HVE401-£/101/0/2007 ANNEXURE A — ASSIGNMENTS. ASSIGNMENT 1 UNISA HIGH VOLTAGE 4 & exam papers will mainly make use the theory in the textbook as well as Questions found in the textbook and the assignments, Although the amount of work in the assignments is more than previous years, you will be thoroughly prepared for the exam. In other words, if you are on top of the theory in the textbook, assignments and the questions in the textbook, you will pass the exam. Solutions will be available before the exam. QUESTION 1 1.1. Explain the apparent contradictory phenomena of air (or most gasses) having improved insulation properties under increased pressure and also under increased vacuum? 1.2. Derive a formula for the Air Density Correction Factor in terms of air Pressure (P) in kPa, and air Temperature (T) in degree Celsius. Standard Atmospheric conditions being 20 deg C and 101.3kPa. ee a) 1.3. Explain which of the following electrode configurations has the lowest breakdown value: Plane — Plane, Point - Plane, Point ~ Point. Alternatively stated explain which of the configurations has the lowest gap factor. 1.4, Besides corona name and explain four examples of partial discharge. 1.5. What is the approximate breakdown of a 3mm uniform air gap? In KV (peak). [25]HVE401-£/101/0/2007 QUESTION 2 2A. 2.2. 2.3. 24, 25. Describe three possible contributions to power losses in AC Capacitors. Describe a 1.2/50 standard waveform and how the values are obtained? Explain why conventional CTs (Current Transformers) give errors when used to measure impulse currents, explain three alternative measuring methods? Explain what is tan delta, include an alternative name, and what is considered a good tan delta value? Ifall the conditions are met, what is the maximum voltage measuring accuracy that can be achieved with sphere gaps? xire Total (25) Question 3: 34 3.2 Name and briefly describe in your own word, four methods that can be done for the treatment of transformer cil. Explain why a single generator is impractical for the generation of very high impulse voltages? A single core 50Hz 132kV cable is required to be tested at rated voltage. The cable has a capacitance of 0.2uF. Use is made of a 16kVA 230/1 1kV single Phase supply transformer of 4% reactance and 1% resistance connected to an AC generator. Neglecting the generator impedance and assuming the generator can provide the required power up to 230V. Calculate: (a) The value of series inductance required. (6) The input power and voltage required in assuming an inductance Q factor (XIR ratio) of 30. (Ignore the cable dielectric losses). 10HVE401-€/101/012007 (©) Calculate the cable charging KVAr (per phase) and compare this to the input power. What is the advantage of the series resonance test method? (a) What is the potential human safety involved when attempting such a test? [25] QUESTION 4: 4.1 The following observations were made in an experiment for determining of dielectric strength of transformer oil. Determine the power law equation: Gap spacing: —~ 4 6 8 40 ¢ Breakdown Voltage | 90 140 175 226 Ver (kv) 4.2. Howis the breakdown voltage of an air gap affected by temperature and alr pressure? \ oe Bor heagor th Dace femstines~ ¢ aL Clr Rentity: 4.3 Determine the following: (a) The breakdown voltage of a uniform sphere gap in air with a uniform gap of 10mm and a 100mm under standard atmospheric conditions? () The correction factor to be applied to the breakdown voltage determined under standard atmospheric conditions if the tests are carried out ata Laboratory 1400m above sea level and 30°C ambient temperature. (Assume the atmospheric pressure decreases by 1.2% per 100m altitude above sea level. 4.4 Why is matching of the voltage divider output surge generator and the co-axial cable surge impedance necessary when used to measure impulses? [25] TOTAL; 100 "HVE401-£/101/0/2007 ASSIGNMENT 2 d Exam papers will mainly make use the theory in the textbook as well as questions found in the textbook and the assignments. Although the amount of work in the assignments is more than previous years, you will be thoroughly prepared for the exam. In other words, if you are on top of the theory in the textbook, assignments and the questions in the textbook, you will pass the exam. Solutions will be available before the exam. QUESTION 1 1.1, With reference to impulse generators: 1.1.1. Drawa basic three stage Marx Impulse generator diagram. Name all components of the Marx Impulse Generator. “] 1.4.2. Briefly describe the operation. 1.1.3. Derive an approximate formula for calculating the combined value of the charging capacitors and discharge resistors to obtain a desired tail time. W 1.2. A variable AC single phase, 50Hz, supply is used to generate an HV AC test voltage across a 0.02MF (micro Farad) load using the series resonant test method. Assuming the Q factor (X/R Ratio) of the inductor is 40. Calculate: 4.2.1. The required reactor inductance. 4.2.2. The required input voltage required to generate 100KV across the load. 1.2.3. The Apparent Power (kVA) rating of the input supply. 1.2.4. The Apparent Power (kVA) loading of the load. 1.3. High Voltage Generators are potentially very dangerous due to the frequent human contact to change test objects and make adjustments to the generator. What safety measures would you expect on an HV Generator to minimize this risk? 2HVE401-£/101/0/2007 1.4. Explain three possible sources of error when measuring Impulse wave shapes using a Resistor Potential Divider (or any other type of divider) and how can these errors be reduced? [30] QUESTION 2: Pox- 2) 2.1 Describe what is meant by insulation co-ordination. 2.2 Discuss the origin of switching surges. 2.3. Whatis the disadvantages of gap type surge arrestors over gapless MOV type (reason why they are being phased out) 2.4 Whatis BIL and SIL, what are standard or typical wave shape duration? 2.5 What line design and construction factors can negatively impact on the lightning performance of an overhead line? (20) QUESTION 3 gat ‘An absolute electrostatic voltmeter has a movable circular plate of 250 mm in diameter. If the distance between the plates during measurement is 10 mm, w determine the potential difference when the force of attraction of 8 mN. # 3.2 Apeak reading voltmeter is required to measure voltage up to 132kV. The peak current voltmeter uses a RC circuit, a micro ammeter and a capacitance potential divider. The potential divider has a ratio of 1200:1 and the micrometer can read up to 10 HA. Determine the value of the R and C if the time constant of the RC circuit is 6.6 sec. e x « 3.3. With the aid of a circuit diagram, describe how partial discharge is measured. 13x HVE401-E/101/0/2007 3.4 Why should surge arrestors be placed as close a possible to the equipment EEN being protected? (20) QUESTION 4 nn Ht 7 2 4.1. Discuss how overhead line design nated she oyeral oice BIL, magnitude? PaSalefion om PC tan Pathe Figs EG 4.2. Discuss how overhead line design affects the Jen Impedance magnitude? 4.3. Explain how power system faults (phase to phase and earth faults) influence insulation co-ordination? 4.4. A circuit breaker opening results in a 1MV (Mega Volt) switching surge on an overhead line of surge impedance 4000(Ohm) terminated into a cable of surge impedance of 501(Ohm). Calculate the value of the surge current and voltage transmitted into the cable. 4.5. Whatis the criteria for an ideal surge protective device. 4.6. Explain why surge arrestors must be placed close to the equipment being protected? 4.7. With respect to overhead power lines explain the following terms : 4.7.1. Shielding Failure. 4.7.2. Back-flashover. (30) TOTAL: 100 14HVE401-£/101/012007 ASSIGNMENT 3 & Exam papers will mainiy make use the theory in the textbook as well as Questions found in the textbook and the assignments. Although the amount of work in the assignments is more than previous years, you will be thoroughly prepared for the exam. In other words, if you are on top of the theory in the textbook, assignments and the questions in the textbook, you will pass the exam. Solutions will be available before the exam. : QUESTION 1 i 1.1 The breakdown of a gas is explained by two mechanisms Townsend and ‘Streamer, Compare the two breakdown mechanisms under the following heading: * Pressure distance * Discharge shape f + Initiating electron required + Ionisation mechanism + Time to breakdown + Cathode effect + Secondary effect I + Example i 412 Asteady current of 0.9 kA flows through a plane electrode separated by a b distance of 6 mm when a voltage of 22 KV is applied. If a current of 75 A. hee flows when the distance of separation is reduced to 1 mm and the field is kept constant at 22 KV, determine the following (2) Townsend's first ionization’s coefficient (b) The saturation current. 1.3 Draw the relation of Planck's constant on an energy ~ frequency graph. Explain in your own words what the graph means. [20] 18HVE401-£/101/0/2007 QUESTION 2 2.1. Briefly discuss two disadvantages of the Cockcroft Walton generator when loaded. Zoo) — SG 2 & % 22. Asix-stage Cockcroft-Walton circuit has a capacitance of S0pF. The secondary maximum voltage of the supply transformer is 80kV at a frequency of 400K he lad curentis2.SmA, determine: jh! YI. (a) voltage regulation Le Pr (b) The pple if een wo 23 Asottz Schering Bridge is used fo test an 11RV single core cable, The various arms have the following parameters on balance: YQ * Standard HV Capacitor: 0.1uF + Adjustable Resistor: 280 y Adjustable Capacitor. _—_0.015uF in parallel with a 5000 resistance \W & Calculate: y (a) Capacitance of the cable (parallel equivalent) & (©). Value of insulation equivalent R (parallel equivalent) (©) Tan Delta or loss angle. (d) Total insulation power loss (e) Insulation Resistance DC resistance Ri (without polarization hysterisis). The conductor radius is 7mm and the insulation thickness is 5mm. The insulation resistively is 100G.Ohm.m and the cable length is 5000m. () The dielectric loss (9) The hysterisis loss [20] 16HVE401-£/101/0/2007 QUESTION 3 A surge travels down a line to a junction point. Calculate the magnitude of the transmitted and reflected voltage and currents as per unit of the incident voltage and current, under the following scenarios of connected surge impedance to the junction: © Open circuit (infinite impedance) * Surge impedance of double the lines surge impedance. © Matched surge impedance * Surge impedance half that of the line * Zero circuited (Zero impedance) (20) QUESTION 4 4.1 Compare positive and negative corona. Name and explain four samples of Partial charge besides corona,’ 4.2 With the aid of a graph, explain in your own word Pashen's Law 4.3. Describe the following: baer at (a) Cavity breakdown in liquid insulation. — ree (b) Tracking and treeing in Solid insulation. — “0 (©) onisation. QUESTION 5: 5.1 Distinguish between Type tests and Routine tests. 5.2 Discuss four HV electrical tests performed on overhead line insulators (no mechanicaltests). = =, s 7 ji UAateref feat one fe tk Fork over + Iwi by bof 2 Hod. | |i fos atHVE401-£/101/0/2007 5.3. Define Tan Delta and indicate what value of tan delta is indicative of good quality insulation. —~ FL, {1,4 5.4 Drawa neatly labeled sketch of the Schering Bridge method for determining the tan delta, labeling all components including the source voltage and test ~ specimen fey 6S t 5.5 Calculate the approximate amount of energy in kWh released in a single lightning strike. Assume the potential difference is 1OMV, Ipeax = 40kA, tall duration (to 50%) is 50 micro seconds. State all other assumptions which you make. [20] TOTAL: 100 18