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M1271-Elemfuncprop 000

The document summarizes various elementary functions including: 1) Power functions like xn, xp/q, and xr with domains and ranges depending on whether the exponents are even or odd and implications for symmetry. 2) Rational functions P(x)/Q(x) with even or odd symmetry depending on the symmetries of the numerator and denominator polynomials. 3) Trigonometric functions like sinx, cosx, tanx with periodic domains and ranges and even or odd symmetry. 4) Exponential and logarithmic functions with domains and ranges of all real numbers and no symmetry. 5) Inverse trigonometric functions with restricted domains and ranges. 6) Symmetry

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Ramesh Sakthy
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40 views3 pages

M1271-Elemfuncprop 000

The document summarizes various elementary functions including: 1) Power functions like xn, xp/q, and xr with domains and ranges depending on whether the exponents are even or odd and implications for symmetry. 2) Rational functions P(x)/Q(x) with even or odd symmetry depending on the symmetries of the numerator and denominator polynomials. 3) Trigonometric functions like sinx, cosx, tanx with periodic domains and ranges and even or odd symmetry. 4) Exponential and logarithmic functions with domains and ranges of all real numbers and no symmetry. 5) Inverse trigonometric functions with restricted domains and ranges. 6) Symmetry

Uploaded by

Ramesh Sakthy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Elementary Functions

and some of their Properties

type of function domain range symmetry

power(-law) functions

xn , n an integer [except x = 0 for n negative]


n odd odd
0
n even [note: 0 is undefined] y0 even

xp/q , p and q integers [omit x = 0 if (p/q) < 0 ]


q odd, p odd odd
q odd, p even y0 even
q even, p odd x0 y0 none
q even, q even y0 even

xr , r irrational restricted to x 0 restricted to y 0 none

P(x)
rational functions , except where Q(x) = 0 various
Q(x)

for P(x) and Q(x) polynomials even, if P(x) and Q(x) have
the same symmetry,
odd, if they have opposite
symmetries
type of function domain range symmetry

(circular) trigonometric functions

sin x 1 y +1 (period 2) odd


cos x 1 y +1 (period 2) even

tan x = (sin x)/(cos x) except odd multiples of (period ) odd


2
cot x = (cos x)/(sin x) except multiples of (period ) odd

sec x = 1/(cos x) except odd multiples


of y 1 , y +1 (period 2) even
2
csc x = 1/(sin x) except multiples of y 1 , y +1 (period 2) odd


exponential functions ax , a > 0 y>0 none

logarithmic functions logax , a > 0 x>0 none

inverse trigonometric functions [restricted ranges]

y+
1
arcsin x or sin x 1 x +1 odd
2 2
1
arccos x or cos x 1 x +1 0y none
<y<+
1
arctan x or tan x odd
2 2
[others are seldom used]


symmetry rules for combinations of functions

even even = even odd odd = odd even odd or odd even = none

even even = even odd odd = even even odd or odd even = odd

even / even = even odd / odd = even even / odd or odd / even = odd

polynomials (sums of power functions with positive integer exponents)

domain: for any polynomial

range: for polynomials of odd degree; polynomials of even degree have maximum or minimum values

symmetry: even for polynomials having only even powers of x ; odd for polynomials having only odd powers of x ;
no symmetry otherwise

G. Ruffa

22 September 2009

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