THE STRESS ANALYSIS OF CRACKS HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION Hiroshi Tada Washington University Paul C. Paris Washington University and George R. Irwin University of MarylandCopyright © 2000 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ‘Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Tada, Hitoshi, 1939— ‘The Suess Analysis of Cracks Handbook / Hiroshi Tada, Paul C. Paris, and George R. Irwin; ed P. em, ISBN 0-7918-0153-5 1, Fracture Mechanics. 2. Strains and Stresses, 1 Paris, P. C. (Paul Croce), 1930- HL Irwin, George Rankin, 1907-1998 Mi. Title TA409.T33 2000 (00020557. 620.1°126 — de2 cp All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America, Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form oor by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE, HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN THIS WORK. NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION. THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS ‘ARE SUPPLYING INFORMATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSISTANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE ‘SOUGHT. ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced ia papers or... printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fait use provisions of the Copytight Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; tei: 978-750-8400; e-mail: www.copyright.com.DEDICATION On 9 October 1998, Dr. George R. Invin passed away. We, the surviving authors of this book, have lost a reat friend and colleague, who deservingly has been called “the Father of Fracture Mechanies.” He was our inspiration in continuing to develop new items for the second and third editions of this book. Therefore, we feel compelled to dedicate our effort on this third edition to him, as well asour effort on previous editions. We are proud of the privilage of having worked closely with him, Paul C. Paris and Hiroshi Tada, May 2000TABLE OF CONT. NTS of Symbols Foreword by G. R. Irwin Preface - Third Edition Preface - Second Edition Preface - First Edition Acknowledgments to the First Edition Part I Introductory Information Introduction Crack-Tip Stress Fields for Linear-Elastic Bodies Altemate Expressions for Crack-Tip Elastic Fields Slender Notches and Stress Concentrations from Stress Intensity Factors Energy Rate Analysis of Crack Extension Relationships between G and K Superposition of G and K Results Meaning of Plane Stress and Plane Strain for Fracture Mechanies Purposes Effects of Small Seale Yielding on Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics Introduction to Stress Function Methods Additivity of Crack Stress Fields and K Values Boundary Collocation Method Successive Boundary Stress Correction Method K Estimates from Finite Element Methods Additional Remarks for Part I ‘A. Unified Formulation for In-Plane Two-Dimensional Problems B. On Completeness of Westergaard Single-Function Method for Analysis of Cracks C. Effect of Surface Interference of Partly Closed Cracks Part 11 Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations ‘The Center Cracked Test Specimen The Double Edge Notch Test Specimen ‘The Single Edge Notch Test Specimen ‘The Pure Bending Specimen The Three-Point Bend ‘est Specimen The Compact Tension Test Specimen The Round (Disk-Shaped) Compact Specimen ‘The Are-Shapod (C-Shaped) Specimen Other Common Specimen Configurations Electrical Potential Calibration vill xvi wil xvi xix 1 20.1) 2011-138) 6(1.3b-1.3¢) 8(1.4-1.6) 1(.6-1.7) 120.7-1.8) 13(1.8) 14(19-1.10) 16(1.11) 1701.12-1.17) 22(.17-1.18) 23(.:8-1.19) 24(1.:9-1.20) 25(1.20-1.21) 26(1.21) 26(1.21-1.22) 27(1.22-1.26) 31(1.26-1.33) 39 40(2.1-2.5a) 46(2.6-2.9a) 52(2.10-2.12) 55(2.13-2.15) 58(2.16-2.18) 61(2.19-2.21) 64(2.22) 65(2.23) 66(2.24-2.37) 802.38)vi_Table of Contents Part I ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks A. Cracks Along a Single Line A Semi-Infnite Crack in an Infinite Plane ‘Two (Opposing) Semi-lafinite Cracks in an Infinite Plane A Finite Crackin an Infinite Plane Multiple Cracks in an Infinite Plane ‘A Periodic Array of Cracks in an Infinite Plane ‘An Bdge Crack ina Semi-Infinite Plane ‘A Semi-Infinite Crack (Leaving a Finite Ligament) in a Semi-Infinite Plane Finite Crack(s) ina Semi-Infinite Plane ‘An Intemal and Edge Crack(s) in a Finite Width Strip or in a Rectangular and Circular Regions B. Parallel Cracks Parallel Semi-Infinite Cracks in an Infinite Plane Opposing Parallel Semi-Infinite Cracks in an Infinite Plane Finite Parallel Cracks in an Infinite Plane Parallel Edge Cracks in a Semi-Infinite Plane A Semi-Infinite Crack Parallel to Edges of an Infinite Strip ‘A Finite Crack Parallel to Edges ofan Infinite Strip ‘Transverse Crack(s) in an Infinite ora Finite Strip C. Cracks and Holes or Notches ‘Crask(s) Emanating from a Hole or a Notch in an Infinite, a Semi-tnginite or a Finite Plane Crack(s) ata Juncture of a Strip and a Semi-Infinite Plane ‘A Finite Crack Near Hole(s) in an Infinite Plane D. Curved, Angled, Branched, or Radiating Cracks Curved, Angled, Branched, or Radiating Crack(s) in an Infinite Plane E, Cracks in Reinforced Plates Finite Crack(s) in an Infinite Plane with Reinforced Regions Part IV ‘Three Dimensional Cracked Configurations A Semi-Infinite Crack in an Infinite Body ‘An Embedded Circular Crack in an Infinite Body ‘An Extemal Circular Crack (a Circular Net Section) or a Circular Ring (an Annular) Crack in an Infinite Body ‘An Elliptical Crack or Net Section and a Parabolic Crack in an Infinite Body ‘An Extemal Circular Crack in a Round Bar ‘An Internal Circular Crack in a Round Bar ‘An Internal Circumferential Crack in a Thick-Walled Cylinder ‘An Extemal Circumferential Crack in a Thick-Walled Cylinder ‘A Kalf-Circular Surface Crack in a Semi-Infinite Body ‘A Quarter-Circular Comer Crack in a Quarter-Infinite Body Part V Crack(s) in a Rod or a Plate by Energy Rate Analysis Bending, Shearing, and Tension/Compression a 82 (3.1-3.12) 96 (.1-4.16a) 124 6.1-522a) 165 (6.1-6.5) 1701-711) 193 (8.1-8.18) 219 (.1-9.6a) 227(10.1-10.4) 232 (I1.A-11.15) 247 (12.1-12.6) 253(13.1-13.3) 256(14.1-14.7) 264 (15.1-15.2) 266 (16.1-16.6) 272.(17.1-17.13) 285 (I8.1-18.4) 289 (19.1-19.17) 306 (19.18-19.19) 308 (20.1-20.6) 314 @1.1-21.17) 331 @2.1-22.2) 333 334 (23.1-23.8) 342 (24.1-24.26) 369 (25.1-25.10) 384 (26.1-26.6) 390 (27.1-27.3) 396 (27.4-27.6) 402 (27.7-27.8a) 406 (27.9-27.10a) 410 (28.1-28.2) 412, (283-28.5) 45 416 (29.1-29.15)Part VI Strip Yield Model Solutions Introduction to Strip Yield Model Analysis, Additional Notes on Strip Yield Models, ‘Two-Dimensional Problems of Strip Yielding from Crack(s) ‘Two-Dimensional Problems of Strip Yielding from a Hole with or without Crack(s) ‘Three-Dimensional Strip Yielding Solutions Part VIL Crack(s) in a Shell ‘A Circumferential Crack in a Cylindrical Shell Multiple Circumferential Cracks in a Cylindrical Shell A Longitudinal Crack in a Cylindrical Shell ‘A Crack in a Spherical Shell Appendices ‘A. Compliance Calibration Methods B. A Method for Computing Certain Displacements Relevant to Crack Problems C. The Weight Function Method for Determining Stress Intensity Factors D. Anisotropic Linear-Elastic Crack-Tip Stress Fields E. Stress Intensity Factors for Cracks in a Plate Subjected to Pinching Loads F. Cracks in Residual Stress Fields G, Westergaard Stress Functions for Dislocations and Cracks H. The Plastic Zone Instability Concept Applied to Analysis of Pressure Vessel Failure I. Approximations and Engineering Estimates of Stress Intensity Factors 4. Rice's J-Integral as an Analytical Tool in Stress Analysis K. Elasto-Plastic Pure Shear Stress-Strain Analysis (Mode 111) L. Table of Complete Elliptic Integrals M. Table and Properties of Gamma Funetion References Reference Index Subject Index Free Software (SmartCrack-Lite) Software Guide __Table of Contents_ vii 81 432 (30.1-30.2) 433, 0.2) 434 (30.3-30.25) 457 LIL) 462 (32.1-32.6) 469 470 (33.1-33.6) 479 (G4.1-34.4a) 485 (35.1) 486 (36.1) 487(A.1-A.6) 493 B.1-B4) 497 (C.1-C.16) 513 (D.1-D2) 515 (E.1-E.14) 529 (F.1-F.17) 547 (G.1-G.33) $981 (H.-L) 593 (LI-1.18) 611 J.1-.12) 623 (K1-K.12) 635 (L1-L.2) 637 (MI-M3) 641 RAR) 663, 667 676 omLisT OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS Only the principal symbols are listed here. So many symbols are needed thatthe notation is not necessarily consistent throughout the book. However, most symbols are clearly defined within each solution page and those not included in this list will be readily identified. In many two-dimensional configurations, forces and moment (P, Q, etc, and M) implicitly designate forces and moment unit thickness. The definition will most often be obvious from the context; otherwise, confirm the definition so that the stress intensity factor, K, yielded has the dimension: force/(length)””” or stress (length)? 1, I Il (subscripts) 4 Ay ay B(Br, Bu, Bur) Designations for Mode I, Mode ll, and Mode II, respectively Area of erack surface ‘Area of erack opening ‘A crack tip @-D) or a point on crack front (3-D) Coefficients for series expansion of Z(2) Elastic constants for anisotropic solid Half length of crack in plate or shell Depth of edge crack Length or haf length of net ligament (2-D) Radius of circular crack or circular net liggment Semi-major axis of elliptical crack or elliptical net ligament Elastic constants for anisotropic solid A crack tip (2-D) oF a point on erack front (3-D) Width of crack surface for rod or beam. Strength of Bueckner-type erack-tip singularityList of Principal Symbols ix Cla) D D(x/a), Dy), ee. a Ei) Bly, k) ‘Width or half width of strip Depth of bend specimen Radius of cracked dise or cireular hole Radius of round bar with circular crack ‘Semi-minor axis of elliptical erack or elliptical net ligament Semi-major axis of elliptical hole or depth of semi-clliptical notch Half width of rectangular hole Coordinate or length-defining position of concentrated or distributed load Half length of second crack (collinear cracks) or of vertical crack (cruciform crack) Elastic compliance Elastic constant: | for plane stress, 1 / ‘VI? for plane strain Elastic compliance of cracked body at ith load point by jth load Coordinate or length defining position of concentrated or distributed load ‘Semi-major or minor axis of elliptical hole or depth of semi- elliptical notch Radial width of annular crack Model crack size for strip yield analysis (actual crack size + plastic zone size) ‘Model net ligament size for strip yield analysis (actual ligament ize - plastic zone size) Coordinate of zer0 crossing of residual stress distribution Diameter of (cracked) dise Configuration functions for crack opening displacement Semi-minor axis of elliptical hole or half width of semi- elliptical notch, Distance between center of crack and center of circular hole Young's modulus Elastic constant plane strain 4 0G: E for plane stress, £/(1 — 12) for ‘Complete elliptic integral of the second kind Elliptic integral of the second kind Eccentricity of erack in strip Base of natural logarithm Concentrated forcex _List of Principal Symbols F(a/b), F(@), FO) Fi(a/b), Fs(a/b) Fi(a/b), Fula/b) F (a/b). ee. Fly, k) In(s, @) G Gla/b), ete: G@), GO), ete. Gr, Ga, Gu) H H(a/b), et. h Ih, hy ete 10) Im) J K(K;, Kn, Kr) Kya Kase. K, K(k) k ¥ Configuration correction factors for stress intensity factor Elliptic integral of the first kind Weight function determined from mth loading system, Shear modulus ‘Altemate forms of configuration correction factors for stress- intensity factor ‘Configuration functions for erack opening area for shells Crack extension force Distance between parallel cracks Configuration functions for crack opening displacement Half depth of beam Height or half height of strip with crack vertical to side edges Half width of strip with crack parallel to side edges Half distance between parallel cracks Half width of rectangular hole Half thickness of uniform wedge Distance from free surface to crack parallel to it in semi-infinite plate Moments of inertia of cross section of rods or beams Configuration function for crack opening area for cylindrical shell Imaginary part of () J-integral Stress intensity factor Kyatx =a, Ky at A, et. Stress concentration factor ‘Complete elliptic integral of the first kind ‘Modulus of elliptic integral ‘Complementary modulus of elliptic integralLL, Ly, da ete. ‘ hb ba Ee. Omax Onin Re() List of Principal Symbols xi Dimensions defined in solution pages Length of normal for ellipse Total length of crack and hole (or notch) Length of plastic zone for strip yield model Length of crack surface contact Dimensions defined in solution rages Bending moment In-plane moment per unit thickness Slope of tapered double cantilever specimen ‘Maximum value of () Minimum value of () ‘Number of radial cracks for star-shaped crack Origin of coordinate system Concentrated load Concentrated load per unit thickness (2-D) ith applied load Distributed load (stress) Internal pressure in shell Line force (force/length) Concentrated load Concentrated load per unit thickness (2-D) Distributed load (stress) Concentrated load Radius of circular are crack Radius of circular hole Radius of cylindrical or spherical shell Real part of () First (radial) coordinate of polar, 8, (2)] coordinate system Inner and outer radius, respectively, of thick-walled cylinderxll__List of Principal Symbols S(a/bi, ete Ts) u Ur Ula/t), Ui(a/b) Uala/d), ete sme v V(a/b), Vila/®) Ve(a/?), ee ¥i(a), Fi(ao) V,{a), Va(ao) v(x, 0), v7, 0) M4, % 10,3) ¥(0, 5), v0, 0, 5), ete. w W(a/), Wi(a/b) W,(a/), ete. Plastic zone size and size index, respectively (rp = 2rr) Configuration functions for crack opening area or rotation Span between supports of bend specimen Distance from crack plane to point of concentrated load application ‘Normalized half vertex angle of eracked wedge Dimensionless parameter characterizing geometry of cracked body, eg, s = a/(a-+ b) Concentrated load per unit thickness (Mode 1) Twisting moment Distributed traction over surface s Distributed load (stress) ‘Thickness of shell Elastic energy density Total strain energy in cracked body Configuration functions for displacement x = x-+ iy and z* =x — iy. Ifthe problem can be arranged so that the crack of interest occupies a straight segment of the x-axis (y" = 0), a simpler, one-function approach suggested by Westergaard (1939) is often useful. Westergaard discussed several Mode I crack problems that could be solved using +y Im{Ze)} (36) where and, for subsequent use, (7) From Eqs. (36) and (31) Red — y Iz! Rez +y Imz" (38) Red! Fora straight crack on y = 0, loading symmetry such that Fy automatically furnished by Eq. (36). The displacements, assumi ony = 0,, corresponding to Mode I is planesstran, are given by 1-20) Rg -yinz (1 v) ImZ — y Rez G9) For plane-stress, v in Eq. (39) can be replaced by v/(I +»). In checking the derivation of Eq. (38) from Eq. (36) and of Eq. (39) from integration of Eq. (32), itis helpful to use the Cauchy-Riemann equations. These are refs! ifs b= ReF, (anyLad Introductory Information 19 ‘The solution of one of the crack problems briefly discussed in Westergaard (1939) is given by (a) vi-(a/z¥ The problem solved with this stress function is the erack problem studied by Griffith (1920) with the aid of previous work by Inglis (1913); a central crack of length 2a, with 6 = 0; = ¢ at distances remote from the crack, In terms of the vectors (43) Equation (42) can be expressed as (4) From differentiation of Bq. (42) (45) and can be expresses as (46) From integration of Eq. (42), (an) and can be expressed as (48) ‘The angles in the preceding equations are restricted to the range x to + (radians). Equations (44), (46), and (48) are helpfuul in forming the real and imaginary part of functions as indicated in the equations for stresses and displacements using the identity e!” = cos -+ isin @. From these equations itis clear that ReZ,y Rez”,20 Part 1s and y ImZ" are all zero along the line segment occupied by the ctack |r| < a and y = 0. Thus free boundary conditions along lines ofthe erack are provided. Remote from the crack, as [| approaches infinity, y ReZ’ and y ImZ’ are again zero and ReZ = a. Thus the remote stress field is 6, o and Ty = 0. In the limit of small enough values of r,/a, taking r = a,r, = 2a, = 0, and 0, = 0, Bq. (44) becomes ®) This teaton ean be written as 26) =k] Jk (50) where Gane =2-@ (SI) and K=K, =ovra (52) ‘The Mode I stresses and displacements very close tothe cracktip (as shown in the introductory comments) can be derived using Bq. (50), the associated values of 2’ and Z, expressing these in vetor form as illustrated above, and substituting eal and imaginary pars (as appropiate) into Eqs. (38) and (39) “The single stress function approach of Westerzard is conveniently extended to Mode Il crack problems by assuming (Irwin 1958) Da -yRE (33) In terms of Eq. (35), Eq. (83) corresponds to the choices (sa) The stresses are given by Ind + Rez! y Rez" (85) Rez mz" The displacements (plane strain) ate given by 2Gu=2(1 —v) m2 y Rez 2Gv= (1 2») ReZ rea} (6)116 Introductory Information 21 ‘The solution of the Mode Il counterpart of the Griffith crack problem is obtained by (7) The remote stresses are 0 = oy = 0, yy = 7. The crack-tip siresses and displacements are again provided by Eq. (50) with (s8) ‘The use of essentially the same stress function, Z, to solve Mode I and Mode II problems is applicable to ‘many crack stress field problems and can be extended to Mode III by means of the equation Gu = WZ (89) The stresses are given by ws) Further use ofa Z funetion, which solves a two-dimensional Mode I crack problem in an isotropic material, in the solution of two-dimensional crack problems (of similar configuration) in orthotropic and anisotropic elastic materials is discussed in Appendix D. To provide relations that remain generally valid, it is most convenient to define the three K’ values as follows [consistent with definitions in Eqs.(1)—3)]: \here r is the length of a small vector extending directly forward from the erack-tip In the case of Mode I, the invariants used in computing principal stresses are Tae = (a) For plane strain, the stress field energy density, U, is given by Law Use Rez) + (63) The coresponding relationships for Mode Tl are EB m2, tau = yal ty" i2"| —2y im(z'Z") (64) va imal +sbr (65) 3G 36722 Part 117 Williams (1957) called attention to the possibilty that studies of U neer the leading edge of a crack might be of interest in predicting crack extension behavior. Irwin (1958a) noted that the largest tensile stresses at fixed small distance from a Mode I crack-tip were at 60° to the line of expected crack extension. Either viewpoint predicts a tendeney for the location of advance separation to cause roughening of a flat tensile fracture surface. Of course, the subject of these comments pertains tothe facture process zone and a treatment based on stress-strain relations within the erack-tip plastic zone would be more appropriate. ADDITIVITY OF CRACK STRESS FIELDS AND K VALUES From the additivity oflinear-elastic stress fields and the definitions of K, Eg. (61), several conclusions are evident: (a) the addition of a stress field that does not possess an inverse square root stress singularity atthe crack-tip does not alter the value of K for that erack-tip; (b) when each of several superimposed stress fields contributes o the K values, the K’values are separately additive for each o° these modes; and (e) when several loading configurations are applied to the same crack and the Westergaard Z functions for each ate known, the Z functions can be added together, and the stresses and displacements czn then be derived from the total Z function using methods discussed in the previous section For illustration consider the Z function Using the Mode I value of , Eq. (36), the problem solved is that of central crack of length, 2a, opened by «pair of splitting forces, P, acting against the crack surfaces atthe position y = 0, x = b. The value of K at (6) ‘i, the total value of Z becomes Vea Jae ‘Simple addition shows that Eq. (69) is the sum of Eq. (67) plus the same expression after substitution of —b for b inside the radical, Assume next that P = adb. From the additivity rule, the stress field for a uniform pressure, 0, acting against the crack surfaces can be derived from the following Z function: (70)Lis. Introductory Information 23 Performing the integration, am vi- Eq, (71) could have been derived by the alternative method of adding a uniform biaxial compression, Z=~a, 0 the Z value for the Griffith crack (Eq. 42). Because the uniform stress field does not alter K, the value of K at each crack-tip is oy/ra, as in Eq. ($2). Ifthe result needed isthe total K rather than the total Z, a substantial simplification of the computational task can be expected. For example, elementary methods show that f a b Va oe Use of P = oddb in Eq. (69) and use of Eq. (72) provides o/a. The simplicity of this computation can be compared to the integration indicated in Eq. (70). From the additivity principles jut illustrated, it can be seen thatthe solution ofa erack stress field problem can be visualized as a two-step process: (1) solve the stress distribution problem in a manner satisfying the boundary conditions (including applied loads) but with the crack considered absent; (2) add to this tress field a stress field that cancels any siresses acting directly across the crack along the line of the crack. In the case of | a crack occupying a segment of the x-axis, the stresses along this segment which must be reduced to zero are 9. Tas and 7h. Closed-form solutions of numerous infnite-plate crack problems have been obtained in this ‘way, Because of the analysis simplifications applicable to Mode II, closed-form solutions ean be obtained using this method for certain finite plate problems. The two-step approac’ can be termed a Green's function method when a suitable stress function for local pressures or shears on the crack surfaces is available, A suitable stress function of the Green's function type is ome that can be aided to the "no crack” sess field without inconsistency with the boundary conditions assumed in the first step of the above method. (2) BOUNDARY COLLOCATION METHOD, ‘The availability of large, high-speed computers permits a variety of numerical methods that can be used \when K cannot be found from a closed-form erack stress field solution, Beundary collocation can be regarded as a relatively simple extension of methods discussed previously. ‘Assume that the crack occupies a segment of the x-axis with the crack-tip atz = 0, and that both ofthe loads tnd the shape ofthe plate containing the erack are symmetrical relative tothe x-axis. A simple example would be a long, single-edge-notched tensile specimen with a crack-simulating notch of length, a, open to the left free boundary ofthe plate, and with uniform tension, «, applied across the upper and lower boundaries of the plate (parallel tothe crack). Let W’be the width of the plate and let L be the length. The stress field is of Mode I type and consideration can be given to the use of the stress function Z, where (73) Using Eq. (38), 0, and ny are zero on y = 0 when x is negative. Thus fize boundary conditions are exactly satisfied along the line of the crack. In addition, it can be observed that Ev = 2 Im(Z) = 0 on y=0 for positive values of x, Since it is desirable to restrict V to a moderate size, free boundary conditions cannot be exactly satisfied along x = —a and x = WV ~ a. However, if the values of 4), 43,..., Ay, and K are such that free boundary conditions are nearly satisfied along these lines, the influence of the remaining errors on the24 Part 119 siress field close to the erack will be small, A similar consideration applies to the upper and lower boundaries, where the desired boundary conditions, a» = o an can be satisfied only on an average basis. Along the lines x= —a and x= W —a, since stress field errors more remote from the crack-tip are of lesser importance, it is convenient to choose the boundary collocation points at y values corresponding to equal spacing of u, in the equation y = a tan w, where is an angle measuree fiom the negative branch of the x- axis, A similar method for choosing’ boundary collocation points on x=W—a might be to use 3° = (W ~a) tan us, where 1 is measured from the positive branch ofthe x-axis, The preceding methods are continued as.a means of selecting boundary collocation points across the line y = £/2. Only the specimen hall above the x-axis is used because of the symmetry ofthe problem. ‘The solution procedure consists of writing the equations for rz» = O andr; = Oat the points selected along x= ~aand.x = W — a as well asthe equations for 73y = Oand oy = | (since K is proportional to 2) at points selected along y = L/2. If}(N + 1) boundary points are selected, the result isa set of equations, linear in terms of the parameters K,4,,4y,...,4y and just sufficient in number to permit determination of each parameter. However, fora given amount of computing time, it has proved most efficient to limit the value of NN, select the number of boundary collocation points that is three to four times $(N +1), and use a least squares program to determine the best values for the parameters. Selection of boundary collocation points at sharp comers should be avoided. The outputs needed from the computer ae the value of K and (usually) the value of the y-direction displacement at the crack mouth position commonly selected for clip gage crack opening measurements during crack toughness evaluations. A number of calculation refinements can be aided. However, only the basic plan of the method is presented here. SUCCESSIVE BOUNDARY STRESS CORRECTION METHOD For illustration, consider a straight, two-dimensional crack occupying the segment of the x-axis, O 0 at the left tip and no surface overlapping). (ji is the erack profile when the effect of crack surface contact is accounted for (page 5.18, which is to be obtained subsequently). Again, the length of the closed portion and therefore the final geometry of the crack is not known beforehand. Consequently, before determining (by superposition in particular) K, atthe right tip and the crack opening profile, and so on, including the effect of surface interference, the final crack geometry must be known, For some analyses and discussions on the effect of surface interference of partly closed cracks, se Seeger (1973), Paris (1975b), Bowie (1976a,b), and Gustafson (1976). For additional discussions related to such surface contact, see Westergaard (1939) and also Appendix G of this handbook. Next, the effect of crack surface interference is analyzed in detail for example (d). From the analysis of this simple example, various general characteristis ofthe effect of surface contact, and some features specific to the example, are observed, some of which are well known, or physically o intuitively obvious. The approach isin essence to focus on the portion of the crack that remains open and to remove the stess singularity (K,) at the point of separation ofthe closed surfaces by using the usual superposition method. ‘Let us take, for convenience, the (x,y) coordinate system and 2 = x + withthe origin atthe midpoint of the crack which remains open, as shown in Fig. 16, Other quantities specifying the geometric and loading configurations are also defined in Fig. 16. The coordinate system and dimensions associated withthe original configuration ofthe erack ae indicated with a subscript "0." The right craci-tips inthe two systems, x = a and %y = do, are common, but the positon ofthe left tip, x = a, under loading isnot known, ‘The postion ofthe lef tp, that is, the point of separation of surfaces in contact, x = ~a, is determined from the condition that the resultant K; vanishes at this point. Refering to Fig. 16, the linearly varying stess 2 = pltp/ay) in the original system, line (A), is obtained by superpesition of a lincarly varying stess 2 =p'(4/a) line (B), and a uniform stess a, = p"(p’ +p” =p). Therefore, all that is required forthe analysis ae the solutions found on pages §.1/La and §.18/18a applied tothe opened portion, ~as x 0. For the present example of linearly varying oy in Fig. 16, when the let tip is located in xy > ~ay/3, obviously K, > 0, and therefore the left tip located in the compression region ~a,/3 0 xe —a/3 @) that is, ¢)(x,0) on the closed portion of the crack, —a 3, te plate x pracy eg as minnie spas far the eee of Mj on X ar concer (sds 19718). 2. For Mode Il coniguation (I), the coreton factor i identical to F(a) in Mode Kn = VHF) For Model configuration (I, the folowing formals exact Other Methods and References Compliance Method: Forman 1964 Fourier Transform - Integral Equation: Sneddon 1971b Finite Element Method: Mendelson 1972, Yamamoto 1972 Boundary Collocation Method: Bowie 1970a Integral Equations - Successive Stress Relaxation: Tada 1971, 1972a, b (Sce also pages 2.24, 2.26, 2.35, 2.36, 7.1, 1.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 181, 18.2, 18.3, 19.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3,ct., for related solutions and corrections for various effects.)24 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 43 B. isplacements Crack Opening at Center 00 ya on) The following formula has better than 0.6% accuracy for any 4), ¥) (4p) = ~0.071 — 0.835%) + 0.169(4))° —0.090(4),)° ‘ 1 0204p)" — 1.071 inch — 4 +40.020(45)" — 1.071 gn — 4) Addionat Displacement at Remote Points (fp) > 3 Due wo ce Presence of C) 2h Crack Opening Area Serna“ (28) ‘The following formula has better than 0.6% accuracy for any 4, 10h) = LH 025045) 0259797 v 41219" 00H" Loma” Lore) Method of Derivation: Paris’ equation based on energy principles (Paris 1957) (see Appendix B) Reference: Tada 197344 Part 25 NOTES: 1. £' = £ fr plane sess and £° = B)(1 ~o") for plane strain, 2 Uniform prwsire applied onthe crack sirfaes resis inthe same rack onening § and remote displacement A ruck Limiting vals of F, (2p) and ¥, (fp) at Np Tae exact 1b=1)= 1b) Fo 4. For Modo loading (I), the displacement (I) ae 410) S245) a) z whore V, and V, are identical to those im Mode I. For Mode Il oading (I) the displacements (I are given by 6 224y, (44) 24 (04) 2 Fa‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations _45 Pug qr henl Mel Vets} | modem Vu 20.637 ‘9 T [Mode {Mode46 Part 26 THE DOUBLE EDGE NOTCH TEST SPECI A, Stress Intensity Factor + 47h t ‘Numerical Values of F() Bowie's ests (My ~ 3.0, mapping fnction method) hhave 1% accuracy and Yamamoto’s results (!/ = 2.75, finite clement method) have, 0596. accuoy fo 02 = 4-09 Bowie 1964; Yamamoto 1972) 4422 & ‘i 11=% FC%) I j.0} 1.0 ie Mode I, 1 [ Mode I’ 0. 0-8 t © Bowie Modell” S| + Yamamoto 2 06 4 20.637 0.2 0-4 0.6 0.8 10 Wp *See Note 2 (Soe also pages 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 11 1 etc, for corrections and various effects.)27 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations _47 Empirical Formulas a. Accuracy , Method of derivation, reference ey = (Zs a, Better than 5% for Jp > 0.4 ’. Approximation by periodic crack solution (Irwin 1957) F (jp) = 1-12 + 0.203 (4p) —1.197(4%)+1.93014%)° a, Better than 2% for My < 0.7 b. Least squares fitting to Bowie's results (Brown 1966) a Better than 2% for any 4, b. Asymptotic approximation (Benthem 1972) a. 0.5% for any 4p ’, Modification of Irwin’s interpolation formula (Tada 1973) 1.122 ~ 0.561 (4%) ~ 0.205(4,)" 40.471 4%)" ~0.190(4%)" v=% FM) a. 0.5% for any My ». Modification of Benthem’s formula (Tada 1973)48 Part 28 NOTE: 1 thy ~ 20 (ow) and hy ~275 (Yuma) are conse ft nn 21 For Mode congo Ue conection fats seneal F in Mode | Ky =7VFaF(4%p) For Mode Il configuration (HD, the exact formula is B. Displacements Crack Opening at Edges =F H(t) The following formula has beter than 2% accuracy for any28a ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 49 ynal Displacement at Remote Points (//y>3) Due to Presence of Cracks and Crack Opening Area Bonet 26 The following formula has better than 1% accuracy for any 4) 10h) = fot osc &) Reference: Tada 197350 Part tt 29 ‘Method of Derivation: Paris’ equation based on energy principles (Paris 1957) (See Appendix B) NOTE: 1. £ = fr plane sess B'S Ej{I 0") for plane stain 2. Uniform pres applied onthe crack surfaces ests nthe sme erick opening 8 an remate displacement rac 3. Limiting vues of Ps and 1" at fp Oand ly | Vip 0) = 1484, ¥3(44, 0) =0 Vile 1) =P 1) (xed) 4. For Mode 1 loading (I), the displacements (11) are oy hay ‘whore, and ar identical to those in Model For Mode I lain (HI, the displacements (I) re oe | * He‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations St 1454 uf i |_- Mode I d . | voit woe p—|eModell] 77, 4 = os} — ow = Walviy fay 1 f os {eh {yl alae ¥ on Moder | Vi “ ab {Mode MD | 0 [ _S (adel 1 02 90 02 00S 1-052_Part tt 210 THE SINGLE EDGE NOTCH TEST SPECIMEN A, Stress Intensity Factor Va F(%) ‘Numerical Values of (4p) ‘The curve in the following figure was drawn based on the results having better than 0.5% accuracy. Methods and References Boundary Collocation Method (//j > 0.8): Gross 1964 ‘Mapping Function Method (/, = 1.53): Bowie 1965 Green’s Function Method (//, > 1.5); Emery 1969, 1972 Weight Function Method: Bueekner 1970, 1971 Asymptotic Approximation: Benthem 1972 f. Finite Element Method ("= 2.75, 1.0): Yamamoto 1972 12 ——T 44122 1.122] LL 3/2 stl (1%) * Foor) S74 x | 7 + 10) 0 0.2 0-4 0-6 08 1-0 —+ Wp NOTE: |. Load is applied slong the cnt ofthe spat the crack lain (or nif presen rick srs) 2. The elect of Ms practically nogigible for > 10 (See also pages 2.13, 2.16, 2.27 to 2.31 ete, for various corrections and effects.)aan ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen C Empirical Formulas a. Accuracy , Method, reference F(%) = 21.710(0,) +30.382(4),)" 122 ~ 0.231 (4p) + 1050(4)) a. 0.5% for 4, < 0.6 b. Least squares fitting (Gross 1964; Brown 1966) 4 0.857 + 0.265 4 F (4p) = 0.265(1 — 4)" (1%) * 4, Better than 1% for 4, < 0.2, 0.5% for MY > 0.2 b, Tada 1973 (4) a, Better than 0.5% for any 4, , Tada 1973 B. Displacements Crack Opening at Edge Sena) $ Gross’ results (Gross 1967, Boundary Calloca tion Method) are expected to have 0.5% accuracy for 0.2 < %, < 0.7, Anempirical formula with 1% seeuracy for any is (Tada 1973) 1464-240 oo Vis) = =HS4_Part tt 212 Additional Remote Point (!/y> 1) Displacement due to Crack (Along the Centerline at the Crack Location) -4, ue =F. 13 MH) ‘The following formula has better than 1% aceuracy for any 4) Hlth) =— = {0.99 a) —4)(13 - 1.2% +02 (49)")} 2.0 1.98 sishag az 2 ‘g (1%) W%) To Gross t to su er on i S (1 96)-VaC 96) a t a | ° 02 Om 06 0-8 TO —> 3/6 ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (Paris 1957) (See Appendix B.) Reference: Tada 1973243 THE PURE BENDING SPECIMEN A, Stress Intensity Factor om Ky = 0x0 F(4p) ‘Numerical Values of F(4/s) ‘The curve in the following figure was drawn based on the results having better than 0.5% accuracy. Also used for four-point bending, 1.122 os (1-963 F(%) Methods and References 1, Singular Incegral Equation, Bueekner 1960 2. Boundary Collocation Method (Mfy > 2), Gross 1965a 3, Weight Function Method, Bueckner 1970, 1971 4. Green's Function Method (/", > 1.5), Emery 1969 5. Asymptotic Approximation, Benthem 197256 Part tt Empirical Formulas a. Accuracy , Method, reference 3.08(0%,)"+14.0(0%)" F (jp) = 1.122 — 1.40(4%p) +7.33(4,) a. 0.2% for y < 0.6 b. Least squares fitting (Brown 1966) F(%) a Better than 0.5% for any 4, b, Tada 1973 B. Displacements Crack Opening at Edge (ho) Gross’ results (Gross 1967, Boundary Collocation Meth- cx) are expected o have 059% accuraey For 0.2 = 4, < 07 ‘An empirical formula with 1% aceuracy for any 8), (Tada 173) 0.66 (1%) ¥ (4%) = 08 —1.7(%) +2.4(%) Additional Remote Point (!/ > 2) Displacement (Rotation) Due to Crack. ack = Dns ~ Dyers 4 0 (y ont = 5 5(4%5)245 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations $7 ‘The following formula has better than 1% accuracy for any 4) 14(4%5)"-35.84( 4p) +13.12(%)"} ) fo08— woe) Bu fa a 1.4 “Si p12 . So (1-%) VO%) i = oe © Gross at x 0.66 + 06 of 0-4 t (1-97 S%) 0. 0.2 0. 0-6 0.8 1.0 ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (Paris 1957) (See Appendix B.) Reference: Tada 1973 (ce also pages 2.16, 2.27, 9.1 etc. for related solutions.)2.16 S8_Part tt THE THREE-POINT BEND TEST SPECIMEN A, Stress Intensity Factor P oT) Ky = ov GF (4p) rt b a Numerical Values of F(%) $ ali gine ine falling Se hve 9p Pe 22 a6, \ a ni al x Kenting Wi Geico Sho ¥ \ R L4-8 = © o8| 3 5 [Toei] 'yg | "4 = c Sa La R ZL » | hae Sy a4 os le a To Methods and References 1. Boundary Collocation Method ($(, = 4,8) (Gross 1965p) 2, Groen’s Funetion Method {jy = 3,8) (Emery 1969) Empirical Formulas a Accuracy . Method, reference For‘p = 4, 1.99 = a/g(1 — 4/9) (215 3934/5 42.9) FU) (1424/9) 4/6) a. 0.5% for any 4/5 », Srawley 1976247 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen C For p= 8 (4p) = 1.106 ~ 1.852(4) + 7.71 (Hp) -13.3(4)"+14.23 2)" 8 0.2% for My, < 0.6 b. Least squares fitting, Brown 1966 B. Displacements Crack Opening at Edge IP doa nH) 1B Gross" results (Gross 1967, Boundary Col location Method, jy = 4 are expected to have Os%eaccuney for O2 < Hp = 07. Anenpin. — | 3 % cal formula with 1% accuracy for any /p, for _—________ s —_~ Sjp=4 is (Tada 1973) Vi (4p) = 06 2.28(4p) +3:87(%)"-2.08(45)'¢ (1—%) Additional Load Point Displacement due to Crack Sort st ~ Lo Aout = os Fa) Op ; for Sj, = ‘The following formula has better than 1% accuracy for any ») {5.38 —19.57(a4) +36 (jp) ~34.94(4%,)'+12.77(%)°}oo Part 16 SB eho a4 \. az 12 =z x i | (= 96) Vi %) © Gross F os roam}. — ] = ©. Pending He4 SSS 0.66 BL [pore bending alex ~ oa On BISBEE 5624, U-MIVa %) {|_| J 0.2 04 0.6 os 40 thod: Paris’ Equation (Paris 1957) (see Appendix B) ‘Tada 1973 (See also pages 2.13, 2.27, 9.1 etc, for related solutions.) Note: The curses frp ~ 8 are nary averages hstwsen the cures for pure hendng andy 4, For other eases (5 > 4) Aisplaerents ca be estimated by Intepoltion with fir aoc249 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 61 THE COMPACT TENSION TEST SPECIMEN Ki = ola Ful i I) whee = Ply 1 oe ky oyvB a Fahy yy) I a Staslat = L ‘Numerical Values of F; ‘The curves in the following figure have better than 1% accuracy. “Wa sky tof} 185 om F.6.%,Vn) o| LS 08 t or 0.663 0 0.2 oF 0 38 T — % Method: Boundary Collocation Method References: Gross 1970; Srawley 197262_Parttt 2.20 Standard § yecimen (ASTM Standard F-399-72) ‘Standard geometry of compact tension specimen is shown below. h =o h 4h 027% q 0-028 = 025 hy oss 2 h A, Stress Intensit Factor 18 The F, values for the standard specimen are plotted P the values of F, are plotted. te (2) For the standard specimen, the following formula has 0.5% accuracy for 4}, > 0.2 (Srawley 1976). Fal(jp) = 0.443 + 2.32(4) 04 0.5 ~ 6.66 (4),)°+7.36(%) -2.8(0%5)° B. isplacements Opening at Crack Edge Opening at Loadline # V4 (4) Sy |221 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations _63 ‘The following formulas for V, and V, forthe standard specimen have 0.5% accuracies for 0.2 < %, < 0.95 (Saxena 1978), wy) = (14228) (LE 5 t= (14935) (EGR) (novar + raerme —14.231(4"~ 16.6100)" + 35.0509" —14.4040)"] +4 % ) asa «at 2m) 1%) = (j 0.992% 5)" + 20.600(4))° —9.9316(4),)° ‘Method: Boundary Collocation Method64 Part tt 2.22 THE ROUND (DISK-SHAPED) COMPACT SPECIMEN thickness = B A. Stress Intensity Factor ky, iF F(A) (2+ay(a76-+and— 11380 + 11434 — 4084) F(A) = EMOTES AAT NS 4M) 4) B. Displacements Opening Displacement at Edge or (A) 1(a) =o 1782049544 4.7L — 20.060 4 1448) Opening Displacement at Load Line V5(a) = exp (026+ 5.3814 2.1054 — 88540 49.1004") ‘Method: Boundary Collocation Method Accuracy: K, 0.3% for 0.2 < A < 1.05 6, and 6, 0.5% for 0.2< A <08 References: Newman 1979a, 1981223 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen C P THE ARC-SHAPED (C-SHAPED) SPECIMEN ASTM E-399 Standard Specimens: Kjy = 0 and 05 thickness = B 0250 1(EE.a) =(seroeuss) [i soasa a) 3.746304 4.6324 — 24045 F(a) = va(l—A) Method: Boundary Collocation Method Accuracy: X/jy = 0 and 0.5: 1% for 0.45 < A < 0.85; 1.5% for 0.2 IHF % Fr » 7 I-96 Fini) 0.2 0.4 ; Or 0.8 re — % 0.8!225 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations _67 Empirical Formulas a. Accuracy , Method of derivation, reference F(¢p) = (1297-02 a. Better than 1% for any 4, Asymptotic Interpolation, Tada 1973 L05(4) +.0.957(45)" F(%) 7 v Better than 0.3% for any 4/p Modified asymptotic formula (Tada 1973) As/2 B. Displacements at Remote Points (//y > 2) | | I The following formula for D(My) has better than 0.6% accuracy for any 4), D(4}p) = 0.071 4) — 0.535(%4p)" +0.169(4%,)' -0.090(4),)‘-+0.020(4%)° —1.071 In (1%) where ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (Paris 1957) (see Appendix B) Reference: Tada 197368 Part tt 2.26 ky P) ( F:(4%%) tr booted oll (ens) kun 1) | Fin(%,) on a Fb) | LEE plane stess plane strain ‘Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F,, exact; F,, F, better than 1% for any 4/p and 5), Reference: Tada 1973‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 69 Pi b 46 +3062 4 , sg) ined ) 4-7 T ——T L 352 AS ola x 4 an ola : | 1 r © Kaya- Erdogan q oL_1_|_4 a | . OF 06 08 TO0_Part tt 2.28 Crack Opening Area (5) Rotation due to Crack ee ope 6) Methods: K Singular Integral Equation; A and ¢ Pars’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: K better than 0.5%; Empirical formula 1%; A and References: Kaya 1980, Tada 1985‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 71 21 (3) = 4643.06 £4 .84(1~2)'+.66(2) (1) a()-=9(9) a0($) 617-2828 4 3454(2) -1439(2) (1-8 sss(i—$)'-2.64(2)'(1-2)" a(S) = ~668-+28162-s1.04(2)"s1441(2)'s2(1-2) 21s 2) ca $. — 6 ° 0.2) Oo oe o8 TO —+% (Curves are based on the empirical formula above) 1980, Tada 1985 Accuraey! Referen NOTE: Dashed lines ate G(% 0) = 1.2 ~3(6g)* and G(4p~ 1) =352(0 44) y= Ga)Part 2.30 A, Stress Intensity Factor tra} 1.30 ~ 0665(4%5) +0.37(4%p)"-+0.28(4))° {oh rt) Fu (%) = ‘Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F, better than 1% for any 4s: Fy exact Reference: Tada 1973 B. Displacements 40 n= Bue) or ww = Lav (a Au = Zir(ap) U (4p) = -0.184(444) ~ 0.637(44,)" -0.129(4},)'+-0.026( 4)" +0.028( 4%.) +-0.008(%))°—1.644¢n(1 ~4),) (0h) =n (x ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (Paris 1957) (see Appendix B) Accuracy: U better than 2% for any jy; IY exact Reference: Tada 19732a ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations _73 fel{ (eo) 1.122 ~ 0.561 (jp) + 0.085(4})°+0.180(4%5)° vi-% Fu (4%) = Fun (4%) = Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F, better than 2% for any Mp; F, exact Reference: Tada 1973, jisplacements: { on } a fa) ana f Mi Mlb) Sa Wa (Ay) (a) = ~0.184 —0.67(4) — 0.12945) 40.026(44)+-0.028(%4)*s0.08( 4° —1.644 (¥en — 45) om Us(%p) = 1.46(ap) ~ 0.289 (ap) ~0.091( 45)" -+0.052(4%,)'-0.019(4%,)'~0.008(4)" 0.18 (1 ~%) ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (Pari Accuracy: U,, U, better than Reference: Tada 197374_Part tt 2.32 A. Stress Intensity Factor ky P)( FC) Ki OF} F(%) Kun TJ (Fw(4%) 1.30 0.65(44) ~0.10(%)'+0.45(4))" P%) p Tr or F(gh) = (144030000 5 Fur (%) Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F better than 2% for any 4 F,, exact Reference: Tada 1973, B, Displacements at Remote Points (//, >2) ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (Paris 1957) (s c Appendix B) Reference: Tada 1973233 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations _78 Kk PY ( Fn Ie) Kun Ob) FC%y a) Kw r Fv (p> a) Fn (pr Ya) Fy, Ya) = {1+ a) 8p) Fa (Mi a) (a) os = (a) ‘| 8 (4p) =05(1—sin where ‘Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F,, exact; F better than 1% for any %p and iy Reference: Tada 198516 Part tt 2M ky PY (Fn %) QP) Fu) Kur 1) (Fw (yo) Fu Ch) Fheoth 3s i 9) 1 F}o— BE _ = (140,122 cos ‘sinh E\ | Fin (los Ip) {rn wl ( ) 1( 8) “ com 3 plane stress plane stain ‘Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F,, F, better than 2% for any 4}, and jp; F,, exact Reference: Tada 1973238 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 77 Ky PY ( Fy Ia) Kn OF) Fn a) kn), 7) eine) ), 1402971 (4) {Fb Sa) hy ~ e085) } Fn (4 where Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F,, exact; F better than 1% for any pnd Cy Reference: Tada 197378 Part tt 2.36 Ky P) ( Fn a Kin Of) Fy a) Kay T Fut (4p: a) Fu se Ya) F(t a) = {140291 = (hy (100058) bs a) where (097-5R- 1) Method: Asymptotic Interpolation Accuracy: F,, exact; F better than 1% for any %p and Cy Reference: Tada 1973237 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 79 ha hoo=d+mx | he = Ma) =d-+ma Pp +07) Ky = esi Sm) = 3.46 — 2.65m +1, 89m 2m < 05 3-465 fiz 3 r cm) c 3 £ Sob + 3, ie 23] <= Of 02 03 O4 05 06 — mM ‘Method: Empirical formula based on the results by Boundary Collaca‘ion Method Accuracy: Order of 1% for 4), > 1 References: Gross 1966; Srawley 1967; Tada 200080_Part tt 2.38 ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL CALIBRATION Uniform Electric Fieldooooo PART Ill Two-DIMENSIONAL STRESS SOLUTIONS FOR VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS WITH CRACKS A. Cracks Along a Single Line B. Parallel Cracks C. Cracks and Holes or Notches D. Curved, Angled, Branched, or Radiating Cracks E. Cracks in Reinforced Plates82_Part tit M ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact References: Irwin 1958a (see also Williams 1957) NOTE: These Westerznd stress functions athe soltions fr the cracktp clastic i Tats, Eqs. (0) (2) aml (in the text ore wat derived om these futons by use of Eqs (38) and (39), Eqs. 88) and (8), and Eqs. (9) and (6) respostivey32. ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Ci Ky iKy o- w) e+ 1) (oon where rex (FEE diane stress 3 "ay plane strain Method: Muskhelishvili’s Method (Special Case of page 5.3) Accuracy: Exact References: Erdogan 196; ih 1962084_ Part tit 33 ‘Method: Muskhelishvili’s Method (Special Case of page 5.4) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Erdogan 196234. ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks _88 ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1972a, 197386_ Part tit 3s where ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function (Special Case of page 3.4) Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1972a, 197336 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks _87 } te yee ‘Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, ete. Accuracy: Exact References: Irwin 1987, ete88 Part tL 3.6 Crack Opening Profile -bexs0 re-b Vertical Displacement at 0,1) ¥(0.9) where $4) plane stain Methods: v(x,0), Westergaard Function (soe page 3.6); »(0,y) Paris’ Equation (See Appendix B) or Reciprocity (soe page 3.5) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 198837. ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 89) G00) Pp gah Tz%o) Lt -bsxso vil vi Vxl- vo } Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, etc. Integration of page 3.6) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973Part IL Ma 2V(%0) Crack Opening Profile Opening at (-b, 0): 2(-6,0) =o ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function (see page 3.7.) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 198538. ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 91 Pp 4 Zam Xatiyo where ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function (Integration of page 3.4) Accuracy’: Exact References: Tada 1972a, 197392_Part tit340 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 93 Pp Bie (1-9) Crack Opening Profile: Opening at Infinity 2v(-20,0) = 2A(1 a) Vertical Displacement at (0, voy) {i +0) Pane Stes where Plane Strain Method: Integration of pages 3.6, 3.6a or Special Case of page 5.19 or 5.20, oF 24.19 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 198594 Part tit sat VLA LLL .§ > LLLLLTLLT LL LLL 0 where E plane stress E/(1 =v?) plane strain Methods: Singular Integral Equation, Westergaard Stress Function or a Special Case of page 4.15 or 521 Accuracy’ References: Barenblatt 1962, Tada 1985 ‘The Westergaard Stress Functions area2 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks _98 Thin Rigid Hedge 1yPet WAS RYOOONY i “ay 2u(n0) where fe plane sss P= eyo) pecan ‘Method: Superposition of Sol Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1974 jons of page 3.11 and page 5.1 NOTE: 1.10 (D, when p> p sepration of contict sirfices occurs nears =p, and when p < =p, enc closure oosurs near 10, 2 inl) when p > O (emote tension), separation of contact sures osu forlarge—x, and when p< — p,eackclosure ‘The Westergaard Functions are } p.3.12 p.3ll pS (coplace w by p)96_Part Mt ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function act42 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 97 where Method: Westergaard Stress Function (Superposition of page 4.1) Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1972a, 197398 Part UL 43 where suracy: Exact43 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Ci 2N(%0) Crack Opening Profile 2v(x,0) “ T+) HINT yp) Relative Vertical Displacement at Infinity: ave = 8 (nn wy i sinir 2 —gB very, Be = IMHO) Methods: v(x,0) Westergaard Stress Function (see page 4.3); », Pasis’ Equation (see Appendix B) or Reciprocity (see page 4.9) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985100 Part HL 44 ‘Method: Muskhelishvili’s Method (Special Case of page 6.2) ‘Accuracy: Exact Reference: Erdogan 1962‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varlcus Configurations with Cracks 101 Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985102_Part HL 45a Crack Opening Profile: Relative Vertical Displacement along y~Axis at Infinity oe AP og tb de = Zeon?450 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 103 Relative Rotation at Infinity where (14 ¥) plane st (FE) pia strain ‘Methods: » Reciprocity (see page 4.3a);0 From page 4.10a with M = PV/b°— a’ (or Paris’ Equation — see Appendix B) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985 NOTE: 1. Always <0 2, No sure nkrorence(¢ < ~ py separation of contact surices occurs near x = 2b and when p 0 (remote tension, separation of contact surfaces our fir arg | and when ) = Gamma Function (See Appendix M) Methods: Fourier Transform (Sneddon); Integration of page $.11 (Tada) Accuracy: Exact References: Sneddon 1951; Tada 1974 NOTE: For special cases of 7 0 and — 1, ee page 8.1 and page $.14, respective5.160 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 149 o y FEO= PT), ro-1 5 T| Ky =pva. (Crack Opening Area Opening at Center: where Gamma Function (See Appendix M) ‘Method: Integration of pages 5.11 and 5.112 or Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) ‘Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985 NOTE: For posal eses 7 O and 7 = 1 se pages Sy St, amd S14, a150__Part IL where Method: Integration of page S.11 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1974 NOTE: For spon ese of ? = 0, se page5.178 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varieus Configurations with Cracks 181 ly G00)=p f/m SF} Ce>-1) Crack Opening Area Opening at Center: pa = 2v40,0) - Br) & ) = where 1(9) = Gamma Function (see Appendix M)152_Part IIL 517 {jt {oj} 1 0.2 0.4 PA 0.8 1.0 RZ Method: Integration of pages 8.11 and 8.11a Accuracy: A Exact; (7) curve is based on accurate numerical values, Reference: Tada 19855.18 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 153 Method: Integration of page $.11 or by Stress Concentration Factor Accuracy: Exact References: Neuber 1937; Benthem 19721S4_Part HL 5.188 resultant an Flee eRe where pane stress e-{E/-2) plane stain K(k) = F(A)162_Part HL Sata ‘Methods: Muskhelishvili's Method (Markuzon); Triple Integral Equations (Tweed) Accuracy: Exact References: Markuzon 1961; Tweed 1970; Tada 1974 NOTE: For K(t), ste Appendix ‘The Westergaard Function is5.22 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 163, Eh aK) EO) a cK) Va Eh, EG) - PK) LF a EK@®V5 2u(g0) = 26 ALED «BE a Une(o ad) — BF Lo) where b ple sas “(5 (1-2) pane xin164_Part HL 5.220 ede, F(R) = EE sk) ‘Methods: Triple Integral Equations or Superposition of page 5.21 and page 6.1 Accuracy: Exact References: Tweed 1970; Tada 1974 NOTE: 1. 1n(0)when» > py. separation of contact surfaces occurs near = , ard when p < p, crack closure occur near 2. when p > ps, separation of contact surfaces occurs near x=0, and when p < ps, erack closure occurs near 5. For K(k) and), see Appendix I ‘The Westergaard Funetion is Z(z) = Z(c) + Z(=) p.522 p.5.21 p.6l6a ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 165 os (See Appendix L. for values of K(A) and E(A)) Method: Muskhelishvili's Method ‘Accuracy: Exact References: Barenblatt 1962, Erdogan 1962, S 1964166 Part HL 62 (ECE)F(O.K) — K(R)E(O.K)) rr) 4) =gmewren -xoeen} [EUF(0.K) — K(DELO, ol FO.K) = b Vi-P ante ‘Method: Muskhelishvili’s Method (See Appendix L for ables of K(k) and E(&)) Accuracy: Exact References: Barenblatt 1962, Erdogan 196263 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _167 where x ans f ‘Method: Complex Potentials Accuracy: Exact References: Yokobori 1965 (or Kamei 1974), Isida 1973168 Part HL Methods: Westergaard Stress Function or from Solution of Punch Problem Accuracy: Exact References: Galin 1953, Tada 1974 ‘The Westergaard Stress Function is 6468 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 169 fete oO t ® (Sce Appendix L for values of K(f) and E(k).) ‘Method: Muskhelishvili’s Method wy: Exact ie: Sih 1964170_Part HLJa Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 171 Penh tet yr (Crack Opening Area son? ons Additional Relative Displacement at Infinity due to Crack: 40 ra “4 a(ooc8!) (a= Bont Aw = Eh tase) (A= Be ont Crack Opening Profile: Opening at Center or Edge: fy = 2010, 0172_Part 1th Additional Vertical Displacements at (0,y) and (7 /2,y) due to Crack: whore {ie +0) plane sss F(A) pine sein ‘Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985 NOTE: Sous /2, (0.9) and pressure is api onthe are the vera displacements at = 2c, (0, and (I /2,»), respectively, when uniform ck sufices.‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 173 la 1972a, 1973174_Part HL Method: Westergaard Stress Function (Superposition of page 7.2) Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1972a, 197314 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 175 poxtiy (8-46 F=EL0 “Hol176_Part HL where LRU) ae ss Vi HL) plane sain ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function (Special Case of page 7.2 or 7.3) Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1970, 19732b Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _177 (Crack Opening Area Relative Displacement at Infinity Dvn Aly Crack Opening Profile178_Part HL Te Crack Opening at Center: 1 — (conf / con BY where (4%) plane sss (ag) plane sain ‘Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, Reciprocity (soe page 7.18) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks _179180 Part IIL 150 where (rr Method: Westergaard Stress Function (Special Case of page 7.3) Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1970, 1973750 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 181 Crack Opening Area Relative Displacement at Infinity Crack Opening Profile: 2v(x, 0) con 8 sinh ae) Opening at Edge: 2010, 0)182_Part IIL 18¢ where +1) plane stress (alg) plane sin ‘Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, Reciprocity (see page 7-18) ‘Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _ 183 p ire ¢ 2 i -E ma Ss IP L wz, |184_Part HL 164 where ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact References: Irwin 1987; Tada 1973Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 185186 Part IIL 2a (Crack Opening Area Relative Displacement at Infinity 2vm =A Crack Opening Profile: 2v(s,0) Opening at Center or Edge:1 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 187 Vertical Displacement at (0,y): 1 (csfp eos 1 (cop jon where ‘Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, Reciprocity (see pages 7.1, 71a, 7.4a, 7.5a) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985188 Part IHL (Crack Opening Area Relative Displacement at Infinity Crack Opening Profile:78a ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 189 (1+ ¥) plane stress (rls) pe sin ‘Method: Special Case of page 7.7a Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985190 Part HL7.410 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 191 where Method: Integration of page 7.7 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 2000192_Part tL om Equivalent to Periodic Cracks with Symmetric Loadings‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 193 ‘Stress Intensity Factors {£,} = 1iais(’) via Kir Ku = 70VRa Displacements at A ‘Methods and References: K, Integral Transform-Singular Integral Equation (Wigglesworth 1957; Koiter 1965a, Bueckner 1966; Sneddon 1971a; Benthem 1972); Successive Stress Relaxation-Integral Equation (Irwin 1958b, 1960a; Lachenbruch 1961; Nishitani 1971a; Tada 1972a) nilarity of fice boundary corrections between Mode I and Mode Il (Tada 1973) K, From K,, Westergaard Stress Function, ete Accuracy: K,, K, Within one unit of last digit Exact Displacements were derived by Paris’ equation (Paris 1957) (sce Appendix B)194 Part HL Bula Ky = L218 0 Va Crack Opening Avea Crack Profile: ve? —s (2) (2) = 14se— rar + o18(£) —224(2)" oa fy = (0) = 1.454528 E ‘Method: 4 and é Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: A and &, Within one unit of last digit; 6(x) 1% Reference: Tada 198582 ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurational Cracks _ 195 Ky = 1297 ra Methods: K,, K., Combined Method of Integral Transform and Paris’ Zquation (see Appendix B) K., Westergaard Stress Function, etc Accuracy: Exact References: Ouchterlony 1975; Tada 1973, 1985196 Part IHL 82a Crack Opening Avea Crack Profile: (2) = 1s —a84(2) Method: A and 6 Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: A Within one unit of last digit; 6 1% Reference: Tada 198583 ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurational Cracks _197 14 eh mo ibe Fey = 1.297 - 29785" x 5 or ee] xs FB) =1.3 -.3(8) ' be + 0 [~] 0.2 04 0-6 0.8 1.0 % —~ % ‘Methods: K,, K,, Alterating Method (Successive Stress Adjustment) K,, Westergaard Stress Funetion, etc. Accuracy: K,, K, 0.5% K, Exact References: Hartranft 1973; Tada 1973, 1985198 Part HL 83a Crack Opening Area s=SVe—¥-o(2) o(2) ~14se— mts oi() -206(2) Opening at Ege mongers b= eat t-n(°) Moat tn(® w() 1m) Method: 4 and 6 Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: A and § 1% Reference: Tada 1985a4 ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurational Cracks 199) Ky be Anes Fc%a) Kut = 6S Awa = Sin BF ya) Ku & 1 F%)= 13-0182 a oF FCWa)= 137.1432 1208) +.083(B)> (2) Mt T T mT T s 1297 4 = -F-—~— ira |} —~_| 12 iP re vol L L L L ° 02 os o6 oe To —~ be ;, Altemating Method or Integration of page 8.3; K., Westergaard Stress Function, ete. Accuracy: Empirical Formula (1) 0.5%, (2) 0.2% Ref Hartranft 1973; Tada 1985 Exact200 Part UL Crack Opening Area 2(5) = (Masta) an 1(B) 19-8 (2) <13-s4-1m(2)' +062)"sab ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurational Cracks 201 Opening at Edge: 1n(2) =1991— am [ +( (2) = vasi2 (snr Sea'2) — seb 140() 1.025(2) Opening at x= 6: Method: 4 and 6 Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) or Integration of page 83a Accuracy: G 2%, G 0.5%: H, 1%, 7, Reference: Tada 1985202_Part ut 8s Stress Intensity Factors Displacements at A 2w Method: Superposition of page 8.1 and page 8.6 Accuracy: K,, K, 0.2% Reference: Displacements were derived by Pa equation (See Appendix B),85a ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurational Cracks 203 at | 3 Wil 3 iim (Crack Opening Area Opening at Edge: Method: 4 and é Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) or Integration of page 83a Accuracy: Within one unit of last digit Reference: Tada 1985204 Part UL 86 GF (%,0)) 7p Tyan dg | (yX Ty2(%0) t ¢ a) ‘Stress Intensity Factors Displacements at 4 {a} Methods: K, Integral Transform (Benthem) K, From Similarity of Free Boundary Corretions (Tada) K, Westergaard Stress Function, et, Stess Concentration Factor (Neuber) 1K, 0.2% Exact References: Neuber 1937; Benthem 1972; Tada 1973 Displacements were derived by Superposition of page 8.1 and page 85. Accuracy86a Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 208 Ky = 43%pV%0 Jva (1.208) (Crack Opening Area (1.299) Opening at Edge: (assy Method: 4 and & Superposition of page 8.1a and page 8.Sa Accuracy: Within one unit of last digit Reference: Tada 1985206 Part UL 87 5&0) P t Ty Hote {gq (4) Ty (4 (¥>-1) (>) = Gamma Funetion (See Appendix M) ‘Methods: Integral Equation (Stallybrass), Altemating Method (Hartrarft), Integration of page 8.3 Accuracy: K, and K,, 0.5% K., Exact References: Stallybrass 1970; Hartranft 19° 5 Tada 1973, 1985 NOTE: For special eases ~ O and = 1, se page 8.1 and page 8 espoctvely. doesnot have to be an iter ican be any teal value > =87a ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 207 a—- Crack Opening Area Opening at Edge: (>) = Gamma Funetion (See Appendix M) ‘Method: 4 and é Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) or Integration of page 83a Accuracy: 0.5% Reference: Tada 1985208 Part UL ‘Method: Integration of page 8.3 Accuracy: Formulas F,(¥), F,(Y), and F,() 0.5% K,, Exact References: Tada 1985, 2000 8889 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 209 (Ad (BD 8) Ku = 0 For F,(Y), F,(7),and F,(7), see page 8.8 Method: Superposition of page 8.8 Accuracy: Formulas F (¥), F,(Y), and F,(¥) 0.5% K, and K,, in (A) and K, and K,, in (B) are exact. Reference: Tada 1985, 2000210 Part UL 810 (1.1215) = S6toy/ma (ral \.1215) = —361ov ma Method: Direct use of page 8.1 or Integration of page 88 Accuracy: The value 1.1215 is accurate within one unit of last digit, References: Tada 1985,sul ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 211 niyo -ofams aro] roscdprmoo( nea] ‘Method: Integration of page 8.3 or page 8.8 Accuracy: 0.5% Tada 1985212_Part WL vy 20. sind 20+ sin20)(0?~ sin? 0) Method: Integral Transform Accuracy: Exact Reference: Ouchterlony 1975 NOTE: For posal eases of s = lp and «= (a =") 60 pages 82 and 36, respectively813, ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 213 k= Sr) Crack Opening Area Crack Profile: where [20 sinde [Bret sin Fis) (as) (sin) (andy G(o) = AISS#. 2190+ 3855 + 205 [rvent _9(3) and f(s), see page 8.17 Methods: K, Combined method of Integral Transform and Appendix B A and v Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) and Interpolation Accuracy: K, Exact; A and v 19 References: Ouchterlony 1975; Tada 1985214 Part ald s = 0/T Fs) Crack Opening Area Opening at Edge: where 1755 4.21964 385s" 41206 Fis) = Methods: K, Integral Transform and Integral Equation (Doran s > 2), Beam Theory (s — 0), and Interpolation (0 < s <2) A and 6 Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: K, and 6 Better than 1%; 4 Better than 2% References: Doran 1969; Tada 1973, 1985 NOTE: For posal eases s = Ip and = 1, se also page 8 and page 37, respectvly.Various Configurations with Cracks 218 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for 7 o=ST cr 9 a S = 6/1 (Crack Opening Area Opening at Edge: where 0585 + 1965+ 33307 +0136" F(x) = 2585+ 06s + 3338 ONS 120s" S++ 219s + 3859 Gs) ‘Methods: K, Asymptotic Interpolation; 4 and 6 Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: K, and 6 Better than 1%; A Better than 2% Reference: Tada 1985216 Part UL 816 Ky = ovina Fs) (Crack Opening Area Opening at Edge: oa Fs) J) where Gis yo) = 13S SRS + 163s? + ITs rs 97 4 114s [Bes Paints Method: Superposition of page 8.14 and page 8.15 Accuracy: K, and § Better than 1%; A Better than 22 Reference: Tada 198587 ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 217 Crack Opening Atea Opening at Edge: ~ 919) +fil9) Ws) = 24248) -A) fo) = (1100 26152? — 718 Method: Estimated by Interpolation Accuracy: K, and § 2%; 4 3% Reference: Tada 1985218 Part Ut Ya Tors a=0 cond Vier sins Rm Method: Integral Transform Accuracy: Exact Reference: Ouchterlony 1975ou ‘Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 219 ‘Stress Intensity Factors Displacement (Relative Rotation at Inf Is Me Methods: Integral Transform (Benthem), Extrapolation fom the Results by Boundary Collocation Method (Wilson) Accuracy: Within 0.1% References: Wilson 1969, 197 jenthem 1972220 Part UL outa a V2 Relative Rotation at Infinity = 15.80. ‘When 0 is prescribed: ‘Method: (Comparison of page 9.1 and pages 4.10, 4.102) Accuracy: Within one unit of last digit92 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 221 yP (No Rotation) Oa 07360 Methods: K, Integral Transform (Benthem, Stallybrass), K, Integral Equation (Tada), Boundary Collocation Method (Wilson), K,, Westergaard Stress Function, et. Exact +r 196Sb; Wilson 1970; Stallybrass 1971; Benthem 1972; Tada 1973222_Part UL 93 PoP LTS, 11 XM= P(0736a-x) O7360, a+ | ___t \ | a M=P(a7386a-x) SH p te Method: Superposition of page 9.1 and page 9.2 Accuracy: 0.1% References: Benthem 1972; Tada 197394 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 223, PyaP to ynepxasnsa ' 1 KL JM=Pxo2sea PY tp 2p Ky = 0.464 Kin = Kn =0 Method: Superposition of page 9.1 and page 9.2 Accuracy: 0.2% References: Benthem 1972; Tada 19739s 224_Part ut s=1-% 1. ) 43975. 2-0736) a) = 36) 1 Fis) +3.52($- 0.786) (%) ea 1 ai297 — Fesy| +] aie i LT | Fesy= 1 +.297/5 +8%1-8)/8 MV | a) 0-2 Om 0-6 08 10 8 =1- Method: K,, K, Successive Stress Relaxation - Integral Equations; K,, Westergaard Stress Function, et. Accuracy: K,, K, Estimated at 1%; K_ Exact References: Tada 1972a, 197396 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _225 ‘Method: Special case of page 9.6a ence: Tada 1973226 Part UL 9.60 Kn ‘Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, ete. (Simple Radial Stresses for P and Q) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 198510.4 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 227 Ke Fay) Wetay 2 ba Fr | ‘a, Fag) ') (0) _[Feca {| (Ef [e5) te t Fines (Ob), OFF (ECD _ (196% faa Seem lk ices } a (9), _ Eck Fuge COP ( - ea k= 2196/14 %) cede (RG ay, Kee o Tt & owt: Fal Faa= Tne Fae = vz Fe/ Fixe ~ 1.122 134. ‘S12 /8 16 NE Methods: K, Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials (Isida) K, From similarity of free boundary corrections (Tada) K., Muskhelishvili Method, etc. (page 6.1) Accuracy: K,, K, 1% act sida 1965a, 1970a; K, Tada 1973; K,, Erdogan 19228 Part UL 102 Method: Special case of page 10.20 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 197310.20 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 229 Ky = Ky = Ki = 0 Methods: Westergaard Stress Function, etc. (Simple Radial Stresses far P and Q) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985103 230 _Part Kia = ova Fe(4p) Kig = ona: Fy (4p) Fa(4%p) = 1 ~175(45)" -245(%)” <8) Fa(%) = 1 145(%)" Cl <.9) 1.0 Sd T 1.0 r T—~_ 7 ' Os 0.8 2 a v= v2 . zk plane stress NY 4 . w — plane strain FA t o 10.6 a L 1 1 1 he oO 0.2 0.4 A 06 08 10 ++ Method: Series Expansions of Complex Potentials Accuracy: Curves are based on numerical values with 0.1% accuracy Formulas: F, 1% for jy < 0.8; F, 1% for Mp < 0.9 References: Isida 1970a; Tada 198510.4 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 231 “5 Kj = ova Fils) fttrr) } Ky = ora» Fy(s) t Ty o +-—2a—-| ah Lo TTT L +23 4.585(-S)+1350-sy | s)= Fe a=sy ee BOF sre 4 : Sos wt SS — | S04 ple 7 7r780 o 1 ° 10 ‘Methods: Singular Integral Equations, Beam Theory (s — 1) Accuracy: Better than 1% References: Erdogan 1973, Tada 1985232_Part UL 14 rt = Faro | | h " i { | ttt, Lea! | eae Pp? {| k— TTet He tyaO 20] poy f 2.0 L kp=ofra-F(@, B) 2 I Séro5 s 26 ic Ye “4 Le { eo ir 12 1.0: 1 1 1 1 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 1.0 — % ‘Methods: Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials Combined with a Boundary Colfocation Method (sida), Boundary Collocation Method (Kobayashi) Accuracy: Better than 1% References: Kobayashi 1964; Isida 1971a,b12 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 233, dese Ie IF |, ® = Pp 4 | 7 18 Klis Vitel | As L ’ i 4 ve Kent FFG FAC BB) 16 07 oT Kye=oFTa Fel $-6) g [ewes < fe Crack | Js. I uf | $0: Central Crac! Jes | I 1st 2-1 : Semi-infinite Plate i fo Hie V/./o| r YALL ET "WE |, a Lijfeo EE ES + Zee 1 \ 1 a 02 oF 4 08 . 70? —s Method: Laurent’s Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials, Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Isida 1965a234 Part UL 113 M Gj=0%, o= 3Ma = ~ebF oye 2M8 2 NE i CZ ly Ky= Oa - Fi (%/b) , = OHTA Fe(%) +-2a—+ Fale) {1-9 )R%) FJ —-26—] Gh Teo Hae G(%r0) = 1/2 | CM") = Yee r aS 0.3) - [ ofa 1 os os 3 a 4 Ss “4 7Benthem 5 7" i | GcBr=afirgth)+aCBF- ney teseret} | mt 5- i sida ae ae al Fifa Ff t+aseracgy + 01436(B) } 2 \ 1 L \ Te 02 ‘Method: From Stress Concentration Factor for an Elliptical Hole (sida), Asymptotic Approximation (Benthem) Accuracy: Better than 1% [G(4[p) formula by Benthem] References: Isida 1956; Benthem 197214 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _ 235 Oy = Ty 20 Oy = tay =O h L | kee giercty | ‘Method: Boundary Collocation Method Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on results having better than 0.1% accuracy. Reference: Newman 1971236 Part Ut us 3M on ae -3M 4. o _- n= B¢b= OF” 1-7 i—-4 oy = OAT “Fy %b) i = Oya Fat Yo) G9) = 2%) (aft . _I tap B06) = EE BP FA 1122 G(%~0) «1.122 1 G(%=")= 4am) | —| —_J 7 os < So s ps o Ce L 4 4 | a os oa L Gt y= Sefer Fes E13} - os tori-M ness HS Method: Asymptotic Approximation Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Benthem 1972116 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _237 Kz = ofa: FO %) au ‘a © 10 ie 0.9 E ea o226 Co 0-2 04 0.6 08 1-0 —— % Methods: Mapping Collocation Technique (Bowie), Integral Transform (Tweed) Accuracy: Curve was drawn based on the values having four significant figures for 0 < 4p < 08. References: Bowie 1970b; Tweed 19723 NOTE: For ccentrialyloated rail intemal cracks, sce Tweed 19728,238 Part UL 17 FC“) (See page 11.6 for F(4/s).) Additional References to page 11.6: Libatskii 1965, 1967; Yamera 1965. For cocentrically located radial cracks, see Tweed 19728,118. Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _239 P Ke Apia Fp) T 7 25 “FC%) 7 20 \ 4 Rooke, 1s NJ ea See '*7 4 4 1 4 1 | 1.0, O2 O4 06 08 10 ‘Methods: Mellin Transform and Integral Equation (Rooke, 4/5 < 0.6), Interpolated Asymptotically (Tada, 4p > 0.6) Accuracy: Better than 19 References: Rooke 1973b; Tada 1973 NOTE: For ecenrialyloated rl cracks, see Rooke 1973b,240 Part UL ng FG) 1'-% -FC%) 7 1.0] — S1-% FC%) T 1 1 1 1 08 oO o2 0.4 0.6 08 10 —~% 03! Method: Estimated Asymptotically Accuracy: Expected to be better than 2% Reference: Tada 197311.10 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varlcus Configurations with Cracks 241 Fp 20/50), 0 % Methods: Extracted from the results of page 11.15 (Rooke; Integral Transform; 4/p < 0.5), Influence Function (Sire) NOTE: For an application, seepage HAS.246 Part UL mas Rotating Dise or Shaft | vat ip) - where = angular velocity p= density {Gg sm For numerical values of F(M/p) and G(4/p) and more information, see pages 11.13 and 11.14.4 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _247 ttrtt © 0 O06 oy That tT ‘Methods: K, Fourier Transform (Koiter, Benthem), Energy Consideration (Paris, Rice); K,, Westengaard Stress Function (Tada) Accuracy: Exact NOTE: For completo Mode Il stess functions, seepage 12.2248 Part UL 22 paxthy ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 197323 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _249 Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973250 Part HL na ve) ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973Rs Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 251 /3i(> 40.2865 k= ( +0248) ‘Method: Fourier Transform Accuracy: Numerical value 0.2865 is believed to have accuracy within one unit ofthe last digit (obtained by numerical integration. Reference: Benthem 1972126 2s_Part ut s- bh Lt 3 b+h ~ T+ ~ TH Kr = 2c jamb Fy¢s) = td Fats) @(s9=/73 Roya . F S+0(B 70): Gat $1): { s+(+-ys02015} = 1. T T T T T 1.0 og. 08 ea, ef y) 4 = 06 ) > 0.6 2 5 e | ‘'S $ ON 7 of of 0.2865 S 7 o2| oz 1 : 1 a" ! 0.2 0.4 0.6 Os 1.0 s=—2 beh ‘Method: Estimated Asymptotically Accuracy: Expected to be better than 3% Reference: Tada 1973Ba Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _ 253 OT ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973254 Part UL 132 | naga) («ing sn ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973133, Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _ 255 = (ang fan (cing si 1 (nn gp sin ~ («ung /snn a) 1 (sing /sin 9) #/ ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973256 Part UL 14a s+ 8. ht ash * Tah Tha Kr c Fins) We}=fy Ro = { OR: Feats fnaveced , (8 a ee g eo is 06 i We é i é tlhe a) | Enos | 4 aore=actaee a 7 [ swith: eR i Faa* {Ton &) 7 QsS<043 : Iida 014<5091; Fichter \ ot ose — Sar Method: K, Fourier Transform (Fichter), Expansions of Complex Potentials (sida), Asymptotic Approximation (polynomial of degree ten) (Benthem) K,, Stress Concentration Factor (Neuber), Westergaard Stress Function (Tada) Accuracy: K, Estimated at 1% K, Exact References: Fichter 1967; Isida 1971; Benthem 1972; Neuber 1937; Tada 1973Mata ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 287 ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function ‘Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973258 Part UL 142 44 feos 38)" cat 9 Jott) Het (cong conn (son gp) — (sie ah) 2 (a) (cong /oongp) —1 (Hs*,) cot") (cons feongg) 1 SOS PSH ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973143 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 259 = oon g fon gp ‘Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973260 Part UL 144 2h eT 0-—+ 7 r Th L 4 os os L 2 4 io. 06 © ond 4 { FTA of 0.4 0<5<049 . reid L o—o* oa oz L L 1 L 1 OF OF 06 70 — s= 7a Methods: Expansions of Complex Potentials (s < 0.49, Isida), Interpolated Asymptotically (6 > 0.49, Tada) Accuracy: Better than 1% for s < 0.49, estimated at 3% for s > 0.49. References: Isida 1971a; Tada 1973145 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 261 =—4 on — ie $= ath ~ Te%m ~ +P Ku> Tita Fs) —T>. = TY3h Fats) zh G(s)= fi=5 Fes RO le2a-| 2h se0(Yh~0): G=t So 1(%n wor): GLE Is 4c By NS 02865 10 r 1.0 a 12 e097 e GE [naar omesy os| 08 c L 4 2 So 06 oe] ® 4 t PS LO Ys EN e wf o4 i s 2 foxes, ~ 4 o2| oz | | 1 1 h 1 02 OF 0-6 0.8 10 —> s=—4 ath Methods: Asymptotic Approximation (Benthem), Dislocation Distribution (Kamei) Accuracy: Better than 1% References: Benthem 1972; Kamet 1974.262_Part UL 146 ay 1 aah TFT My CH ro} Cio} ee ws al Lae is = 038) 0.8 é &, | 1 os feo jos | fA) eX Fa | Fo a4 | po Fichter tf (art O and s =» 1 References: s — 0 Irwin 1987, ete.,s + 1 Gilman 1959; Barenblatt 196216.2. Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _267 Methods: s — 0 Solution for a Semi-Infinite Crack (page 3.7), s + 1 Theory of Beam Bending Accuracy: Exact for both s > Oands— 1 References: s -» 0 Tada 1973, s—» 1 Gilman 1959; Barenblatt 1962268 Part UL 163 TTTTT THITTTITIMTTLL bang For plane strain: y= +e ki=Vi-7 -oVi plane suess plane stain16.4 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 269 T For plane strain: U: tte ett t = 4 | —— ‘Methods: Energy Consideration (Paris, Rice), Fourier Transform (Benshem) Accuracy: Exa References: Paris 1955, 1960; Rice 1967; Benthem 1972 See page 12.1270 Part Ut 165 Method: Westergaard Stress Function Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973 See page 12.2166 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 271 See pages 12.5 and 12.6272_Part wm tn aeh 13%, 1%, Ky = ona Fi(s) = oval) 09) 0-0): Fy =1 e - oa § gsttnl- beta! + petal nfs vost ae 4 bey = ‘SD 4 a los. ' od8<07 age eect exter | aa — oa | | L | 4 1. : : a ar ‘Methods: Expansions of Complex. Stress Potentials (Isida), Fourier Transform (Fichter), Theory of Beam Bending (s — 1) Accuracy: Order of 1% References: Fichter 1967; Isida 1971a112. Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 273, See page 14.13 274_Part th TA, Ky = oVFa-Fi) = oVhi- Fats) + Olajh 0): F, = 1s safes): RavinF Ie Rove 6 w c lane Stress wl Pl Stre: le | = Poisons Rte y= 0,05 aigetcoat: ker oa esse loa [Bes2o4 : Tsida oF oe ae ae To — sahp ‘Methods: Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials (Isida), Fourier Transform (Fichter), s —+ 0: Solution for Infinite Plate, s —» 1: Energy Balance (Rice) Accuracy: Order of 1% References: Fichter 1967; Rice 1967; NOTE: For plan stain F,(s — 1)14 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 275 29 20 | e [1095 % 1s| Sie : 3 © Le a , se ' we ot ui os Ohe82078 ester 1. 1 1 crs ae — sear Methods: Fourier Transform (Fichter, s ~> 0: Solution for infinite plate (page 5.9), s —> 1: Beam bending Accuracy: Order of 1% Reference: Fichter 1967276 Part UL See page 14.6116 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 277 ay rl Ga Oy, kK; F(s) opesct T T T T bo SS 08 8 Plane Stress L . 4 os| 0.6 mn \"\| Y= Poisson's Retio F og —_ . —_- | 2h 2 2h Tu See page 14517.410 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varieus Configurations with Cracks 281 1.07 T T T T T 1:0 \ sega oe | os « \ we if J 3 b os 06 is [= uae FL segsrccsens ] = oat 0. ' A Gj, t omes 1) References: Rice 19675 Isida 1971a; Tada 1973 NOTE: For plane stain, f(s +1) =M=ZE, tes for v = 0 se page 14284 Part UL 1743 y= See page 14.418.41 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks a= Shs Tye plone stress J b-2a—} 2b——+ jv=-Gn. sy For plane strain vat oh See page 18.2 285286 Part UL 182 ie hu plane |, s = 18 ; b Kp odma FOE.) | 16 1 la 10 1 los 10 Method: Laurent’s Expansion of Complex Stress Potentials Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Isida 1971a,b18.3 Two Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _287 t Bo £33 By 24] En 5 & | fo A r 4 fl is i 2 Lo os oF To ‘Method: Laurent’s Expansion of Complex Stress Potentials Combined with a Boundary Collocation Method Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Isida 1971a,b288 Part IL 184 E z fs v 5 il is Lo 08 =| ob oR | plane stress 06} 0.6 . 1 1 1 1 0-4 4 0.2 0-4 06 08 10 a - b> Method: Series Expansions of Complex Potentials Accuracy: Curve is based on numerical values with 0.1% accuracy Formula 1% for 4/5 < 0.8 References: Isida 1970a; Tada 1985194 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _289 Cree 4 = OFfira Ris) ee F(s):siny ie FaCS)= C1-A) Fels) + AF CS) 4 a Fa) (ROS AE IE C= TP rgsy eos(esofietasces?] | “el Fics) = 1Cyl +. 74861-5389 5 [eas & “ 1 ; —e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a a 7 er ‘Methods: Mapping Function Methods (Bowie — Mode I; Sih — Mode If}, Boundary Collocation Method (Newman) -y: Fy and F, curves are based on numerical values with expected accuracy of 0.1%, Formulas Fy and F;, 1%; Fry Exact References: Bowie 1956; Sih 1965a; Newman 1971; Tada 1985 Acc290 Part UL 192 7) La] ® Oy % hte s = o& 4 Rea Ky. = ota -Fcs> \aaes Fs) = (1-a) Fls)#a Fs? ‘| | Foes) =Lte.2cr-so4aci-sy"] Rosy |? 2c ft RS) = 2243-a.0hsaiasas* 248s? | C [eas " Ee Ky = fa -Fi6S)-sin : wens ' > Fa(S=Ze(2-s} 1 \ 1 L \ oe oF or oF 70 — say a Method: Mapping Function Method Accuracy: Fy and F; Better than 1% Fay Exact References: Bowie 1956; Yokobori 1972 (or Kamei 1974); Tada 198519.3 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Crucks 291 Ky = pyr: Facs) FCS (IAD Fats AF GD Fy =(1-5)0.6374 485(1-8) F = t+c-syLo+m43ti-sy) 4 05 | Method: Boundary Collocation Method Accuracy: Curves are based on numerical values with 0.1% accuracy. Formulas Fy and Fy 1% References: Newman 1971; Tada 1985292 Part UL o a Se Method: Boundary Collocation Method, Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on the results having better than 0.1% accuracy. Reference: Newman 1971 See also page 19.11195 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _ 29 Ku =7 Kir (Mg 20) = 2x: Vnasiny Kn (%q 0) = nvRasiny ‘Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Exact Reference: Sih 19654294 Part UL 196 000% where For Circular Hole, ‘Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Exact Reference: Yokobori 1972 (or Kamei 1974)19.7 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks _ 29S O00% where bras For Circular Hole, Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Exact Reference: Yokobori 1972 (or Kamei 1974)296 Part UL 198 seide Kote] Ky = ofa - Fes ,$) s70( Bo): F112 Ke soi(Peo): Fo is Ce ba 2 Fwy i22 a bea Methods: Boundary Collocation Method (Newman), Body Force Method (Nishitani) Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on the results having better than 0.1% accuracy References: Nishitani 1969; Newman 197119.9 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _297 tt E + f o I bra—4 10] | toto t ° i sea, Ken te) K,= Ofna: Fos, £) so($-o): Fo i.122'Ke Sa1CGae): Fo Vie crb,a sR ti22 ‘Method: Integral Equation Accuracy: 3 Reference: Berezhnitskii 1966298 Part UL 910 o 4 of t ; t tot onB=o0 o> pra 4 4e (Fats) vn reat : Kz=0,/a- Fs, %) y 65(b,0) ! Sr0(Y>0):F1i22-K, ) hi 7 eft 81 (Koo): F> Ws hi ! hoe bo : Fo ri22 bb > |! t to 4 = eH Kk, = Gitb.o eit nd ET Ye 3 aes Ys x, Ke i» rp 2 t iL -——| 02° 04,06 08 10 2 ~ ok ee tae >| | ooo =4, rhea, Ll °o 02 Om 06 os rr) se Bg Methods: Mapping Collocation Method (Neal, s > 0.25), Estimated (Tada, s < 0.25) Accuracy: Expected to be better than $% for s < 0.25, better than 2% for s > 0.25 References: Neal 1970; Tada 1973; Savin 1961, 1968 (K, values) NOTE: Nel’ results for small cracks (5 < 0.25) appear to be Wo ae‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 299 9.11 o- bette tt facta ky =ovear(§.5) fh soa) 4 Treterc tcl 30 ATL L % S 2 8 B yy he 0.826 ; —~ [iH FE AD : Methods: Boundary Cllocation (¢//) = 0.25, 0.5; Newman), Estimated by Interpolation (¢/'p other than 0.25, 0.5; Tada) Accuracy: Accurate for ¢/ References: Newman 1971; 25, 0.5; better than 5% for other values of ¢/), rada 1973 NOTE: For é/y << 1, so page 19. and 2.1. See aso p. 194.300 Part HL Peete bee ky = ovma-F(25.5) Pep bbb to —~ fA $4) Method: Estimated by Intexpolation Accuracy: Better than 5% for any d/c, ¢/p , and Reference: Tada 1973 NOTE: For ej << tse page 195, 19.1219.13 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varieus Configurations with Cracks 301 =o. I-Yp Tina 4 K, = "on = (42$)-56,5) 0.2,- Method: Estimated by Interpolation Accuracy: f(U/e= 00, &/p) Exact S(le=1, fb) S(A/e +O, ¢/p) Accurate For all other values of 4/¢ , accuracy is expected to be much better than 5 %, References: Tada 1974302_Part UL 19.14 trretes facta B SS FREED J tN z I | if | i Te Method: Estimated by Interpolation Accuracy: Better than 5 % for any 4/¢,¢/j,, and &/ Reference: Tada 1973 NOTE: For e/y << hse pages 19.3 and 2.6,19.18 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 303 co ttt a S* Dea aOfG-FES) © kes OffO-F(S.§) G+ S+0($>0): Fa1122 Ky 4 Sol (Gre): Fe Lee Cfo: Fwt.ize hight where k= (E)= (1428) fe) F(%) = 140.122 (Ghey* t~% 322 8 tt Ly, a T ry 0 Ye too 08 1-0 ao 4 ma r 2 Fo. §) 4 4 ae) ol 4 1 1 ° 0.2 04 0.6 08 1.0. es = a ora Methods: Stress Relaxation (Superposition) (Nishitani; ¢/, = 1/2, 1, 2 and 0.2 < 4/p < 1), Estimated by Interpolation (Tada) Accuracy: Better than References: Nishitani 1973; Tada 1973,304 Part UL 19.16 12 TTT T T Bso° tia “ AS F¢s,6) Ke 4 o as ss TW) J a oe S* arp 4 K,= oJita Fes) Ky= 0 ° 1 1 i L | L ° 0.2 04 0.6 08 1.0 —+ 5-54, Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Curves are based on accurate (0.1%) numerical values (Hasebe 1978) References: Hasebe 1978; Tada 200019.17 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _30S Al.i2i5 gt arb Kz = O74 Fis. v) 4 TBF g(S3) Kgs Ova Fy(s,¥) | 0.4 0.6 0.8 10 — ssfp Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Curves are based on accurate (0.1%) numerical values (Hasebe 1980), References: Hasebe 1980; Tada 2000306 Part IHL 19.18 Aa 2M hy Ke Vai [oF (A) Fp) + ky = vail 1 7 F(A) =m. [0637 -0224(1 —4)"40 Tame E i Papa) = nasa 4) ‘AL — A) : y Fuld) = [owas csc —ay*voavau a") Fanaa 1. fossit -ay's0.1280 47] Vall — 4) ‘Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Fs Foy 0.5%; Fy, Fry 1%; Fs Fy, 2% References: Hasebe 1981; Tada 2000 NOTE: All approximate formulas (Tada 2000) are bse on accurate (0.194) mamaria valuas Hasebe 1981).19.19 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 307 ie ’ P u = Va oF uel A) + Vt to 0.018 + 0.069 ¢ nea FuolA) 0.156 ~ 0.067 & vai 579 + 06244-00626 | Fup(A) =. [0.126 ~ 0244 ~ 0.02311 4)" va(1— a)? - sian Fuld) =. 200s one Vat U Fau(4) =. [-0228-+ (1 4)" (0577-924 + 0.84 Vall —A) Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Fs Fyys Fy 195 Fips Fyys Fy 2% References: Hasebe 1987; Tada 2000 NOTE: All approximate formulas (Tada 2000) are based on accurate (0.194) mamaria values (Hasebe 1987)308 Part HL a Z 02| C 4 L Oz OF 06 OF To — s+ Ro ‘Method: Boundary Collocation Method Accuracy: Curves (solid lines) were drawn based on the results having 0.1% accuracy Reference: Newman 1971202 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _309 Ky= ofa - Figo, 3 I Sai5 7 | Rat? | Methods: Boundary Collocation Method (Newman), Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials (Isida) Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on the results having 0.1% accuracy. References: Newman 1971; Isida 1973310 Part Ut 203 Kean OFF Eyer: 4) Ky0= 0/7 Fate 8) Method: Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on the results having 0.1% Reference: Isida 1970a , for 4/(g— p) 1 wore taken fom po204 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 311 KG, a= 04 -Fa (gee, B) o Kya O10 Fa(q2e 5) = o ° = i -o2 WL & Lew | 4 | 038, L 24 0.6 = -08|-_1 0.2 O4 06 08 v ‘Method: Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on the results a Reference: Isida 1970 accuraey (thick solid and dashed lines) NOTE: The values of F, for 4/(g— g) —+ 1 wore taken fom p. 192 where 2 = 1312_Part Kg, a7 Ota Fa (ge) Ks,p=0/ma-Fe(ap ©) Method: Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on the results having 0.1% accursey. Reference: Isida 1970a206 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 313 OO OF where E(k) = For Circular Hole, ‘Method: Complex Potentials Accuracy: Exact Reference: Yokobori 1972 (or Kamei 1974)314_Part Ut aut ‘Method: Conformal Mapping (Muskhelishvili) Accuracy: Exact References: Muskhelishvili 1933; Sih 1962b‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 315 ‘Method: Superposition of page 21.1 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985316 Part UL a3 ae = HO) = EH/K() oe =r) soe VER cot 8| 1 + cos" Method: Conformal Mapping (Muskhelishvili) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 198524 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 317 H=H(0) = E(8)/K(R) kus wR foan{a teat Ky = 1V AR af-onae (« 0 i120 sion sail aio Ky =1V FR oot —sin Bos) 2), L+sin’ 6] AQ oe fy = og ee | Method: Superposition of page 21.3, Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985318 Part UL Kua = bh over e000 (o} \% ® 6 o ze or @ oO a) @9e@ % ny? ‘Method: Conformal Mapping A Ex References: Sih 19658216 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks 319 ‘See Narendran 1982.320 Part UL 24 Parabolic Are Crack: sa4dy, [ssa a= 2tan i Ky = Valor (a) + o2F nla) Ky = VF[0 Fn (a) + 02F (a) ~~ Ky =pVralFin(a) + F(a] 7 Ky =pVF8lFin(a) + Finta)] ‘See Narendran 1982,218 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 321 Hee —s > tf tho Ky = ovr" (1.0863 — 22279) Kip = oa (—2227 + 1.08639) ttte ! | ia Ub itt 4 tho Ky = 070.8636) Method: A Special Case of page 21.10 and/or page 21.9 Accuracy: 0.1% References: Tada 1985; also Stallybrass 1969; Rooke 1969322_Part I 219 Ky = ova Fs) Kee =0Vab-F(l—3) to lS 08 06 —— Frcs) 0.2 ‘Method: Altemating Method (Special Case of Page 21.10; \ = 1) Accuracy: Curve is based on numerical values with 0.1% accuracy. Reference: Tada 198521.10 & Ku = ovr Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _323, a Fals,9) Vib -Fals,2) 1.9) -—- FS A)=F(s) + AF Ci-8) | | i : Fg (5.4) = a(S) + AF, (1-5) Bol us wok 4 Soe T cs ] a 4 FS) fe es] 02} 0.2 0.4 06 0.8 — sap Method: Altemating Method (Simultaneous Integral Equations) Accuracy: Curves are based on numerical values with 0.1% accuracy. Reference: Tada 1985 4122324 Part IL ana ‘Method: Conformal Mapping ‘Accuracy: Exact Reference: Sih 1965822 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _ 325 Method: Conformal Mapping Accuracy: Exact Reference: Sih 19658326_Part HL 2113 Ky = ova Fn) 222 ( Ouchterlony) or nz 1 ( Tada) ‘Total Area of Crack Opening: Sin) = 1600) noo: Sin) 4 OF Ane = Met ‘Methods: Integral Transform and Integral Equation, Conformal mapping Accuracy: Both formulas for K, have better than 0.5% accuracy; A beter than 1% References: Westmann 1964; Williams 1971; Kitagawa 1975; Ouchterlony 1975; Tada 1985ats Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _327 Ky = ova Fuln) Method: Estimated by Interpolation (based on results for m = 1, 2, 4, and 00) Accuracy: Expected to be within 1% Reference: Tada 1985328 Part IL 21.18 (n22) ‘Method: In Exact Reference: Ouchterlony 1975, 1976 Transform21.16 Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Varicus Configurations with Cracks _329 t t 25;>—F 2243] to . $= Ra Ky = ofa: Fy(s.n) Z Eis — g < ner | ie uw | 3 { 1 = 4 ds E a es C+} 8 i ir 1 1 38 To Methods: Conformal Mapping (Ouchterlony; s < 0.6, n < 15), Asymptotic Interpolation (Tada; s > 0.6, n<1Sand0 15) Accuracy: 1% References: Ouchterlony 1975; Tada 1985330_Part IL 21497 Le, 2a] singe BE snde —> Gis.n)= Rism/i-s) Gane = Methods: Conformal Mapping (Ouchterlony; s < 0.6, < 15), Asymptotic Interpolation (Tada; s > 0.6, n 15) Accuracy: 1% References: Ouchterlony 1975; Tada 1985 NOTE: For F (6. se page 21.16pa Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 331 L Krq= OO -FalB 8) \ ir. 4 Ke" OUT Fa(6-0) ye hae i Z rr Te EP al t 1.0) 1.0 0.8}— a oe J plane stress | Fi Fa plane strain 4 | 4 | ia 06 a 02 0-4 * O68 * 08 a 1.0, Method: Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on the results having 0.1% accuracy. Reference: Isida 1970a332 Part UL 222 Se $-2) Hf ia Ta ola |Hla ya Ey | ety’ TEIVe yyy oo tet on te ky =ofna- F(Z.) enEt 2 uw ' Lo} °: pave L plane stress J plane strain . . 0 Gh of oF oe os Ne ee eo & Method: Expansions of Complex Stress Potentials Accuracy: Curves were drawn based on results with 0.1% accuracy, Reference: Isida 1970ao ooo ocooood PART IV THREE DIMENSIONAL CRACKED CONFIGURATIONS A Semi-Infinite Crack in an Infinite Body An Embedded Circular Crack in an Infinite Body An External Circular Crack (A Circular Net Section) or a Circular Ring (An Annular) Crack in an Infinite Body An Elliptical Crack or Net Section and a Parabolic Crack in an Infinite Body An External Circular Crack in a Round Bar An Internal Circular Crack in a Round Bar An Internal Circumferential Crack in a Thick-Walled Cylinder An External Circumferential Crack in a Thick-Walled Cylinder A Half-Circular Surface Crack in a Semi-Infinite Body A Quarter Circular Corner Crack in a Quarter-Infinite Body 333M Part IV. ‘Method: Papkovich-Neuber Potentials Accuracy: Exact References: Uflyand 1965; Sih 1968; Kassir 197322 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 338 ‘Method: Integration of page 23.1 or a Limiting Case of page 24.11 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985336 Part IV. 233 Z=0,-b£x<0 Ky =Ky =0 Method: Integration of page 23.1 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 198524 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 337 Method: Integration of page 23.1 or a Limiting Case of page 24.4 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985338 Part IV. 23s PF on x4z=b, x-2) ‘Volume of Crack: where Gamma Funetion (See Appendix M) ‘Method: Integration of page 24.5, Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1974, 1985, NOTE: For special ease of 7~0, see page 244350_Part IV. 249 : 7 Po &Crov=pl ime} ut (¥>-1) (“f [ S\ CTT Rs" (Ku = Ku =0) ‘Volume of Crack (Crack Opening at Center: 06 08 10 ‘Method: Integration of page 24.5 Accuracy: K,, 7 Exact; D(7) curve is based on accurate numerical values References: Tada 1974, 1985 NOTE: For posal ese of = 0, se paige 2424.10 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 381 ‘Method: Integration of page 24.3, Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973352_Part IV. 24a Volume of Crack: Crack Opening at Center: Vertical Displacement at (0,0,2412 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 353 &(%Y,0)= 0% Fex) Volume of Crack: J, f (o-Ps (Crack Opening at Center: fy = 2¥(0,0,0) ‘Method: Integration of page 24.11 Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1975, 1985354 Part IV. 2413244 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 355 Method: Integral Transform (Hankel Transform) or Integration of page 24.9 or 24.11 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Benthem 1972356 Part IV. 24.140 6, y,0)= pe Volume of Crack: Crack Opening along Diameter x = 0: (0.3.0) =0 Vertical Displacement at (0.0.5) ¥=¥(0,0,5) =0 Method: Integration of page 24.11 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985 NOTE: Crack since iterrece (r <0) was not considered,2415 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 387 (7,0) = pL ‘Volume of Crack: Displacement at (0,0,) v= (0,045) where ‘Method: Integration of page 24.11 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1975, 1985388 Part IV 2416 _— 0; (xy,0)=P (1 Ly % (Roof-shaped distribution) (cos) ® (VT or Bova’ wals-$(4)" (ied vE)} {5 veesd)} Volume of Crack: Crack Opening at Center: & Displacement at (00,5) ‘Method: Superposition of pages 24.1 and 24.15, Accuracy: Exact References: Tada 1975, 198524.17 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 359 zZ Ox(%y,0) “PCr Ba) (Pyramid-shaped distribution) Displacement at (0,0,) = (0.045) where Method: Superposition of page 24.16 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985 NOTE: Bees360 Part IV. 2418 P on xs0,z=45 Maximum Value of K, (yy Ku =A ‘Volume of Crack: where Method: Integration of page 24.11 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 198524.19) ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 361 B on xe%s,2=0 Volume of Crack (Crack Opening at Center: 6 =2¥(0,0.0) = \ where « TH pee +Aji2 wip} + t +t uw 1.01 1 n 1 10 0 a To! te ‘Method: Integration of page 24.11 Accuracy: K,,, V Exact; D(y{,) curve is based on accurate numerical values. Reference: Tada 1985362_Part V 24.20 (Ky = Ky = 0) Volume of Crack a(1-#) 7E ve BU a)a {2 Crack Opening at Center: where ‘Method: Superposition of page 24.19 Accuracy Exact; D(*/,) curve is based on accurate numerical values. Reference: Tada 1985 NOTE: For numerical ves of Dy), see page 2419242 wee Dimersional Cracked Configurations 363 Kune (asin) v0 =) Method: Three-Dimensional Potential Functions or a Special Case of 21 iptcal Crack (page 26.3)364 Part IV. 2422 sin-yeus)¢ 4») 2») ‘Method: Superposition of pages 24.1 and 24.21 or Special Case of Elliptical Crack (page 26.2) Accuracy: Exact References (for Elliptical Crack): Sadowski 1949; Green 1950; Irwin 1962b; Sih 196824.23 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 365 jz Tpit z=0)= qt ‘Method: Integral Transform (Hankel Transform) or from Stress Concentration Factor Accuracy: Exact References: Neuber 1937; Weinstein 1952; Collins 1962;366 Part IV. 2424 Ea! ~2ab cost +6) Bos +B") (See page 24.25) ‘Method: Fourier Series Expansions Accuracy: Exact References: Kassir 19 rada 1985 NOTE: A mior enor in Ky (Kass 1975) was coccted24.28 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations _367 aa! —2ab cos +5 a= La "y(t? =1- 280008") (Sce page 24.24) ‘Method: Fourier Series Expansions Accuracy: Exact References: Kassir 197 pada 1985 NOTE: The sriosfomn solutions in Kasse (1975) wore convetad int closed-form expressions368 Part 1V 24.26 ‘See pages 24.3, 24.24, and 24.25,‘Thece Dimersional Cracked Configurations 369370 Part IV. 252 Method: Integration of page 25.1 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973253 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 371 Methods: Boussinesq-Papkovich Potential or Special Case of page 252 Accuracy: Exact References: Bueckner 1972; Tada 1973372_Partv. 2538 Ne Relative Displacement at Infinity Method: Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985254 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 373 N yt fn” "nM Pp | Bela Kn = Kn =0 Method: Integration of page 25.3 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973374_Part 1V. 2540 Relative Displacement at Infinity 2 -v2) We = ‘Method: Integration of page 25.3 or Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985ce Dimersional Cracked Configurations 375, where Method: Integration of page 25.3 Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1973376 Part V. {° (0,8) rsa Relative Displacement at Infinity We where ‘Method: Reciprocity (see page 25.6a) or Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) ‘Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985256 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations _377 Ku in = 0 ‘Methods: Stress Concentration Factor (Neuber), Solution for a Stamp Problem (e.g., Sneddon), Special Case of Elliptical Net Ligament (page 26.4) or Special Case of page 25.5, Accuracy: Exact ences: Neuber 1937; Sneddon 1951378 Part IV. 25.60 Crack Opening Profile Vertical Displacement at (0,5): ¥(0.s) Relative Displacement at Infinity where ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985 2vCn0)28.7 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 379 =foovaiowo (op =A) Ky = Ku =0 Methods: Stress Concentration Factor (Neuber), Solution for a Stamp Problem (e.¢., Sneddon) Accuracy: Exact References: Neuber 1937; Sneddon 1951380 Part IV. 25.78 Relative Rotation at Infinity: Ki in terms of ¢: ‘Method: Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: Exa Reference: Tada 1985 vas not considers. NOTE: Crack sfc inter258 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 381 » Sneddon)382_Part IV. 259 ttttte where Method: Singular Integral Equation Accuracy: Better than 0.5% (formulas are based on Erdogan’s numerical results) References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 198525.10 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 383 -o { where #,(£) = 1 ~ 401 ~ 065(£)' 4.066 (£)° srean(i-$)"*—265)"(0-5)"] ($)]__ $= sn ert mulas are based on Erdogan’s numerical results) Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985384_Part IV 26.1 Notes on Solutions for Elliptical Crack Problems See pages 26.2, 26.3, and 26.4 (Intemal y Cracks), and page 26.5 (External Crack). 1. The angle @ is the parametric angle representing Point 4 on the crack font. That i, the coordinates of Point 4 are [acosd, bsin8, (0), a8 shown in Fig. lb 1 Z| (a.cos®, bsin®) 2. Note that <0 a ax isthe length ofthe normal at Point 4, as shown in Fig.2. 0, 3. Aterm (sin. 0+ cos 8) repeatedly appears in the sélution. By replacing this term with y/€7P, solutions may be 5 expose recone For exe Fig. ne, by = 4 - lb for page 26.2 and \ , it Ku Tat for page 265. 4, The numerical values of the complete elliptic integrals of the frst kind, K(k), and the second kind, E(k), are tabulated in Appendix L. Accurate empirical formulas for the second complete ellip- Fig. 2 tic imegral, E(k), are also given in Appendix L.26.2 ‘Three-Dimersional Cracked Configurations 385 Kila) ‘Method: Integral Transform (Three-Dimensional Potential Functions) ‘Accuracy: Exact References: Sadowsky 1949; Green 1950; Irwin 1962386 Part IV 263 sin’ 0+ (esin-yeas) VBI ~ v) (ures @ywey a (# 0) eu) +AU) (cri) vs {ut coswsind —Ksinwoos® c c= (# at" )ete) kK) ‘Methods: Three-Dimensional Potential Functions or Superposition of pages 26.2 and 26.4 ‘Accuracy: Exact References: Kassir 1966; Sih 1968‘Thece-Dimersional Cracked Configurations _387 VaR : {ano () eo? 8) +k) 2 ok”) H) — 2x K =b/a ney [ VinBate ae ‘Method: Three-Dimensional Potential Functions ‘Accuracy: Exact References: Kassir 1966; Sih 1968388 Part IV. 265 Kune = Kune = 0 K,(0=0) => — Method: Fourier Transform (Three-Dimensional Potential Functions) ‘Accuracy: Exaet References: Green 1950; Westmann 196626.6 ‘Thrce-Dimersional Cracked Configurations 389 « xX Ra 2ax (Crack: yt<2ax) bodgt + Ku =ova(a +92) = ova(et +2009)" Ky =Kiy =0 Method: Neuber-Papkovich Potential (or a Special Case of page 26.2) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Shah 1968390 Part IV. a Cnet = Gor Ky= Get Vira Fs (4/o) = ret frcb-a) Fa (a/v) = Onet {7b Fy(2/b) Gcaoy= Fic _ FaColo), FaCo/o) te 1% f90-%) ens 1122 GO!) = 1.122 GCHo)= ${te Fer SE) 1.0 P+0.731(2} 08 0.8 04 ° 0-2 04 0.6 08, 10 —- % —> G,Fy Fe. Fs Method: Singular Integral Equation (Bueckner), Asymptotic Approximation (Benthem) Accuracy: Better Refereneces: Bueckner 1965, 1972; Benthem 1972 Other References: Lubahn 1959; Wundt 1959; Irwin 1961; Paris 1965; Zahn 1965; Harris 19672a ‘Thee Dimersional Cracked Configurations 391 A=4 P { no crack +h crack Ftp) 22 — 1.302 £ +988} {titan § ‘Volume of Crack: Additional Displacement at Infinity due to Crack: onc (Jp) Crack Opening at Edge392_Part V anh where GC) {75438 (1-9) (4p) = Cs) OU) DU) = {rasa nang 1ass($)'} 0%) Methods: K,, 8 Integral Transform (c/b < 0.6), Interpotation (¢/b > 0.6); V, A Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: K,, 8 1%; V, A 2% References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 NOTE: ju i the elongation at infinity when wniem pressure is epi on crak sures‘Thece Dimersional Cracked Configurations 393 Om 4M Tat Ka,= On {Ta Fi(%/b) = OnfTtb-a) Fa(@/b) = On {7B F3(0/b) Gl/oy= FLL). Fie) _ FaCa/p)_ V-% S270 L%I-%) GL%+0) = 3/8 GUA 1) = 1.122 GcHo)= FS + HEF EE) Ke= keno Heer soar a3] 0.8] 08 06 04 Fr a 02 ye 0.2 ° 32 a oe 8 to —- 2/p Method: Asymptotic Approximation Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Benthem 1972394_Part V 2728 Ky = ove Fp): Kis = Ky 008 §) [59 -1arg.v2na()'-240(¢) ]} ‘Additional Rotation at Infinity or Kink at Cracked Section due to Crack FC) {50-198 (1 ( “by Serack = Crack Opening at Edge by = by cond Methods: K,,6 Integral Transform (c/b < 0.6), Interpolation (c/b > 0.6); ¢ Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: K,, 8 1%5 2% References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 NOTE: Crack surface intarference on compressive side isnot considered,m3 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 398 27 tw ara Ka = Gita Fi(a/b) = Tw f=) F, (0/b) = Tut F3(4/b) Gco/)= FCO) _ F2covb) __FaC Ob) Smo elo /O-%) G(%r0)= 3/8 G(%~1)= 1 G(%e)= FOES ky = ha =0 & $ — 6, Fi, Fa Fy o375= 3/6 Fi ° 02 0-4 0.6, 08 —+ a/b iter than 1% Benthem 1972 06 Ole396 Part IV. aa Pp = 2 het Tata) Ky = et 1ita Fr (a/b) et fifib=a) Fa(/b) = Onet {rb Fs(4/b) G(%p)m FuCalo? _ Foo) | _FaCo/b) W% Sere Le -%6) G(o-+0) = 2/0 GY 71) 2/TEH a Scmr= Ff +k EF eseouai(s}} fp ka = Keo ee Fo.826 08 — 0.8 a 7 a 7 z g 5 ' of | of A 02! 2 ° 1. ° 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 1.0 —- o/b ‘Method: Asymptotic Approximation Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Benthem 1972 NOTE: For an atest solution and displacement, se page 27.4,24a ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 397 497 Aro crack +B crack ‘Volume of Crack: A€§) = gli sete(etg) 0 (5) a9) a0 (ny 13 (§)*— ("on (3)]398_Part IV 2140 Additional Elongation at Infinity due to Crack: Seract = / ( Crack Opening at Center: ‘Method: K,, 6 Integral Transform; ¥, 4 Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: K,, 6 0.5% V, A 1%. References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 NOTE: Aus i elongation a infinity when uniform presse applied on erick sre‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 399 4Ma Tar) Kaye Onda Fy(a/b) = Oy{WCb-a) Fi (4/b) = Oy {7b Fs( a/b) G(A/b)= Ful%o)_ Fa(W/b)__Facav)_ A% fare -i960-%) Sere Men G(%>1)= 2//ee Soom gelinees se ceied eg ru keno ~Hetb 003 (6} mer oe moaze Oy = 6 04 oz —+ a/b Method: Asymptotic Approximation Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Benthem 1972400 Part V Brcnact” Sract Ss diese Ky = ava Fp): Ke = Ku cost Additional Rotation at Infinity or Kink at Cracked Section due to Crack : r 12800117) 4) hy 1 tis) ona = 28= tape —. a/p) : ac — , io aa J * 08 fl ! 1 -~_]| 28 O2 04 06 08 10 > oe Methods: K, Asymptotic Interpolation; ¢ Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B) Accuracy: K, 1%; 6 2% References: Benthem 1972; Tada 1985 NOTE: Crack surface interference on compressive side isnot considered,216 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 401 _2ta “WTC ar) Kar = Twit Fic a/e) = tw deCo=a) Fa(%/b) = Tw {Rb Fyca/b) Glojpye ELCal. FAC Fs(%) T% Selo [%R-%) G(% 0) = 4/30) GC%>1) = 2/0 5 Sm aHlres+ HET EH a. s ~ Bs 00386) } Kr = Kx =0 og 08 Je=0087 uf 06 a Ps fe & f&eaue |} | - Le Fi 2 om PN J0-% r Lar ES o2| oz ° . ° 02 04 0.6 rr To —+ a/b ‘Method: Asymptotic Approximation Accuracy: Better than 1% Reference: Benthem 1972402_Part V 207— 7 E / i ’ [ t | L Ji! 4 [ J 4 = 8 = oF x Sue 40 is o z tas ol L . 1 1 a Of, ‘Method: Integral Transform-Singular Integral Equation (a/t < 0.6), Interpolation (a/t > 0.6) Accuracy: Solid curves (0.1 < r/o <0.9,a/t < 0.6) are based on values with beter than 1% accuracy’ 2% for aft > 0.6 References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 NOTE: For j/o =0 (oli eylinder, see page 274, and for fro ~ see page 2.10,278 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 403 5 DMF) a inGla ‘Method: Integral Transform-Integral Equations Accuracy: Curves are based on values with better than 1% accuracy. References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985404_Part V a8 1) t00e (14H) é e rier) 6 oa 0s oe asi ‘Sale Methods: Integral Transform-Integral Equations (a/1 < 0.6), Interpolation (a/¢ > 0.6). Accuracy: Solid curves (0.1 < rj/ro < 0.9;a/1 < 0.6) are based on values with better than 1% accuracy; for ajt > 0.6 References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 Nore erence on compression side i not considered. For r/re =0 (sold eyindr, see page 274% for f2780 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 408 b5 = 6, c088 ! 5(—T TF L / g / “4 T x / aa hh 4 is fet Fs BL / bes I / 6 4 ae / 2 jo] f ase 4 “7 1 6 < 3 2 4 “F ° L i L L 1 ° 02 0.4 op 06 8 1.0 —— ‘Method: Integral Transform - Integral Equations Accuracy: Curves are based on values with better than 1% accuracy. References: Erdogan 1982; 1a 1985, NOTE: Crack sinfice iterfrence on compressive side i nt considered406 Part IV 219 menveee(e) ° 02 O4 06 eB 70 =~ alt Methods: Integral Transform - Integral Equations (a/t < 0.6), Interpolation (a/¢ > 0.6) Accuracy: Solid curves (0.1 < r,/r, <0.9:a/t < 0.6) are based on velues with better than 1% accuracy; 2% for a/t > 0.6. References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 NOTE: Fors: /r, =0 (old eslinden see page 27. for /r, — 1 se page 2.10,279 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 407 1454 C14 Wr) KF C4) -D (Me, Mee) Method: Integral Transform - Integral Equations Accuracy: Curves are based on values with better than 1% accuracy. References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985408_Part V 27.10 Kip = Ky cos8 7 ep de ac Pa tis ae SIE a4} = yr it 3 Me 206% “te) ; ian Methods: Integral Transform - Integral Equations (a/¢ < 0.6), Interpolation (a/t > 0.6) Accuracy: Solid curves (0.1 < r,/r, <0.9:a/t < 0.6) are based on velues with better than 1% accuracy; 2% for a/t > 0.6 References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 Nore (Crack surfice interference on compression side i not considered. For /r, =O (solid cylinder, see page 272; for n/p Te see page 210,27.100 ‘Three Dimersional Cracked Configurations 409 0 P( th") fy = 54 0080 15; ¢ = ¥ 0 S eS x + ~ os ° Method: Integral Transform - Integral Equations Accuracy: Curves are based on values with better than 1% accuracy. References: Erdogan 1982; Tada 1985 NOTE: — Crack surfice interference on compressive side i nt considered410 Part V 28.1 Semi-infinite body (y° > 0) (y = 0: Fre surface) Ky =2ovaa F(0) 211 ~.186Vsind (10° < @< 17") ‘Methods: Alternating Method (Smi smith’s result (Merkle) |, Hartranf), Finite Element Method (Tracey, References: Smith 1967; Hartranft 1973; Tracey 1973; Merkle 1973; Raju 1979282 ‘Three Dimensional Cracked Configurations 411 Ta A\ Semi-infinite kody (y > 0) (y= 0: Free surface) F (0) = 1.031 — 186VSind ~ Asin (w

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