GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NANDED

MICRO PROJECT

Academic Year : 2023-2024

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

"Prepare a report on concrete materials and
sustainable materials"
Program: Civil Engg. Program code:CE6I(A)
Course : Emerging trends in civil engineering
Course Code : 22603

Name of Guide: V.C. Salunke Sir

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Motarge Sumit, Mustafa Khan, Pawar Shubham, Shivange

Shivshant, Swami Basaweshwar Roll No. 1336, 1337, 1338, 139, 1340 of 6th Semester of

Diploma in civil Engineering of Institute, GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NANDED

(0020) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject- ETC (22603) for the

academic year 2023-24 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Nanded
Date : /03/2024 Exam Seat No : ……………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

V.C. Salunke Sir L.T. Jadhav Sir

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 ANEEXURE ll
Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project
Academic Year : 2023-24. Name of the Faculty: V.C. Salunke Sir
Course: ETC Course Code: 22603 Semister: VI
Title of the Project:- " Prepare a report on concrete materials and sustainable materials "
Cos address by Micro Project:
A: Formulate grammatically correct sentences.
B: Give presentation by using audio visual aids.
C: communication skillfully.
D: write reports using correct guidelines.

Major learning outcomes achieved by the students by doing the project.

(A) Practical outcome:

1) Deliver presentation (seminar)effective.
(B) Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain.
1) Prepare the points for computer presentation.

2) Make seminar presentation.

Outcomes in affective domain:
(C)
1) Function as team member.
2) Follow Ethics.
3) Make proper use of computer and Internet.
Comment /suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Roll No. Student Name Marks out of 6 for Marks out of 4 for Total out
performance in group performance in of 10
activity oral/presentation
(D5 Col.8) (D5 Col.9)
1336 Motarge Sumit
1337 Mustafa Khan
1338 Pawar Shubham
1339 Shivange Shivshant
1340 Swami Basaweshwar

(Signature of Faculty)
----------------------------

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 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
TITLE OF THE MICRO PROJECT:-
" Prepare a report on concrete materials and sustainable materials "
WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED DATE SIGN
st
1 Discussion and finalization of Topic
2ND Preparation and submission of Abstract
3RD Literature Review
4TH Collection of Date
5TH Discussion and Outline of Content
6TH Formulation of Content
7TH Editing and 1st proof Reading of Content
8TH Editing and 2nd Reading of Content
9TH Compilation of Report and Presentation
10TH Seminar
11TH Viva-voce
12TH Final submission of Micro project

Sign of the Students Sign of the Faculty

Roll No : 1336
Roll No : 1337
Roll No : 1338
Roll No : 1339
Roll No : 1340

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 Content

Sr. Chapter/Title Page

No. No.
1. Introduction to concrete materials 6
2. Types of concrete materials 7
3. Composition of concrete materials 8
4. Properties of concrete materials 9
5. Uses of concrete materials 11

6. Introduction to sustainable materials 13

7. Types of sustainable materials 14
8. Conclusion 21
9. References 21

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 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE MATERIALS

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world after water,
and for good reason. It is strong, durable, and versatile, with a wide range of
applications from buildings to bridges, roads to dams. But what is concrete? In this
blog, we'll explore the ubiquitous nature of concrete and understand the different
types of concrete, their composition, properties, and uses of this essential building
material.

If you've ever walked on a sidewalk, driven on a road, or stood in a building,

chances are you've encountered concrete. Put simply, concrete is a mixture of
cement, water, and aggregates (like sand and gravel) that hardens over time to
create a solid, strong substance. It's used in all sorts of construction projects
because it's affordable, durable, and can be moulded into nearly any shape. It is a
building material made by mixing cement, aggregates, and water in precise
proportions.

FIG. CONCRETE MATERIALS

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 TYPES OF CONCRETE MATERIALS
1. Reinforced Concrete
2. Lightweight Concrete
3. High Strength Concrete
4. High Performance Concrete
5. Precast Concrete

1) Reinforced Concrete
This type of concrete is reinforced with steel bars or mesh to increase its tensile
strength and durability. It is commonly used in the construction of high-rise
buildings, bridges, and other structures that require extra strength and
stability.

2) Lightweight Concrete
As the name suggests, this type of concrete is lighter in weight than normal
concrete, making it ideal for construction projects where weight is a concern. It
is commonly used in the construction of precast concrete elements, such as
wall panels, roof slabs, and paving blocks.

3) High-Strength Concrete
This type of concrete has a compressive strength of over 40 MPa and is used in
the construction of structures that require extra strength, such as tall buildings,
bridges, and dams.

4) High-Performance Concrete
This is a specialized type of concrete that has enhanced properties, such as high
durability, increased strength, and resistance to extreme temperatures and
environmental conditions. It is commonly used in the construction of nuclear
power plants, offshore structures, and other high-tech projects.

5) Precast Concrete
This type of concrete is manufactured off-site and then transported to the
construction site. It is commonly used in the construction of precast concrete

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 elements, such as wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases. Precast
concrete offers several advantages over traditional cast-in-place concrete,
including reduced construction time and increased quality control.

COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

Concrete is composed of three main ingredients - cement, aggregates, and water.
Cement is the binding agent that holds the concrete together, while aggregates,
such as sand and gravel, provide strength and bulk.

The water is used to hydrate the cement and activate the chemical process that
hardens the concrete. This is why the ratio of cement to water is an essential factor
in determining the strength and durability of the concrete. The ideal water cement
ratio needs to first be calculated because, higher water-to-cement ratio can result
in weaker, less durable concrete that is more prone to cracking and erosion.

In addition to the three main ingredients, concrete may also contain additives such
as admixtures, which can enhance certain properties such as workability, strength,
and durability. These additives can include fly ash, silica fume, and plasticizers,
among others.

FIG . COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

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 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE MATERIALS
1. Workability
2. Strength
3. Durability
4. Creep
5. Shrinkage
6. Unit Weight
7. Modular Ratio
8. Poisson's Ratio

1. Workability -
This refers to the ease with which the concrete can be mixed, transported,
and placed into its final position. A high degree of workability is essential for
achieving the desired shape and finish of the concrete.

2. Strength -

Concrete is known for its strength and can withstand heavy loads and
stresses. The compressive strength of concrete can vary widely depending on
its composition and curing time.

3. Durability -

Concrete is highly durable and can withstand exposure to elements, including

water, wind, and extreme temperatures. Proper curing and maintenance can
extend the lifespan of concrete structures.

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 4. Creep -

This refers to the gradual deformation of concrete under sustained loads over
time. Creep can result in structural damage if not accounted for during the
design and construction process.

5. Shrinkage -

Concrete can shrink as it dries, which can result in cracking and other
damage. Proper reinforcement and curing can help minimise the effects of
shrinkage.

6. Unit weight -

The unit weight of concrete refers to its density and can vary depending on
its composition and strength. A higher unit weight can result in stronger,
more durable concrete.

7. Modular ratio -

This refers to the relationship between the elastic moduli of concrete and the
steel reinforcement used to reinforce it. A higher modular ratio can result in
stronger, more durable structures.

8. Poisson's ratio -

This is a measure of the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain when a material is
stretched or compressed. Poisson's ratio can affect the overall strength and
stability of concrete structures.

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 USES OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

1. Driveways and Patios

2. Sidewalk
3. Parking
4. Streets
5. Footings/Foundation
6. Mid Rise and High Rise Buildings

1. Driveways and patios -

Concrete is an ideal material for driveways and patios due to its durability,
low maintenance, and versatility. Concrete can be stamped or coloured to
match the aesthetics of the surrounding area, making it an attractive option
for homeowners. Additionally, concrete can withstand heavy loads and is
resistant to cracking, making it a long-lasting and reliable choice.

2. Sidewalks -

Concrete is a popular choice for sidewalks due to its strength, affordability,

and ease of installation. Concrete sidewalks can withstand heavy foot traffic
and can be easily repaired if damaged. They are also low maintenance and
resistant to weathering and erosion.

3. Parking -

Concrete is a common material used for parking lots due to its strength and
durability. Parking lots made of concrete can withstand heavy traffic and can
last for many years with proper maintenance. Additionally, concrete is slip-
resistant and can be painted with visible markings for safety.

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 4. Streets -

Concrete is a preferred material for street paving due to its durability, skid-
resistance, and ability to withstand heavy loads. Concrete streets are low-
maintenance and can last for many years with proper care. They are also
resistant to oil and gas spills, making them an ideal choice for high-traffic
areas.

5. Footings/Foundation -

Concrete is commonly used for building foundations and footings due to its
strength, durability, and ability to resist water. Concrete foundations can
support the weight of a building and protect it from moisture and water
damage. Additionally, concrete can be reinforced with steel bars to further
increase its strength and durability.

6. Mid-Rise and High-Rise Buildings -

Concrete is an ideal material for constructing mid-rise and high-rise buildings

due to its strength, durability, and ability to resist natural disasters like
earthquakes and hurricanes. Reinforced concrete structures can withstand
high winds and seismic forces, making them a reliable choice for tall
buildings. Additionally, concrete buildings can be designed to be energy-
efficient and can have a long lifespan with proper maintenance.

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 INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
Substitute harmful, synthetic materials in a product with sustainable materials that
are natural, renewable and carbon neutral and use less energy to extract.
For a renewable resource -

such as soil, water, forest, fish – the sustainable rate of use can be no greater than
the rate of regeneration of its source. (For example, fish are harvested
unsustainably when they are caught at a rate greater than the rate of growth of the
remaining fish population.)

For a non-renewable resource -

fossil fuel, high-grade mineral ores, fossil groundwater – the sustainable rate of use
can be no greater than the rate at which a renewable resource, used sustainably,
can be substituted for it. (For example, an oil deposit would be used sustainably if
part of the profits from it were systematically invested in wind farms, photo-voltaic
arrays, and tree planting, so that when the oil is gone, an equivalent stream of
renewable energy is still available.)

FIG. SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

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 TYPES OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
1. bamboo
2. wood
3. wool
4. clay, stone, sand
5. beeswax
6. coconut

1. Bamboo
There are over 1000 species of bamboo, which is a type of grass and grows from its
roots. Bamboo quickly grows back when cut, with most species maturing in 3-5
years. This amazing plant grows in both tropical and temperate environments and
is very hardy, not needing pesticides or herbicides to grow well.

Some facts about the sustainability of bamboo are:

1. It requires no pesticides or chemical fertilizers

2. It grows rapidly and is ready to harvest in 3-5 years
3. It rarely needs replanting
4. It sequesters carbon dioxide and is carbon neutral
5. It produces more oxygen than trees
6. It plays an important role in the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere
7. It requires no irrigation
8. It is excellent for inhibiting soil erosion
9. It grows in a wide range of environments
10.Its production into fibres has lower environmental impact than other forms
of fibre, especially synthetic ones.

 Uses of bamboo
Houses, schools and other buildings
Today, over one billion people in the world live in bamboo houses. According to
UNESCO, 70 hectares of bamboo produces enough material to build 1000 houses. If
timber was used instead, it could require the felling of trees from an already
diminishing forest.
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Roads and bridges
It is being used in road reinforcements in India and it is also used in bridges built in
China and is capable of supporting trucks that weigh as much as 16 tons.

Medicines
In China, ingredients from the black bamboo shoot help treat kidney diseases.
Roots and leaves have also been used to treat venereal diseases and cancer.
According to reports in a small village in Indonesia, water from the culm (the side
branches) is used to treat diseases of the bone effectively.

Bamboo Clothes
It’s the new hemp, it can be made into a strong and durable fabric a bit like canvas
and can be made into all sorts of clothes. Additionally, bamboo fabric is breathable,
thermal regulating, wicks moisture better than polyester performance fabrics, will
resist odour and is absorbent and fast drying keeping you dryer and more
comfortable than any cotton or polyester fabrics. Beware though: it is also made
into Rayon in a chemical process that is unsustainable.

FIG. BAMBOO

2. Wood

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Wood is a very useful and sustainable material.

It is beautiful, natural, renewable, durable, reusable, flexible, and carbon neutral

when harvested sustainably. Every part of the tree can be used – there doesn’t
have to be any waste. There are many other properties that make it an ideal
material for many uses including:

1. Building and construction

2. Furniture and finishings
3. Consumer products
4. Pulp and paper

 Benefits of wood
When wood is responsibly and sustainably sourced there are many benefits for
substituting it for other materials:

It is renewable

Responsibly sourced, it is renewable. Trees, if cut down, will regrow to provide a

wide range of other benefits described below such as carbon storage, oxygen
generation and forest habitat.

It stores carbon

As trees grow, they take carbon out of the atmosphere. When the trees are
harvested and used to make products, the carbon remains stored for the life of the
product. 50% of the dry weight of wooden products is carbon.

It produces less carbon dioxide

The production and processing of wood is more energy efficient than most
alternatives, giving wooden products a very low carbon footprint. It can usually be
used in place of materials like steel, aluminium, concrete or plastics which require
large amounts of energy to produce.

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Forests provide natural services

Forests provide natural services such as flood control, erosion control and habitats
for animals and plants.

It is durable

Wood is a durable material for both homes and commercial buildings. When
properly looked after it can last hundreds of years. Modern preservatives enhance
it’s natural durability.

FIG. WOOD

3. Wool
Wool growing has declined over many years. The competition from cheaper
synthetic fibres, often fossil-fuel-based, has made it cheaper for farmers NOT to
shear sheep – the cost of shearing a sheep is more than the farmer will get for the
fleece.

However, like many natural fibres, there are numerous benefits that wool has over
synthetic options, that make it a more comfortable, durable and fashionable
choice.

 Benefits of wool

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Natural and Renewable
It is a natural fibre. It has evolved to produce a fabric that has become one of the
most effective natural forms of all-weather protection known to man.

Every year sheep produce a new fleece, making wool a renewable fibre source.
Woolgrowers actively work to improve efficiency and care for natural resources,
endeavouring to make the wool industry sustainable for future generations.

Safe
It has a naturally high UV protection, which is much higher than most synthetics
and cotton.

Fire Retardant
A fabric made entirely of wool doesn’t readily catch fire. Even if it does, it burns
slowly and self-extinguishes when the source of the flame is removed.

Biodegradable
When a natural Merino fibre is disposed of it takes only a few years to decompose
and can be used to put fertility into soil for crop growing. Most synthetics on the
other hand, are extremely slow to degrade.

FIG. WOOL

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4. Beeswax
Beeswax is a natural, renewable product. This means it is a sustainable alternative
to synthetic, mineral oil-based waxes and other products.

Beeswax is a by-product of honey production. Bees produce excess honey in wax

honeycombs which can be taken by beekeepers without affecting the colony.
Encouraging comb renewal is an important part of colony health. Honey bees
prefer to lay their eggs and rear their young in fresh comb. By harvesting excess
honey and honeycomb, beekeepers are making space in the hive for this to occur.

Beeswax is used in many skin care products because it provides a protection

against irritants while still allowing the skin to breathe. Research has shown that it
acts as a better barrier than mineral products such as petroleum jelly. It also offers
anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral benefits making it helpful in treating
skin irritation.

As a type of barrier/sealant it has many uses from rust prevention, to

waterproofing leather and fabrics, to wood polish.

As a lubricant it is useful for greasing sewing thread as well as nails and screws. It
also remedies drawers, windows and doors that are sticking.

It is non-toxic and edible. However, it has no nutritional value because it can’t be

digested by humans. It is used in some food preparations (e.g. natural chewing
gum) and is used to seal preserving jars and to coat cheeses.

It is organic, mostly consisting of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain

alcohols. This chemical makeup means that beeswax is flammable and because it is
solid at room temperature it can be used for candle-making.

 Uses of beeswax

Candles
Beeswax burns more beautifully than any other wax. It exudes a faint, natural
fragrance of honey and pollen. When candles are made with the proper size of
wicking, they are smokeless, dripless, and burn with a bright flame. The aroma can
be accentuated when mixed with essential oils.

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Pure beeswax candles can clean the air by releasing negative ions into the air.
These negative ions can bind with toxins and help remove them from the
air. Beeswax candles are often especially helpful for those with asthma or allergies
and they are effective at removing common allergens like dust and dander from the
air.

Prevents Rust
Coat things like hand tools, cast iron pieces and shovels to prevent them from
rusting out. You can even rub the wax on the wooden handle of your shovel to help
protect against wear and tear. Beeswax also prevents bronze items from getting
tarnished.

Cheese Waxing
Beeswax is the best natural cover for cheeses. It works well for sealing because it
has a low melting point.

Waxed Thread
Plain thread can be rubbed against a cube of wax, coating the thread in the wax.
The wax on the thread provides lubrication that can make sewing easier.

Coating Nails & Screws

Nails and screws coated with beeswax help not splinter the wood.

FIG. BEESWAX

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 CONCLUSION
In Conclusion, By using sustainable building materials, we can reduce carbon
emissions, preserve natural resources, and create healthier living spaces. From
bamboo and reclaimed wood to recycled steel and energy-efficient insulation,
these innovative materials offer a promising solution for constructing
environmentally responsible buildings.
In the quest for a greener future, let us embrace sustainable building materials as
the cornerstone of our construction practices, paving the way for a more
sustainable tomorrow.

REFERENCES
www.google.com
www.ultratechcement.com
www.econation.one.com

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