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Distillation in Chemical Procces

Name: Febrian Rifkhi Fahrizal Class: 1A – D3 Teknik Kimia This document discusses different types of distillation processes used in chemical engineering. It describes simple distillation which separates substances based on differences in boiling points. Fractional distillation is used to separate substances with similar boiling points using a fractionating column. Multiple effect distillation and vacuum distillation are also discussed as variations that allow distillation at lower temperatures.

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57 views2 pages

Distillation in Chemical Procces

Name: Febrian Rifkhi Fahrizal Class: 1A – D3 Teknik Kimia This document discusses different types of distillation processes used in chemical engineering. It describes simple distillation which separates substances based on differences in boiling points. Fractional distillation is used to separate substances with similar boiling points using a fractionating column. Multiple effect distillation and vacuum distillation are also discussed as variations that allow distillation at lower temperatures.

Uploaded by

Febrian Rifkhi Fahrizal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name : Febrian Rifkhi Fahrizal

NIM : 161411009
Class : 1A D3 Teknik Kimia

Distillation in Chemical Procces


Distillation, process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapour that is subsequently
condensed back to liquid form. It is exemplified at its simplest when steam from a kettle
becomes deposited as drops of distilled water on a cold surface. Distillation is used to separate
liquids from nonvolatile solids, as in the separation of alcoholic liquors from fermented
materials, or in the separation of two or more liquids having different boiling points, as in the
separation of gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oil from crude oil. Other industrial
applications include the processing of such chemical products as formaldehyde and phenol and
the desalination of seawater. The distillation process appears to have been utilized by the
earliest experimentalists. Aristotle (384322 bc) mentioned that pure water is made by
the evaporation of seawater. Pliny the Elder (ad 2379) described a primitive method
of condensation in which the oil obtained by heating rosin is collected on wool placed in the
upper part of an apparatus known as a still.

Schematic diagram of a crude-oil fractional distillation column.


Most methods of distillation used by industry and in laboratory research are variations
of simple distillation. This basic operation requires the use of a still or retort in which a liquid
is heated, a condenser to cool the vapour, and a receiver to collect the distillate. In heating a
mixture of substances, the most volatile or the lowest boiling distills first, and the others
subsequently or not at all. This simple apparatus is entirely satisfactory for the purification of
a liquid containing nonvolatile material and is reasonably adequate for separating liquids of
widely divergent boiling points. For laboratory use, the apparatus is commonly made of glass
and connected with corks, rubber bungs, or ground-glass joints. For industrial applications,
larger equipment of metal or ceramic is employed.
A method called fractional distillation, or differential distillation, has been developed for
certain applications, such as petroleum refining, because simple distillation is not efficient for
separating liquids whose boiling points lie close to one another. In this operation the vapours
from a distillation are repeatedly condensed and revaporized in an insulated vertical column.
Especially important in this connection are the still heads, fractionating columns, and
condensers that permit the return of some of the condensed vapour toward the still. The
objective is to achieve the closest possible contact between rising vapour and descending liquid
so as to allow only the most volatile material to proceed in the form of vapour to the receiver
while returning the less volatile material as liquid toward the still. The purification of the more
volatile component by contact between such countercurrent streams of vapour and liquid is
referred to as rectification, or enrichment.

Petroleum being refined to produce gasoline and other petroleum products from crude oil.
Multiple-effect distillation, often called multistage-flash evaporation, is another
elaboration of simple distillation. This operation, used primarily by large commercial desalting
plants, does not require heating to convert a liquid into vapour. The liquid is simply passed
from a container under high atmospheric pressure to one under lower pressure. The reduced
pressure causes the liquid to vaporize rapidly; the resulting vapour is then condensed into
distillate.
A variation of the reduced-pressure process uses a vacuum pump to produce a very high
vacuum. This method, called vacuum distillation, is sometimes employed when dealing with
substances that normally boil at inconveniently high temperatures or that decompose when
boiling under atmospheric pressure. Steam distillation is an alternative method of achieving
distillation at temperatures lower than the normal boiling point. It is applicable when the
material to be distilled is immiscible (incapable of mixing) and chemically nonreactive with
water. Examples of such materials include fatty acids and soybean oils. The usual procedure is
to pass steam into the liquid in the still to supply heat and cause evaporation of the liquid.

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