a IRISHUV AN UNIVERSITY Exam, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING [Laval BE Examination Control Division | Programme | BEL 2074 Bhadi [Wear /Part | 1V/IL _ _ Subject: - High Voltage Engineering (EE751) Y Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable Y Attempt All questions. Y The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, ¥ Assume suitable data if necessary. 1, a) Compare HVAC and HVDC transmission system with suitable justifications. b) Improper Earthing leads to high electric potential, justify. Also explain how the system grounding have been incorporated in common practice? 2. a) Using the single phase equivalent lumped parameter model circuit of 3-phase, 400kV, S0Hz, 400 km long EHV line shown below, compute the switching resistance Rs to be inserted during the closing of circuit breaker so that maximum switching overvoltage will be limited to 1.8 pu cB 100+0.5H Vo | Pass Marks | 32 Time | 3 b) Show that when a loss less infinite line with receiving end open circuit switched on to a source the impedance offered to a travelling wave along the line is surge impedance of the line, Also with mathematical interpretation verify that these waves consist of both backward and forward waves, A transformer is protected by a lightening arrestor at the incoming line. The BIL withstand voltage of the transformer is chosen to be 500 kV. The protective ratio required for transformer protection is 1.25. A lighting strike at the arrestor causes an arrestors discharge current of 24 kA. Check whether the transformer is properly coordinated? Assume arrestor residual voltage can be approximated by: 2001,°". What are the general tests that are carried out on high voltage equipment? Explain with clean circuit diagram the method of measurement of high voltage using resistance divider and micro-ammeter. Derive the Townsend's current growth equation based on two different ionization coefficients. In a experiment in a certain gas it was found that the steady state current is 5.510" A at 8Kv at a distance of 0.4cm between the plane electrodes. Keeping the field constant and reducing the distance to 0.1 cm results in current of 5.510°A, Calculate town sends primary ionization coefficient. Explain the breakdown phenomenon in commercial liquid in brief. In a 3-phase overhead lines the conductors, diameter of 3 cm each are arranged in the form of an equilateral triangle. Assuming fair weather condition and air density factor of 0.95; irregularity factor of 0.96, find the minimum spacing between the conductors if the disruptive critical voltage does not exceed 230 kV between the lines. Breakdown strength of air may be assumed to be 30 kV (peak)/em. b) How the Ferranti effect can be reduced in over voltage issues? Explain mathematically. °) 5. a)UNIVERSITY Exam, a au TRIBE . a STITUTE OF ENGINEERING Leve : : ® exami ion Control Division | Programme 01 Vane Marie Een Year/Part 1/1 Sime hr 2074 Magh Subject’ - High Voltage Engineering (£E751) ¥ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far ws practicable ¥ Attempt AML questions : Y The figures in the margin indicate Eull Marks ¥ Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. a) "FACTS devices will initiate and accelerate the significant changes in power system” ‘laborate the statement b) Explain the phenomeon of touch potential and step potential with nec ‘ensary figures ©) What are the effects of electric shock? Why and how are the effects different for DC and AC different frequencies of AC? 2, a). Starting from the expression for switching voltage as: 16) (4) VA) =(E~V,)] Lett vero cosfot~«)]+v, where; tan = % Derive the expression maximum switching over voltage magnitude and condition for it, Also discuss the effect of increasing Ril. and (in the maximum switching over voltage, . 4) A surge of 3000kY is travelling along w 132 kV line, he line surge impedance ix 300 aims and the protective level is 1700 kV. Determine (i) eunens through the arrester reflection and refraction coeffi ients (iv) Optimal current rating of the arrester. {8} ‘dination between transformer and lighting arrester in term of length L and surge current of ois and surge impedance of Ze, (8) b) Explain different non-disruptive tests that are carried out for different types of insulators, [8] b) In @ 132 kV circuit breaker, the bushing to ground capacitance is O.01MP and the transformer impedanee succeeding the CB is st) the circuit breaker interrupts the magnetizing current of 7A(rms). Calculate the Possible overvoltage due to current chopping, [8] §) When magnetizing current is interrupted at zero value li) When magnetizing current is interrupted at peak value 5) A square insulation dise of 154 mm thick And relative permittivi i f i Permittivity of 10 ha infernal void of 0.1 mm square thickness of dielectric strength of 46 kV/cm, Check (elher the internal discharge will occur or cs I 40kV applied across insulator (Assume air dielectric strength of 30 kV/em (peak), ; {6} 5) Explain how corona occurs in an EHY transmission line, (4) ©) Explain with example how electromagnetic induction occur in neighboring facilities, (6) oeExamination Control ar/Part_ | 1V/1) Time ny OF ENGIN: Bi Puss Marks | 32 IN J gramme | BEL 2073 Bhadra 751) ~~Subject: - High Voltage Engineering (£ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Flt Marks ‘Assume suitable data if necessary. a) What is your vision of the electric power system 25 years from now? (4) belted cable used in HVAC transmission. i) (8) b) Explain the constructional features of ¢) Explain different methods of earth resistivity measurement with diagrams. a) It is necessary to obtain 2 tower-footing resistance of 20 2 in a soil of resistivity pe=100.0-m using the most common three types of electrodes. Take a=1.25 om for r pe counierpoises and a depth y-0.5 m for counterpoise. Calculate the required 5 dimensions. b) A surge of 100 KV travelling ina line of natural impedance 600 0 arrives at a junction Q.and 200 (respectively. Find the surge voltages and . t with two lines of impedances 800 currents transmitted into cach line. 8) «).A lightning ester with BIL rating of 1000 KV located a the end ofthe line having 4200 KV. Determine (i) reflected surge impedance of 300 0 receives a travelling wave of voltage aad current at the arrester location (i) arrester discharge curent and resistance offered by the arrester. (8) ') A 765 KV line has the following details: N-4, 05 em, B=bundle spacing=45.72 [8] 2) A735KV line has the following details N= 4, d = 3.05 em, bundle spacing = 45.72 cm, height = 20 m, phase sepatation = 14 m in horizontal configuration. The maximum conductor surface voltage gradients are 20 kV/cm and 18.4 kV/em for the centre and outer phase respectively. Calculate the total Audible Noise level in dB at a distance 30 malong the ground from the centre phase. (Empherical relation for AN is: AN(j) = 120 Jogio Em(i) + 55 logio(d) ~ 11.4 logioD(@) + 26.4 logia N - 128.4) [8] b) Describe the streamer theory of breakdown in gases. [8] 8) Anac. voltage of 60 kV is applied between two parallel plates rounded at the edges and placed 2.0 cm apart in air. A press board sheet of thickness 0.2 cm is placed on the lower plate, in parallel with the two plates. Calculate the voltage across the air gap and the press board sheet. The artangement is showin in the figure below. ermittivity of press board=4 {8} giv Parallel plates ries impédance voltrieter used in ibe the construction and working principle of se1 1 cks? “wig nh AC es. “VE¢ ye it /rRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING vel BE | 180 ination C\ Division | Programme | BEL | Pass Marks | 3 Examination Control Division | Programme | 5° | ee . 2070 Bhadra [Wear/Part_|1V | Fime hs. | ~~“Subject: - High Voltage Engineer v Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, Y Attempt All questions. Y The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. ‘Assume suitable data if necessary. v a) Discuss the classification of high voltages and the need of high voltage for 7 (4) transmission line. ‘Write in brief the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC over HVAC. b) c) Explain Wenner’s Test method for measurement of earth resistivity and derive the -relation for the measurement of resistivity. (8) 2. a) Describe how the switching overvoltage takes ;place due to chopping of the magnetising current, Also show that the effect is, minimum when switching takes place at zero crossing of current. 1 (6 Explain in brief the effect of load rejection in power system. 4] ©) A transmission line of 500 Q surge impedance is egnnected to a cable of 60 Q surge impedance at other end. If a surge of 500 KV travels along the line to the junction point. Find the voltage build-up at the junctions? (6 3, a) Fora 750 KV line, take Vy = 3000 kV crest, travelling on the line and V> = 1700 KV. “| ~~ The line surge impedance is Z + 300 ohms. Calculpte (a) the current flowing in the line before reaching the arrestor, (b) the current through the arrestor, and (c) the value of arrestor resistance for this condition and also find the reflection and refraction coefficient of voltage. 4 [8] b) Develop the charge coefficient matrix of P phase conductors on a transmission tower with one or two ground wires which are at or near the ground potential. (8) A750-KV flat horizontally configured transmission line has average ground clearance of 20 m and phase spacing of 15 m. ‘The line uses bundle conductor of 2*0.30 diameters in meter. Determine the Audible Noise (AN) at ground level at horizontal distance of 20 m from the outermost conductor. Assume electric field gradient at the surface of the conductor 20 kV/em. Use empirical formula for AN due to iy, conductor : [8] 4. a) as: ANG) = 120 logio Em (i) + 55'logyg d-11.4 logig N-115.4 Here Em: kV/om, d is in em and Dis in metre. Explain Town Send’s theory of breakdown in gases and derive the Town Send’s current growth equation in gases including secondary ionization, (3) 5. a) An air bubble of 0.5 mm thickness is embedded in a solid insulation of 1.0 i bubble of 0. .0 cm hat a relative dielectric constant of°3.0. The voltage applied across the solid is 30 kv _ _ (RMS) of 50 Hz. Calculate the voltage at which internal discharge will occur if the breakdown strength of air is 30 kV (peak)/om. B8) b) What are the general tesis that are carried out on high i "1 general igh voltage equipment? it with clean circuit diagram the method of measuirment of heh "vol oa resistance divider and micro-ammeter. Ree ee 48 >) [8]U5: Examination Control Division | Programme | a a TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY a | Full Marks INSTIT DF ENGINEERING | Pass 70 Magh { art | Candidates are requir their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attorspt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary. . a) Explain the criteria of choosing HVDC and HVAC system on the basis of cost, transmission power and length. b) Explain in brief the role of Facts devices in the power system. c) Explein how Improper Earthing may result in step potential and touch potential beyond safe value in power system with necessary diagram and formulae. . 2) With a mathematical justification show that charging reactive power supplied by the source per phase for a transmission line at no load is given by: IL =Es? |& n= ts" Sia 2) What |is inductance per unit length; cis the capacitance per unit length Lis length of ine 2 is wave length b) A 3-phase, 220 kV transmission line has a length of 200 km, and inductance of 1.3 mH/km and a capacitance of 8.855+10°F/km. Calculate: i) The surge impedance of the line ii) The velocity of propagation iii) The travel time or time period of transient overvoltage iv) Propagation constant . a) A 400 KV line effectively grounded is protected by lighting Arrestor (LA) with Protection ratio (PR) = 3. The transformer hes its protection ratio (TPR) = 125 with Ze = 350 ©. Determine BIL of transformer. Now if LA is kept at 30 m fom Transformer and there isa lighting discharge of 10KA with peak time of 1pS, Check ‘whether the insulation is properly co-ordinated with LA or not. Also find maximum possible separation between transformer and LA achieving proper insulation oo. ordination, . : b) In a 3-phase overhead lines the conductors have a diameter of 3 em each are are arranged in the form of an equilateral triangle, Assuming fair weather contitioe air density factor of 0.95; imegularity factor of 0.96, find the minimum spacing between the conductors if the disruptive critical voltage does not exceed 250 kit between the lines. Breakdown stength of ai may be assumed tobe 30 LV (peak) ems 2) Develop the voltage matrix showing the proximate effect of conduc 2 : or placed necrby. Teke the example of two conductors having charges +l sere respetvely, planed at height of Hy and Hi respectively from ground. The distance etween the conductors is Ars and distance betw : he comes De oa etween one of the conductors and the Law and ~ith reference to thi [4] [4] (3) [8] {8] (8] (8) (8)a ~ Regular / Back 21RE ‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY | 4 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING BE ult Marks "90 Examination Control Division | Programme | BEL. | Pass Marks | 32 2069 Bhadra Time | 3 hrs "Subject: - High Voltage Engineering (£6781EF) Y Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. ¥ Attempt any Five questions. ¥ All questions carry equal marks. . ¥ Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. a) Discuss the various mechanism of vacuum break down. BE») An insulation disc of 154mm thick has an intemal air void of 0.01mm thickness. Check whether the interval discharge will occur or not during the withstand test at a e voltage of 40 KV across the insulator? Take air has the dielectric strength of 46 KV/em at 0.01mm thickness and the relative permittivity of the disc material is 10. 2. a) Explain the phenomena of electrical breakdown in commercial liquid dielectrics. b) Explain the Paschen’s Law with reference io this law, discuss how the breakdown strength of vacuum and high pressure gas is higher than air at normal pressure. ‘An overhead line uses 5 nos. of insulator discs. The voltage along the different units of string is equalized by a suitable guard ring. Determine the theoretical vaine of the capacitance between the pin of different units and the guard ning as the function of capacitance between the pin and earth. b) A 750 KV, 500km transmission line has ABCD purameter given by A = 0.9 and B = j130Q using the reactive shunt compensation scheme of figure, determine the value of X; so that the receiving end voltage at no load could be controlied as Va = 1.05 Vs @ 5 Vi a... Vs A °] = F im le D im 4. a) Using the single phase equivalent lumped parameter model circuit of a 3-phase, 400 KV, 50Hz, 400 km long EHV transmission line shown below, compute the switching resistance Rs to be inserted during the closing of the CB so that the max switching over voltage wil! be limited to 1.8 pu. Max CB 10a OSH Ve SpF Rs Auxillary CB Trb) A 3-phase overhead line has conductors of 30mm diameter and arranged in the form a) b) i. a) b) of equilateral triangle. Assume fair weather conditions, air density factor of 0.95 and irreguiarity factor of 0.95, find minimum spacing between conductors if disruptive critical voltage is not to exceed 230KV between lines. Breakdown strength of air is 30 KV/em (peak), A 132 KV transmission line is terminated by a transformer at a substation. The transformer is protected by an arrestor of rating 120 KV located at the incoming line. The BIL withstand voltage of the transformer is chosen to be SOGKV. The protective ratio required for transformer protection is 1.2. Check whether the transformer is properly co-ordinated with the arrestor if a lighting strike of 8000 KV incident at the arrestor. Discharge Current Residual Voltage 10KA 300 KV 20KA 300 KV A surge of ISKV magnitude travels along a cable towards its junction with an overhead line. The inductance and capacitance of the cable is 0.3mH/km and 0.4 HF /km respectively and that overhead line is 1.SmH/Km, 0.012 jF/km respectively. Find the voltage rise at the junction due to surge. Starting from Is ~ C E, + D.L, the corresponding charging reactive power supplied by the source per phase at no load is given by . Here the symbols have usual meaning. With, suitable mathematical aid, show that neglecting the source impredance for a lossless line, the value of a shunt reactive compensation required at the receiving end at no load for sending end and receiving end voltages to be equal could be expressed21 __TRIDHUVAN UNIVERSITY Regular / Back INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Full Marks | 80 Examination Control Division | Pass Marks 32 2068 Bhadra jPart [IV/M | Time 3 hrs v v v vi ~ Subject: - High Voltage Engineering Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt any questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable data if necessary. a) The following data has been observed for studying Townsend’s mechanism. The field is kept constant. {8} Gap distance (mm)_| Current observed (A) | 05 6.5 x1 1.0 2.010 15 4x10" 2.0 8x10 2.5 1.2 107" 3.0 65x10" 35 6.5%10" 4.0 4.0% 10” 5.0 1.210" ‘The minimum current is 6.5 x 10° A. Determine the Townsend’s first and second ionization coefficient. b) What is vacuum dielectrics and how it is classified? Discuss the various vacuum (2+1+5) dielectric break down mechanisms. olid dielectric in List out the different mechanisms by which break down occurs in s [4+6] practice. Explain one of them. b) Ina 132 KV circuit breaker the bushing to ground capacitance is 0.014F and the transformer inductance succeeding the circuit breaker is 5H. Calculate the voltage appearing across the poles of the circuit breaker if it breaks magnetizing current of 10A flowing in the transformer. a) Witha mathematical justification show that charging reactive power supplied by the source per phase for a transmission line at no load is given by: c 2nL ome o (7) ‘Where C is the capacitance per unit length a) “(6 Lis inductance per unit length L is length of line X is wave length5) Using the single phase equivalent lumped pi 400k, 50 HZ, 400Km long EHV transmission line shown below. Compute the Switching resistance Ry to be inserted during the closing of the CB on ya the ‘maximum switching over voltage will be limited to 1.8pu, arameter model citcuit of a 3-phase. Main CB ——. v, 102 OSH Ry Auxillary cB —~ SuF ae 4. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FA\ @)_ Increasing the eross-arm length, string efficiency can be increased. b) Underground cables are used to suppress the switching over voltage at substation transformer, ¢) Protective ratio depends upon the type of grounding system employed. 4) Load rejection causes the terminal Voltage to rise up. 5. a) A3 phase overhead line has conductors of 30mm di; le. Assume fair weather conditio f 0.95, find minimum spacing bet lot to exceed 230KV between line: jameter and arranged in the form , air density factor of 0.95 and ‘tween conductors if disruptive critical voltage is n¢ s. Breakdown strength of air is 30K V/em (peak) b) A 10KV surge travels on a line havin ignitude of incident current wave 10009, find rate of ener; of energy reflection, ig a surge impedance of 4002. (i) Find the (i) If the line is terminated by a resistance of ‘By dissipated, the reflected voltage and current waves and rate 2 = > z a ies] a a a a 2 e z Z lightning stroke of SKA. A 400KV, 500km, 50HZ HV transmission line has r = 0.0310/km, 1 = ImH/km and C= 10nF/km. Calculate the value of X, of a reactor required at the middle of the line as shown in figure below so that the receiving end voltage at no load could be controlled as V, = V, b) Vs Vr LSE. Also give their justification [(1+ 3)x4) {6} [2+8] (8] {8]21 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY { Exam, Regular / Back INSTITUTE OF ENGINGERING Level | BE Full Marks | 80 Examination Control Division | Programme | bit. Pass Marks | 32 2067 Mangsir | Year/Part | 1V/11 Time 3 hes. Subject: - High Voltage Engineering ¥ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicabie. ¥ Attempt All questions. Y The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, v Assume suitable data if necessary. a) How is the condition for breakdown obtained in Townsend discharge due to primary and secondary ionization 10} b) During an experiment in a particular gas, the steady state current is found to be 5.8x10°A at 8 kV ata distance of 0.4 em between the plane electrodes. Keeping the ield constant, reducing the distance to 0.lem results in a current of 5.5x10°A Calculate Townsend's primary ionization coefficient. (6) 2. a) What is vacuum and how it is classified? Discuss the various categories of vacuum breakdown mechanism. b) An insulator disc 154mm thick has intemal air void of 0.01 mm thickness. Check whether the internal discharge will occur or not during the withstand test of a voltage of 40KV across the insulator? Assume that air has the dielectric strength of 46K V/em at 0.01 mm thickness and relative permittivity of the disc material is 10. {6} ©) Discuss why the break down strength of vacuum and high pressure air is higher than air at normal pressure? {6} (4 3. a) Compute the temporary over voltage due to single line to ground fault for a 400KV, S011Z, 3 phase, AC trarismission line having r = 0.04Q/km, | = 1.01 mH/km and C = 11 nffkw if the fault is at the middle of the line. Take fault impedance of j 350, gencrator grounding impendence 4+j50Q. Take length of line = 400km. (12) b) Show that a phase shift of 6° between sending end and receiving end voltage takes place for each 100km length in a loss less long transmission line. . (4) a) With the help of transmission line and data given below, calculate the RI level of each phase at point M at SOOKHZ in fair weather condition using CIGRE formula. Also calculate the RI level of the line. Nominal voltage = 330KV Bundle spacing = 45.72em Conductor diameter = 30mm. Number of conductors per phase = 2b) Maximum surface gradient at central and outer phases at 330 KV are 1710 KV/m and 1600 KV/m respectively. ‘The CIGRE formula is given by di RI(AB) ~ 3.5Em + 6d ~ 33 logio 30 (dB) od logiol 55) Where Ey in KV/em, din em, Diinm. A 3 unit insulator string is fitted with guard ring, The capacitances of the link pins to metal work and guard ring can be assumed to be 15% and 5% of the capacitance of 8] each unit. Determine the voltage distribution and string efficiency. A lightning arrestor with BIL rating of 1600KV located at the end of the line having surge impedance of 3009 receives a traveling wave of 4200KV, determine the caf 8 following: i) Reflected voltage and current at the arrestor location ii) Arrestor discharge current and resistance offered by the arrestor A capacitance is placed between the (wo lines having surge impedance Z, and Z, as —~ shown below. A traveling wave (step in nature) V travels in the line having magnitude 4000KV as shown in diagram. Derive the expression and calculate the magnitude of {Bs voltage at the junction ‘A’ for time of 1psec. Take Z; = 400, Zz = 3802, C = 3nF. (8) —pv. ‘ 2 eeun TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Exam. T Regular/Back INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level | BE [Full Marks | 80 Examination Control Division | Programme | BEL Pass Marks | 32 2066 Magh Year/Part |IV/il_ | Time | Shes, Subject: - High Voltage Engineering _ ¥ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable Y Attempt any Five questions. i The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Y Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. a) What is vacuum and how it is classified? Discuss the various categories of vacuum break down mechanism. b) In an experiment in a certain gas, the steady state current is 5.5x10*A at 8KV at a distance of 0.4m between the plane electrodes. Keeping the field constant and reducing the distance to 0.lcm, results in a current of 5.5x10°A. Calculate Townsend’s primary ionization coefficient. Discuss why the breakdown strength of vacuum and high pressure gas i8 higher than air at normal pressure. Explain the conduction and breakdown mechanism in commercial liquid dielectric An insulator disc 154mm thick has an internal air void of 0.01mm thickness. Check whether the internal discharge will occur or not during the withstand test of a voltage of 40KV across the insulator? Air has the dielectric strength of 46 KV/cm at 0.01mm thickness and the relative permittivity of the disc material is 10. °) 2,2] b) 3. A 400KV high voltage transmission line has resistance = 0.0310/km, inductance = ImH/km and capacitance = 10 nF/km. Compute the temporary over voltage duc to single line to ground fault if the fault is at the end of the 400km long line. Consider the line resistance and generator neutral impedance of 5 + j50Q. Neglect fault impedance. a) A string of five suspension insulators is to be fitted with a grading ring. If the pin to earth capacitances are equal to C, find the values of iine to pin capacitances that would give a uniform voltage distribution along the string. b) A transformer is protected by an arrester at the incoming line. The BIL withstand voltage of the transformer is chosen to be SOOKV. A LA is kept 30m from transformer. A lightening surge of 3500KV having peak time of 1 jisec strikes on the line, Check whether the transformer is properly co-ordinated? Take surge impedance of the line to be 3509. ‘A 750KV flat horizontally configured transmission line has average ground clearance of 20m and phase spacing of 15m. The line uses bundle conductor of 2x0.30m diameter. Determine the audible noise at ground level at a horizontal distance of 20m from the outer most conductor. Assume electric field gradient at the surface of the conductor is 20 KV/em. Use emperical formula for AN due to i" conductor as: AN(i) = 120 logio Em(i) + 55 logio d ~ 11.4 logio Di + 26.4 logio N~ 115.4 a) Here Em: KV/em d:cm D:m (8) (4) (4) (8) (8) (16) (8] [8] (8]b) A surge of 1SKV magnitude travels along a cable towards its junction with an overhead line. The inductance and capacitance of the cable is 0.3 mH/km and 0.4 yF/km respectively and that of overhead line is 1.5 mH/km, 0.012 jF per km respectively. Find the voltage rise at the junction due to the surge. 8} . Using the single-phase equivalent lumped parameter model circuit of a 3 phase, 400K, 50HZ, 400 km long EHV transmission line shown below in figure, compute: (nes) _ a) The maximum per unit switching over voltage while closing the main CB without external switching resistance Rg considering the trap charge across the capacitor as ~| pu. b) Switching resistance Rs to be inserted during the closing of the CB so that the maximum switching over voltage in part (a) will be limited to 1.8 pu. Switching over voltage is given as r 2 e-vyi-e Lea cous-0 : Where, tand = a/w o=tan-l aw ae