Lecture #6: Color TV

(Download Handout from Web Page)

Interlacing Fields:

Interlace Raster Scan

Illustration of scanning beam on CRT face during Interlace scan.

(Odd) (Even)

Interlaced Scan
Illustration of how Interlacing is accompolished.

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 247.5

495

Raster Scan Deflection Waveforms

Figure shows Horizontal & Vertical Sweep Voltage Waveforms, and their relative timing
Relationships.

• Odd Fields start in the upper left corner and end in the bottom middle.
• Even Fields start in the upper middle and end in the bottom right.
• What is wrong with this picture?
o Only 10 lines/Field.
o Vertical Retrace time should be 0.95ms (p.192 of Handout). That is the
time it takes to do 15 horizontal retraces.

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 Horizontal Sync Complex
Illustrating "Front Porch," "Sync Tip," "Back Porch" with Color Burst riding on it.
The interval between the end of the sync tip & the start of the burst is sometimes refered
to as the "Breeze -way." Note also, the "Burst Flag" (D.C. Restore clamp).

• 1 line = 63.5 us → Horizontal Refresh Rate 15750 Hz.

• Horizontal Retrace Time = 1.5us + 4.7us + 4.7us = 10.9 us.

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 Raster Scan Synchronization Waveforms
NTSC/RS-170A, complete set of waveforms, including Composite Blanking.
Note Color Subcarrier phasing (in red).

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Waveforms from File: 8Bars.20MHz.bin

Field 1 Start of Field 2 – Vertical Blanking Interval (15 lines)

• Field 1
o Ends on a ½ line in the bottom middle of the screen
• Field 2
o Identify Odd or Even Field by finding the starting point for 6 high pulses
of ½ line duration followed by 6 low pulses of ½ line duration.
o Vertical Retrace for 15 lines.
o Starts on a ½ line
o 247 ½ lines
o Ends in the lower right corner
o 15 + 247.5 = 262.5 lines * 63.5 us / line → 60 Hz Refresh for even fields.

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 Field 2 Start of Field 1 – Vertical Blanking Interval

• Field 2
o Ends on a full line in the lower right corner of the screen.
• Field 1
o Vertical Retrace for 15 lines.
o Starts on a full line
o 247 ½ lines
o Ends in the bottom middle of the screen
o 15 + 247.5 = 262.5 lines * 63.5 us / line → 60 Hz Refresh for odd fields.
• 30 Hz refresh rate for interlaced image.

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Trig Identities

e jθ + e − jθ e jφ + e − jφ 1 j (φ +θ )
cos(θ ) cos(φ ) =
2 2
= e
4
( + e − j (φ +θ ) + e j (φ −θ ) + e − j (φ −θ ))
= cos(φ + θ ) + cos(φ − θ )
1 1
2 2
jθ − jθ
e +e e − e − jφ
jφ
cos(θ ) sin (φ ) =
2 2j
=
1 j (φ +θ )
4j
e (
− e − j (φ +θ ) + e j (φ −θ ) − e − j (φ −θ ) )
= sin (φ + θ ) + sin (φ − θ )
1 1
2 2

Modulation

x mod = A1 cos(θ 1 ) cos(φ ) + A2 cos(θ 2 ) sin (φ )

Demodulation – Cosine Channel

x de mod −cos = x mod * 2 cos(φ ) = 2 A1 cos(θ 1 ) cos(φ ) cos(φ ) + 2 A2 cos(θ 2 ) cos(φ ) sin (φ )
= 2 A1 cos(θ 1 ) cos 2 (φ ) + 2 A2 cos(θ 2 ) cos(φ ) sin (φ )
1 1  1 
= 2 A1 cos(θ 1 ) + cos(2φ ) + 2 A2 cos(θ 2 ) sin (2φ )
2 2  2 
= A1 cos(θ 1 ) + A1 cos(2φ + θ 1 ) + A1 cos(2φ − θ 1 ) + A2 sin (2φ + θ 2 ) + A2 cos(2φ − θ 2 )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
After Low Pass Filter :
x de mod −cos −lpf = A1 cos(θ 1 )

Demodulation – Sin Channel

x de mod −sin = x mod * 2 sin (φ ) = 2 A1 cos(θ 1 ) sin (φ ) cos(φ ) + 2 A2 cos(θ 2 ) sin 2 (φ )

1  1 1 
= 2 A1 cos(θ 1 ) sin (2φ ) + 2 A2 cos(θ 2 ) − cos(2φ )
2  2 2 
= A1 sin (2φ + θ 1 ) + A1 sin (2φ − θ 1 ) + A2 cos(θ 2 ) − A2 cos(2φ + θ 2 ) − A2 cos(2φ − θ 2 )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
After Low Pass Filter :
x de mod −sin −lpf = A2 cos(θ 2 )

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Spectrum of Composite Video:

• Spectrum originally designed for Black and White TV only. Only the Luminance
Signal was transmitted.
• Designers needed to modify the TV signal in a way that didn’t affect existing
B&W TVs and added color to new Color TVs without increasing the bandwidth.
• A lot of stuff in limited bandwidth
o Luminance bandwidth is 0 – 4.2MHz – This is the original Black and
White Signal.
o I-Chrominance bandwidth is 0 – 1.6MHz
o Q-Chrominance bandwidth is 0 – 0.6MHz
• Color (Chrominance) had to be added without affecting the operation of the black
and white televisions.
• Chrominance bandwidth could be less than the Luminance bandwidth because our
eyes can’t tell the difference. (Somebody smart figured that out).
• I-Chrominance Amplitude Modulates the cosine channel of the 3.579545 MHz
Color Sub-Carrier.
• Q-Chrominance Amplitude Modulates the sine channel of the Color Sub-Carrier.
• The frequency of the Color Sub-Carrier was picked to be the 227.5 times the
Horizontal Sweep Frequency.
• The Chrominance looks like it would interfere with the Luminance. However, the
eye is not sensitive to this interference because of the “frequency-interlacing”
effect. So a Black and White TV will still work with a Color TV signal.
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 o A color TV can remove the chrominance from the luminance with a comb
filter (Moving Average of length 2).
• The Luminance looks like it would interfere with the Chrominance. But the eye
isn’t sensitive to this either because of the “frequency-interlacing” effect.

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Decomposition of Composite Video:

mv (t ) ≈ mL (t ) + mQ (t ) * sin (ω cc t ) + mI (t ) * cos(ωcc t )
(Approximately because top bandwidth of I chrominance is filtered out causes the mIHh
term to appear. Don’t worry about that right now.)

mL(t):
1. Low Pass Filter mv(t) and use comb filter to remove chrominance.

mQ(t):
1. Band Pass Filter mv(t) from 2 – 4.2MHz, and multiply by sine, amplitude = 2

z (t ) * 2 sin(ωcc t ) = mv _ 2−4.2 (t ) * 2 sin (ωcc t )

[ ]
= mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) + mQ (t ) * sin (ωcc t ) + mI (t ) * cos(ωcc t ) * 2 sin (ωcc t )
= mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) * 2 sin (ωcc t ) + mQ (t ) * 2 sin 2 (ωcc t ) + mI (t ) * 2 cos(ωcc t ) * sin (ωcc t )
= mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) + mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) * sin (2ωcc t ) + mQ (t ) − mQ (t ) * cos(2ωcc t ) + mI (t ) * sin (2ωcc t )

2. Final low pass at 600KHz eliminates double frequency terms.

3. We are left with mQ(t) and mL_2-4.2(t).
4. mL_2-4.2(t) gets bandlimited to 600KHz but doesn’t interfere with mQ(t) because
of the “frequency-interlacing” effect.

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mI(t):
1. Band Pass Filter mv(t) from 2 – 4.2MHz, and multiply by cosine, amplitude = 2

z (t ) * 2 cos(ω cc t ) = mv _ 2−4.2 (t ) * 2 cos(ω cc t )

[ ]
= mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) + mQ (t ) * sin (ω cc t ) + mI (t ) * cos(ω cc t ) * 2 cos(ω cc t )
= mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) * 2 cos(ω cc t ) + mQ (t ) * 2 cos(ω cc t ) * sin (ω cc t ) + mI (t ) * 2 cos 2 (ω cc t )
= mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) + mL _ 2−4.2 (t ) * cos(2ω cc t ) + mQ (t ) * sin (2ω cc t ) + mI (t ) + m I (t ) * cos(2ω cc t )

2. Final low pass at 1.6MHz eliminates double frequency terms.

3. We are left with mI(t) and mL_2-4.2(t).
4. mL_2-4.2(t) gets bandlimited to 1.6MHz but doesn’t interfere with mI(t) because of
the “frequency-interlacing” effect.

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“Frequency-Interlacing” Effect in the Time Domain
• The color sub-carrier is 227.5 times the horizontal sweep frequency.
• This causes the phase of the color sub-carrier to flip 180 for adjacent lines
(spatial phase reversal).
• For example, shown below is the Color Sub-Carrier for 3 adjacent lines in the odd
field:

Line 1

Line 1 Line 3

Line 3 Line 5

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 • Since the carrier amplitude is +/- 1 on adjacent lines, the chrominance is
multiplied by +/- 1 on adjacent lines.
• Our eyes average this out on a Black and White TV.
• Averaging adjacent lines removes the Chrominace from the Luminance in the
Color TV.
• The Color Sub-Carrier is also varies by 180 frame to frame. That is, the phase of
the Color Sub-Carrier for Line1/Frame1 is 180 out of phase with the carrier for
Line1/Frame2 (temporal phase reversal).
• For example, Line1/Frame2 starts 525 lines*227.5 periods/line = 119437.5
periods of the Color Sub-Carrier after Line1/Frame1. Line1/Frame1 is 180 out of
phase with the previous Line1/Frame2.
• The figure below graphically shows this temporal and spatial phase reversals:

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“Frequency-Interlacing” Effect in the Time Domain

• Let’s look at the spectrum for vertical bars on a Color TV to see what the
“Frequency-Interacing” looks like.
• We will consider the case where the Luminance, I-Chrominance and Q-
Chrominance signals are pure tones.
• For the Horizontals lines to repeat, these pure tones need to be harmonics of the
horizontal sweep frequency. Why?
o N/Fo=63.5uS=1/Fh. So, Fo=N*Fh .
• We will ignore the Sync Tip and the Color Burst for right now.

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Luminance Signal:

• Let’s put the Luminance Signal at the 10th harmonic of the horizontal sweep
frequency (157.48 KHz, DC Offset = 0.5, Amplitude=0.1)
• Multiply this by a square wave whose duty cycle is (63.5us - 1.5us - 4.7us - 4.7
us)/63.5us = 82.83% to create the Horizontal Sync Complex for the Luminance.
• Multiplication in the time domain is convolution in the frequency domain.

• Luminance Signal (red trace) is a pure tone at 157 KHz.

• 82.83% Duty Cycle Square Wave is the white trace.

• Convolution of the white and red traces above.

• The harmonics of the square wave are centered around the pure tone now instead
of around DC.
• These harmonics are still at integer multiples of the horizontal sweep frequency
since the pure tone was a harmonic of it.
• Now picture the convolution of green trace with the 30 Hz square wave which is 0
during the vertical retrace and you get the black trace below:

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Chrominance Signal:

• I-Chrominance Signal be 945 KHz sine wave (60th harmonic - White Trace
below, 0.2V Amplitude).
• Q-Chrominance Signal be 394 KHz sine wave (25th harmonic - Red Trace below,
0.1V Amplitude).
• The Green trace below is the Color Sub-Carrier which is 227.5 times the
Horizontal Sweep Frequency (Fh).
• QAM the Color Sub-Carrier with the Chrominance Signal. This gives you peaks
at Fcc +/- the I-Chrominance Frequency and at Fcc +/- the Q-Chrominance
Frequency (Blue trace below). The lower side band frequencies of the blue trace
are at 227.5-60=167.5 * Fh and 227.5-25=202.5 * Fh. Note that the Upper Side
band of the I-Chrominance signal has been filtered out to limit the bandwidth to
4.2MHz.
• Multiply this by a square wave with frequency Fh and duty cycle (63.5us - 1.5us -
4.7us - 4.7 us)/63.5us = 82.83% to create the Horizontal Sync Complex for the
Chrominance. (Yellow trace above and below).
• Multiplication in the time domain is convolution in the frequency domain.
• The convolution positions the harmonics of Fh between the harmonics of the
Luminance signal.

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 • Zoom in of harmonics of the near DC shows that they are interlaced between the
Luminance

• Now picture the convolution of yellow trace above with the 30 Hz square wave
which is 0 during the vertical retrace and you get the red trace below:

• Interlacing in the Frequency domain makes it invisible to the human eye, so the
Black and White TV will still work.
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Using the Luminance and Chrominance signals from above, we get this picture
(Test.20MHz.bin).

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 • Video Signal

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 • Decoded Luminance and Chrominance signals

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 • Red, Green, and Blue Signals.

References:
• www.ntsc-tv.com
• Section 4.9 of Dr. Morley’s textbook

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