 For Design Mix Concrete, the mix shall be designed according to IS : 10262 and SP:
23 to provide the grade of concrete having the required workability and characteristics
strength not less than appropriate values given in IS : 456.

Batching and Mixing of Concrete

Proportions of aggregates and cement, as decided by the concrete mix design, shall be
by weight. These proportions shall be maintained during subsequent concrete
batching by means of weigh batchers capable of controlling the weights within one
percent of the desired value.
d. Nominal Mix Concrete

Mix Design and Testing

Mix design and preliminary tests are not necessary for Nominal mix Concrete.
However works tests shall be carried out as per IS : 456. Proportions for Nominal Mix
Concrete and water / cement ratio may by adopted as per Table 3 of IS : 456.
However it will be Contractors sole responsibility to adopt appropriate nominal mix
proportions to yield the specified strength.
Batching and Mixing Concrete
Based on the adopted nominal mixes, aggregates and cement shall be measured by
weight.

e FORM WORK
Form work shall be all inclusive and shall consist of but not limited to shores,
bracings, sides of footings, walls, beams and columns, bottom of slabs etc. including
ties, anchors, hangers, inserts, false work, wedges etc. The design and engineering of
the formwork as well as its construction shall be our responsibility. However, if so
desired by Engineer the drawings and calculations for the design of the formwork
shall be submitted to Engineer for approval.

f TRANSPORTING, PLACING AND COMPACTING CONCRETE

Concrete shall be transported from the mixing plant to the formwork with minimum
time lapse by methods that shall maintain the required workability and will prevent
segregation, loss of any ingredients or ingress of foreign matter or water.
Concrete shall not be placed in flowing water. Under water, concrete shall be placed
in position by tremies or by pipeline from the mixer and shall never be allowed to fall
freely through the water.
Concrete shall normally be compacted in its final position within thirty minutes of
leaving the mixer. Concrete shall be compacted during placing with approved
vibrating equipment without causing segregation until it forms a solid mass free from
voids thoroughly worked around reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into all
corners of the formwork. Immersion vibrators shall be inserted vertically at points not
more than 450 mm apart and withdrawn slowly till air bubbles cease to come to
surface, leaving no voids. When placing concrete in layers advancing horizontally,
care shall be taken to ensure adequate vibration, blending and melding of the concrete
between successive layers. Vibrators shall not be allowed to come in contact with
reinforcement, formwork and finished surfaces after start of initial set. Over vibration
shall be avoided.

g MASS CONCRETE WORKS

 Sequence of pouring for mass concrete works shall be as approved by Engineer. The
Contractor shall exercise great care to prevent shrinkage cracks and shall monitor the
temperature of the placed concrete if directed.

h CURING
All concrete, unless directed otherwise by Engineer, shall be cured by use of
continuous sprays or ponded water or continuously saturated coverings of sacking,
canvas, hessain or other absorbent material for the period of complete hydration with
a minimum of 7 days. The quality of curing water shall be the same as that used for
mixing.

9 Site Clearance:
On completion of work, all constructional plant, surplus materials, rubbish, temporary
works shall be removed from site leaving the whole of the site and works clean and in
a workmanlike condition.