REFRIGERANTS WHERE ARE WE HEADED IN NORTH AMERICA?

HOK
HOUSTON TX
JANUARY 11, 2017

Bill Dietrich
Product General Manager, Chillers
Daikin Applied Americas
AGENDA REFRIGERANT DISCUSSION

Review refrigerant basics

Answer refrigerant questions
Examine regulatory updates for US and Canada
Research refrigerant alternatives
What are the choices

What are the next steps?

How regulation will drive innovation

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BASICS

ODP
GWP
CFC HCFC HFC and HFO
SNAP
Toxicity
Flammability
Efficiency

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BASICS

ODP = Ozone
Depletion Potential

Ozone is depleted by
compounds that contain
chlorine that make it into the
upper atmosphere

To protect the ozone, the

Montreal Protocol has phased
out CFCs and HCFCs

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BASICS
ODP Reductions from US Clean Air Act
CFC HCFC HFC HFO

2020
Stop all R22 Production
No New R123 Chillers

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BASICS

GWP = Global Warming Potential

GWP is a measure of the relative

impact a refrigerant has on global
warming by trapping heat in the
atmosphere

GWP does not provide visibility to

efficiency

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BASICS - GWP

This is the big

one that is
driving
decisions today

No impact from Refrigerant if it stays in the chiller!

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IS THERE A PROBLEM?

Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide

http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/24/
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BASICS

HFO - Hydrofluoro olefins are those chemicals

that are composed of fluorine and carbon and
have at least one double bond connecting the
atoms. Hydrofluoro olefins are non-ozone-
depleting substances with relatively low
GWP values.

HFO Short atmospheric lifetime Less climate impact

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BASICS

The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)

Program is the US Environmental Protection
Agencys (EPA) program originally intended
to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the
ozone-depleting chemicals

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BASICS

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BASICS ASHRAE Standard 34

Refrigerant number
designations

Toxicity A or B

Flammability 1 thru 3

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ASHRAE 34-2016

Toxicity ASHRAE 34
A (lower toxicity) or
B (higher toxicity)

Flammability - ASHRAE 34
1 (no flame propagation)
2L (lower flammability) -
effect of ignition is not so
large, and typically difficult
to ignite
2 (lower flammability)
3 (higher flammability)

2L not yet recognized in North America building codes!

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BASICS FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY

SafetyGroup
Propane (R290)
In cr eas in gF lam m ab ility
Higher A3 B3
Flammability

Lower A2 B2
Flammmability Ammonia (R717)

A2L B2L
R123
NoFlame R134a
R410A
R22 A1 B1
Propogation
IncreasingToxicity
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BASICS FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY
Good R410A Alternative
Being used globally
R134a
Alternatives

R32
HFO1234yf Ammonia (R717)
R452B

A2L B2L
HFO1234ze R454B
R447A
ARM-71a R410A
Alternatives
(67-69% R32
HFO1233zd R123
Blends)
R134a

A1 B1
R410A R514A
R513A
R22 R513B
R450A Retro-fit
alternative
for current
R123
HFO/R134a blends designs
New equipment
alternative to R123

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COMMON QUESTIONS

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Q: WILL HCFCS SURVIVE?

HCFCs are being 2020

phased out No new

HCFC-123
Equipment
R22 is already out in North allowed
America
R123 ends in 2020 and
will not get a reprieve

Essentially Zero ODP

is necessary
Next generation will require
essentially ZERO ODP and
lower GWP

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Q: HAS EUROPE BANNED R134A?

Europe has not banned R134a for chillers

No restriction on refrigerants with a GWP below 2500
for chiller applications
R134a = 1300, R410A = 1924
The F gas regulation includes some bans on certain
types of HFCs in certain types of products, but there
is no ban on the use of R410A or R134a in chiller
applications.
Main focus has been on highly emissive applications
F Gas regulation has an HFC phase down
schedule in place to support the recent
amendment to the Montreal Protocol
Expect a gradual transition in the chiller market
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Q: CAN I PUT R1233ZD IN AN R123 CHILLER IN THE FUTURE?

HFO1233zd cannot be used in an R123 chiller in

the future
HFO1233zd operates at higher pressures and capacities
versus R123
Will be above 15 psig at standby conditions
Requires ASME and CRN construction for the heat
exchangers
Requires compressor design changes

R514A is a retro-fit alternative for existing R123

chillers
Some changes required, some performance loss
Still a B refrigerant, so in the same higher toxicity
classification as R123
Not considered a long-term option for new equipment

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Q: SHOULD I USE THE LOWEST GWP FLUID?

Contribution to global warming is based on

refrigerant (Direct Effect) and equipment efficiency
(Indirect Effect)
A low GWP fluid doesnt help if there is an
efficiency trade-off
Majority of climate impact from chillers is
power generation for electricity use

So a lower GWP refrigerant with lower efficiency

could actually create more global warming

There is no A1 refrigerant that offers a better alternative

to R134a and R410A today!

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R513A CHILLER TESTING

Decreased
Efficiency-
Negative
impact on
Global
Warming

R450A R513A

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[Data source: AHRI Low-GWP AREP Report 007, 2012]
R513A CHILLER TESTING

Decreased
Efficiency-
Negative
impact on
Global
Warming

(Data source: AHSRAE Orlando 2016, Conference Paper Session 5)

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R513A CHILLER TESTING

Decreased
Efficiency-
Negative
impact on
Global
Warming

(Data source: AHSRAE Orlando 2016, Conference Paper Session 5)

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REGULATORY UPDATE

US
Canada

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CHANGES ARE COMING

HFCs will be phased down

Drivers:
October 15, 2016 amendment to the
Montreal Protocol, phase down
framework is defined
EPA SNAP Program / Climate Action
Plan
F-gas regulations in Europe
Canada HFC activities
California HFC proposals

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REGULATORY UPDATE US

September 26, 2016 - EPA has announced Final Rule 21

This rule changes the SNAP listing status of various refrigerants used for
new centrifugal and positive displacement chillers
As of January 1, 2024 R410A, R134a, and R407C can no longer be used
in new chiller applications
The SNAP action stops the use of R134a and R410A in new chillers
in 2024, but does not impact the production of these refrigerants for
use in other applications. As such, availability will extend well
beyond 2024 to service equipment
R134a is used in HFC/HFO blends R513A, R513B and R450A so
production of R134a will continue to support these products
Rule 21 also address new or unacceptable alternatives in other sectors:
Refrigeration
Foam Blowing
MVAC (motor vehicle air conditioning)

Note this applies to chillers only These refrigerants will

still be used for other HVAC applications.
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REGULATORY UPDATE CANADA

Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) proposed

new regulations designed to implement a phase down on the
production and consumption of HFCs
Addresses foams, aerosols, refrigeration and chillers
Chillers - Starting January 1, 2025, prohibit the manufacture
and import of chillers that contain or are designed to contain:
any HFC refrigerant with a GWP > 700; or
a refrigerant blend that contains any HFC where that
blend has a GWP > 700

Also applies to chillers only These refrigerants will still

be used for other HVAC applications

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PROPOSED GLOBAL HFC PHASE DOWN WOULD BEGIN IN 2024

In October 2016 a multi-national agreement was

reached to phase down HFCs by 85% between
now and 2047
This will be done as an amendment to the Montreal
Protocol, so all countries (Including the US) who
approve it will follow the guidelines
Phase down will be done on a GWP weighted basis
Eliminating higher GWP HFCs such as R404A
(GWP=3940) will have more of an impact than
reductions in R134a (GWP=1300)

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KIGALI AND GWP PHASE DOWN

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/2015_benefits_of_addressing_hfcs_under_the_montreal_protocol_-_final_clean.pdf

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WHERE ARE HFCS USED?
2015
SmallDomesticandLightRefrigeration 4%
SmallCharge 1%
Foam 14%
CommercialAC 4%
MAC 14%
Other 7%
CommercialRefrig 24%
SmallDomesticandLightAC 32%

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HFC PHASE DOWN TIMING
Developed countries including the US, Canada and EU will
freeze HFC consumption at a baseline level which represents
the average of consumption during the period of 2011-2013,
reducing to about 10 percent of these levels by 2036.

Developing countries including China, Brazil and all of Africa,

will freeze HFC consumption at a level which represents the
average of consumption during the period 2020-2022, reducing
it to 20 percent of 2024 levels by 2045.

A small group of the worlds hot climate countries India,

Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait will have a slower
schedule, freezing HFC consumption in 2028 at a level which
represents the average of consumption during the period 2024-
2026, and reducing it to about 15 percent of 2028 levels by
2047.

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HFC PHASE DOWN ANALYSIS AND IMPACT
The Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy
http://www.alliancepolicy.org/ has provided a rough
analysis of the proposal, and for the U.S., the
schedule appears to be manageable and consistent
with current EPA SNAP rulemakings.

In fact, it is believed that the recent SNAP Change of

Status rules (i.e. delisting rules) may have already
achieved compliance with the first two steps: 2019
(10% reduction) and 2024 (40% reduction).
These include the 2024 delisting of R134a and R410A in
chillers and the recent delisting of HFC refrigerants used
in foam insulation, automobile A/C and commercial
refrigeration.

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HFCS DAIKIN APPLIED POSITION

R410A and R134a represent the best choices for use

in positive pressure equipment today.
We anticipate this to be the case until 2021, when building
codes will recognize and include the use of A2L
refrigerants.
At that time, R32 and R1234ze(E) will be the best
alternatives to R410A and R134a, respectively.

On the low pressure side, R514A (a B1 fluid) and

R1233zd(E) (an A1 fluid) are available today, so
there is no reason to use R123, an HCFC that is
nearing the end of the long, ongoing phase-out
schedule.

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REFRIGERANT ALTERNATIVES
WHAT ARE THE CHOICES?
R134a R404A R410A R22
(GWP=1430) (GWP=3900) (GWP=2100) (GWP=1810)
replacements replacements replacements replacements
1800

1600

1400
A1
GWP100 Value

1200 A2L

1000 A3

B2L
800

600

400

200

0
AlternativeRefrigerantCandidates
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WHAT ARE THE CHOICES?
Good R410A Alternative
Being used globally
R134a
Alternatives

R32
HFO1234yf Ammonia (R717)
R452B

A2L B2L
HFO1234ze R454B
R447A
ARM-71a R410A
Alternatives
(67-69% R32
HFO1233zd R123
Blends)
R134a

A1 B1
R410A R514A
R513A
R22 R513B
R450A Retro-fit
alternative
for current
R123
HFO/R134a blends designs
New equipment
alternative to R123

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REFRIGERANT SUMMARY R134A ALTERNATIVES

ASHRAE34
Refrigerant GWP100(AR5) Composition Efficiency Capacity
Classification
R134a A1 1300
R450A A1 547 42%R134a/58%R1234ze
R513A A1 572 44%R134a/56%R1234yf
R513B A1 540 41.5%R134a/58.5%R1234yf
R1234yf A2L 1
R1234ze A2L 1

R134a is the best choice today for A1 applications

R1234ze is the best long-term choice

Requires new compressors and code changes

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REFRIGERANT SUMMARY R410A ALTERNATIVES

ASHRAE34
Refrigerant GWP100(AR5) Composition Efficiency Capacity
Classification
R410A A1 1924 50%R32/50%R125
R32 A2L 677
R452B A2L 675 67%R32/26%R1234yf/7%R125
R454B A2L 467 68.9%R32/31.1%R1234yf
R447A A2L 571 68%R32/28.5%R1234ze/3.5%R125
ARM71a A2L 460 68%R32/26%R1234yf/6%R1234ze

R410A is the best choice today for A1 applications

R32 appears to be the best long-term choice

Requires new compressors and code changes

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REFRIGERANT SUMMARY R410A ALTERNATIVES

R452B

(Datasource:ORNL/TM2015/536;AlternativeRefrigerantEvaluationforHighAmbientTemperatureEnvironments:R22andR410AAlternativesforMiniSplitAirConditioners)

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REFRIGERANT SUMMARY R410A ALTERNATIVES

(Datasource:http://www.achrnews.com/articles/134215whyr32maybetherefrigerantofthefuture

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REFRIGERANT SUMMARY
ASHRAE34
Refrigerant GWP100(AR5) Composition
Classification
R134a A1 1300
R450A A1 547 42%R134a/58%R1234ze
R513A A1 572 44%R134a/56%R1234yf
R513B A1 540 41.5%R134a/58.5%R1234yf
R1234yf A2L 1
R1234ze A2L 1
R410A A1 1924 50%R32/50%R125
R32 A2L 677
R452B A2L 675 67%R32/26%R1234yf/7%R125
R125 A1 3170
R22 A1 1760
R1233zd A1 1
R514A B1 ~2 74.7%R1336mzz/25.3%R1130

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REFRIGERANT SUMMARY PRICING ($USD/POUND)

Average
R134a $3.72
R410A $4.28
R22 $13.36
R123 $8.56
R11 $18.85
R407C $5.55
R513A $13.49

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REFRIGERANT REGULATION WILL DRIVE INNOVATION

Environmental concerns continue to drive

change in the refrigerant industry
Globally, the industry is actively and responsibly phasing
down compounds and practices that contribute to global
climate change
Need to innovate rigorously and responsibly

Regulatory pressure, media scrutiny and competitive

forces have resulted in a complex landscape of
messages that are challenging to sift through
Need to create candid dialogue based on facts

Latest refrigerant discussions focus on Global

Climate Change (energy efficiency and
refrigerant GWP)
A lower GWP can come with trade offs
Consider the big picture

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SUMMARY

What are the best choices for new equipment today?

HFCs and HFOs
What are the right A refrigerant choices today for HVAC
applications?
R134a, R410A and R1233zd
Why stay away from HCFCs?
There are better alternatives available
Refrigerant alternatives should focus on:
Efficiency and containment

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QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU.
APPENDIX - COMMON TERMS
CFCs Chloroflourocarbons are any of several simple gaseous compounds that contain carbon, chlorine and fluorine, that
were used as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants and in the manufacture of plastic foams. Common
examples are R-11 and R-12, have not been used in new HVAC equipment in North America since the mid 1990s.
HCFCs - Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine, carbon, hydrogen, and at least one
chlorine atom connected by single bonds between the atoms. HCFCs are ozone-depleting substances, generally with shorter
atmospheric lifetimes than CFCs and lower ozone depletion potentials (ODP). HCFCs are subject to phase-out by the Montreal
Protocol and specific legislation in the US. Common examples are R-22 and R-123.
HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen and connected by single
bonds between the atoms. Hydrofluorocarbons are non-ozone-depleting substances and are considered long term replacements
for CFCs and HCFCs. Recent concerns around global climate change are focusing more attention on the global warming
potential (GWP) of these refrigerants. HFC examples are R-134a and R-410A.
HFOs - Hydrofluoro olefins are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine and carbon and have at least one double bond
connecting the atoms. Hydrofluoro olefins are non-ozone-depleting substances with relatively low GWP values.
ODP Ozone Depletion Potential is a number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance. The ODP is
the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11. Thus, the ODP of CFC-11 is
defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that range from 0.01 to 1.0. HFCs have zero ODP because they do not
contain chlorine.
GWP - Global Warming Potential is a number that refers to the amount of global warming caused by a substance. The GWP is
the ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. Thus, the GWP of
CO2 is defined to be 1.0. CFC-12 has a GWP of 8,500, while CFC-11 has a GWP of 5,000. Various HCFCs and HFCs have
GWPs ranging from 93 to 12,100. Water, a substitute in numerous end-uses, has a GWP of 0.
Montreal Protocol - The international treaty governing the protection of stratospheric ozone. The Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments control the phase out of ODS (ozone depleting substances)
production and use. Under the Montreal Protocol, several international organizations report on the science of ozone depletion,
implement projects to help move away from ODS, and provide a forum for policy discussions. In addition, the Multilateral Fund
provides resources to developing nations to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies. The full text of the Montreal
Protocol is available from the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).
SNAP The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is US Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) program to
evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozonedepleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone
protection provisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In Section 612(c) of the Clean Air Act, the Agency is authorized to identify and
publish lists of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes for class I or class II ozonedepleting substances. The purpose of the
program is to allow a safe, smooth transition away from ozonedepleting compounds by identifying substitutes that offer lower
overall risks to human health and the environment.

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APPENDIX - MORE DETAILS ON GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)
GWP is a measure of the relative impact a refrigerant has on global warming when compared to CO2.

All greenhouse gases are assigned a GWP value. This value is used to compare the abilities of
different greenhouse gases to trap heat in the atmosphere. GWPs are based on the heat-absorbing
ability of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as the decay rate of each gas (the
amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years).

GWPs can also be used to define the impact greenhouse gases will have on global warming over
different time periods or time horizons. These are usually 20 years, 100 years and 500 years. For most
greenhouse gases, the GWP declines as the time horizon increases. This is because the greenhouse
gas is gradually removed from the atmosphere through natural removal mechanisms, and its influence
on the greenhouse effect declines. Some of the CFCs however, have long atmospheric lifetimes, and
the 100-year GWP may be greater than the 20 year GWP.

By assigning a GWP value it allows policy makers to compare the impacts of emissions and reductions
of different gases. For instance, methane is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect and has a
GWP of 21. This means methane is approximately 21 times more heat-absorptive than carbon dioxide
per unit of weight.

As climate science progresses, GWP values have been revised over time for many fluids, including the
CO2 basis value. Numbers are often cited without specifying a source. The most current values are
based on AR5 using the 100 year horizon. (IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014)

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