Japans Earthquake

On March 11, 2011, a magnitude-9 earthquake shook northeastern Japan, unleashing a savage tsunami.
The earthquake was centered on the seafloor 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Tohoku, at a depth of 15
miles (24 km) below the surface. The shaking lasted about six minutes.

Residents of Tokyo received a minute of warning before the strong shaking hit the city, thanks to Japans
earthquake early warning system. The countrys stringent seismic building codes and early warning
system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly
lines. People in Japan also received texted alerts of the earthquake and tsunami warnings on their
cellphones.

Less than an hour after the earthquake, the first of many tsunami waves hit Japans coastline. The tsunami
waves reached run-up heights (how far the wave surges inland above sea level) of up to 128 feet (39
meters) at Miyako city and traveled inland as far as 6 miles (10 km) in Sendai. The tsunami flooded an
estimated area of approximately 217 square miles (561 square kilometers) in Japan.

The tsunami caused a cooling system failure at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, which
resulted in a level-7 nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials. The electrical power and
backup generators were overwhelmed by the tsunami, and the plant lost its cooling capabilities. In July
2013, TEPCO, the Tokyo Electric Power Company, admitted that about 300 tons of radioactive water
continues to leak from the plant every day into the Pacific Ocean.

Erthquake

It is estimated that there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the world each year. 100,000 of those can
be felt, and 100 of them cause damage. The largest recorded earthquake in the world was a magnitude 9.5
(Mw) in Chile on May 22, 1960. The worlds deadliest recorded earthquake occurred in 1556 in central
China. It struck a region where most people lived in caves carved from soft rock. These dwellings
collapsed during the earthquake, killing an estimated 830,000 people. In 1976 another deadly earthquake
struck in Tangshan, China, where more than 250,000 people were killed.

Before electronics allowed recordings of large earthquakes, scientists built large spring-pendulum
seismometers in an attempt to record the long-period motion produced by such quakes. The largest one
weighed about 15 tons. There is a medium-sized one three stories high in Mexico City that is still in
operation. The first pendulum seismoscope to measure the shaking of the ground during an earthquake
was developed in 1751, and it wasnt until 1855 that faults were recognized as the source of earthquakes.

Most earthquakes occur at depths of less than 80 km (50 miles) from the Earths surface. The magnitude
of an earthquake is a measured value of the earthquake size. The magnitude is the same no matter where
you are, or how strong or weak the shaking was in various locations. The intensity of an earthquake is a
measure of the shaking created by the earthquake, and this value does vary with location.

Moonquakes (earthquakes on the moon) do occur, but they happen less frequently and have smaller
magnitudes than earthquakes on the Earth. It appears they are related to the tidal stresses associated with
the varying distance between the Earth and Moon. They also occur at great depth, about halfway between
the surface and the center of the moon.
 TSUNAMI

The word tsunami comes from the Japanese language meaning Great Waves (Tsu: port
and Nami: wave). Adapan agreed definition many people is a tsunami is a natural disaster caused by
rising sea waves to the mainland at high speeds due to the earthquake centered under the sea. The
quake could have been caused by soil erosion, the plates were shifting, volcanic eruptions and who
experienced meteor that crashed in the ocean. This usually happens when the tsunami earthquakes
exceeding magnitude 7 on the Richter scale. Tsunami is quite dangerous, especially for those who
live in Area beach. With great power, he will sweep everything in its path.

When talking about the tsunami, then we would have to start from the cause, namely the
earthquake in the ocean. Tsunami always preceded a powerful movement that we commonly call
the earthquake. Although it is known that there are various types of this earthquake, but 90% of the
tsunami caused by the movement of the plates in the earth that happened to be located in areas of
the oceans. It should be also mentioned, the history of tsunamis ever recorded due to the eruption
of Krakatoa.

An earthquake in the bowels of the earth will result in the emergence of pressure to the
vertical direction so that the bottom of the sea will rise and fall in a short time span. This will then
lead to an imbalance in the ocean water which is then pushed into a large wave that moves reached
the mainland.

With great power there in the water waves, naturally if the buildings on the mainland can
be washed away easily. The tsunami waves propagate at speeds unimaginable. He could reach 500
to 1000 kilometers per hour at sea. And when it reaches the shore, the speed is reduced to 50 to 30
kilometers per hour. Although reduced rapidly, but the pace was able to cause severe damage to
humans.

If we look at the tsunami, of course we understand that there is no human intervention in it.
Thus, we do not have control to prevent these causes. However, the preparation and maximum
vigilance, we can minimize the impact of the tsunami itself. A good example has been shown in
Japan. Although prone to tsunamis, but the awareness of people able to reduce the number of
victims of the disaster.
 Volcanic eruptions

Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent. The
most common consequences of this are population movements as large numbers of people
are often forced to flee the moving lava flow. Volcanic eruptions often cause temporary
food shortages and volcanic ash landslides called Lahar.

The most dangerous type of volcanic eruption is referred to as a 'glowing avalanche'. This is
when freshly erupted magma forms hot pyroclastic flow which have temperatures of up to
1,200 degrees. The pyroclastic flow is formed from rock fragments following a volcanic
explosion , the flow surges down the flanks of the volcano at speeds of up to several
hundred kilometres per hour, to distances often up to 10km and occasionally as far as 40
km from the original disaster site.

The International Federation response adjusts to meet the needs of each specific
circumstance. As population movement is often a consequence, the provision of safe areas,
shelter, water, food and health supplies are primordial. In general response prioritizes
temporary shelter materials; safe water and basic sanitation; food supplies; and the short
term provision of basic health services and supplies.
 ZEBRA
Zebras are equids , a family of mammals and members of the horse family, native to Africa. The
word zebra comes from the Portuguese zevra, which means wild ass. One can certainly see how
the zebra might have been mistaken for the wild ass at first glance, since the animals have similar
body types. Zebras are probably most famous for their distinctive striped coats, which make them
quite memorable animals.

In addition to being found in parts of Africa, zebras are also held in captivity in zoos and
conservation parks in many parts of the world, for people who want to see these animals in person
without taking a safari trip. Several attempts have been made to domesticate the zebra, with some
animals being trained as riding or driving animals. However, zebras appear to be too unpredictable
and flighty to fully domesticate, despite the best efforts of intrepid riders. Instead, some people
breed zebra hybrids, crossing full blooded zebras with horses and other equids to produce more
easily trained and handled animals which retain the characteristic zebra stripes.

There are several different species of zebra, but all of them are in the same genus,Equus, which they
share with horses. Like other equids, zebras are odd-toed ungulates with muscular bodies which
are built for running. Zebras were among the earliest animals to split from the original equids,
along with asses, and as a result, they have had an extended period of time to adapt to the unique
challenges of the African landscape.

These animals have very stout, muscular bodies which are designed for immense speed and
strength. When threatened, a zebra can choose to run, often choosing a zig-zagging pattern to
distract the predator, or they can fight, using powerful jaws and heavy hooves to attack their
enemies. Like asses, zebras have tufted tails, and they also have short, upright manes of coarse hair,
along with unusually large ears which give these animals a very good sense of hearing.

Zebras are herbivores, eating grass, foliage, and various shrubs. Depending on the species, a zebra
may be adapted more for the open plain, or for more heavily wooded and mountainous areas. In all
cases, zebras are very social animals, living in large herds which are typically overseen by a single
stallion. A zebra's gestation period is 13 months, typically producing a single foal which may join
the herd when it reaches adulthood, or strike out on its own to find another group of zebras.

The stripes of the zebra appear to have several functions. For one thing, they distract and confuse
predators, especially when zebras are in a herd formation, because the stripes make it hard to pick
out an individual zebra. The stripes also appear to be unique to each animal, allowing zebras to
readily identify each other, and they help to camouflage individual zebras, especially in wooded
areas, where the play of light and shadow allows the zebra to blend.

There is some debate as to how to describe the zebra's stripes. They are typically described as
white animals with black stripes, but zebras actually have entirely black skin. The most common
zebra mutations create animals which are darker, rather than lighter. This proves that the zebra is
actually black with white stripes. While this might seem a bit pedantic, it can make a good jumping-
off point for end debates at parties, if one feels so inclined.