Development Plans

2.1. Types of development plans

 Revision

• “to arrange beforehand”

Activities Vision( Objectives,
Resources Goals) Plan
Strategies/Policies Assumptions

• Elements and forms of human Settlements

• Broadened concept of human settlements Settlements as
framework for socio-
• Planning objectives and benefits economic development

• Planning as interdisciplinary subject

Architect Better human
Spatial/ physical
settlement as an
Sociologist objective and indicator
manifestation of socio-
economic activity
of development
Geographer
Economist
Urban Development objective
is to create better
Lawyer Planning Engineer conditions for socio-
economy
• Emergence of modern planning thought
 Revision

• Sir Ebenezer Howard, (Garden cities of To-Morrow, 1902), The Three

Magnets, Letchworth 1907
• Sir Patric Geddes, (Cities in Evolution, 1915), Folk-Work-Place, Geddes
Valley section, “The environment acts, through function, upon the
organism and conversely the organism acts, through function, upon the
environment.”, Old North, Tel- Aviv 1925
• Lewis Mumford and C. Perry, Neighborhood planning concept, community
services at walking distance, neighborhood unit, Radburn
• Le Corbusier, cities free of context, history and tradition, Hugeness and
Hierarchy, Sector and Zoning, City of Chandigarh 1951, failure
• K. A. Doxiadis, Ekistics, Five principles (maximization of human’s contact
with elements of nature, minimization of effort, optimization of
protective space, optimization of relation, organization to achieve
optimum synthesis of the four principles, Islamabad 1960
 Development Plans

• Set of documents ( Strategies and Programs, Policies and proposals,

use of land)
• Decision making to guide development activities
• Provide basis for rational and consistent planning decisions
• Types of development plans vary based on their scope and scale as
well as their process of formulation
 Theory of Planning

Rational Planning Thought

• Comprehensive, theoretical basis for further planning
• Prepared by technical experts based on rationality and logics
• Based on key spatial factors viz. light, population trend, traffic etc.
• Uses techniques such as quantitative assessment, predictive modeling
and design
• Time consuming and Rigidity to changing urban context
• Focused on empirical data rather than the people’s opinion
 Theory of Planning

Participatory Planning Thought

• Participation of the stakeholders in the decision making process
(needs and priorities)
• Planning thought arise from the idea that participation of the
stakeholders is a must, during conception, formalization, and
implementation and up to sharing of the benefits.
• Professionals act as facilitators rather than experts
 Types of development plans

5 years periodic plan

National Plan 3 years interim plan

Structure Plan
Regional Plan Regional Spatial
Strategies

Master Plan, Land Use Plan, Integrated

Participatory Comprehensive
Plan/Blueprint Land Action Plan
Plan Plan Development Plan Periodic Plan

Local area Plan Action Plans

 National Plan
• Dealing at National scale
• Development plan associated with various courses of actions to meet existing or
future needs/goal/objectives of a nation
• Nation as a particular large territory with large body of people often sharing
similarity in ethnicity, customs and languages
• Sets national development vision, goal and objectives for the implementation
time period
• National Planning Commission, Periodic Plans (14th Periodic Plan,2073)
• Participatory process includes various governmental as well as non-governmental
agencies
• Information collection tools (discussions, workshops) and indicators
• Identification of national development needs, existing conditions and issues,
feedbacks from various sectors
• Multi-sectoral target identification and resource allocation
• Identification of implementation agencies and monitoring and evaluation
schemes
• Serves as the basis for fiscal budget preparation
 Regional Plan

• Regional concept by Geddes or administrative unit (shares common

social, economical, political, cultural and natural characteristics and
or transportation characteristic)
• RP deals with efficient allocation of resources and activities (land use,
infrastructure, settlement growth) across large area rather than an
urban area
• Prepared within the vision and goal of National Plan
• Provides framework (not having same level of details) for the local
comprehensive plan
• Tries to achieve balanced, coordinated, orderly development of a
region
• Acts as the guide to integrate various individual urban developments
• Urban-rural Linkage of the region in physical(road, air, water
transportation), economic(flow of products), socio-
cultural(regionalism, culture and identity)
• Policies for rural development
 Structure Plan

• Maps and explanatory text providing overall policies rather than all
the details
• Reduce shortcomings of master plan
• Broad policy extend and direction >> developmental infrastructure.
• Location of major technical and social facilities etc or at least the
standards for those which help preparing detail plans and layouts of
development of large pocket of lands.
• Incorporate large areas>> interpreted regional policies
• No static or rigid>> change with the situation
• Prepared for longer period of time>> 15-20 yrs>> revision on each 5
yrs
• Provides basis of co-ordination and investments of different
agencies
 Master Plan

• Comprehensive plan>> vast and complicated

• Covers city and influential area, Futuristic plan>> 15-20 yrs>> land use
and infrastructure pattern of a city
• Set of maps, charts and explanatory report
• Related to physical, social and cultural things
• Analysis of existing situation>> suggesting broad development
policies>> intended to improve the existing conditions and to control
the future growth of the town in a coordinated manner
• These plans shows permissible uses of private and public land with
zoning legislation and by-laws land use which specify land use
categories, densities, building heights, setbacks and other physical
standards
• Tends to be based on rational planning thought
• Lumbini Development Master Plan 1978, Kenzo Tange
 Local Area Plan

• Local scale, detailed spatial development strategies

• Local authorities, participatory approach
• Often formulated as an action plan, duration 1-5 years
• Based within the framework of comprehensive land use plan of the
larger urban authority
• Aiming to improve the long term success of the community
 Local Area plan or local action
plan

• Can be statutory or non statutory

• Prepared when development in an area starts
taking place rapidly
• Generally prepared or adopted by local
government or planning office
• Should follow structure plan.
• Time frame>> 1-5 yrs
• Plan>> indicate most desirable or preferred
pattern of land development through area-specific
policies such as upgrading, redeveloment, new
land development, conservation areas and action
areas.
• Provides statutory basis for development control
and opportunity for raising or bringing out planning
issues before public help involvement of the public
and to some extent helping private versus
community interest
 Strategic planning

• Final approach>> covering “ integrated urban

development approach”>> brings together
physical planning, investment planning, resource
projections and institutional requirements
• Aims to meet the city overall development needs
and expectations the given constraints

• These constraints could be staff limitations,

financial shortfall
• Strategic planning in the process of its
formulation relies heavily on proper project
planning inputs.
 Integrated action plan(IAP)
• More relevant in present situation and gaining popularity
• Problems are identified through rapid data collection and analysis
• Program focuses on analysis of the existing projects, resource
assessment, institution assessment and goal and policy analysis.
• Used to respond to the emerging challenges of rapid urbanization and
community consultation and participation.
• Community driven, highly participatory and local need based planning
process designed to facilitate municipal development through the
identification of implementable and realistic projects
• integrated into both multi-sectoral investment plan(MSIP) and
physical and environmental development plan(PEDP) for the
municipality
• IAP has much lesser emphasis on long term and physical aspect
>>much more emphasis on implementability and for that purpose the
involvement of the people, the concerned agencies and the finance
feasibility.
To be continued..