INTRODUCTION TO

Basics of Electronics
(Components)
 Activity Time
Place the components in their designated places on the activity book and denote the +ve and –ve end of the
components wherever necessary.

Coin Cell Battery 9V LED

Female to Female Jumper

Male to Male Jumper Wire Male to Female Jumper Wire Capacitor Resistor
Wire
 Answer!
+ve -ve

+ve

-ve -ve

+ve

Coin Cell Battery 9V LED

-ve

+ve

Male to Male Jumper Male to Female Jumper Wire Female to Female Jumper Capacitor Resistor
Wire Wire
 Analysis

The +ve sign on the flat surface of the coin cell denotes the +ve terminal, and the other side is –
ve. In case of 9v battery, the +ve and –ve ends are denoted near the terminals. The longer leg
on the led denotes the +ve terminal, and the shorter leg denotes the –ve terminal. In the case
of a capacitor, there are black bars marked that give you information about each leg and its
terminals.
 Components

COIN CELL 9V BATTERY

Coin cells are single cells which are used to power It is a common size of battery that was
small portable electronics devices such as wrist introduced for the early transistor radios? This
watches, pocket calculators, artificial cardiac type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks
pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators,
automobile keyless entry transmitters, and hearing and smoke detectors.
aids.
 Components

JUMPER WIRES CAPACITOR

Jumper wires are simply wires that have A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy
connector pins at each end, allowing them to be in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
used to connect two points to each other without component with two terminals. The effect of a
soldering. Jumper wires are typically used with capacitor is known as capacitance. The standard
breadboards and other prototyping tools in order unit of capacitance is called the farad, which is
to make it easy to change a circuit as needed. abbreviated F.
Jumper wires typically come in three versions:
male to male, male to female and female to
female.
 Components

Diode LED(Light Emitting Diode)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

A diode is defined as a two-terminal semiconductor device that emits light when an
electronic component that only conducts electric current is passed through it. Light is
current in one direction (so long as it is
produced when the particles that carry the
operated within a specified voltage level).
An ideal diode will have zero resistance in current (known as electrons and holes)
one direction, and infinite resistance in the combine together within the semiconductor
reverse direction. material.
 Components

RESISTOR

Resistor is an electrical component that reduces

the electric current. The resistor's ability to reduce
the current is called resistance and is measured in
units of ohms (symbol: Ω).
The resistor's resistance limits the flow of
electrons through a circuit. Resistors come in a
variety of shapes and sizes.
 Resistor Colour Coding
3 Band Resistor Resistance Calculation
Colour Colour 1st Band 2nd band 3rd band 4th Band
Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 0 x1Ω
Brown 1 1 x10Ω ±1%
Red 2 2 x100Ω ±2%
1st Tolerance
Orange 3 3 x1kΩ
Band 2nd 3rd Band
Yellow 4 4 x10kΩ
(Red) Band (Brown)
Green 5 5 x100kΩ ±0.5% (Red)
Blue 6 6 x1MΩ ±0.25%
Violet 7 7 x10MΩ ±0.10%
Calculation
Grey 8 8 x100MΩ ±0.05%

White 9 9 x1GΩ
Resistance= 1st band 2nd band x 3rd band(Multiplier)
= 22 x 10 Ω(ohms)
Gold x0.1Ω ±5%
= 220 Ω (ohms)
Sliver X0.01Ω ±10%
 Did You Know ?

9-volt batteries can be dangerous.

Capacitors discharge very slowly, but The smallest size resistor is the
The positive and negative posts
many can store a charge for years. 0201 package which measures a
are close together. If a metal object
tiny 0.6mm x 0.30mm.
touches the two posts of a 9-volt
battery, it can cause a short circuit.
This can make enough heat to
start a fire.
Worksheet
Time

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INTRODUCTION TO
Basics of Electronics
(Current, Voltage & Resistance)
 Straw Activity

Beaker with Water Transparent Straw Small Thermocol Balls

 Analysis

❑ Initially, the water flows through the straw without any obstruction from one point to
other.
❑ Here the flow of water represents the flow of charge or electrons which is similar to
the current flowing through the circuit.
❑ The start point can be denoted as a higher potential and the end as lower potential.
❑ When the Thermocol balls are added to the straw, it obstructs the flow of water
through the straw.
❑ The balls act similar to resistance. The more Thermocol balls we insert; the less water
flow is there through the straw.
Current, Voltage and Resistance

Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually

Current electrons or electron-deficient atoms.

The voltage/potential difference between two point is

Voltage equal to the work done per unit of charge against a
static electric field to move the charge between two
points.

The tendency of a material to oppose the flow of

Resistance electrons.
 Circuit
An electronic circuit is a complete course of conductors through which current can travel. Circuits provide a path for
current to flow. To be a circuit, this path must start and end at the same point. In other words, a circuit must form a loop.

A circuit is considered to be closed Any circuit which is not complete is

when electricity flows from an energy considered an open circuit. Electricity
source to the desired endpoint of the does not flow from an active energy
circuit. source to the desired endpoint of the
circuit.
 Types of signals
There are two types of electrical signals, those being alternating current (AC), and direct current (DC).

With alternating current, the direction electricity With Direct Current, electricity flows in one
flows throughout the circuit is continuously direction between power and ground. In this
reversing. You may even say that it is alternating arrangement, there is always a positive source of
direction. voltage and ground (0V) source of voltage
Worksheet
Time

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 Did you know ?

Electricity travels at the DC voltage is a simple positive and If the voltage is sufficient enough,
speed of light -- more than negative type of electricity; power electric current can pass through
186,000 miles per second! storage is usually in DC. With the air. Lightning strikes, when the
future being mobile and compact, we voltage builds enough to pass
can actually see DC becoming the through air.
voltage of choice.
INTRODUCTION TO
Basics of Electronics
(O h m ’s L aw, S e rie s an d Paral l e l Co n n e c tio n)
 Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the
voltage or potential difference between the two points provided the temperature is constant for a
constant length and area.

Ohm’s Law Formula

Voltage= Current × Resistance

V= I×R

V= voltage (Unit: volts or V)

I= current (Unit: Amperes or A)
R= resistance (Unit: ohms or Ω)
Ohm's Law Part 1 Ohm's Law Part 2

22
 Series and Parallel Activity

❑ Let's make two circuits.

❑ For the first circuit:
❑ As shown take more LEDs and connect +ve end of all LEDs to one wire and –ve end to the other wire and
connect to the battery and observe.
❑ For the second circuit:
❑ As shown connect +ve end of LED to the first wire and connect the –ve end of the same LED to the +ve end
of the second LED; so as to make a chain of connection. Connect the –ve terminal of the last LED to the
second wire. Now, connect the first wire to the +ve terminal of the coin cell and the second wire to the -ve
terminal of the battery and observe the changes.
 Analysis

The first circuit is a parallel connection, and the second circuit is a series connection. In parallel connection
the voltage remains the same, and the current gets divided which allow all the LEDs to glow, but in case of
series connection as the voltage gets divided, but the current remains constant all the LEDs might not glow.
 Series connection

Three resistors (labelled R1, R2, and R3) are connected in a long chain from one terminal of the battery to the
other. The defining characteristic of a series circuit is that there is only one path for current to flow. In this circuit, the
current flows in a clockwise direction, from point 1 to point 2 to point 3 to point 4 and back around to 1.

Formula for resistance connected in series :

Series: R = R1 + R2 +R3

The subscript labelling—those little numbers to the lower-right of the letter “R”—are unrelated to the resistor
values in ohms. They serve only to identify one resistor from another.
 Parallel connection
Again, we have three resistors, but this time they form more than one continuous path for current to flow. There’s one path from
1 to 2 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. There’s another from 1 to 2 to 3 to 6 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. And then there’s a third
path from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 6 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. Each individual path (through R1, R2, and R3) is called a branch.
The defining characteristic of a parallel circuit is that all components are connected between the same set of electrically common
points. Looking at the schematic diagram, we see that points 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all electrically common. So are points 8, 7, 6, and 5.
Note that all resistors, as well as the battery, are connected between these two sets of points.

Formula for resistance connected in parallel :

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Parallel: = + +
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
 Things you can do

Try connecting +ve leg of one LED to the +ve terminal of battery and +ve leg of the other LED
to the –ve terminal of the battery while combining both the –ve legs of the two LED’s?
Worksheet
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 Did you know ?

Ohm’s Law is generally applied Ohm’s Law was rejected at first. In a circuit, electrons flow
only to direct current (DC) from negative to positive.
circuits, not alternating current
(AC) circuits.
INTRODUCTION TO
Breadboard and PCB
Connect the LED's on the breadboard as shown in the image
below:
 Analysis
Breadboard

❑ A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit designs.
❑ Electronic components can be interconnected by inserting their terminals into the holes & then making
connections through wires where appropriate.
❑ The purpose of the breadboard is to make quick electrical connections between components- like resistors,
LEDs, capacitors, etc- so that you can test your circuit before permanently soldering it together.
 Breadboard connections
When you see the backside of the board there will be some metal strips connected horizontally and vertically.

Power Rails
The metal strips which are connected horizontally and have blue and red
line marked are called the power rails. When building a circuit, you tend to
need power in lots of different places. The power rails give you lots of easy
access to power wherever you need it in your circuit.
Component Rails
The metal strips which are connected vertically and have numbers and
alphabets written are called as Component rails. These rails help you to
connect the electronic components (resistors, LEDs, capacitors, etc-) to
make a temporary circuit for testing purposes.
Connecting components on a breadboard
 PCB(Printed Circuit Board)

General purpose PCB boards are widely used in making circuits. Its
layer is coated with copper or aluminium and allows proper
soldering without any short circuit.
Worksheet
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 Did you know?

In the early days of radio, amateurs nailed bare The early PCB material could be
copper wires or terminal strips to a wooden board almost anything, from Bakelite and
and soldered electronic components to them. In Masonite to plain old thin pieces of
1920s TRF radio manufactured by Signal was wood.
constructed on a wooden breadboard.
INTRODUCTION TO
Paper Circuit
Watch the video and create DIY LED Cards !

39
 Did you know ?

Copper is man's oldest metal, dating back Pure Copper’s melting point is 1083ºC and is
more than 10,000 years. A copper easily alloyed with other metals.
pendant discovered in what is now
northern Iraq goes back to about 8700
B.C.