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UNIT II - Project Programming and Critical Path Method

This document discusses project programming and the critical path method (CPM). It defines key concepts in CPM like activities, events, dummy activities, and event numbering. It explains how to develop a project network diagram and calculate earliest and latest times. The document also defines the critical path as the sequence of activities that determine the project duration and cannot be delayed without postponing completion. Float types are explained as total float, free float, and independent float.

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Hasna Hameed
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89 views10 pages

UNIT II - Project Programming and Critical Path Method

This document discusses project programming and the critical path method (CPM). It defines key concepts in CPM like activities, events, dummy activities, and event numbering. It explains how to develop a project network diagram and calculate earliest and latest times. The document also defines the critical path as the sequence of activities that determine the project duration and cannot be delayed without postponing completion. Float types are explained as total float, free float, and independent float.

Uploaded by

Hasna Hameed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT II - Project Programming and

Critical Path Method


Project Network - Events, Activity, Dummy, Network
Rules, Graphical Guidelines for Network, Numbering
the Events, Cycles, Development of Network - Planning
for Network Construction, Models of Network
Construction, Steps in development of Network. Work
Break Down Structure, Hierarchies. Concepts: Critical
Path Method - Process, Activity Time, Estimate,
Earliest Event time, Latest Allowable Occurrence Time,
Start and Finish Time of Activity, Float, Critical Activity
and Critical Path problems.
Project Network
• Network is a diagrammatic representation of a
work plan. It shows the activities, in step-by-
step sequence, leading to the final goal. It
shows the inter-dependence between the
activities and their sequence. It also gives the
start time, time required and end time for the
activities.
Advantages of Project Network
• Project Network gives clear relationship between
the activities and events
• It is useful in preparing schedules for highly
complicated projects with large activities
• It directly provides the time elapsed between 2
activities and hence useful in controlling and
rescheduling.
• It uses probability for time estimation in projects
with uncertainties, such as Research projects
Activity
• Project is divided into well-defined jobs or
tasks known as Activities.
• Activity needs a time period for its
completion. It is like saying, ‘3 hours of exam
time’, ‘100 minutes of a slot’.
• It consumes resources.
• Example: excavation – utilises time, man
power, excavation tools and machines.
Event
• The starting or end of an activity is an event.
Event needs just an instance of time. It is like
saying, ‘time is 3:15 A.M’.
• It does not consumes resources.
• Example: start of excavation, completion of
excavation.
Dummy Activity
• It is a type of activity in the network which
doesn’t require time nor resources, but it is
used to identify dependence among activities.
• It is a connecting link for control purposes in
network.
• It is represented with discontinuous arrow.
• For Grammatical purpose, Logical purpose.
Numbering the Events
• Events has to be numbered 1, 2, 3, ... Activities
can be identified using their name itself, or
the events numbers of tail and head events.
1 Plastering 2
• Here the event numbers are 1 and 2. The
activity is ”Plastering” and it can be
represented by 1-2
• Fulkerson’s Rule is used for numbering the
events (Skip Numbering: 10, 20, 30, ...)
Fulkerson’s Rule for Numbering Events
1. Number the single ‘initial’ event with only arrows
coming out of it, as 1 (no arrows enter it)
2. Neglect all the arrows emerging out of initial event
numbered as 1. One or more new initial events will be
present.
3. Number those event(s) as 2, 3, 4 so on, starting from
top to bottom.
4. Neglect all the arrows emerging out of new initial
event(s) numbered as 2, 3, 4 so on. Few more new
initial events will be present.
5. Repeat step 3.
6. Repeat step 4 till all the events are numbered.
CPM - Critical Path Method - Concept
• CPM is a network analysis tool. It is ‘activity
oriented’ method of preparing network diagram.
It uses deterministic or defined time estimates for
activities. It identifies critical path or set of
activities which don’t have time flexibility cannot
be delayed while completing a project. Critical
path activities are given importance and are
closely monitored for completing projects on
time. It is useful in projects with repetitive jobs
like manufacturing, production, etc.
Float
• Total Float : Obtained by deducting the Early start and the activity duration from the
Late finish of the activity. That means, we can get both the slacks obtained from Late
start / Early Start, as well as from Late Finish / Early Finish. Thus, Total Float signifies
the total slack time available for any activity in the Project without delaying the
overall Project's duration.
• Free Float: Obtained by deducting the Early start plus the activity duration from the
Early Finish of the Activity. We have the slack time available due to time of Early Start
/ Late Start of the activity. However, this float does not eat away the slack time
available for the successor activity.
• Independent Float: Obtained by deducting the Late start plus the activity duration
from the Early Finish. This float virtually leaves no time for breathing since, the
predecessor activity has started late, and the successor activity is scheduled for an
early start, after utilizing the time duration for the activity. Most of the time, the
slack time available is ZERO for this float.
• Total Float is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed from its early start
date without delaying the project finish date. Free Float is the amount of time that
an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any successor
activity.

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