Heat Gain Calculations / Load Calculations /

Cooling Load Calculations

Cooling
Removal of heat from the space.
Heat
It is a form of energy.
 Heat can neither be created nor be destroyed.
 But can transfer from hotter region to cooler region.
Units
KJ, Kcal, BTU
 KJ Kilo Joule
 Kcal Kilo Calorie
 BTU British Thermal Unit
It is the amount of heat required to raise / lower 1˚F of
temperature for 1lb of ice/water.

12,000 BTU/hr = 1 TR TR Tonne of Refrigeration

1 MBH = 1000 BTU/hr MBH Mega British Hour

12 MBH = 1 TR

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Temperature
It gives the intensity of heat.
Units
˚C, ˚F, K

℃ ℉−32
=
5 9

Heat
Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporization
Sensible Heat
 It can be sensed by touch.
 It raises DBT.
Latent Heat
 It cannot be sensed by touch, but associated with moisture.
 It raises WBT.
Latent Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat required to change the phase from solid to liquid at
constant temperature.
E.g. Ice (solid) 0˚C Water (liquid)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Amount of heat required to change the phase from liquid to gas /
vapour at constant temperature.

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Sources of heat gain in a Building envelop
 Heat Gain through Glass/Window.
 Heat Gain through Wall & Roof.
 Heat Gain through Partition.
 Heat Gain from People.
 Heat Gain from Electrical Equipments.
 Heat Gain from Motors.
 Heat Gain from Kitchen Appliances.
 Heat Gain from Ducts.
 Heat Gain from Infiltration Air.
 Heat Gain through Ventilation Air.
 Heat Gain through By-pass Air.
 Heat Gain through Chilled Water Pumps.

Data required to start Heat Gain Calculation

 Civil Plan (architect)
 Window, Wall & Roof details/ u-factors of wall, roof, floor &
glass. (architect)
 Outdoor & Indoor design conditions. (specification)
 Daily Range, Wind Velocity (specification)
 Occupancy rate (architect)
 Lighting load (electrical engineer)
 Electrical Appliances (electrical engineer)
 Kitchen Appliances (specification)
 Any special requirement like Server room, Battery room.
(Check with manufacturer)

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Outdoor Design Conditions & its Corrections
Example:
Washington City
DBT WBT HR (Gr/lb) Daily Range
Outdoor Conditions
Refer Page A-11 = HVAC Hand Book
Daily Range
Difference of maximum & minimum temperature (DBT) on the
hottest day of the year.
Note:
Correction to Outdoor Condition is to be done to find the
Temperature at specific month.
Outdoor Temperature in April
 Yearly Range
 Specific Month
Yearly Range
Difference in Summer Temperature & Winter Temperature.
= 95˚F - 0˚F
= 95˚F
Correction to be done for April = -19˚F
Refer Page A-13, Table-3 of HVAC Hand Book
DBT in April = 95˚F - 19˚F
= 76˚F

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DBT in April at 10am
For this we require:
Daily Range
Time
Refer Page A-13, Table-2 of HVAC Hand Book
Correction to be done for April at 10am = -10˚F
DBT in April at 10am = 76˚F - 10˚F
= 66˚F
Indoor Conditions
Refer Page A-14 of HVAC Hand Book
Comfort Conditions
 76˚F DBT
 56% RH
DBT(summer) = 74˚F - 76˚F
RH = 50 % - 45%
U-factor / Conductivity Factor
U-factor can be calculated, based on the compositions.

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Wall composition
Example Brick-4”

Ro Ri

Concrete Plaster
ΣR = Ro+ Ri + R1X1 + R2X2 + ………. + RnXn

Where,
Ro Outside Air Film Resistance = 0.25
Ri Inside Air Film Resistance = 0.65
R1, R2, ……, Rn Resistance of materials
X1, X2, ……, Xn Thickness of Materials (inches)
For R1, R2, ……, Rn & X1, X2, ……, Xn Refer Page-A25
1
U= BTU/hr/˚F/sft
∑𝑅

ΣR = Ro+ Ri + R1X1 + R2X2 + ………. + RnXn

= 0.25+0.65+(0.12×1)+(0.2×4)+(0.12×1)
= 1.94 BTU/hr/˚F/sft
1
U =
∑𝑅

1
= = 0.515 BTU/hr/˚F/sft
1.94

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Roof Composition
Example Cement Plaster
Fibre Glass Insulation
Concrete-3”

ΣR = 0.25+0.65+(0.12×2)+(4.00×1)+(0.08×3)
= 5.38 BTU/hr/˚F/sft
1
U = = 0.186 BTU/hr/˚F/sft
5.38

Heat Gain through Glass / Window

Q = U×A× Sun gain
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conduction Factor
A Area of glass in sft
Sun gain Heat Experienced by Glass(Temperature rise due to Heat)
Maximum from 8.00am – 4.00pm
Note:
Location Hottest Month Latitude Daily Range
India May 20˚N 18˚F
Middle East August 30˚N 28˚F
USA July 40˚N 17˚F

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Example-1
Q. Find the Heat Gain through the glass of Dimension 6’×4’, exposed
to North, located in Hyderabad. The type of glass is ordinary, no
shade.
Q = U×A× Sun gain
U = 1 (page A-18)
A = 6’×4’ = 24 sft
To find the Sun gain, check:
 Latitude as per the location of the project
 Hottest month as per the location of the project
 Exposure as per the Civil Plan
 Maximum value between 8.00am – 4.00pm
For Hyderabad,
 Latitude = 20˚N
 Hottest month = May
 Exposure = North
For 20˚N latitude, May & North exposure from 8.00am – 4.00pm,
The maximum temperature = 23˚F
Sun gain = 23
Q = U×A× Sun gain
= 1×24×23 = 552 BTU/hr

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Example-2
Q. Find the Heat Gain through the glass (sky light) of Dimension
10’×8’ located in Dubai. Type of glass used is 50% heat absorbing,
Inside Venetian Blind & medium colour.
Q = U×A ×Sun Gain
A = 10’×8’ = 80 sft
Dubai = 30˚N Latitude, hottest month = August,
Exposure = Horizontal, Maximum temperature=235˚F,
From 8.00am-4.00pm (page A-18)
U = 0.59
Sun Gain = 235 BTU/hr/sft (page A-20)
Q = 0.59 × 80 × 235
= 11092 BTU/hr

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Heat Gain through Wall & Roof
Q = U ×A ×ETDcorrected
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of Wall/Roof in sft
ETDcorrected= ETDwall/roof + Correction (according to region)
ETD Equivalent Temperature Difference

Weight of Wall Thickness of Wall

(lb/sft) (inches)
20 4”
60 6”
100 8”
140 12”

Weight of Roof Thickness of Roof

(lb/sft) (inches)
10 2”
20 4”
40 6”
60 8”
80 10”

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Example-1
Q. Find the Heat Gain through wall of Dimension 10’×20’, exposed to
North. Type of wall = Hollow Concrete Block with sans aggregate
3/8” Gypsum board. Thickness of wall = 8”. Location = Hyderabad.
Q = U ×A ×ETDcorrected
U = 0.44 (page A-29)
A=

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Heat Gain through Partition
Partition
It is a glass, wall, floor/slab in partition with a non-A/c space.
Wall partition

A/c Non A/c Exposed wall & glass

Q = U×A×ΔT
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of glass/wall/slab in sft
ΔT = (T1 – T2)
T1 Outdoor Temperature
T2 Indoor Temperature
Note:
For Normal Partition (corridor, bathroom etc.),
T1 = (T1–5)
For Heat generating Partition (kitchen, laundry room etc.)
T1 = (T1+15)

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Example
Q. Find Heat Gain through partition wall of dimension 12’×14’,
U-factor = 0.28, located in Hyderabad.
 Case-1, if in Normal Partition
 Case-2, if in heat generating partition
Q = U×A×ΔT
ΔT = (T1 – T2)
Case-1
T1 = (T1–5)
= 106 – 5 = 101˚F
T2 = 76 ˚F
ΔT = 101 – 76 = 25 ˚F
Q = 0.28×168×25 = 1176 BTU/hr
Case-2
T1 = (T1+15)
= 106+15 = 121˚F
ΔT = 121 – 76 = 45 ˚F
Q = 0.28×168×45 = 2116.8 BTU/hr

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Heat Gain from People
Sensible Heat Gain = No’s of people × Sensible Heat/person
Latent Heat Gain = No’s of people × Latent Heat/person
Q = Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain
Sensible Heat Gain/person & Latent Heat Gain/person is given
by standards as per Type of application & degree of activity.
Note:
If occupancy range is not given, refer Page A-60

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Heat Gain from Lights
Incandescent Lights
Q = 3.41 × Watts
Fluorescent Lights
Q = 3.41 × Watts × 1.25
Note:
If wattage not known, wattage can be calculated by using:
Watts = Areas × Watts/sft
Refer Page A-60

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Heat Gain from Electrical Equipments
Q = 3.41 × Watts
Heat Gain from Motors
Q. A plant room has 2 no’s 5 HP motors & a 10 HP motor which is
working for 80% of time. A fan delivering conditioned air to the
space uses a 4 HP motor. Find Heat Gain from motors.
Refer Page A-40
For, 4 HP = 15,600 BTU/hr
5 HP = 15,600 × 2 = 31,200 BTU/hr
10 HP = 30,000 × 0.8 = 24,000 BTU/hr
Q = 15,600 + 31,200 + 24,000 = 70,800 BTU/hr
Heat Gain from Kitchen Appliances
Q. Find Heat Gain from kitchen appliances in a restaurant having 1no:
3 Gallon Coffee urn, 2 no’s Egg Boilers & 6’×3’ Food Warmer with
Plate Warmer.
Refer Page A-37
3 Gallon Coffee urn = 4300
Egg Boiler = 2 × 2000 = 4000
Food Warmer = 18 × 700 = 12,600
Q = 4300 + 4000 + 12,600 = 20,900 BTU/hr

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