Activity 1.1.

2 Investigating Basic Circuits (DLB)

Introduction
What is an electrical circuit? How can you manipulate components and design a circuit that
will do what you want it to? This guided activity will introduce you to some components, tools,
and concepts that are fundamental in electronics. It will allow you to investigate and discover:

What are voltage, current, and resistance? How are they related to one another?
What are some of the basic components that make up simple circuits and what do
they do?
What are the important characteristics of a circuit and how do I measure different parts
of a circuit?
How do I measure voltage in a circuit?
How does the arrangement of components affect the characteristics of the circuit?
How do I work safely with circuits?
How can I use calculations to design circuits before I start creating one?

Equipment
Digital Logic Board (DLB) or breadboard
(2) - Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
(2) - 330 Ohm resistors (orange/orange/brown/gold or silver)
Digital multimeter (DMM)
#22 Gauge solid wire

Procedure
Follow the instructions to create different types of circuits. As you create each circuit, you will
be asked to make measurements and record observations to gain understanding about the
circuit and its components. Let us begin by investigating two components that are commonly
used in circuits. They are resistors and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
Part A: Creating a Circuit and Measuring a Circuits Properties
1. A Simple Circuit - Arrange the components according to the picture shown. You will
need to plug the USB cable from the myDAQ into your computer to provide power to
the Protoboard. Notice that the LED has a flat notch on one side. Make sure the notch
is initially oriented on the bottom as shown in the picture. In this arrangement, the flow
of conventional current is from the top (5V) to the bottom (0V) through the resistor and
the LED. What do you think the role is of the resistor in this circuit?
The resistor limits the amount of current allowed to flow through the circuit, preventing
the LED for exploding.

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 (1a) Components on a Breadboard (1b) Circuit Diagram
In a circuit, the flow of conventonal current can be described as a positive charge
moving through a complete circuit path (VCC to GND). Can you trace the flow of
conventional current in both of the above pictures?
Yes
2. With the LED illuminated, flip the direction of the LED on the breadboard (notch on top
now), and then flip it back to its original position (notch on bottom). What does your
observation tell you about diodes (and LEDs)?
Current only flows in one direction

3. Using the DMM to Measure Values - Making sure that the RED lead is plugged into
(V) and the black lead is plugged into (COM) on the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM), turn
the DMM on to direct current voltage range 0-600V or first click (see 3a). Place the
RED DMM lead on the top of the resistor, and the black lead on the bottom of the LED.
Note the reading on the DMM. Now switch the DMM leads.

(3a) Digital Multimeter DMM (3b) Reading voltage across the resistor and LED
What did you notice about the value on the DMM when you switched the leads?
It became negative

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4. Now place the DMM leads across the circuit as you did initially in picture (3b) and turn
the DMM to the next smallest voltage range (0-200V). You may need a classmate to
help you. Note the value on the DMM and then turn one more click to the next
smallest ranges (0-20V). What is happening on the display with each click, as the
range you are measuring gets smaller and smaller?
The precision increases

5. Turn one last click of the DMM to read the range (0-2V). What happened and why?
What was the most accurate measurement were you able to make of the voltage
across the resistor and LED?

The most accurate reading was taken from the 0-20 because it has the highest precision.

6. Set the DMM to the range that will give you the most accurate voltage measurement
and touch the lead across the two ends of the red wire. Note the reading on the DMM.
Now touch the leads across the two ends of the black wire. Note the reading.

(6a) (6b)
Voltage (V=Vf-Vi) is a description of a components potential to do work. (1 volt
means the component could do 1 joule of work for every coulomb of charge that
passes though it (1V= 1J/1C). In order for a component to do work, there must be a
difference in the potential across the component to do work (often called a potential
difference). Why do you think the reading was the same for both of these sections of
the circuit? What you have just observed is exactly why birds can land on high power
lines unharmed.

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 The voltage was almost the same on both ends of the wire (the wire resistance is
negligible)

7. In Step 3 you measured the voltage across the resistor and the LED combined. Now
touch the leads across both ends of the resistor. Note the reading on the DMM.

(a) Voltage across LED and Resistor (b) Voltage across Resistor Only

Can you guess the reading you will see when you touch the DMM leads across the
LED only? Were you correct? Why did you guess that value?
I was able to guess, the sum of voltage drops must equal the total voltage. I took the
voltage of the USB power supply, and subtracted the voltage of the resistor, and got
the voltage across the LED.

8. You might be asking why we need a resistor in this circuit. Is it doing any work? Some
components have limitations on how much electrical current can pass through them or
how much voltage they should have across them. We can calculate the relationships
between Voltage, Current, and Resistance for a component using Ohm Law (V=IR).
Lets assume the voltage you saw across the 330 resistor was roughly 3V when the
circuit was active. What is the conventional current (measured in Amps) traveling
through the resistor according to Ohms Law? 9.09mA

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 In this arrangement, the electrical current has only one path through the components
(top to bottom in the picture). These components can be described as being in series
with each other. The amount of current flowing through an LED must each be equal in
the same path.
Warning: Do not attempt to verify the current in the circuit at this time using the DMM.
While the DMM can handle this amount of current, you must learn how to use the
ammeter portion of the DMM properly to protect it from blowing a fuse. Shorting
voltage sources is dangerous and can damage the DMM.

Part B: Series and Parallel Circuits

9. These two identical 330 resistors are in series with each other. There is only one
path through the circuit from the power source to the ground. In this diagram, the
power source is a 9V battery. One end of the battery has 9V of potential to do work
(positive terminal-top). The other end of the battery has zero potential to do work
(negative terminal/ground-bottom).
(a) Based on your observations, what would you expect the voltage read if you
touched the DMM across both R1 and R2?
9V

(b) Due to the fact that R1 and R2 are identical, what would you guess is the voltage
across each resistor is individually? Why?
4.5V because the voltage drop is proportional to the resistance, because the
resistance is equal, so it the voltage drop.

(c) We can actually replace these two resistors with one resistor that would have the
same impact on the circuit. (This theoretical resistor is called an equivalent resistor).
What would the value of this equivalent resistor have to be in Ohms ()?
660

10. Create this series circuit on your breadboard. With both LEDs illuminated, remove one
of the LEDs from the circuit path. What happened and why?

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 The circuit flow was interrupted by breaking the circuit.

11. You can try 3 LEDs in series but none will light up. Why do you think that is?
Not enough current

12. Components in a circuit can also be arranged in parallel. Create this parallel circuit on
your breadboard. With both LEDs illuminated, what happens if you remove one of the
LEDS from the circuit path?

The other continues to be on

13. Using the diagram shown to you in Step 9 for series circuit as a reference, can you
draw a circuit diagram showing 2 resistors in parallel? (Draw circuit below)

---|----Resistor-------|----
| |
|-----Resistor------|

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 14. In a series circuit all component have the same current (Amps) flowing them (even if
the resistors have different values. That is not the case for components in parallel with
each other. What do components in parallel share in common?

All components in parallel share the same voltage

15. Based on your observations and what you have learned about parallel circuits, use
Ohms Law (V=IR) to calculate the current in each of the 3 resistors?

R1 = .027mA, R2 = .0136mA, R3 = .054mA

Imagine you add more two more resistors (R4 and R5) in parallel. For each new path to
the battery you create, what do you think that does to the total amount of current going
into and out of the battery?
The total amount of current would have to increase

Conclusion
1. Describe the proper way to place the DMM leads and the steps you use to attain the
most precise measurement value for voltage across components using a Digital
Multimeter (DMM).

To receive the best reading from a digital multimeter, the setting must be set to the
lowest value, without going under the value. The polarity must also be observed.

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2. If the value on the DMM is negative, what does that tell you about the orientation of the
DMM leads in relation to the flow of conventional current?

The leads are backward

3. LEDs and resistors transfer electrical energy into light and thermal energy. What is an
important characteristic about LEDs (and diodes) that make it unique compared to a
resistor?
Current cannot flow bidirectionally

4. In your own words, describe what it means for components to be in series with each
other. What characteristic do components in a series always share in common?
(Voltage, Current, or Resistance)
Items in series are chained such as the power from one immediately comes into the
next. These items have the same current

5. In your own words, describe what it means for components to be in parallel with each
other. What characteristic do components in parallel always share in common?
(Voltage, Current, or Resistance)
Items in parallel have all of their positive and negative pins attached. They share
voltage

Going Further
6. In this investigation you were introduced to the idea of equivalent resistance (replacing
multiple resistors in series with one that does the same job. Equivalent resistance for a
series circuits can be shown as a simple mathematical expression. How would you
express this relationship to the total resistance in the circuit mathematically?

R1 + R2 + R3 = Req

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7. A theoretical equivalent resistor can be placed in parallel circuits and shown
mathematically as well. This relationship is a little less straight forward than equivalent
resistance in series circuits. With a little research, can you determine how the
equivalent resistance for this parallel circuit would be expressed mathematically? We
will expand our understanding on these concepts in later activities.

1 1 1 1
+ + =
1 2 3

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