REPORT

On

BUILDING/HOUSE PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION

Guided By: Submitted By:

Dr. R. K. Tomar Shivam Kumar
(A2315815003)
Submitted to
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR

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2
 Declaration

I, Shivam Kumar student of B.Tech (Civil Engineering) hereby declares that the report titled Building Plan
and Construction which is submitted by me to the Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of
Engineering and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement
for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology in Civil, has not been previously formed the basis for
the award of any degree, diploma or other title or recognition.

The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the
Dissertation/Project report other than brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly
writing and all such use is acknowledged.

Shivam Kumar

Noida

Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge, with gratitude and depth 0f thanks t0 my pr0fess0r f0r her valuable advice and
encouragement while preparing this research paper.

At the time 0f preparing this research paper I have gone thr0ugh different IS Codes, books and websites
which helped me t0 get acquaintances with l0ts 0f informati0n.

Thank You

4
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Shivam Kumar, student of B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) has carried out the work
Presented in the report of the title Building Construction And Plan" as a part of Four year programme
of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from Amity School of Engineering and Technology,
Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
(Dr. R. K. Tomar)
Amity School of Engineering and Technology, AUUP

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 ABSTRACT
This project is a report on materials used for production of concrete. The project gives a description of
cement, aggregates and concrete. Types and methods of manufacturing of cement are also discussed.
Properties and tests on aggregates including crushing value test, impact value test, abrasion test and sieve
test are also specified. Stages of concreting, workability, types of mix, test of workability, process of
manufacturing, factors influencing their strength and concreting in extreme conditions are also mentioned.

This report gives a brief introduction on concrete and the materials used for concreting. Concreting being an
important part of manufacturing need to be precisely studied and quality and quantity of cements, aggregates
and water should be maintained. Field as well as lab test of cement, aggregates and concrete should be done
with care and so this report provides an overall view on construction materials used especially during
concreting. Concreting under extreme conditions that is during severe hot and cold climate is also discussed
in detail.

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 CONTENTS

1. Chapter-1
BUILDING MATERIALS 8-17.
THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
ON CEMENT CONCRETE ..18.
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE ..19-20.
2. Chapter-2
CEMENT CONCRETE 23-24.
WORKABILITY .. 25.
MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE ....27-29.
CURING OF CONCRETE 31.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN ...35-36.
3. Chapter-3
SLUMP TEST .39-41.
CONCRETE CUBE TEST ..42-45.
4. Chapter-4
CONCLUSION .38.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: CONCRETE MIX DESIGN...................................................................................................1

FIGURE 2: CONCRETE MIXER............................................................................................................5

FIGURE 3: CEMENT........................................................................................................................8

FIGURE 4: SLUMP MEASUREMENT....................................................................................................9

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: GRADES OF CONCRETE........................................................................................................................4

TABLE 2: NOMINAL MIX PROPORTIONS.............................................................................................................6

TABLE 3: ASSUMED STANDARD DEVIATIONS....................................................................................................9

TABLE 4: DURABILITY CRITERIA AS PER IS 456: 2000......................................................................................13

TABLE 5: MAXIMUM WATER CONTENT PER CUBIC METRE OF CONCRETE.....................................................14

TABLE 6: VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATES PER UNIT VOLUME OF TOTAL AGGREGATES...........................14

TABLE 7: COARSE AGGREGATES.......................................................................................................................15

TABLE 8: MIX PROPORTIONS FOR EXAMPLE 1.................................................................................................20

TABLE 9: MIX PROPORTIONS FOR EXAMPLE 2.................................................................................................24

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 CHAPTER-1
BUILDING MATERIALS

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are either
called as building material. The material use in the building on basis of the availability and
cost. For construct a building the essential
building material are as follow:

Cement
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of
compound of lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste
which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to
form a durable mass called the Concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and
mortars together. Which is why it play the most critical role in giving strength and
durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic building such as home are basically of

three types.

Portland Slag Cement: Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS:455

A combination of good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron steel industry) with
clinker (which makes the OPC) and gypsum. .

Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to

IS: 1489 A combination of fly ash (from thermal power plant) with clinker and gypsum.
Pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement clinker with pozzolana. This type

of cement is largely used in marine structure.

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Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade
conforming to IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS:
12269 A combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement
is manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of calcareous
(mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the claimed
product (i.e. clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power known as

ordinary Portland cement.

Good quality cement has the following features:

Reduced water requirement
Improve Workability
Less permissible to moisture
Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
Reduced heat of hydration
Easier to finish
Reduced shrinkage
Reduced leaching problems because it is low as
Free lime

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Sand

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub angular or
flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of
size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm.
Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the
disintegration of rock.
These are of three types:

Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6 mm and
less than 2 mm.

Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size greater than 0.2
mm and less than 0.6 mm.

Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less
than 0.2 mm.
Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete mixture. It
should be:

Building Stone
Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are used into
construct the foundation, super structure and many of the building components. The various
stones derived from these types of rocks are as follows:

Principal stones from igneous rocks: Granite, Basalt and Trap

Principal stones from sedimentary rocks: Sand stone, Shale, Lime stone
Principal stones from metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, slate and marble

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Properties or requirement of good building stone:
A good building stone should possess several characteristics such as high strength
(crushing strength>1000kg/cm ), high durability, sufficient hardness (coefficient of
hardness>14), high resistance to wear, good fire resistance, specific gravity more than
2.7, crystalline structure, high impact value
(toughness index> 13) low water absorption (percentage absorption after 24 hour less
than 0.6), weather resistance and better appearance.

Bricks
Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard brunt clay bricks come
in the size 10" x 5" x 3". Modular bricks, rarely used because they are not easily
available, come in the size 200mm x 100mm x 100mm (including mortar thickness)
Fly ash bricks, sometimes also come in modular form.
Conventional bricks have a frog (depressed / raised portion) on one of the larger
surface bearing the Manufacturers brand. These also provide a good mechanical key for
bonding (lock ability) with mortar. The modular bricks do not have the frog on them. Fly
ash bricks exhibit almost similar mechanical properties as brunt clay bricks. Exposed
brickwork with precise pointing is possible if the shapes are perfect

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The four board categories of bricks used in construction:

Table 1.1 Categories of Bricks

Ist Class Brick IInd Class Brick IIIrd Class Brick Over burnet
Bricks
1. Perfect in Not so uniform as Ist Much interior to Absolutely out
Size/shape/ class bricks in IInd class bricks shape of size,
quality of Size/shape/ quality of in terms of over burnet.
burning burning Size/shape/ quality Fused with more
of bricks with a
burning honey comb
texture
2. Red to cherry Red in color . Dark red in color. Black in color.
red in color.

3. Do not absorb Do not absorb more Do not absorb

more than 15- than 22% water of more than 25%
17% water of their own weight, if water of their own
their own weight kept submerged for weight , if kept
, if kept one hour under water. submerged for one
submerged for hour under water
one hour under
water
4. Suitable for Used for internal Used for interior Not used in
floors & walls. construction works building
reinforced brick , where less construction
slabs. rainfall occurs works & used as
road metal, also
in foundations.

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Aggregate

Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which
when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are
naturally occurring aggregates such as
Sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Fig. 1.1 Aggregates

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150
micron.
Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75
micron.
All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is sometimes
used for unimportant work without separating into different sizes.

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Properties of Natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970 Specification for C.A.
And F.A. From natural sources for concrete. Aggregates should be chemically inert,
strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water absorption when immersed in water for 24
hours should not be more than 10%.), free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and
coal residues and should contain no organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of
the reinforcement or impair the strength or durability of the concrete. The shape
(rounded, irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should conform to the
strength and workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing any type of
good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.
2. Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but not suitable for R.C.C.
which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.
3. Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron, forms
a stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire resistance.
.

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Reinforcement Steel
RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of the
concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided in an appropriate
manner. Such concrete is called reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement.
These bars are provided at various locations to resist the internal forces, which are
developed due to the loads acting on the structure.

Fig. 1.2 Reinforcement Steel.

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has low tensile,
but high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the
concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded and
unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of which are marked on
the steel. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is provided exactly as
the engineering design specification.

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Precautions:
Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.
Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be rejected.
Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.
To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted
Welded length of the bars should not be accepted

Water

The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of water mixed with it.
Too much or too little Water can adversely affect the strength of concrete. After concrete is
cast, water is used to cure it so that the temperature is controlled and concrete matures
slowly.
It is very important to use clean, potable water in quality concrete production. Brackish or
salty water must never be used. Contaminated water will produce concrete mortars with lower
durability, erratic set characteristics and inconsistent colour.

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 CHAPTER-2
THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
ON CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of cementious material, aggregate and water. Aggregate is commonly

considered inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80% of the volume and 70 to 85% of the
weight of the concrete. Although aggregate is considered inert filler, it is a necessary
component that defines the concrete s thermal and elastic properties and dimensional
stability.

Physical and mineralogical properties of aggregate must be known before mixing concrete to
obtain a desirable mixture. These properties include shape and texture, size gradation,
moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight. These
properties along with water /cementious material ratio determine the strength,
workability and durability of the concrete.

The shape and texture of the aggregate affects the properties of fresh concrete more
than hardened concrete. Concrete ids more workable when smooth and rounded
aggregate is used instead of rough angular or elongated aggregate. Crushed stone
produces much more angular and elongated aggregate, which have a higher surface to
volume ratio better bond characteristics but require more cement paste to produce a
workable mixture.

The surface texture of the aggregate can be either smooth or rough. A smooth surface can
improve workability yet a rougher surface generates a stronger bond between the paste and the
aggregate creating a higher strength.

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CONCRETE

Cement concrete is a composite material used for construction of various civil engineering
structures. It is obtained by mixing the basic ingredients such as cement, Fine aggregate
(normally sand) and coarse aggregate (normally stone pieces) in required proportions. Water is
added in the required measure and the mixture is put into a mechanical mixer to achieve
concrete. Concrete is poured into the formwork (mould made up of plywood, steel plates and
timber) to get the desired shape. It is then vibrated to achieve proper compaction (uniform
denseness). High temperature is generated through chemical reaction in this process. Curing
(control of temperature) with water is essential to achieve the desired strength of the concrete.

Concrete gains compressive strength progressively with time. The strength achieved at the
end of the 28 days is called the Characteristics Compressive Strength of the concrete and
is designed as a Grade. About 60% of this strength is achieved at the end of the 7 days from
the date of casting. Concrete continues to gain strength even beyond 28 days, albeit
marginally. The form is subsequently removed. Different compressive strength of the
concrete can be achieved by mixing the basic ingredients in different proportions.
Being a material moulded at site, the durability of the concrete over a long period of time
depends on its mixing, placement, vibration and curing which together contribute to its
workmanship .

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 Fig 2.1 Cement Concrete

Properties of Cement concrete

Strength of concrete:-
It should be have high compressive strength. The tensile and shear strengths are generally
about 8 to 12% and 8 To 10% of their compressive strength respectively. The compressive
strength of concrete is affected by several factors such as

(a) Quality of the material and grading of the aggregates

(b) Water
(c) Water cement ratio
(d) Cement content
(e) Age of the concrete
(f) Method of mixing placing compacting and curing

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Workability of concrete
The concrete should have sufficient workability. The workability of the concrete indicates the
ease with which it can be mixed, placed and compacted. Generally the strength decreases with
increases of the workability.

Durability of concrete
The concrete possess a high durability value, as it is not much affected by atmospheric action.
On the contrary, with the age, the concrete goes on hardening, thereby increase in the
strength. It is this property, which gives. This material a distinct place among the building
material.

Elasticity of concrete
The concrete is not a truly elastic material and elastic modulus is effect by the
strength, age, and moisture content of the concrete and the type of the aggregate used.
The concrete undergoes an extra strain in addition to instantaneous strain on application of a
load or stress, sufficient time. This extra strain is called creep of concrete and is permanent in
character not recovered on the removal of load.

Shrinkage of concrete
The concrete has a tendency to shrink under following conditions:-
(a) There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete, which is mainly due to loss of water through
forms, absorption by surface of forms.
(b) The shrinkage of cement concrete occurs as it is hardened. This tendency of shrinkage
on one-hand causes cracks in concrete, while on the other, it grips the reinforcement tightly
and hence proper bond between concrete and reinforcement when used in R.C.C. work

Workability

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Workability is the most elusive property of concrete. A concrete is said to be workable if it can
be easily mixed, handled, transported, placed in position and compacted. A workable concrete
should not show any segregation or bleeding.
The segregation is said to occur when the coarse aggregate tries to separate out from the
finer material and this result in concentration of coarse aggregate at one place and fine
material at another place in the mass concrete. The segregation creates larger voids and
reduces the durability and strength both.
The bleeding of concrete is said to occur when excess water comes up at the surface of
the concrete. This causes the undesirable small pores through the mass of the concrete.

The workability of the concrete effected by many factors: -

(a) Shape of the aggregates
(b) Grading and size of the aggregates
(c) Ratio and coarse and fine aggregates
(d) Efficiency of mixing
(e) Quantity of water and use of any mixture.

For maximum strength, the desired workability of fresh concrete can be attained by the
following measure:

(I) The proportion of coarse aggregate may be reduced, because the finer is the
grading, the greater will be the workability.
(ii) The proportion of coarse aggregate may be reduced while on the other hand
corresponding increases may be made in that of the finer aggregates.
(iii) The process of mixing concrete can be repeated second time by use of the
vibrator.

Water cement ratio

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Water cement ratio is the ratio of the water in a mix (excluding water absorbed already
by the aggregate) to the weight of cement there in. water cement ratio is the most important
factor governing the strength of concrete. The strength of the concrete depend mainly open
the amount of cement and the amount of water in it. The correct quantity Of water cement
ratio required for a particular mix depends upon various factors such as mix proportions,
type and grading of aggregate, method of compaction applied and weather condition.

Fig. 2.2 Water- Cement Ratio

On the other hand workability of a concrete mix increases as the water content or water

cement ratio of mix increased, because the water lu1111bricate the mixture. But, at the
same time increases in water content deceases the strength. Excess of water, further
weaken the concrete, produces shrinkage cracks and decreases density.

Manufacture of the concrete

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In the manufacture of concrete, it is almost important to ensure that a concrete of
predetermined proportion is continuously placed in position in such a way that each
batch almost like the other batches as far as possible.

Mixing of concrete
Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine (by using a mechanical mixture)
but the mixing by machine is always preferred.

(I) Mixing by hand :- In this, mixing carried out by hand on a clean, hard and water
tight platform. Firstly cement, sand, aggregate are mixed by hand with the help of the shovel
and a desired quantity of the water added to it and mix properly. This type of mixing carried
out in the small work and unimportant work.
(ii) Mixing in machine: - The machine used for mixing concrete is known as mechanical
concrete mixer. There are two main type of concrete mixer is commonly use namely:
Continuous mixers are used in massive construction such as dams, bridges, etc.,
which involve the use of large masses of concrete and also required the continuous
flow of concrete.

Batch mixer is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum with blades or
baffles inside it. In batch mixer, all the material of desired proportioned mix are fed into
the hopper of the revolving drum on being rotated at a certain speed mixes the material
with the aid of a series of blades providing inside, the resulting mix is finally discharged from
the drum and conveyed for used

Transporting the concrete

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Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the mixing plant
to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all concrete is mixed on the actual
construction site and could require some significant travel.
This is most common for ready mixed concrete. The main objective in transporting concrete is
to ensure that the water cement ratio, slump or consistency, air content, homogeneity are
not modified from there intended states.

Curing of concrete

Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing
greatly increase concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardened as a result of hydration:
the chemical reaction between cement and water. However, hydration occurs only if
Water is available and if the concrete temperature stays within a suitable range. During the
curing period from five to seven days after placement for conventional concrete the concrete
surface needs to be kept moist to permit the hydration process. New concrete can be wet with
soaking hoses, sprinklers or covered with wet burlap, or can be coated with commercially
available curing compounds, which seal in moisture. After concrete is placed, a satisfactory
moisture contents and temperature (between 50 F and 75 F) must be maintained, process
called curing. Adequate curing is vital to quality concrete. Curing has a strong influence on
the properties of hardened concrete such as durability, strength, water tightness, abrasion
resistance, volume, stability and resistance to freezing and thawing and deicer salts. Exposed
slab surfaces are especially sensitive to curing. Surface strength development can be reduced
significantly when curing is defective. Curing the concrete aids the chemical reaction called
hydration. Most freshly mixed concrete contains considerably more water than is required for
complete hydration of the cement; however, any appreciable loss of water by evaporation or
by otherwise will delay or prevent the hydration. If temperature are favorable, hydration is
relatively rapid the first few days after concrete I s placed; retaining water during this period
is important. Good curing means evaporation should be prevented or reduced.

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

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Introduction
Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the civil engineering structures.
Its popularity as basic building material in construction is because of, its economy of use,
Good durability and ease with which it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it
into any shape and size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its subsequent hardening
to achieve strength, is particularly useful.
Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for properties like strength,
Durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the science of deciding
Relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in the
Most economical way.
With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use of higher grades of
Concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher
Grade of concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability considerations.
With advent of new generation admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher grades of concrete
With high workability levels economically. Use of mineral admixtures like fly ash, slag, Meta
Kaolin and silica fume have revolutionized the concrete technology by increasing strength
and Durability of concrete by many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming more relevant
in the above-mentioned scenario.
However, it should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site should be
Implemented with proper understanding and with necessary precautions.
Durocrete mix design manual is an attempt to increase the awareness among the
Users, about concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as ready
Reckoner for personnel, implementing mix design at site.

Advantages of mix design

Mix design aims to achieve good quality concrete at site economically.
I. Quality concrete means
Better strength
Better imperviousness and durability
Dense and homogeneous concrete

II. Economy
a) Economy in cement consumption

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It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the
Help of concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the
Savings. Lower cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence
Reduces shrinkage cracks.
b) Best use of available materials:
Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of ingredient materials.
Concrete mix design offers a lot of flexibility on type of aggregates to be used in
Mix design. Mix design can give an economical solution based on the available
Materials if they meet the basic IS requirements. This can lead to saving in
Transportation costs from longer distances.
c) Other properties:
Mix design can help us to achieve form finishes, high early strengths for early
DE shuttering, concrete with better flexural strengths.
What is mix design?
Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it can be designed for strength
Ranging from M10 (10Mpa) to M100 (100 MPa) and workability ranging from 0 mm slump
to 150 mm slump. In all these cases the basic ingredients of concrete are the same, but it is
their relative proportioning that makes the difference.
Basic Ingredients of Concrete: -
1. Cement It is the basic binding material in concrete.
2. Water It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.
3. Coarse Aggregate It is the basic building component of concrete.
4. Fine Aggregate Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills the voids in the
coarse aggregates.
5. Admixtures They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of strength,
workability, setting properties, Imperviousness etc.
Concrete needs to be designed for certain properties in the plastic stage as well as in the
Hardened stage.

Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: -

Workability
Cohesiveness
28
 Initial set retardation

Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: -

Strength
Imperviousness
Durability

Concrete mix design is the method of correct proportioning of ingredients of concrete, in

order to optimize the above properties of concrete as per site requirements.
In other words, we determine the relative proportions of ingredients of concrete to achieve
desired strength & workability in a most economical way.

29
 CHAPTER-3
SLUMP TEST

The slump test is the most well-known and widely used test method to characterize the
workability of fresh concrete. The inexpensive test, which measures consistency, is used on
job sites to determine rapidly whether a concrete batch should be accepted or rejected. The
test method is widely standardized throughout the world, including in ASTM C143 in the
United States and EN 12350-2 in Europe.
The apparatus consists of a mold in the shape of a frustum of a cone with a base
diameter of 8 inches, a top diameter of 4 inches, and a height of 12 inches. The mold is filled
with concrete in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is compacted with 25 strokes of a
tamping rod. The slump cone mold is lifted vertically upward and the change in height of the
concrete is measured.
Four types of slumps are commonly encountered, as shown in Figure 3. The only type of
slump permissible under ASTM C143 is frequently referred to as the true slump, where the
concrete remains intact and retains a symmetric shape. A zero slump and a collapsed slump
are both outside the range of workability that can be measured with the slump test.
Specifically, ASTM C143 advises caution in interpreting test results less than inch and
greater than 9 inches. If part of the concrete shears from the mass, the test must be repeated
with a different sample of concrete. A concrete that exhibits a shear slump in a second test is
not sufficiently cohesive and should be rejected.

30
 Fig. 3.1 Four Types Of Slumps

The slump test is not considered applicable for concretes with a maximum coarse aggregate
size greater than 1.5 inches. For concrete with aggregate greater than 1.5 inches in size, such
larger particles can be removed by wet sieving.

Additional qualitative information on the mobility of fresh concrete can be obtained after
reading the slump measurement. Concretes with the same slump can exhibit different
behavior when tapped with a tamping rod. A harsh concrete with few fines will tend to fall
apart when tapped and be appropriate only for applications such as pavements or mass
concrete. Alternatively, the concrete may be very cohesive when tapped, and thus be suitable
for difficult placement conditions.

Slump is influenced by both yield stress and plastic viscosity; however, for most cases the
effect of plastic viscosity on slump is negligible. Equations have been developed for
calculating yield stress in terms of slump, based on either analytical or experimental analyses.
Since different rheometers measure different absolute values for the yield stress of identical
samples of concrete, the experimental equations are largely depended on the specific device
used to measure yield stress.

31
 CONCRETE CUBE TEST

Making cubes
Collect a composite sample to the standard method described above. Concrete sampled using
the alternative spot method must not be used to make cubes.
Step 1
Check that the mould are clean and lightly oiled with all bolts tightened so that there
Will be no leakage
Ensure that the correct halves of the mould are used and that the corner lifting pins are
correctly located
Thoroughly remix the sample as described for the slump test

Fig. 3.2 checking the molds bolts.

Step 2

Fill the mould with concrete in 50mm layers using the tamping bar, compact the concrete
with no fewer than 25 tamps for each of the two layers in a 100mm mould and no fewer than
35 tamps for each of the three layers in a 150mm mould
For very high workability concrete you may not need the minimum number of tamps

32
 Fig. 3.3 Temping the mould with temping bar.

Step 3
After tamping of each layer, tap the sides of the mould with the hide hammer until large
Bubbles of air cease to appear on the surface and the holes left by the tamping bar are closed

Step 4
Remove surplus concrete and smooth over with a float
Wipe clean the mould edges
Number the moulds for identification and record details and immediately place where they
are to be stored overnight

Fig. 3.4 Clearing the mould edges.

33
Step 5

Cover each mould with a damp cloth and plastic sheet

Store inside at room temperature (15-250C) e.g. on top of the curing tank
Protect the cube mould at all times from high and low temperature (especially sub-zero
Temperatures) and drying winds
Complete the sampling and cube making certificates

Fig. 1.16 covering the mould by damp cloth.

Step 6

Clean and reassemble the mould

Make sure the power supply is not switched off day or night
Check the temperature range daily using the maximum/minimum thermometer
Keep a record of the readings.

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6. White washing

Fresh white lime slaked at site of work should be mixed with sufficient water to make a thin
cream. It shall then be screened through a coarse cloth, and gum in proportion of 100 gems of
gums to 16 liters of wash shall be added.
The surface should be dry and thoroughly cleaned from dust and dirt. The wash shall be
applied with Moon or jute brush, vertically and horizontally. And the wash kept stirred in
container while using. Two or three coats shall be applied as specified, and each coat shall
perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied over it. Dry before the succeeding coat
shall be applied as specified, and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat
is applied as specified, and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is
applied over it. After finishing the surface shall be of uniform color. In old surface, the
surface should be cleaned and repaired with cement mortar where necessary and allowed to
dry before white wash is applied.

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 CHAPTER-4
CONCLUSION

The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed
within its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced techniques of
building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during
construction i.e. labor problems, cost management, environmental challenges etc. We cleared
our many doubts regarding building construction. We had seen dewatering system at project
site for construction which is not used at our state anymore, so it was a new thing for us...

Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have been Studied
some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready mix plant because basic
knowledge about their working is important for an engineer but also because was the
opportunity to see and understand them.

Overhaul it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on a highway.
Project needs a very good coordination and large quantities of man power, equipment and
funds. During the period of one & half month all the company staff helped us a lot to provide
all the information about any query. So we are grateful to all the staff of as well as we are so
thankful to our Civil Engineering for their kind support.

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Plagiarism Report

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