) (

SDH

:

SDH
PDH
SDH
SDH
SDH
:
STM-N
Payload
SOH
AU PTR
SDH
140 Mb/s STM-N
34 Mb/s STM-N
2Mb/s STM-N
:
Over Head Pointers
SOH Over Head
HO- POH
LO- POH

AU PTR

TU PTR

 : SDH

- SDH

- SDH

- SDH

- SDH

SDH ) ( .

. SDH

SDH PDH .

PDH .

 PDH ) (

 - ) PDH (

 PDH

) (Add-drop

:PDH

- :

: : SDH

- .

 : :

. .

( n>m) mBnB m n .

5B6B ) (over head

. n/m

- :

PDH

Add/drop .

2Mb/s 140Mb/s

) .(Add/drop :

: .

) (- 2 Mb/s 140 Mb/s

) (Add/ drop 2 Mb/s 140 Mb/s .

. 140mb/s 2mb/s

2 Mb/s

140 Mb/s .

.

(

PDH .

- :

PDH over Head )OAM

( . .

OAM : Operation Administration & Maintenance

over Head PDH

Telecomunication Management Network : )(TMN -

) (TMN

) (TMN.

) ( PDH .

SONET

Synchrounous Optical NETwork

SONET CCITT

SDH .

 SDH .

SDH .

: SDH

- : SDH

ITU-T ) SDH ( 155.52 Mb/s

STM1 . STM1 SDH.

STM1: Synchronous Transport Module 1

4 STM1.

STM 1- STM4 STM16 - STM 64 STM 256

- :

: SDH

( :

. SDH

. SDH .

SDH .

) ( SDH STM1 155 Mb/s . 622

( STM4) Mb/s 2/5 Gb/s STM1

( :

) ( . SDH

PDH .

 SDH

SDH SDH .

- :

SDH SDH

SDH .

SDH ( STM1) 155 Mb/s

SDH ) 2.5 Gb/s (STM 16 .

SDH

2MB/S Tributery PDH

STM-N STM-N .
SDH

STM-N Tributery

: Selfhiling

 ) OAM - ( :

SDH (OH) over Head OAM

. .

Over Head PDH .

) (OH SDH / .

OAM .

- :

SDH SDH SDH

PDH . SDH PDH

ATM FDDI .

: SDH

- : OAM ) (OH

SDH PDH.

- : Pointer Justification

) jitter ( %

- :

. SDH

 SDH :

- STM-N

- STM-N

- PDH 140Mb/s 34 Mb/s 2 Mb/s

STM-N

- ) Aligning ( )mapping (

: STM-N

Add / drop - cross connect

. ITU-T STM-N

- .

: Block Frame

SDH .

E1 .

- STM-N 270*N .

N SDH .

N STM-N N STM-1

. STM-1

 . N STM1 STM-N

STM1

SDH

: STM-N

) ( ITU-T

STM-N . 125

. SDH.

STM-N .

STM-4 STM-1

STM-16 STM-4

STM-1.

SDH

STM-N 64Kb/s .

8000 * 8 = 64000 bps = 64 kb/s

STM-N :

SOH -

AU-PTR -

Payload -

 : SOH OAM RSOH

MSOH .

: AU-PTR STM-N ) . Payload

(.

: Payload Tributary ) . Tributary

: Payload

Payload STM-N STM-N

. STM-N .

) ( ) over Head

(POH .

Payload STM-N

SDH .

POH .

: SOH

SOH OAM .

Payload . SOH

STM-N . POH

SOH POH .

POH MSOH RSOH SDH .

 RSOH STM-16 STM-16 MSOH

STM-1 STM-1 POH

RSOH STM-N N .

MSOH STM-N N .

PDH SOH SDH.

: AU-PTR

AU-PTR 1 N . STM-N

* N .

SDH
: AU-PTR

. SDH

. AU-PTR SDH .

AU-PTR STM-N .

. AU-PTR

TU-PTR . TU-PTR AU-PTR

TU-PTR .

SDH

SDH :

( SDH

( 140 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 2 Mb/s

. SDH

STM-1 STM-4

STM-4 STM-16 .

 ) . ( .

STM-N

. ) (Payload

STM-N SOH SOH

. SOH SOH )

SOH (.

PDH STM-N

ITU-T . .

PDH

STM-N . .

) (



C: Container

V.c :virtual Container

T.U : Tributary Unit

T.U.G : Tributary Unit groop

A.U: Admimstrative Unit

A . U . G : Admimstrative Unit groop

) (Payload STM-N .

2 Mb/s

2 Mb/s STM-N . 34mb/s

STM-N .

 PDH E3 E1 E4 .

)( 140 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 2Mb/s

) (

140 Mb/s : STM-N

C4 140 PDH Justification - Mb/s

. 140 Mb/s C4 .

) ( Just )(140Mb/s 34Mb/s 2Mb/s

. C-12 C-3 C-4 .

) Stuffing . Stuff

( .

Just . 140 Mb/s C-4

. 140 Mb/s C-4 .

C-4

. 140 Mb/s SDH

C-4 .

: Stuffing C-4 .

) (

C-4 ) . PDH

STM-N ( .

E4 9*260*64Kb/s = 149.76 MBs :

. just

) E-4 :

 ) 139.264 +(-) 15 ppm=(139.261 ~ 139.266

- POH C-4 .

PDH VC-4

Mapping .

) (

VC-4 PDH 140 Mb/s .

C-4 POH

VC SDH

. VC

. VC Add / drop

cross conect .

VC-4 . PDH

c POH VC Mapping.

 - .

VC-4 . VC-4 )( AU-PTR

AU-PTR .

AU-4 STM-1 SOH

. AU-4 VC-4

. AU-PTR VC STM-1.

VC STM-N .

: Aligning VC-4

 AU STM-N AUG

AU-4 AU-G .

) (

 SOH AU4 STM_N .

N * AUG STM-N .

) (

 STM_N . 140Mb/s

) (

 34mb/s : STM-N

34mb/s Just c-3 .

) Stuff (

POH C-3 VC-3

VC-3

) (TU-PTR VC-3 TU-3 .

 TU PTR .

) (

TU-PTR VC-3

AU -PTR VC_4 STM .

. TU-3

. Stuff TU-3

TUG-3 .

R: Fixed stuff

3 TUG-3 C-4

) ( .

 TUG-3 VC-4 .

) (

TUG-3 86 . 3 TUG-3

C-4 Stuff

TUG-3 C-4

C-4 __ VC-4 __AU-4__AUG __ STM-N :

 : 2Mb/s

2Mb/s

PDH SDH .

2Mb/s SDH

2Mb/s SDH .

2mb/s SDH .

2Mb/s C-12 .

2Mb/s PDH C-12

C-12 8000 C-12

. C-12 2000 .


 . E1

2.048 mb/s 32 C-12 256

E1 2.048mb/s

C-12 .

E1 2/046mb/s C-12

C-12 :

(2.046 * 10 ^ 6 Bit / Sec) / (8000 frame/sec ) = 255.75 bit

E1 .

1023

4* 255.5 = 1023 .

256 255 .

E1 C-12 .

E1 E1 C-12

C-12 4 .

) (

 C-12 15 .

) (

W=IIIIIIII G= C1C2OOOORR Y=RRRRRR

M=C1C2RRRRRS1 N=S2IIIIIII

:C1 Just : O Over Head : I

: S1 Just : R Stuff

 c1 = o s1 = I

c1 = 1 s1 = R

c 2 just s 2 just .

c2 = 0 s2 = 1

c 2 = 1 s 2 = R

: R justification

125* 4 = 500 .

2-13 .

= 4* [( 4 9 )-2] = 136 c-12

127 w + 5 y + 2G + 1M + 1N = (1023 + s1 + s 2 ) + 3c1 + 3c 2 + 49 R + 8(0) = 1088

1023 justification justifification

. just .

just c1 c 2 s1 s 2

. c1c1c1 = 000 s1 c1c1c1 = 111

s1 justification.

c2 s2 .

Just :

Just :

Just :

= (1023 + 1 1) * 2000 = 2 / 050mb / s E1

= (1023 + 0 + 0) * 2000 = 2 / 046mb / s E1

 E1 (2 / 046 2 / 050) mb/s

C-12 justification

( 2 / 176mb / s ) C-12 .

- 2Mb/s SDH C-12 POH

VC-12 2

)(Lower order path over head Lo-poH

. LOPOH

N2 J2 V5 K4

) E1 (

) (

- VC-12 ) (V1,V2,V3,V4

TU-PTR VC-12

Tu-12 .

 ) (

TU-PTR VC-12 TU-12 .

- TU-12 TUG-2 . TUG-2

. TU-12

TUG2 .

) (

 - TUG-2 TUG-3

TUG-3 86 stuff

. TUG-3 .

C-4 : VC-4: AUG : STM-N 1*3*7*3=63 E1

) (

.
- TUG-3 STM -N

140mb/s STM-N

STM_N N 140mb/s . STM-1 140mb/s

2Mb/s . STM-1 64

PDH 140mb/s.

PDH 34Mb/s STM-1 34mb/s

2Mb/s 2Mb/s

STM-1 SDH 2Mb/s )(3*7*3=63

 2Mbs 140Mb/s

SDH PDH 34mb/s

2Mb/s STM-N

TU-12 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-3 TUG-3 VC-4

VC-4 STM-1 . 2Mb/s )3-7-

(3 .

63 VC-12

VC-4 . TU-12 21

) ( time slot VC-4 E1 .

 TU-12 VC-4

TU-12 = x + (y - 1) 3 + ( Z 1) Z1

1 X3 TUG-3 x

1 Y 7 TUG-2 Y

1Z3 T U-12 Z

(TU-12 ) VC-12 (TU -12 ) VC-12

VC-4 . ( TU-12 )VC-12

 Pointer Over head :

Over head
: (OH ) Over head

SDH .

Over Head .

) (

STM-16 RSOH STM-16

HPOH STM-1 MSOH

VC-4 STM1 LPOH VC-12 VC-4

2MB/S .

Over head .

 ): SOH ( Section OverHead

SOH STM-N 9N ) (

. SOH STM-1 (RSOH )

( MSOH ) .


 ) (

A2 : (framing byte ) A1

STM-N . STM-1

. .

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2

STM-1 .

A1 , A2 ) F6 28 ( .

 3*N STM-N A1 3*N A2 .

F6 ) (

STM-1 .

A1 A2 )

( OOF

LOF . AIS

OOF : OUT Of Frame

LOF : Loss Of Frame

AIS: Alarm Indication Signal

- : J0 Regenerator Section Trace byte : RS

J0 .

STM-N STM-N ) (C1

STM-1 STM-N ) STM-1

( . STM-1 STM-1 STM-N .

STM-1 STM-N )( ID

- D1 D12 )(Dcc

Data Communication channel bytes

OAM

D1 D12 STM-N

 NE SDH .

(Network ) Management System OAM ) NE( NMS

. STM-1 STM-N .

D1 D3 RSOH ( 3 64 kb s ) 192 kb/s

OAM RS RS-Dcc .

D4 D12 MSOH ( 64 kb s ) 576 kb/s

OAM MS . MS-Dcc .

Dcc 768 kb s SDH .

) (

: Path VC ). Nod

E1 ,E2 Order Wire -

E1 , E2 Order Wire 64 kb s

E1 . RSOH

 Rs E2 . MSOH

MS .

TM REG REG TM

A B C D

E1 Orderwire

NE A B C D order wire

) (TM )( SDH

RSOH , MSOH .

REG RSOH .

E1 O.W . E2 O.W

O.W NE D,A NE B ,C

REG MSOH E2 . STM 1

STM N .

- F1 User Channel Byte

. STM-1

STM-N .

- : Bit Interleaved Parity 8 ( Bip 8 ) : B1

Parity STM-N .

RSOH ) Regenerator (REG

) )B

( . Bip -8 .

STM-N -

B1 B1

RS BBS = Regenerator Stection ) .

(Background Block Error

Rs BBE .

BER: Bit Error Ratio :

) ( Signal Degrade BER > 106 B1 SD

( Excessive Error ) BER > 103 B1-EXC

- Bit interleaved Parity N 24 code (Bip N*24 ) Byte : B2

24 Bip -24 .

B2 B1 . B2 MS .

B1 STM-N STM-N B1

B2 STM-1 STM-N

STM-N N*3 B2 STM-1

. Bip-8

STM-1 .

 B2

MS-BBE (Multiplex section ) .

M1 .

) MS-REI = (Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication

) ( Signal Degrade BER > 106 B2 SD

( Excessive Error ) BER > 103 B2-EXC

- ) K1, K 2(b1 b5

Automatic protection Switching (APS) channels bytes

k2 , k1 APS MS .

SDH

(b5 b1) k2 k1

) by Directional (1+1 standby .

R-Lof MS-EXC(B2) , MS AIS , R Los

- ) - k 2 (b6 b8 : ( MS RDI ) MS

Multiplex Section Remote Defeot indecation

MS-AIS 6 8 k2

) ( MS RDI ) k2 (

MS-AIS .

) ( MS RDI STM-N k2

R-los R-lof , MS-AIS MS RDI .

- ) S1 (bs b8 Synchronization Status message byte (SS MB) :

STM-1 STM-N . S1

SETS NE NE SDH .

SETS :

: STM-N

: PDH

: SETS

- : M1 : (MS REI) MS

Multiplex Section Remote Error indication

B2

M1 STM-N .

B2 M1

. M1 B2 .

 AU-PTR , Payload

STM-1 .

SOH .

N STM-1 STM-N

SOH STM-1 STM-1

B2 Overhead .

STM-1 B1 B2 N*3 .

STM-N D1 K1 M 1 E 2 E1 D12 K 2 .

- : (Path Overhead) POH

SOH OAM Section ) STM16STM4STM1 (...

POH OAM Path ) E3 E1 ( B4

POH POH ) ( H-POH POH ) (L-POH .

140mb
s
H -POH VC-4

STM-N .

L-POH OAM VC-12 2Mb/s

. H-POH POH VC-4 L-POH POH VC-12

. VC-3 POH POH

VC-4 . . POH

34 mb s STM-N VC-3 POH

 Higher order path over head POH - )(H-POH

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3

N1

POH VC-4 ) (

: POH

: j1 ): (Path Trace byte

j1 VC-4 AU-PTR j1 . j1

j0 .

( Path Bip-8 byte) : B3

B3 VC-4 STM-N .

140 mb s STM-N .

B1 B2 . B3 Bip-8 VC-4

B3

B3 HP-BBE .

 G1

. HP-REI .

) ( Signal Degrade BER > 106 B3 SD

( Excessive Error ) BER > 103 B3-EXC

: C2 ): (Signal lable byte

C2 Payload VC-4

VC-4

VC-4 ) .

Tributery-VC4 ( .

C2=00H VC-4 ) VC-4 ( C2=12H

Payload VC-4 140 mb s C2=02H

Payload VC-4 TUG .

) 2 mb s VC-4 TUG

( .

2 mb s C2

TUG .

- : G1 ): (Path Status byte

G1 .

VC-4 . G1

 VC-4 )

. ( B3 HP-REI .

G1 AIS

j1 C2 G1

HP-RDI ) (

A B .

G1 G1

HP-REI HP-RDI

- : F2,F3 ) (Path User Channel Byte

64kb/s .

- :H4 Tv Position Indicator

2Mb/s VC-4 . PDH H4

2Mb/s C-12

. E1

H4 ) TU-12 VC- 12 (C- 12 . 00H 03H

H4 ) (TU-LOM

 : K3

K3 VC-4 ) (APS

K3

:N1 : Network Operator

Lower Order Path Overhead : POH )(L- POH

L-POH VC- 12 POH VC - 12

2mb/s -PDH STM-N .

V5 j2 N2 K4 VC- 12 PDH .

VC- 12 V C - 12 .

POH V C - 12

: LOH

Path status & signal lable Byte - : V5

V5 TU-PTR .

V C - 12 TU 12

- V5 V C - 12

G1 B3 C2 HO-POH .

BIP-2 LP-REI LP-RFI SIGNAL LABLE LP-RDI

 V5 VC -12 .

) V C - 12 . BIP

BIP- 2 LP- BBE

. V5 LP-REI

VC-12 ) ( . V5

) . (REI AIS J2

V5 5 (v5(b5-b7)) 7 .

LP-RFI V5 .

) ( .

V5 . VC-12

VC-12 VC-12

VC-12 LP-

UNEQ .

) ( Signal Degrade BER > 106 Bip SD

( Excessive Error ) BER > 103 Bip -EXC

 VC-12 Path Trace byte - : j2 VC-12

j2 j1 j0 .

- : N2

- : k4

k4 VC-12 . 5 7

) ( Pointers

VC STM-N

VC c PDH .

Tributary STM-N .

TU AU . TU-PTR VC

VC AU-PTR VC VC

. AU-PTR VC-4 J1

TU-PTR VC-12 v5 .

Administrative unit pointer : AU-PTR -

AU-PTR STM-1

j1 VC-4 Payload AU-4 ) . (VC-4

VC-4 Payload .

. VC-4 STM .

 ) (

VC-4 . H3,H2,H1

H2,H1 H3 just .

 ) (

just just .

VC-4 261 9 . 261 3 = 87,87 9 = 783 : VC-4

783) ( 782 VC-4

AU-PTR 783

H2,H1 ) paylooad

( . VC-4 AU-PTR

782 STM-1 . AU-PTR

 H1,H2 VC-4 .

. ) ( .

VC-4

. AU-4 VC-4

H3 . VC-4

K2 .

Justification:

CL1 CL2 CL3

NE1 NE2 NE3

NE .

NE2

NE2 .

SDH ) AU-PTR ( H3 .

)( just VC-4 just

VC-4. ) (.

just )( H3 AU-4 .

justification:

 NE2 just

. H3 AU-4 Justification

) (

VC-4. just

VC-4 . .

: AU-PTR

- New Data Flag bits : ( NDF) N

N NDF

. NDF

) ( just 1001

- :SS SS=10 AU-4,TU-3

- : IDIDIDIDID

) (

VC-4 ) justificatoin (+ .

just ) D ( AU-PTR

. just ) I ( AU-PTR

- :yy 1001SSII S

- :FF

- :H3H3H3 H3 just

) just(.

- VC-4 AU-4 NDF.

0110

- just I just

dummy .

- just D

just .

)(

Tributery unit Pointr : TU-PTR

TU-PTR VC-12 TU-12 Payload ) . V5

( VC-12 .

TU - PTR V4 ,V3- V2 - V1 TU-12 .

:TU-PTR

VC-12 V2 V2

. TU-12 V1,V2 .

TU PTR .

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

NDF

 N NDF . NDF NDF

NDF

Just . .

) (SS TU ).(

) ( ) (

VC-12 V2 .

TU-PTR V3 Just . Just .

V4 . V1 V2

V1 V2 H1 H2 .

AU PTR .

V3 Just . V3 .

. Just V3 .

I D TU-12 Just

V3 Just .

. VC-12

TU 12 V5 TU-PTR