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OS L1intro 2017

An operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware and users. It performs important functions like managing concurrency through time slicing applications, providing virtual memory, supporting multiprocessors, managing file systems, and providing security. Common operating system types include batch systems, time-sharing/multi-tasking systems, and distributed systems. The OS handles I/O through device drivers and interrupt-driven or DMA I/O operations. Modern computers often use symmetric multiprocessing with multiple peer processors that share physical memory.

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32 views

OS L1intro 2017

An operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware and users. It performs important functions like managing concurrency through time slicing applications, providing virtual memory, supporting multiprocessors, managing file systems, and providing security. Common operating system types include batch systems, time-sharing/multi-tasking systems, and distributed systems. The OS handles I/O through device drivers and interrupt-driven or DMA I/O operations. Modern computers often use symmetric multiprocessing with multiple peer processors that share physical memory.

Uploaded by

Riajimin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OPERATING SYSTEMS

LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION

K.ARIVUSELVAN
Assistant Professor (SG) (SITE)
VIT University
Why Operating system?

A modern computer consists of:

One or more processors

Main memory

Disks

Printers

Various input/output devices

Managing all these varied components requires a layer of software


the operating system
What is an Operating System?

An Operating System is a program that acts as an


intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
What is an operating system?
Software that provides an elaborate illusion to applications
Important features of OS:

(1) ABSTRACTION:

Hides details of different hardware configurations

(2) ARBITRATION:

Manages access to shared hardware resources


OS Functions

(1) Concurrency:

Give every application the illusion of having its own CPU!


Concurrency <<< . >>> HOW?

The OS timeslices each application on a single CPU

Switches between applications extremely rapidly, i.e., 100 times/sec


OS Functions

(2) Virtual Memory:

Give every application the illusion of having infinite memory

And, that it can access any memory address it likes!

In reality, RAM is split across multiple applications


OS Functions

(3) Multiprocessor support:

Modern systems have multiple CPUs


Can run multiple applications in parallel

(4) Filesystems:

Real disks have a sector-based access model


User applications see flat files arranged in a hierarchical
namespace

(5) Security and protection:

Prevent multiple apps from interfering with each other and with
normal system operation
OS TYPES
(1) In the Beginning...

There was no OS just libraries

Computer only ran one program at a time, so no need for an OS


OS TYPES

(2) Simple batch systems

(mid1950s mid 1960s)

Permanently resident OS in primary memory

Loaded a single job from card reader, ran it.

Cons:

Lack of interaction between user & Job


CPU is Often Idle
IBM Model 701 (Early 1950's)
IBM 7094 (Early 1960's)
IBM Model 704 (Early 1969)
(3) Multi Programming System:

IDEA: Multiple Jobs reside in Main memory


(CPU Switched between jobs)

Pros:
CPU,Memory, I/O Utilized effectively

Cons:
No user interaction with the computer
system
(4) Time Sharing (Multi Tasking) (Tightly Coupled)

Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals

Processors time & Memory is shared among multiple users

The CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can interact


with each job while it is running, creating interactive computing

Each user have a impression that he has her own computer, but
actually one computer is being shared among many users
(5) Distributed Systems (Loosely Coupled)

Distribute Computation among several processors

Processors do not share memory (or) a clock

Processors communicate with one another through communication


lines

Pros:

Resource sharing ( Sharing files at remote sites)


Load sharing
Storage-device hierarchy
Events

Once the operating system is fully booted, and the system waits
for some event to occur.

The occurrence of an event is usually signalled by either the


hardware or the software.

Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time by sending a signal


to the CPU, usually by way of the system bus.

Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special


operation called a system call .
I/O Structure

A large portion of operating system code is dedicated to


managing I/O, because of the varying nature of the devices.

A general-purpose computer system consists of CPUs and


multiple device controllers that are connected through a common
bus.

Each device controller is in-charge of a specific type of device.

A device controller maintains some local buffer storage and a set


of special-purpose registers.

The device controller is responsible for moving the data between


the peripheral devices that it controls and its local buffer storage.
I/O Structure

The operating systems have a device driver for each device


controller.
This device driver understands the device controller and
provides a uniform interface to the device.
I/O operation

To start an I/O operation, the device driver loads the appropriate


registers within the device controller.

The device controller, in turn, examines the contents of these


registers to determine what action to take (such as read a
character from the keyboard).

The controller starts the transfer of data from the device to its
local buffer.

Once the transfer of data is complete, the device controller


informs the device driver via an interrupt that it has finished its
operation.

The device driver then returns control to the operating system,


possibly returning the data or a pointer to the data if the
operation was a read.
I/O operation
NOTE:

The interrupt-driven I/O is fine for moving small amounts of data


but can produce high overhead when used for bulk data
movement such as disk I/O.

Direct memory access (DMA):

The device controller transfers an entire block of data directly to


or from its own buffer storage to memory, with no intervention by
the CPU.

Only one interrupt is generated per block, to tell the device driver
that the operation has completed, rather than the one interrupt
per byte generated for low-speed devices.

While the device controller is performing these operations, the


CPU is available to accomplish other work.
Working of Modern computer system
Multiprocessor Systems

Also known as parallel systems or multicore systems.

Systems have two or more processors in close communication,


sharing the computer bus and sometimes the clock, memory, and
peripheral devices.

Types:

1. Asymmetric multiprocessing

2. Symmetric multiprocessing
Asymmetric multiprocessing

A boss processor controls the system; the other processors


either look to the boss for instruction or have predefined tasks.

The boss processor schedules and allocates work to the worker


processors.
Symmetric multiprocessing

In SMP all processors are peers; no bossworker relationship


exists between processors.

Each processor performs all tasks within the operating system.

Each processor has its own set of registers, as well as a private


or local cache. However, all processors share physical memory.

All modern operating systemsincluding Windows, Mac OS X,


and Linuxnow provide support for SMP.
Symmetric multiprocessing

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