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Data Representation and Memory Storage

This document discusses data representation and memory storage in computers. It explains that computers represent all data, like songs, pictures and videos, using bits which are either 0s or 1s. It describes how bytes are used to represent characters, commands, colors and other data. It also discusses different types of memory storage like RAM, hard drives, solid state drives and optical disks, and how they differ in terms of capacity, access time and transfer rate.

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102 views28 pages

Data Representation and Memory Storage

This document discusses data representation and memory storage in computers. It explains that computers represent all data, like songs, pictures and videos, using bits which are either 0s or 1s. It describes how bytes are used to represent characters, commands, colors and other data. It also discusses different types of memory storage like RAM, hard drives, solid state drives and optical disks, and how they differ in terms of capacity, access time and transfer rate.

Uploaded by

suba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Representation and

Memory Storage
Data Representation
How does a computer represent a song? A
picture? A video?
Bits 0s and 1s

So how does a computer represent bits?


Data Representation

OR Magnetic orientation of the poles of a


magnet represent the state of a bit
Data Representation
A byte is 8 bits
A byte represents many things in a computer
such as characters, commands, colors, etc.

All computer instructions are done by doing


arithmetic operations on bytes
How to add two numbers in Binary?
Data Representation
ASCII (American
Standard Code
for Information
Interchange) is
the most widely
used coding
scheme to
represent data
Data Representation
64 Bit OS vs. a 32 Bit OS
Refers to the size of registers used by your
CPU
Supports more RAM
More efficient
Memory
Memory consists of electronic components
that store instructions waiting to be executed
by the processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of processing the
data
Memory

Column1 Approximate Number of Bytes Text Pages


Kilobyte 1,000 page
Megabyte 1,000,000 500
Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 500,000
Terabyte 1,000,000,000,000 500,000,000
Petabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000
Exabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Zettabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Yotabyte 1E+21,000
Memory
Two types of memory
Volatile: Program and data when being processed.
Data is lost when power is turned off.
Non-Volatile: Hold configuration information,
basic startup instructions.
Keeps data even without power.
Storage Capability
Capacity - The amount of data, in bytes, the
storage can hold
Access Time - The amount of time it takes a
storage device to locate an item on a storage
medium
Transfer Rate - The time required to deliver an
item to or from storage to the processor.
Hard Disk Drives
Contains one or more inflexible, circular
platters that use magnetic particles to store
data, instructions, and information
Hard Disk Drives
Hard Disk Drives
Circuit board controls the movement of the
head
Small motor spins the platters
Head determines the location of the data
(read or write)
Head motor moves head to position head over
data
Hard Disk Drive
A head crash occurs when a read/write head
touches the surface of a platter
Hard Disk Drive
Flash Memory
Non-Volatile
Electronically erased and reprogrammed
Stores information in cells that contain 1 bit
Lower latency, faster, less noisy, less power
consumed, more reliable than hard drives
Solid State Drives
Uses Flash Memory
RAM Random Access Memory
Volatile
Many times faster than Hard Disk
Cache
Used by the CPU to reduce average time to
access memory.
Smaller and faster
than RAM
Storage Capability
Capacity <
Access Rate >
Transfer Speed> Type General Usage

Cache Memory Items waiting for use by processor

RAM Items waiting for use by processor

Flash Memory System configuration information


Photos, tunes,
Operating system, application
Solid State Drive software, data
Operating system, application
Hard Disk Drive software, data
Movies, music, software to be
Optical Disk installed
Tape Backup copies of data
Capacity >
Access Rate <
Transfer Speed<
Speed Differences
SSD vs. HDD 10 times faster
Speed Differences
Cloud Storage
Networked online
storage
Data centers
*Amazon, 2 Years ago
Data is distributed
it is stored at more
locations
Cloud Storage
Not cost efficient for the average computer
user
More security risks
Download and upload rates
Companies can go bankrupt or be shut down
Optical Disks and Drives
A disk drive that uses laser light or
electromagnetic waves within or near the
visible light spectrum as part of the process of
reading or writing data to or from optical disks
Photodiodes detects the light
reflection
Read and Write Disks
To write to an optical disk, use a laser to melt
the crystalline metal alloy
Can be melted back

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