MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

LAB SHEET
COURSE CODE : DJJ2022
COURSE NAME : ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAMME : DIP. KEJ. MEKANIKAL
EXPERIMENT : 2- (OHMS LAW)
LECTURER : 1. RAMA ROA A/L
LACHANNA
FELICIA PAYA FRANCIS20DKM16F2046SHANNON MEONT
KENNEDY20DKM16F2020NURFATIN AZEEMA BINTI MOHD
SAFRI20DKM16F2049
EXPERIMENT 2

TITLE
OHMS LAW

OBJECTIVES
1. To verify the relationship between current, voltage and resistance.
2. To verify Ohms Law

THEORY

Based on the book of Electric Circuits, written by James W. Nilsson, and Susan A.
Riedel.

Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the flow of current or, mores
specifically, the flow of electric charge. The circuit element used to model this
behavior is the resistor. Conceptually, we can understand resistance if we think about
the moving electrons that make up electric current interacting with and being resisted
by the atomic structure of the material through which they are moving. In the course
of these interactions, some amount of electrical energy is converted to thermal energy
and dissipated in the form of heat. This effect may be undesirable. However, many
useful electrical devices take advantage of resistance heating, including stoves,
toasters, irons, and space heaters.

Most materials exhibit measurable resistance to current. The amount of resistance

depends on the materials. Metals such as copper and aluminum have small values of
resistance, making them good choices for wiring used to conduct electric current. In
fact, when represented in a circuit diagram, copper or aluminum wiring isnt usually
modeled as a resistor; the resistance of the wire is so small compared to the
resistance of other elements in the circuit that we can neglect the wiring resistance to
simplify the diagram. For purpose of circuit analysis, we must reference the current
in the resistor to the terminal voltage. We can do so in two ways; either in of the
direction of the voltage drop across the resistor or in the same direction of the voltage
rise across the resistor. If we choose the former, the relationship between the voltage
and current is
v=iR
v=the voltage in volts
i=the current in amperes,
R=the resistance in ohms.

The equation is known as Ohms law after Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist
who established its validity early in the nineteenth century. Ohms law is the
algebraic relationship between voltage and current for a resistor. In SI units,
resistance is measured in ohms. The Greek letter omega () is the standard symbol
for an ohm. Ohms law expresses the voltage as a function of the current. However,
expressing the current as a function of the voltage also is convenient. Thus,
 or vv
i i
The reciprocal of the resistance is RR referred to as condustance, is
symbolized by the letter G, and is measured in siemens (S). Thus
1
G S
We use the ideal resistors in circuit R
analysis to model the behavior of
physical devices. Using the qualifier ideal reminds us that the resistor model makes
several simplifying assumptions about the behavior of actual resistive devices. The
most important of these simplifying assumptions is that the resistance of the ideal
resistor is constant and its value does not vary over time. Most actual resistive
devices do not have constant resistance, and their resistance does not vary over time.
The ideal resistor model can be used to represent a physical device whose resistance
doesnt vary much from some constant value over the time period of interest in the
circuit analysis.

Based on the book of Engineering Circuit Analysis, written by Hayt, Kimmerly, and
Durbin.

So far, we have been introduced to both dependent and independent voltage and
current sources and were cautioned that they were idealized active elements that
could only be approximated in a real circuit. We are now ready to meet another
idealized element, the linear resistor. The resistor is the simplest passive element, and
we begin our discussion by considering the work of an obscure German physicist,
Georg Simon Ohm, who published a pamphlet in 1827 that described the results of
one of the first efforts to measure currents and voltages, and to describe and relate
them mathematically. One result was a statement of the fundamental relationship we
now call Ohms Law, even though it has been shown that this result was discovered
46 years earlier in England by Henry Cavendish, a brilliant semirecluse.

Ohms law states that the voltage across conducting materials is directly proportional
to the current flowing through the material, or
v Ri
where the constant of proportional R is v Ri called the Resistance. The unit of
resistance is the ohm, which is 1 V/A and customarily abbreviated by a capital omega, .
When this equation is plotted on i-versus -v axes, the graph is a straight line passing
through the origin(Fig 2.23) The equation is a linear equation and we will consider it as
the definition of a linear resistor. Resistance is normally considered to be a positive
quantity, although negative resistances may be simulated with special circuitry.

Again, it must be emphasized that the linear resistor is an idealized circuit element; it
is only a mathematical model of real, physical device. Resistors may be easily
purchased or manufactured, but it is soon found that the voltage-current ratios of
these physical devices are reasonably constant only within certain ranges of current,
voltage, or power, and depend also on temperature and other environmental factors.
We usually refer to a linear resistor as simply a resistor; any resistor that is nonlinear
will always be described as such. Nonlinear resistors should not be necessarily be
 considered undesirable elements. Although it is true that their presence complicates
an analysis, the performance of the device may depend on or be greatly improved by
the nonlinearity. For example, fuses for overcurrent protection and Zener diodes for
voltage regulation are very nonlinear in nature, a fact that is exploited when using
them in circuit design.

EQUIPMENT
1. DC Power Supply
2. Bulb
3. Bulb holder
4. Ammeter
5. Voltmeter
6. Crocodile clips

PROCEDURES

Laboratory Experiment:
1. The circuit is constructed as shown Figure 2.1.
2. DC power supply is then switched on. The voltage regulator is slowly adjusted until
the voltage drop across the resistor reads 1V.
3. The Ammeter reading is recorded and filled in Table 1.
4. The voltage drop across the resistor to 2V is increased. The Ammeter reading is
recorded in Table 1.
5. Procedure (4) is repeated for voltage drop of 3V, 4V, and 5V across the resistor. The
ammeter reading is recorded.
6. A graph for voltage drop against current is plotted for Table 2 in the same figure with
PreLab section (Table 1). The result is examined.

RESULT

V(volt) 0 1 2 3 4 5
I(mA) 0 180 240 300 360 400
DISCUSSION

Experiment is set up as shown in the Figure 2.1 by constructing a simple close circuit
consisting of DC Power Supply, Ammeter, bulb, bulb holder, crocodile clips, and
Voltmeter. Ammeter is connected in series so that the current flows through them. The
ideal ammeter has a resistance of zero so that it has no effect on the circuit. Voltmeter is
connected in parallel to resistive elements in the circuit so that they measure the potential
difference across (on each side of) the element.

Consider the data presented in the table above where the applied voltage is 0V, the value
of current obtained is 0mA. When 1V of voltage is applied the value of current shown in
the Ammeter is 180mA, while 240mA of current is obtain when 2V of voltage is applied.
When 3V of voltage is applied, 300mA of current is achieved. When 4V of voltage is
applied, the Ammeter reading showed 300mA value of current flows. The Ammeter
reading showed value of 400mA of current when the value of voltage applied is 5V

As can be seen from data presented above, Ohms law can be easily verified using a
simple closed circuit. In this experiment, the current flowing through a resistor will be
measured as the voltage across the resistor is varied from 0V,1V,2V,3V,4V, to 5V. The
result obtained from the experiment shows that the value of current flowing through the
circuit as shown in the Ammeter increased when the amount of voltage applied across the
circuit as shown in the Voltmeter is increased.

Ohms law that define the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a series
circuit is verified. Ohms law states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference across two points. Hence, the
relationship is verified as value of Ammeter reading increased as the value of Voltmeter
reading increased.
However, the values of currents obtained V from Ammeter reading during laboratory
I
R
experiment might be slightly different from the its calculation when using its
mathematical equation as there are errors might have occurred during the experiment is
carried out. Parallax error due to the wrong calibration of the eyes position when taking
the readings of the Ammeter and Voltmeter might have occurred.

Random error due calibration of the meter of the Ammeter and Voltmeter might have
occurred. A light bulb is one kind of electrical resistance. It has a resistance which
increases with temperature and current and thus contribute to the changes of values of the
two Ammeter and Voltmeter readings.

To minimize the parallax error, use a correct calibration of the eyes at such the eyes are at
a straight line directly above the marking when taking the Ammeter and Voltmeter
readings.

To minimize the random error, the meter reading of the Ammeter and Voltmeter should be
properly aligned and calibrated before starting the experiment.

The minimize the errors, use one of the resistors known resistance and record the value of
the resistor and take the reading of Ammeter and Voltmeter as usual.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, there is a relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. The voltage
across a resistance is directly proportional to the current flowing through it as stated in
Ohms law is verified. There is an increase in the values of the current that flows through
the circuit and decrease in the value of potential differences when the values of voltage
applied is increases, from 0V, 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, to 5V.