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A History of Gymnastics

Gymnastics originated in Ancient Greece as a way to develop physical fitness through exercises like running, jumping, and wrestling. It was later developed into a formal sport by the Romans. Modern gymnastics was established in the late 1700s by German educator Jahn, who introduced equipment like the horizontal bar. Today, gymnastics is performed at many levels and is an Olympic sport with separate competitions for men and women involving skills on various apparatuses. It is judged subjectively based on difficulty and form.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
401 views3 pages

A History of Gymnastics

Gymnastics originated in Ancient Greece as a way to develop physical fitness through exercises like running, jumping, and wrestling. It was later developed into a formal sport by the Romans. Modern gymnastics was established in the late 1700s by German educator Jahn, who introduced equipment like the horizontal bar. Today, gymnastics is performed at many levels and is an Olympic sport with separate competitions for men and women involving skills on various apparatuses. It is judged subjectively based on difficulty and form.

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5/15/2016 A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times | Scholastic.

com

Article

A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times
Find out about the Ancient Greek origin of gymnastics, and learn additional details about modern
competitions and scoring.

By Michael Strauss

The sport of gymnastics, which derives its name from the ancient Greek word for disciplinary exercises,
combines physical skills such as body control, coordination, dexterity, gracefulness, and strength with
tumbling and acrobatic skills, all performed in an artistic manner. Gymnastics is performed by both men and
women at many levels, from local clubs and schools to colleges and universities, and in elite national and
international competitions.

History

Gymnastics was introduced in early Greek civilization to facilitate bodily development through a series of
exercises that included running, jumping, swimming, throwing, wrestling, and weight lifting. Many basic
gymnastic events were practiced in some form before the introduction by the Greeks of gymnazein, literally,
"to exercise naked." Physical fitness was a highly valued attribute in ancient Greece, and both men and
women participated in vigorous gymnastic exercises. The Romans, after conquering Greece, developed the
activities into a more formal sport, and they used the gymnasiums to physically prepare their legions for
warfare. With the decline of Rome, however, interest in gymnastics dwindled, with tumbling remaining as a
form of entertainment.

Modern Gymnastics

In 1774, a Prussian, Johann Bernhard Basedow, included physical exercises with other forms of instruction
at his school in Dessau, Saxony. With this action began the modernization of gymnastics, and also thrust
the Germanic countries into the forefront in the sport. In the late 1700s, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn of Germany

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5/15/2016 A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times | Scholastic.com

developed the side bar, the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, the balance beam, and jumping events. He,
more than anyone else, is considered the "father of modern gymnastics." Gymnastics flourished in Germany
in the 1800s, while in Sweden a more graceful form of the sport, stressing rhythmic movement, was
developed by Guts Muth. The opening (1811) of Jahn's school in Berlin, to promote his version of the sport,
was followed by the formation of many clubs in Europe and later in England. The sport was introduced to
the United States by Dr. Dudley Allen Sargent, who taught gymnastics in several U.S. universities about
the time of the Civil War, and who is credited with inventing more than 30 pieces of apparatus. Most of the
growth of gymnastics in the United States centered on the activities of European immigrants, who
introduced the sport in their new cities in the 1880s. Clubs were formed as Turnverein and Sokol groups,
and gymnasts were often referred to as "turners." Modern gymnastics excluded some traditional events,
such as weight lifting and wrestling, and emphasized form rather than personal rivalry.

Modern Competition

Men's gymnastics was on the schedule of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, and it has been on the
Olympic agenda continually since 1924. Olympic gymnastic competition for women began in 1936 with an
all­around competition, and in 1952 competition for the separate events was added. In the early Olympic
competitions the dominant male gymnasts were from Germany, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland, the
countries where the sport first developed. But by the 1950s, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the Eastern
European countries began to produce the leading male and female gymnasts.

Modern gymnastics gained considerable popularity because of the performances of Olga Korbut of the
Soviet Union in the 1972 Olympics, and Nadia Comaneci of Romania in the 1976 Olympics. The
widespread television coverage of these dramatic performances gave the sport the publicity that it lacked in
the past. Many countries other than the traditional mainstays at the time — the USSR, Japan, East and
West Germany, and other Eastern European nations — began to promote gymnastics, particularly for
women; among these countries were China and the United States.

Modern international competition has six events for men and four events for women. The men's events are
the rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar, side or pommel­horse, long or vaulting horse, and floor (or free)
exercise. These events emphasize upper body strength and flexibility along with acrobatics. The women's
events are the vaulting horse, balance beam, uneven bars, and floor exercise, which is performed with
musical accompaniment. These events combine graceful, dancelike movements with strength and acrobatic
skills. In the United States, tumbling and trampoline exercises are also included in many competitions.

Teams for international competitions are made up of six gymnasts. In the team competition each gymnast
performs on every piece of equipment, and the team with the highest number of points wins. There is also a
separate competition for the all­around title, which goes to the gymnast with the highest point total after
performing on each piece of equipment, and a competition to determine the highest score for each individual
apparatus.

Another type of competitive gymnastics for women is called rhythmic gymnastics, an Olympic sport since
1984. Acrobatic skills are not used. The rhythmic gymnast performs graceful, dancelike movements while
holding and moving items such as a ball, hoop, rope, ribbon, or Indian clubs, with musical accompaniment.
Routines are performed individually or in group performances for six gymnasts.

Scoring

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5/15/2016 A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times | Scholastic.com

Gymnastic competitions are judged and scored on both an individual and a team basis. Each competitor
must accomplish a required number of specific types of moves on each piece of equipment. Judges award
points to each participant in each event on a 0­to­10 scale, 10 being perfect. Judging is strictly subjective;
however, guidelines are provided for judges so that they can arrive at relatively unbiased scores.

Usually there are four judges, and the highest and lowest scores are dropped to provide a more objective
evaluation. Gymnasts try to perform the most difficult routines in the most graceful way, thus impressing the
judges with their mastery of the sport.

Bibliography

Bott, Jenny, Rhythmic Gymnastics (1995); Cooper, Phyllis S., and Trnka, Milan, Teaching Basic
Gymnastics, 3d ed. (1993); Feeney, Rik, Gymnastics: A Guide for Parents and Athletes (1992); Karolyi,
Bela, Feel No Fear (1994); Lihs, Harriet R., Teaching Gymnastics, 2d ed. (1994); YMCA Gymnastics, 3d
ed. (1990).

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