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Integration Using Euler's Formula

1. Euler's formula states that e^ix = cos(x) + i*sin(x) and can be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions by writing them in terms of complex exponentials. 2. Using Euler's formula, integrals of trigonometric functions like cos^2(x) and sin^2(x)cos(4x) can be evaluated more simply than through trigonometric identities or integration by parts. 3. This technique allows one to evaluate integrals of rational expressions involving trigonometric functions, like fractions with trig terms in the numerator and denominator, by making a substitution of complex exponentials.

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980 views3 pages

Integration Using Euler's Formula

1. Euler's formula states that e^ix = cos(x) + i*sin(x) and can be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions by writing them in terms of complex exponentials. 2. Using Euler's formula, integrals of trigonometric functions like cos^2(x) and sin^2(x)cos(4x) can be evaluated more simply than through trigonometric identities or integration by parts. 3. This technique allows one to evaluate integrals of rational expressions involving trigonometric functions, like fractions with trig terms in the numerator and denominator, by making a substitution of complex exponentials.

Uploaded by

Rafih Yahya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration using Eulers formula

In integral calculus, complex numbers and Eulers


formula may be used to evaluate integrals involving ( )
1 ( 2ix ) 1 e2ix e2ix
trigonometric functions. Using Eulers formula, any e + 2 + e2ix dx = + 2x +C
trigonometric function may be written in terms of eix 4 4 2i 2i
and eix , and then integrated. This technique is often
1
simpler and faster than using trigonometric identities or = (2x + sin 2x) + C.
4
integration by parts, and is suciently powerful to in-
tegrate any rational expression involving trigonometric
functions. 3 Second example
Consider the integral
1 Eulers formula
Eulers formula states that
sin2 x cos 4x dx.

eix = cos x + i sin x. This integral would be extremely tedious to solve using
trigonometric identities, but using Eulers identity makes
Substituting x for x gives the equation
it relatively painless:

eix = cos x i sin x. ( )2 ( 4ix )


2 eix eix e + e4ix
These two equations can be solved for the sine and cosine: sin x cos 4x dx = dx
2i 2

1 ( 2ix )( )
eix + eix eix eix = e 2 + e2ix e4ix + e4ix dx
cos x = and sin x = . 8
2 2i
1 ( 6ix
= e 2e4ix + e2ix + e2ix 2e4ix + e
8
2 Simple example
At this point we can either integrate directly, or we can
Consider the integral rst change the integrand to cos 6x 2 cos 4x + cos 2x
and continue from there. Either method gives

cos2 x dx.
1 1 1
sin2 x cos 4x dx = sin 6x+ sin 4x sin 2x+C.
The standard approach to this integral is to use a half- 24 8 8
angle formula to simplify the integrand. We can use Eu-
lers identity instead:
4 Using real parts
( )2
2 eix + eix In addition to Eulers identity, it can be helpful to make
cos x dx = dx
2 judicious use of the real parts of complex expressions.
For example, consider the integral
1 ( 2ix )
= e + 2 + e2ix dx
4

At this point, it would be possible to change back to real
numbers using the formula e2ix + e2ix = 2 cos 2x. Alter- ex cos x dx.
natively, we can integrate the complex exponentials and
not change back to trigonometric functions until the end: Since cos x is the real part of eix , we know that

1
2 5 FRACTIONS


ex cos x dx = Re ex eix dx.

The integral on the right is easy to evaluate:


x ix e(1+i)x
e e dx = e(1+i)x dx = + C.
1+i
Thus:

( )
e(1+i)x
ex cos x dx = Re +C
1+i
( ix )
x e
= e Re +C
1+i
( ix )
e (1 i)
= ex Re +C
2
cos x + sin x
= ex + C.
2

5 Fractions
In general, this technique may be used to evaluate any
fractions involving trigonometric functions. For example,
consider the integral

1 + cos2 x
dx.
cos x + cos 3x
Using Eulers identity, this integral becomes


1 6 + e2ix + e2ix
dx.
2 eix + eix + e3ix + e3ix

If we now make the substitution u = eix , the result is the


integral of a rational function:


i 1 + 6u2 + u4
du.
2 1 + u2 + u4 + u6
Any rational function is integrable (using, for example,
partial fractions), and therefore any fraction involving
trigonometric functions may be integrated as well.
3

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


6.1 Text
Integration using Eulers formula Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler{}s_formula?oldid=765016853 Con-
tributors: Michael Hardy, RJFJR, SmackBot, InverseHypercube, Silly rabbit, Eratosthenes, Jim.belk, NewEnglandYankee, Anonymous
Dissident, Ottawa4ever, Kal-El-Bot, Addbot, Delaszk, Materialscientist, FrescoBot, Fixer88, Dcirovic, ClueBot NG, Huronman, Limit-
theorem, Mark viking, Alizter, Luxure and Anonymous: 21

6.2 Images
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007

6.3 Content license


Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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