TP 01: INTRODUCTION TO TOWNPLANNING

Ar.Praveen Kumar.B
B.Arch., M.C.P,
Associate Professor,
Ar. Ravindra Patnayaka,
B.Arch, M.Tech., Planning, PGDESM, (PGDDM)
Assistant Professor,
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam.
 TOWN PLANNING

UNIT 1

Definitions of town planning

Levels of planning

Steps for preparation of a town plan

Survey techniques in planning

Concepts, functions, components and preparation of a development plan.

 TOWN PLANNING
Definition of town planning:

It is an effort to bring orderly development in to urban communities & reduce Social &

Economical conflicts that would endanger life & property.

 TOWN PLANNING

CEASER – COMPUTER GAME – A CITY BUILDING ANIMATION GAME

 CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
STATUTORY TOWNS:
These towns are notified under law by the concerned State/UT Government and have
local bodies like Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Municipal Committees, etc.,
irrespective of their demographic characteristics.

CENSUS TOWNS:
All other places which satisfies the following criteria:
a. A minimum population of 5,000;
b. At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in nonagricultural
pursuits; and
c. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
RELATIONSHIP OF THE PLANNING SYSTEM
LEVELS OF PLANNING
LEVELS OF PLANNING
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
PERSPECTIVE PLAN:
Perspective plan defines the vision and focuses on the spatio‐economic development
policies, strategies and programmes towards the intended development of the State.
The Perspective Plan of a State could include ‐ State Urbanisation Policy and State
Land Utilisation Policy.

The purpose of a perspective plan is to provide an overall framework for preparation of

detailed plans. Therefore it serves as a guide for urban local authorities and regional
development authorities in preparation of the regional and development plans.
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
REGIONAL PLAN :
Regional plan focuses on balanced development and plan for hierarchy of settlements,
both urban and rural (in terms of its geographical area coverage), hierarchy of
connectivity network, road, rail, sea and airports and intermodal transport hubs, focuses
on land utilisation, resource mobilisation, environmental protection and disaster risk
management.
Regional plan is to be a comprehensive plan at an appropriate scale (district/interdistrict,
investment region or special area) for the integration of urban nodes with the semi‐urban
and rural areas. The plan is based on understanding of the characteristics of the region
such as flow of people, goods, knowledge and money
LEVELS OF PLANNING
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
REGIONAL PLAN :
(a) Administrative Regions, which can be District
Regions or Metropolitan Regions
as per the recommendations of the 73rd & 74th
Constitutional Amendment Act,
(b) Investment Regions, which can be new
investment manufacturing zones,
industrial and freight corridors, special investment
regions etc. They could be
identified under National Acts/ policies,
(c) Special regions, which are sensitive in terms of
environment/ socio economic or
political aspects.
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
REGIONAL PLAN :
For Example, A Master Plan for a city would exclude the lands covered under the
Industrial Development Act, even though the lands would be adjacent and the movement
of the people and of the economic activities may be seamless. This leads to sub‐optimal
planning for land use as well as for infrastructure.

Typically, a town in the vicinity of a industrial zone (SEZ etc.) should become the
node for notification of a Regional Planning Authority (RPA), wherein the region
would be defined to include the town, the nearby SEZ and the adjoining villages.
Similarly, a Port Area and it adjoining city and villages should put together be
notified as a Region,
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
DEVELOPMENT (MASTER) PLAN:
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
DEVELOPMENT (MASTER) PLAN:
Development plan is a statutory plan prepared (under relevant Act) within the
framework of an approved perspective plan.

The objective of a development plan is to provide further necessary details and intended
actions in the form of strategies and physical proposals for various policies given in the
perspective plan and regional plan depending upon the economic and social needs and
aspiration of the people, available resources and priorities.

•The time frame of the existing Development Plans is for a period of 20 years by most of
the Urban Development Authorities/ULBs. For greenfield cities, a longer planning period
can be considered, aligned with the infrastructure life of 30 years.
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
LOCAL AREA PLAN:
 LEVELS OF PLANNING
LOCAL AREA PLAN:
Local area plans are to be prepared to guide the development or re‐development of land,
conservation of buildings and physical features, providing improvements in the physical
layout, making infrastructure and amenities available and managing the area to enhance
health and safety of the residents to support economic development as well as to
enhance the quality of living, environment, and for area specific regulatory parameters
(see endnote) for the area covered.

The plan should delineate reservation of land for roads and other public purposes,
for construction, reclamation etc. The plan should provide a framework for recovery
of the associated costs for public projects, by mechanisms like levy of betterment
charges, charges on additional development rights, and appropriate user charges
STEPS FOR PREPARATION OF A TOWN
PLAN
 STEPS FOR PREPARATION OF A TOWN
PLAN
The preliminary planning survey may be considered to consist of the following
components :
Preparation of Base Map of the urban area.
Existing Land Use Survey.
Utilities and Services Surveys.
Survey of Community facilities like Schools, Hospitals, Clinic, Parks and Playgrounds, etc.
Sample household survey for colleting essential data on housing, transport services and
amenities.
 STEPS FOR PREPARATION OF A TOWN
PLAN
Existing Land Use Survey.
 STEPS FOR PREPARATION OF A TOWN
PLAN
Utilities and Services Surveys.
 STEPS FOR PREPARATION OF A TOWN
PLAN
Survey of Community facilities like Schools, Hospitals, Clinic, Parks and Playgrounds, etc.
STEPS FOR PREPARATION OF A TOWN
PLAN
Sample household survey for colleting essential data on
housing, transport services & amenities.
SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
TYPES OF SURVEYS FOR REGIONAL OR URBAN AREAS:

1. SOCIO – ECONOMIC SURVEY

2. LANDUSE/UTILISATION SURVEY

3. DENSITY SURVEY

4. INFRASTRUCTURE SURVEY

5. TRANSPORTATION SURVEY
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES : 2 TYPES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA
• IT IS COLLECTED BY INVESTIGATOR
• TO PROCESS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRET PRIMARY DATA, SUITABLE
STATISTICAL METHODS ARE REQUIRED

SECONDARY DATA
• IT IS THE DATA COLLECTED BY SOME OTHER PERSON FOR SOME OTHER
PURPOSE IS BEING USED
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
STAGES OF CONDUCTING PRIMARY SURVEY:

Defining primary collection needs & obtaining

resources

Choosing the technique

Defining the questions

Determining the samples

 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SURVEY TECHNIQUE TYPES:

Choosing the technique

Reconnaissance Survey

Inspection

Personal Interview

Self Survey
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
RECONNAISANCE/VISUAL SURVEY:

This survey does not require direct contact

with population of the study area. It is quick
overview of the area.

Survey can be performed by survey teams

moving in a vehicle or walking.

This type of survey can be used in the initial

stages of the investigation.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
RECONNAISANCE/VISUAL SURVEY:

 It performs variety of functions, such as:

I. Familiarize with study area.
II. Give initial impressions of the physical
and social state of an area.
III. Identify selected areas for further
investigation.
IV. Generate ideas for development of
checklist.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
INSPECTION

1. Direct Inspection:

 The direct inspection of conditions or activities is employed in many kinds of surveys

where human communication is not required to elicit the information.
 It can be used for observing traffic counts, recreation area use surveys, housing quality
studies and proxy observations where required.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
INSPECTION
2. Indirect Inspection:

 The findings of the initial survey can be substantiated with the help of Key Indicator
Survey, which are specific to the objectives of the analysis.

 Often, instead of getting direct information on the variable, surveyors rely on observing
approximations known as proxies.

 A proxy is used to inform about a variable without direct investigation, instead

investigating its key indicators.

 Such as: instead of enquiring about the income range, the surveyor can observe the
housing condition, number of vehicles and other consumer goods.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
Proxy Indicators for a Town/City Growth:
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
Personal Interview/Dialogue:
A number of types of surveys are undertaken face to face or by telephonic
conversation.
In case of quantitative survey, the structured dialogue is one‐way where precise
questioning takes place.
Semi‐structured dialogue is a flexible two way process where only some initial topics are
investigated. These topics can be revised as the practitioner gains insight in the area as
information flows‐in from the respondents.
The semi‐structured dialogue is thus an informal process but it needs to be managed
expertly, particularly in the aspects listed below:
 Behavioral factors of the surveyors and respondents
 Questions not to be ambiguous or long
 Managing the conversation &careful probing to seek answers
 Judging responses without biases
 Cross‐checking with other respondents
 Recording the interview (audio/video)
 Avoiding errors
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SELF SURVEYS
These are often in the questionnaires sent to respondents through mail or survey forms
handed out or inserted in the newspapers
filled questionnaires are mailed back to the surveyor.
It has various limitations, like; responses can be low and unsatisfactory.
Primary data collection techniques can be costly and very time consuming thus methods
of rapid information collection, which rely mostly on direct observation, is an alternative.
This method seeks several views of any one “fact” (cross checking), makes use of
checklists and semi‐structured dialogue.
However, rapid methods must not be considered as substitutes to specialist investigations
and should be used for quick access to information for rapid decision making only.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SCALES FOR STRUCTURING QUESTIONNAIRE:

NOMINAL SURVEY Where there is no ordering.

Asking of Gender, Age, Employment

 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SCALES FOR STRUCTURING QUESTIONNAIRE:

ORDINAL SURVEY Where there is Specific order of choices.

- Asking of priorities

- Housing Conditions, Climate etc

 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SCALES FOR STRUCTURING QUESTIONNAIRE:

INTERVAL SURVEY Where an Interval of time is given importance.

- Time taken to shift from LIG to MIG Housing

- Time interval to change from 2 wheeler to 4 wheeler

 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SELECTION OF SAMPLES:

SAMPLE SIZE: Number of Persons selected for Conducting the survey.

SAMPLE: Persons that are included in the survey.

Sample size depends on:

For varied expected responses – larger sample size is required.

Larger the total Population – Smaller the percentage of the population are required to be

surveyed.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
TYPES OF SAMPLES:

1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
4. CLUSTERED SAMPLING
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING:
Selecting samples at random without any criteria to select the samples.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING:
Example:
Let's suppose we want to know what ECC students think about parking on campus. It isn't
possible to ask every single student, so instead we try to get a sample of students. One
important characteristic that this sample must have is that it must be representative of
the entire student body. (In other words, we can't have all Culinary Arts students, or all
students that are fresh from high school.)
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING:
Selection of the Kth element along a particular street, where K can be any number.

Systematic sampling works well when the individuals are already lined up in order. In
the past, students have often used this method when asked to survey a random
sample of ECC students. Since we don't have access to the complete list, just stand at a
corner and pick every 10th* person walking by.
* Of course, choosing 10 here is just an example. It would depend on the number of
students typically passing by that spot and what sample size was needed.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING:
Making of a homogeneous listing of the different sects of the population & Collecting a
certain percentage from each sect.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING:
Example:

One easy example using a stratified technique would be a sampling of people at ECC.

To make sure that a sufficient number of students, faculty, and staff are selected, we
would stratify all individuals by their status - students, faculty, or staff. (These are
the strata.)

Then, a proportional number of individuals would be selected from each group.

 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
CLUSTERED SAMPLING:
When samples are selected from clusters & not from a Homogeneous listing.
 SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING
CLUSTERED SAMPLING :

Example:

One situation where cluster sampling would apply might be in manufacturing.

Suppose your company makes light bulbs, and you'd like to test the effectiveness of the
packaging. You don't have a complete list, so simple random sampling doesn't apply, and
the bulbs are already in boxes, so you can't order them to use systematic. And all the bulbs
are essentially the same, so there aren't any characteristics with which to stratify them.

To use cluster sampling, a quality control inspector might select a certain number of entire
boxes of bulbs and test each bulb within those boxes. In this case, the boxes are
the clusters.