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Distillation

Several common distillation methods are described including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, and short path distillation. Simple distillation involves heating a liquid mixture to its boiling point to separate components with different boiling temperatures. Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures with similar boiling points using multiple vaporization-condensation stages in a fractioning column. Steam distillation allows heat-sensitive mixtures to be separated by passing steam through the mixture. Vacuum distillation uses reduced pressure to boil liquids with high boiling points. Short path distillation purifies unstable substances with low temperatures and pressures to minimize decomposition. Distillation has important industrial applications including water purification, gasoline production, and oil recycling.

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103 views5 pages

Distillation

Several common distillation methods are described including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, and short path distillation. Simple distillation involves heating a liquid mixture to its boiling point to separate components with different boiling temperatures. Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures with similar boiling points using multiple vaporization-condensation stages in a fractioning column. Steam distillation allows heat-sensitive mixtures to be separated by passing steam through the mixture. Vacuum distillation uses reduced pressure to boil liquids with high boiling points. Short path distillation purifies unstable substances with low temperatures and pressures to minimize decomposition. Distillation has important industrial applications including water purification, gasoline production, and oil recycling.

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Ma. Lilian Jem Montero
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Distillation Methods

Several significant distillation processes include:


● Simple distillation
● Fractional distillation
● Steam distillation
● Vacuum distillation
● Air-sensitive vacuum distillation
● Short path distillation
● Zone distillation

Simple distillation
In a straightforward distillation, the liquid combination is heated to the boiling point and the
resultant vapors are quickly condensed.
Only mixes where the boiling temperatures of the liquids are noticeably different are suitable for
this technique (a minimum difference of 25oC).
Raoult's law governs the purity of the distillate, or the purified liquid.

Fractional Distillation
In order to separate mixtures of liquids with comparable boiling points, fractional distillation is
frequently utilized. There are numerous vaporization-condensation stages involved (which takes
place in a fractioning column). The term "rectification" also applies to this technique. Below is a
list of the equipment needed to fractionally distill a mixture.

● Round-bottom flask or distilling flask


● A source of heat, which can be a fire or a hot bath.
● Receiving flask to collect the condensed vapors
● Fractioning column
● Thermometer to measure the temperature in the distilling flask
● Condenser
● Standard Glassware.

The liquid mixture becomes vaporized when heated, rising into the fractioning column. The
vapors are now cooling and forming condensation on the condenser walls. The condensed
vapor is now heated by the hot vapors coming from the distillation flask, producing fresh vapors.

There are numerous such vaporization-condensation cycles, and with each cycle, the purity of
the distillate increases.

Steam distillation

To separate components that are sensitive to heat in a combination, steam distillation is


frequently used. This is accomplished by vaporizing some of the mixture by passing steam
through it after it has been gently heated. Without the requirement for high temperatures, the
technique establishes a high rate of heat transmission. Condensation of the resultant vapor
provides the necessary distillate. Many aromatic flowers and herbs are steam-distilled to
produce essential oils and herbal distillates.

Vacuum distillation

For separating mixtures of liquids with extremely high boiling points, vacuum distillation is the
best option.
Heating to high temperatures is an ineffective way to get these chemicals to boil. As a result, the
environment's pressure is reduced.
The component can boil at lower temperatures due to the reduction in pressure. The component
becomes a vapor once its vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure.
The distillate is then formed when these fumes are condensed. In order to get highly pure
samples of chemicals that break down at high temperatures, vacuum distillation is also
performed.

Air-Sensitive Vacuum Distillation


Vacuum distillation is used to separate substances that rapidly react with air and are sensitive to
it, but after the process is over, the vacuum must be replaced with an inert gas. This method is
frequently known as air-sensitive vacuum distillation.

Short Path Distillation


To purify a little amount of a substance that is unstable at high temperatures, short path
distillation is performed. The distillate typically travels a very short distance before being
collected in this process, hence the name "short path," which is carried out at low pressure
levels. The distillate travels a shorter distance using this method, which also results in less
waste along the apparatus walls.

Zone Distillation
The process of zone distillation involves the partial melting of a substance and the condensation
of the resulting vapors to obtain a pure distillate. This is carried out in a long container with the
help of a zone heater.

DETAILED DISTILLATION PROCESS


Simple Distillation Procedure
1. Assemble apparatus

Sample should fill the distillation flask about 1/3 to 1/2 full. Always secure the distilling flask with
an extension clamp.
To the flask, add a few boiling stones or a stir bar.

Place the thermometer bulb where the vapors turn toward the condenser, directly below the arm
of the three-way adapter.

Before connecting, wet the condenser hoses with water.

Water should flow uphill when the condenser hoses are connected, so turn on the faucet to fill
the lower arm and drain the upper arm.

Ensure that all connections are safe, especially those between the distillation flask and the
3-way adaptor because they could catch fire.
2. Begin Distilling

Open the condenser water valve.

Apply the distillation flask to the heat source.

One drop of distillate should be collected per second.

3. Record temperature and pressure

When a thermometer bulb is submerged in a liquid that is actively distilling, note the
temperature there.

Keep a pressure log.

4. Stop Distilling

When the temperature significantly changes or when the distilling flask is almost empty (never
distill to dryness! ), stop the distillation.

Reduce and turn off the heat source while continuing to circulate water until the flask is barely
warm to the touch.

ILLUSTRATION OF DISTILLATION SET UP


APPLICATION OF DISTILLATION

Purifying Water

Water purification is another useful use for distillation. The process of distillation can be used to
clean seawater to the point of making it safe to drink in places where freshwater cannot be
obtained from wells, lakes, or streams. Distillation is a useful method for water purification in
industrial settings in addition to producing safe drinking water. For instance, purifying water of
minerals and other pollutants can improve the performance of some mechanical devices.

Producing Gasoline

The manufacture of fuel is one of the distillation's most popular industrial applications. It is
necessary to separate out the parts of crude oil that cannot be burned as fuel. Fractional
distillation, which involves separating each component in a mixture, can assist in the refinement
of crude oils, allowing the production of fuels like gasoline and diesel from their useful
constituents.

Recycling Oils

Oil recycling can also be done using distillation. Not because they have undergone a chemical
breakdown, but rather because they include water, grime, and other impurities, many useful oils
are disposed out. The oil's useful life can be considerably extended by eliminating such solvents
through the distillation or separation process.

References:
https://byjus.com/chemistry/distillation/

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Chem_221%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Be
nnett)/2%3ALab_Textbook_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2C%3A
_Step-by-Step_Procedures

http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~wwf/distillation.htm
https://www.usalab.com/blog/applications-uses-of-distillation-usa-lab/

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