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Blessmann - Wind Loads - Curved Roofs
Pressure coefficients on curved roofs
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Blessmann - Wind Loads - Curved Roofs
Pressure coefficients on curved roofs
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: ; Wind tet on Butigs nd Scie, Rr & Davenpor ect) 198 Bakara, Retr, IN 905109509 ‘Wind loads on isolated and adjacent industrial pavillion curved roofs LBlessmann Escola de Engenharia da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brit ABSTRACT: This paper presents results of several tests on curved roofs carried out at the TV-2 boundary layer wind tunnel of the University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The studies included both isolated and ‘coupled models with equal or different heights. Wind forces suffered influence ofthe heights of the walls, the rise of the arches and the wind incidence. For some oblique wind incidences the forces can achieve values Well above those that appear with wind blowing normal or parallel to the ridge. For some models the worst suctions appeared with oblique wind incidence distinct from 45°, For couples of models of different heights it was observed an increase in the suctions on the higher model and a decrease on the lower one, The lower ‘mode! was always protected by the higher one, even when situated at windward 7.1 INTRODUCTION Cylindrical roofs of circular section are a common form of covering a rectangular area, due to its ssructural simplicity and efficiency. In spite of its commen use relatively scarce information is available, since most research in this area is industrial property and does not appear in Proceedings, journals and so on. Besides, many studies were made, several years ago, in’ aerodynamic wind tunnels, without simulation of the main natural wind cheracterstcs. We name here those of Irminger and Nokkentved (1936), Chien etal (1951) and Pris (1963). Irminger and Nokkentved tested a model with dimensions axbxh = 70x50x40mm, arch rise equal to 10mm, Pris tested models with relative rise f = 1/10, 1/5, V4, 1/24 and 1/2, with a/b around 4. Chien etal tested semicircular (Sb = 0.5) models, with a/b = V2, 2 and 4 More recently Johnson et al. (1985) studied, in a ‘boundary layer wind tunnel, five models with varying between 027 and 0.5, all of them with ‘square plant (ab ~ 1), With the purpose of getting more informations about the static wind action on this type of roof, an extensive and systematic study was undertaken during some years at the LAC (Labortério de Acrodinimica” das ConstrugBes: Building ‘Aerodynamics Laboratory), Post Graduate Course of Civil Engineering, of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. The research included both isolated and coupled models of equal or different heights. 7.2 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS General criteria Davenport (1961), discussing the general conditions for similarity between the pressures on a model and on the corresponding full scale structure, comments that “principally they call for similarity in: i) the shape, (ii) Reynolds number, and (iil) the kinetic Properties of the incident flow. Earlier it was believed that their relative importance was in the order given; that is to say, similarity of Reynolds ‘number was more important than careful simulation of the velocity profile and the turbulent character of the flow. Jensen (1958) has pointed out, however, ‘that exactly the reverse may be true” Wind simutation ‘The tests were carried out at the TV-2 wind tunnel Of the UFRGS (Blessmann, 1982), with simulation of the main characteristics of natural wind. These characteristics were controlled by the determination of the intensity, macro-scale and power spectrum of ‘the longitudinal component of turbulence. Only in 197600} 500 400 for o9 200 | s \ ° 100 0 10-20 0 ~~ 200.400 v(z/(450) E¥] Ty ts] ty mm] Figure 7.1, Characteristics of the simulated wind 4 a LO 4+— » —4 Figure 72. Geometric characteristics of the models 138 fone case the me reproduced . On by the power-law Ve Viasa)= where: V(z)~ m the wind tunnel ‘Voso) = longitudinal axis a= por For all stu Profile, a = 0.23 roughness betwe Categories of rou Category obstruction fields, sce ‘occasional height of 3.0m. Category and small wooded pe ‘heir subur The averay assumed a areas with included i average he ‘or more) Profiles of mew ‘macto-scale (Ly) ‘turbulence for th Figure 7.1. Ly» peak value ofthe Reynolds number ‘The flow around 1 by Reynolds num subcritical tothe : ‘number at which ¢ by adding turbuler by roughening the In order to necessary that me regime. In our cas pressure distributt region, it is ne distribution whic error, to that of LAC, UFRGS has the flow around around the proto pressure distributone case the mean wind velocity profile was not reproduced . On the other cases this profile is given bythe power-law model ofthe form (2)! V(ASO)™ (2/450) a where: Viz) mean velocity at height z shove the wind tunnel foo, V(as) = ‘mean velocity atthe Jongitedinal axis ofthe wind tunel (2= 450mm); a = power-law exponent Forall studies with reproduction ofthe wind Profile, a = 023, which comesponds to a ground Toughness between the Brazilian wind code Categories of roughness I and 1: Category I = ator ondulated county with obstructions such as hedges or walls eround fields, scared windbreaks of wees and occasional low buildings. The mean average height ofthe obstruction tops is assumed st 3.0m. Category IV ~ surfaces covered by numerous and small spaced obstructions such as well ‘wooded parkland and forest rea, towns and their suburbs, and the outskis of large cites. The average height ofthe obstruction tops is assumed at 10m. This Catepory also includes seas with higher obstacles but that eanpot be included in Category V (For the later, the average height of the obstruction tops is 25m or more) Profiles of mean velocity, local intensity ly) and macro-scale (Ly) ofthe longitudinal component of turbulence for the simulated wind are presented in Figure 7.1. Ly was determined staring from the peak value ofthe power spectrum curve Reynolds number The flow around rounded bodies is strongly affected ‘by Reynolds number, witha big alteration from the subcritical tothe supercritical regime, The Reynolds ‘umber at which transition occurs can be diminished by adding turbulence on the approaching flow and/or bby roughening the surface ofthe body. In order to get a reasonable similarity it is ‘necessary that model and prototype lic in the same regime. In our case, above the critical region. As the ‘pressure distribution changes even above the critical Tegion, it is necesssry to achieve @ pressure distribution which corresponds, with a tolerable error, to that of the prototype. The experience at LAC, UFRGS has showed that above Re= 2 x 105 the flow around the model is similar to the flow faround the prototype. No further change in the pressure distribution with increased Re has been 139 noticed. Besides, a visual control was made with the aid of woo! tufts to wateh the separation line To get such a similarity a convenient turbulence of the incident flow and an appropriate roughness of the extemal surface ofthe model are necessary. This roughness was determined taking into account the Reynolds number based on the diameter ofthe sand grains (used as the roughness element) and the roughness ratio k/d (kc mean height of the sand grains; d: diameter = 2 times the radius of curvature Of the roof). Details of this procedure are given in Armitt (1968) and elsewhere, ‘The Reynolds numberof the model is given by Re=Vvaly where: V— mean velocity at the model top (the higher model top, for two models of different Iheighs); d = 2r(r radius of curvature ofthe circular cilindtical roof) ; ‘v ~ kinematic viscosity of the sr Models and tests Part of the roof extemal surface (middle or a (quarter) of each isolated model was instrumented with a convenient number of pressure taps distributed in rectanguler grids and, in some cases, complementary two additional taps were placed near the ridge and the eave in order to detect peaks of suctions Plastic tubes with a length of approximately 1.2m and an internal diameter of Imm were directly attached to the roof surfaces, resulting in pressure holes with a diameter slightly smaller than Imm, ‘These tubes were connected to the multi-manometer lass tubes (with intemal diameter of Smm) by plastic tubes approximately Sm long, with an internal diameter of 2mm, ‘The long plastic tubes and fuid manometer used for the pressure measurements prevented the recording of short-
7 bp yh 0 Table 74 Geor Model WoneL Az (9/04) nmolow>| Figure 7.6. Zones for application of Cy gy . Models on floor, 12‘An uniform turbulent wind was simulated with the ‘id of a squared coarse grid designed according to a Vickery’ study (1963): Iy = 11.5% , Ly = 130mm. Daring the tests Re = 2.8x108 ‘The highest ae of ution appeared on mode Ai with @ wind incidence of 60°: C; Sproeeaeranen aioe ont bk 72. Figure 74 presents isobaric curves (100cpe values) ‘on model Ai for wind incidence of 45° and 60° and Figure 7.5 the correspondent curves on model A2 Values of averaged pressure coefficients (100 Cpe) te given in Table 73 for wind blowing ‘normal and parallel to the ridge. ‘Table 72 Force coefficients for roofs directly on ground (See Figure 7.6). Model AI: 2x 1x0 ‘Model A2:4x1x0 6 ZONE ZONE 13 TEx 24 1006, 100.Cy 1006, 100, 100 ¢, 100c, o +54 0 =51 0 +27 00 18° +37 +20 +56 +22 +34 +03 30° +67 +40 +0 +40 +48 +15 as +15 +55 +82 +e 455 +30 0° +78 +68 +89 +78 +37 +39 1s +63 +9 +78 +7 +57 +43 90° +9 +38 +64 +51 +64 +51 ‘Table 73 Values of 100 Cp ay for roofs directly on ground (See Figure 7.6), to the ri Model Al ‘Model A2 7 $30 30) 2 =40 +50 3 285 100 4 -70 -10 5 “65 “65 6 265 65 Roofton walls Averaged values of 100 Cp (100 Cp y) ae given ‘The shear turbulent wind simulated has the characteristics. given in Figure7 1. A set of 18 ‘models of rectangular plant were tested. The ‘peometric characteristics of the models, as well as the Reynolds numbers during the tests are given at in Table 7.5 for wind blowing parallel to the ridge ‘and in Table 7.6 for wind normal tothe ridge. ‘Values of 100 Cp ay forthe determination of local high suetions ae given in Table 7.7 and in Table 7.8 forthe zones indicated in Figure 7.8 memento ces aRhitaAmctie Santee ainttaretten ad iene tein naeRtaanrn: oat tant Sere Table 74 ‘Table 74 Geometric characteristics and Reynolds numbers of the models with walls (See Figure 72) Model ‘Dimensions (mm) Proportions B_ Rexios axbxh f A axbxh {7b x 16 208 0.10 226° 7 B 640x160x80 2 16 4xix05 020 436° 38 c 48 91 030 _ 61.9" 28 D 16208 010 22.6 35 E 640x160440 32 16 4x1x025 020 436° 33 F 48 3 030 619° 27 143Model ‘Dimensions (mm) Proportions B_ Rexto-s T exbxh f+ axbzh 1b a 16208 010 aaa 3 bf 4 H Soros 326 Axxo 020 I rey oss 8 1 7 1630 010 m6" 63 K 32060 326A xOS 020 637 L eo 030 619° 29 MooeLs 3 wf 16308 010 ae 56 oe N suoxigoto 326025020 633 = o 51 030 sis 2s T P 16208 010 ne 60 Q saori6oxI6 32S AIO 020 36738 o| 6 R 31 030 619° 28 i ind blow the ar Table 75 Values of 100 Cp a for wind Bowing paral tothe ridge (See Figure 7.7) we ZONE 100 Cy for model A B Cc ae E F G H I sages aca i =35_= 100-8015 7809099. as 2 22535 S40 ts lay Lass lan ts 3 fs fis fis oo 10s Cos to Tt 4 +10 =10 =10 =10 -05 00 00 -05 05 ie Bo 3 ros io los, os 20s ls es T é 20510-00810 000s 010 1 Jk eM NODS Ege KG 7 =85__ 90S 95 vas 95s as as as 2 225335 415 la ots to 30 JL 3 so sss toto oto is La 4 205010 ao Sos os oto — @) RIDcE- Table 76 Values of 100 Cp ay for wind blowing normal othe ridge (See Figue 7.7). is = i + A ae De T = 125 =40 +10 = 80 +20 +20 45 00 +30 D 2 “mes 538s ess 4 2750 175 lm mse 5 = 555155388 lss 15) ol le 6 24555 oss laisse ) AIDGE- RE {ke ni eer ose ae MODELS 3 i 7isAS_-20— 457855305 2 ns ee ee? 3 -65 -78 75-55-75 8D 8S 180 aac 4 = 36055155 16s ml) es 5 “5 ao 35 Las lay assis “90 6 203s casos sas 148bp ——4b3, b/5, b/3, B_ Reto T — a of oa |sfe]s|ome z oF . - 7 & re 2/3, b/s & b b b eee - ate tat bt x ~ § ce MODELS A - 1 (e/b=4) 7 Figure 77. Zones or appiston of Model on wal wo 20 0 os os afr tot bp os es 1010 1 2 2 1 Qe 16 2 “KEK: 13 3 * 2 3 to lis 4 bb ———— RIOGE- REGIONS. MODELS A - 1 — om” » e -——-_ 1G fers b/6 S > He%s > 2\ [os ale 3 [ers ©) WINDWARD EDGE- REGIONS. ALL MODELS (A - R) == a) b) RIDGE- REGIONS. MODELS 3 - R Figure 7.8. Zones submitted to high suction. 145,‘Table 7.7 Valucs of 100 Cp ay on ridge-zones (See Figure 7.8) PART. 100.Cy gy for model x B
Lie |a : SECTION I SECTION 11 —— — SECTION 111 — ~~~ Figure 7.12, Transversal profiles of Cp for models J up to R , 8= 45° Figure 7.14, 180I > hyp Figure 7.13. Curves of Cp x hb and Cp x 2b for models with a = 4 t/b 0.30 — 0.4 1 2 ; ~*~, [ fs ee ee A 5 8 eae / oe L a nw L bp A 4 gy K : y e ory 4 b 0.2 oY 4 c ‘1 L item IE a 1 2) a0.a) Ci a 0.10 0.25 0.50" 0.10 0.20 0.30 hv fr Figure 7.14. Curves of Cp x hb and Cp x for models with fb =2, 1812 2 3 z g cE 5 : i swith ab = 2 1 . 0.10 0.25 0.80 "0.10 0.20 oy tt Figure 7.17, Values of Cp mig x Wb and Cy minx £1. Models with a/b = 4 (A 1), 182 0.30 Figure 7.18, 227.0 Fe 96am Figure 7.19. BY Cp ay on Figure 7.20.Figure 7.18. Values of Cp min Xb and Cp rin Xb. Models with afd Se 85 627.0m b= 170,0m hye 18.200 FeSem fF e57.0m so #0, Ot, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 00 Figure 7.19. Geometric characteristics ofthe couple of equal model, ats brs eats —— ©) Spy along riege a5 ©) cp ayen windward exe oho Figure 7.20. Values of Cp ay for local wind action. 183 0.20 0.30 t/0 =2(0-R)‘Table7.9. Values of 100C» 4 fr wind blowing parallel tothe ridge (See Figure 7.21.) 100 Cpay fors/b= ZONE ° 4 10 1s 2 T 7100 =90 =90) 785 780 2 235 245 45 245 -40 3 -30 -25 -25 -20 -15 4 -20 “15 “15 “15 =10 3 -15 -15 “15 1s =10 6 =20 220 220
arallel and ys in Tables °F for both the greatest hb=0 5 and 6). with @ = + all for the (regions 1 SOFC) | secant b/s b/s te ap aay TGR T 6 5 a siz{1] 22 is : St S| MUTE MODEL ° fe 2 — foe 2 —+ [ feck , 5 ae | ae ave wore_wone, tote Tope + je} jest 4 tengen of steatghened arch fe 0and 0.8 s/b01.0, 1.5 and 2.0 sh 0 b) Figure 721. Regions for application of Cp gy Wind parallel and normal tothe ridge. Figure 722, Geometric characteristics of the models, 155,appeared on the isolated model. For 6 = - 90° the instrumented model is on the wake of the mute ‘model and there is @ deep alteration with respect to the isolated mode, Two models of diferent heights ‘This series comprises six couples of models, all with the same plant dimensions. For each couple the radius of curvature is the same for both models, ‘varying the height of one of the models and the distance between models, with four neighbouring positions. The six couples of models were obtained by combination of nine models which geometric ‘These couples were grouped into three ses: ‘Set A: model couples J-M and J-P ‘Set B: model couples KN and K-Q ‘Set C: model couples L-O and L-R. Each couple of models was studied with four relative separations: vb = 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0. Figure 7.23 shows the extreme positions (sb = 0 and 1.0), with small lines indicating the two intermediate positions. ‘The half of cach roof received 35 pressure taps, istibuted in five sections, each one with seven ‘aps, During the tests the Reynolds numbers were: characteristics are given in Table 7.11. Model: 5 K L M N oO Pp R Rel 603437 S32 «32 ‘Table 7.11. Geometric characteristics ofthe models (See Figure 7.22) ‘MODEL DIMENSIONS (mm) RELATIONS, axbxh f+ we wb Tb, =o 16 208 a —c10 336 kK 320x160x80 32116 2 050 020 43.6 a 31 030 619" M 208 010 22.6" N 320x160x40 32116 2 025 020 43.6¢ oO 4891 030619" P 16208 010 23.6 Q 320x16016 32116 2 010 020 43,6" R 4891 030619" ‘The results were compared with those obtained in 4 prior research in which the same models were sudiod separately (Blesman ¢ Lordo-Sous, 1988), Force coefficients Force coeificients Cy and Cz for wind blowing at 90° and the maximuin values of these coefficients, both versus s/b, are presented in Figures 7.24 to 7.26, respectively forthe sets of models A, B and C. These Figures also present, in dashed lines, the values of these coefficients for the isolated models, In order of distinguishing between isolated and couple of models it was addopted the next convention: J: model J isolated JA: couple of models J and M JM) : model J, in presence of model M |M() : model M, in presence of model J, and so on. ‘The coefficients for the vertical component of the wind foree, Cz, are generally named lift coefficients (Cz C)). For wind blowing at 90° and 270° the horizontal force coefficient, Cy, has the wind direction and is named dag coefficient (Cy ~ Cp). As longa dag is concered, forthe model Set A the highest model, J, presents values of Cry well bellow those of the two lower models, Mand P. The azsatest eect of neighbourhood appeared on model 'M. Notice the negative values of Cp in several cases. With the model set C occured the contrary: the higher model (L) presented Cp valves well above those ofthe other two models (0 and R). For the maximum drag, Cp max, the neighbourhood effects sometimes as favorable, sometimes desfavorabe. Referting to the li (with @ ~ 90°) there was a remarcable effect of protection for the six lower models. For the higher model (J. K and L) the protection was small or there was not protection at all, witha litle increase of Lt in some cases. For Cy, ‘max it was oberved an acentuated protection on the lower model of each couple of models 186 tones LARD NE REERN—m af Figure 7.23,ance sets iP IK.Q LR fied with four and 1.0. Figure b= Oand 1.0), © intermediate Pressure taps, se with seven sand 270° the 8 the wind (C= Cp). aie ae > wel bellow ‘and P. The 94 on model Jp in sever the contrary valves well and), max, the 1s favonbe, there was a he six lower ‘and L) the protection at cases. For Cy, ection on the WIND -~ 270", SET B s/b=0 Figure 723, Relative position of model couples, SET Cc os: 0.25 s/o s/o I) $/D=1.0 18740 po bine zo f jo | "row? b By) Sa TW 5 | Moa Sieit ae aa rae avec eet Foo S Tae 8'o- eT EE siesta sient oe Le ays qs \ Sop or i so 8 1 —— a c 4 eres 1 | [a= JL wer J t+. L dee 4th ° : brs eb 4 3 |e . -—__ L NY z0-f TaN F L eosle qt ol ae Senn age " a eter]. Lay oe feeb(© Pee N- sPpOW JO Em 0} HUIDNID09 sON0K SCL OMB [ T T T o T T T T T T ° T T | eel! Teh AO Nee. A [ eh To eer PO ao es xou?o qos Sr rout ee ms... | ee |B -- FOYE . ee [ Wess DIN” cr 4 por 4 Trae 776 | 9o- Le =sapessni | Beer | 9O- tom ed jase Seed as as so fo) i soo ennai PO oe a ae L [o-»] 4 | [N-»] ll pn ] i i 8 L eos le C 1 4 1 390-E Daiusaifl. 1 J (a-t Poe W1) sepOU JO Y Fs JO} HUBRYIPOD BONO +z Am a 159— we . i ~ af oi 5 H Le y 3 P 2 en teh A Natt (04-1 0-1) sopou 09 96199 HIRAIID HOM VEL Am — ° —1—t —— ° —— L 4 4 | —a 4 r 4 tor 1 7 F ae 4 z0-- | peta nes ma prow’ | THe 9 [are df Le “isis + 4 & apo aed [oe pos fa Pein ioll. fil mi rte Ta} boo aH poe ll en! eee | | sabe | Saaae aaa 9 0 SY 30 poe eey, je Dipl iy iar Wa as ars as ws so Belk so ° so o 4 s‘0 ° rere Latter po 77 9 SOF L tee # L LO-71 of - La-7 4 b (0-1 4 L zo-b 4 f 4 z0-F 4 r | r yeof i tt | ° " ° ° S J [ dof J 3s 15 [A | Pe J 20-P Tae. 4 ee et Aletogp =. a : 4 as b | L ™ stl Lagesseeonn (un 1070 [an a | ph p07 PS=sssac Shay r 4 vOrr 4 | -----;----4 i. + L 4 +f 4 Ena je AY ROHS Ap a pS Ee Ne 160Figure 726. Force coeticientis for set C of models (L-O and L-R). 14 -1.2 = 1.0 L -0.8 of Cy min with 161sro a 2 > be Se : Ig i = i ino ‘90° i TT [fer do Tt T | 1 160 ! r | { oe a fo 0 io ae : ees i | t I t ; ' crs Dinensions sn an Figure 730, Location of sections for transversal profiles of C, 162> couple of models J - M-- Wind incidence 8 = 90° a 2 731. Profiles oF Cfo‘Table 7.12. Locs Table 7.13, Loc eat eal leat [bal ila) ja! - sarin ss arma ssarietanai 012 = 9 2ou9ppUr puny ~ A= JopOWj0 ydn09.05 49 JO soug ‘PEL HN OTS ? cORUe 168 === mr worias ——— 1 noria3s —— 1 wortsas na‘Table 7.12, Local actions on ridge regions ~ Values of 100C» gy (See Figure 7.28.2) ve 0 025 050 100 0 025 050 100 Isolated Part iM) iM 1 “100-90 95—CSSCSCS(COSCSSC*‘CSSCS 2 -100__-95__.90_100__ 70-65-6570. i D JP T 10-95 -90SHDSCRSCSSSCSSCSO 2 100.98 _.95 955555 5550-9590 - a ~ xO T “0-15 -120—-1D—O—~C~SSC SCSI AO Z -140__-130_-120_ 13065656550 -110_-120 Ni KN T “BS 120-120-108 SS -T10 10 2 2130120 IS 95S S570 110-110 o Co T “25-0 ISIS SOC OSCODCS 0 2 120-5 _-110_-S_ 65657070115 -110 — ®) te 7 is -Bs 1S lis —-60~—COS SSCS —-120 2 130120120120 6565-66015 -120 Table 7.13, Local actions on windward edge regions ~ Values of 100 Cp wy (See Figure 7.28.b) so 0025 050 100 0 025 050 100 Isolated Part ~ i i 1 “130-120 --i25——-iS_-f00 0s -120 190-130-115 2 170 ISS 155-155-140 125-120-120 180-150 3 2130-140 _135__ 140-95 9595901301115 IP) PO) 7 2 1 1130-5" -10 120-60 70-70-6010 «125 2 WS 160-145 155859890 851150 “170 3 2135_130_125_ 125 80-75-7065 1130-195 Ni KN T “130-135-125 -125_—-100 100 TS 110-130 a0 a 200-190-190 185-130 11S 110-110-165. “iss 3 2140-135 1351259010095 90-130 -120 xi © K 7 “130-130 1301265080300 2 “M0 208-195 195-115. 405-105-105 “165. “170 3 1130 _-130_-135_135__ 80-75-7575 1130 1130 © D Lg T “105-100 105-100-100
0 0250501000 Pat x 1 oS 95 8 OF 25 2 35 30 30 3030 30S AS ISS 320 4 1010-10105 i T 3s 3 50 9 20 2 30 30 25 520 3 40 410° 10-0 ts 40 0s oss T 100-1035 5 a0 2 45 45° 40 40 338 3 20 20 Sts 2s 4100101015 T 100-100-100 100 -@5 2 40 40-40 4030 3020 48 51s 20 4s __10_ 10-20 o) T 90 50 90 30 75 2 40 4 40 40 30 320 4S 104020 410055 oss 1 os 95 35 DO 8 2 40 40 49 40 20 30 4S SSSA 40505055 IS Pressure coefficients Variation of Cy min (minimum value of Cp for each, sb, regardless of 8) is presented in Figure 727. The dashed lines correspond to the values of C, min for the isolated models. In this Figure it ean 86 noticed that there was a favourable effect of protection for the six lower models, with the exception of the ‘modal © (L) for s/bO. The greatest protections appeared with the lower model of each set [Models PU), Q(K) and RL} Local actions 025050 1.00 Isolated iM 5 7S SS 2 25 20 ss 2 4S 10 10-10 5-10-1010 cP 5 50 CSSCS 2 10 05-2515 AS 10 05-10-10 S10 05-05-10 ant CS 35 300-3535 20 2 2 415 is -10 SS 15-10 K 6 SS 9 85 25 0 3520 15 45 41s is -10 81S 15-1010 OL 0 ass 2 25 20 40 20 2% 15 10 20 +10 3510-10-10 Ls a ar 2% 2 41S 40 30 AS 10 05-20 ts S10 05-1015 ‘mainly in the lower model ofeach couple of models [models Mi), PC), Q(K), NK), O(L) and R(L)]. For ‘example, the minimum value of Cp ay was - 1.40 in ‘model K(Q) and - 0.70 in model Q(K). The influence ofthe distance between models is smell or zero, With the lower models (M up to R) there is a ‘well-marked effect of protection. For example, in model QCK), with sb ~ 0, Cp gy = - 0.70, while on the isolated model Q it was obtained Cy yy =~ 1.20. ‘On windward edge region the absolute values of Gp ey ate well above the values along the ridge region. The extreme value appeared on model K(Q), ‘Values of local coefficients Cy y to be considered with stb = 0:C, yy =-2.10, on the determination of local setions ofthe wind on both ridge and windward edge-regions are given in Average pressures Tables 7.12 and 7.13. On the ridge region (Table These average pressures, Cp ay , are used in the 7.12) the absolute values of Cp gy are a rather low, determination of the wind forces all over the roof, 168 ‘The roof divide parallel to the rc into six equal p Figure 729— ay ae given, res 716, For axial wir distance betweer bulb of high suc Jow values alon ‘with the isolat ‘increase in the si st, forall the di larger protection cach set(P, Qat () the protector For wind norm model (the highe: ‘has not suffered last it was obser disance sb, wit increasing distane Fr wind nom mode sat eweple of models sd ROL). For vas «140 in 1 QR). The els is anal or >) there isa + example, in 170, vile on ay =~ 1.20. ats values of ong the ridge 1 model K(Q), 2 used in the over the roof. Table 7.15. Values of 100 C, gy for wind normal to the ridge ~ 0 = 90° sb> 0025 050 1000025 050 100 Isolated eS a a a Part TM) Ma) tM 1 S70 0 40 2 65 55 3555-30 3 55 60 625 4 65 50 6055S 3 50035 4540 6 35530510 20 SSS As 15-10 40-50 aS 15 S585 13 200-25 055 2 2 35 4s 4s AS__S S30 30. I) a a a ae) 60 55 455030 5 6 505585 60 60 60-20 45 450 45405 3030302510 & “is 100 0—« 0 60 656330 90-80-80 8085 0 60 70-3830 50 40 40-400 4540 40 3520 The roof divided into four parts for wind blowing Parallel to the ridge (Figure 7.29.8 ~ 0 = 180°) and into six equal parts for wind normal to the ridge Figure 729.b ~ 8 = 90° and 8 = 270"). Values of C ay &€ given, respectively, in Tebles 7.14, 7.15 and Fie. For axial wind (Table 7.14) the influence of distance between models is small or zero. There is a bulb of high suctions near the windward edge, with low values along the rest of the roof. Comparing With the isolated models it is noticed a small ‘increase inthe suctions forthe higher mode! ofeach set, for all the distances sb, For the other models the larger protection appeared on the lower model of cach set (P, Qand R), On the other model (M, N and 0) the protection was small o zero, For wind normal to the ridge, © = 90°, the windward model (the higher ofthe couple of models) practically has not suffered influence ofthe leeward model. On the Tas it was observed an appreciable influence of the distance s', with a tend of diminishing suctons with increasing distances. Fr wind normal tothe ridge, @ ~ 270 te higher model is at leeward. Both models ofeach couple present important effects of neighbourhood (compere with the ‘spective isolated models). On the lower models there 169 a 2 OS CSC 15° 0 405050 15 0 0 45-60 15-10 10-60-60 10-10 1045s 01005-3030 Ni KN 20 SiO -Is_05 13° 10 05055 2 25 35s 35030-3005 35°30 304040 20s 3s 3s are several pars with postive pressures, with sb 0 and even with other distances. Pressure profiles “Transversal profiles of Cy forthe three setions showed in Figure 7.30 and for some ofthe couples of models ‘appear in Figures 7.31 upto 734. To make ease visual estimation ofthe values of Cp these figures include lines ‘defining each half wity of Cp (0, 1.0 and soon) 75 CONCLUSIONS Wind forces on curved roofs of industrial pavilions are very influenced by the height of the walls, the rise of the arches and wind incidence. For some oblique wind incidences the wind forces can achieve values well above those that appear with wind ‘blowing normal or peralll tothe ridge. On wind tunnel tests on rounded models it is necessary to reproduce acceptable flow conditions The flow can separate from different points of the ‘model surface, depending from Reynolds number, turbulence of th incident flow, curvature of the roof and its surface roughness. High local suetions on the roof can occur for someTable 7.16. Values of 100 Cp ay for wind normal tothe ridge 0 = 270° f— mighbouthood w _ higher model and oO 025 0: 1.00 0 025 0.50 1.00 Isolated i ‘higher eon ee Pan JOM) MQ) JM i Minko modal 7 BS 0S ae (immersed inthe 2 4 4 45401 0s 50 ‘when windward 3 gs sags : aa 4 SS 5S SS = 50 00 1s 200 280 5S F. 3 40 40 45 4405 OSs sass 6 25303005 008030 REFERENCES 2) FO) ae Farmin 5 1968-1 T SOS i and fee strean 2 6 0 55 SHS wt 80 50, ‘mode! coolin, 3 5 6 0 Hs 4051105 i ‘umber Proc 4 O $5 30 $8 20 HD HO 8080 Effects on Bu 5 4s 40 35 402042000 as as | 13 pp tous 6 __0_25_20 2045420053030. Blessrumn J. 15 1 42000 +200 +200 420 1S 4101S HSS. 05 Amsterdam: E 2 45 50 40 300 20385 28S 2s 6 SS ‘Blessmann, J. & 3 65 0 65 50-200 4038S 38S 5 15 : ‘vento em cobe 4 35 60 60 60-10-20 30 30 06S : ‘Tecnico CT-9 5 30 30 383s sto 040 j Engenharia Ci 6 25 30 30-30-4055 1-205. 35. Brazil. rosy 0.50100 00.25 0.50 1.00 Isolated Cees ta Beate funnel Part KQ) OK) K Q elementary bu a of Ryde 2 oo 60 55 50 01010105055 See > mses © & 8 BD eS — sence 4 $55 SS HS HOS OSS 8-0 a ae 3 3535 30352 4054s oer 6 35 38 30 3s as soos ass psa researches, S 10) ow LO Naturvidensk ar E50 SO — us 2 32 20 40 0s 10 050s ea 3 70-70 6S. 60 30038 40 35 18 80. ik M. &Fre 4 S550 45 0 0 20 0 205560 oe ee 3 3025 25 3s os ts ts gs 3s 35 6 3525 25 a0 Ho 400s 85s cee Turbulent wit ‘quartering wind: for some models the worst suctions wind characteristics (turbulence, wind profi) eon appeared with wind incidence different from 45°. Besides, wid forces can vary along the time due eicen Results of wind tunnel tests must be used with to alteration on train roughness oretecton of new asd precaution, without considerable exrapolaions both constructions inthe neighbourhood. Seen of grometial casters of the pevilions oot “The ten wi cour ot ots of ifen ae ie. curvature, plant proportions, height of walls) and of heights showed. appreciable effects of 170 i4 profile) @ the time due ‘rection of new \s of different effects of Seighbourhood with an increase of suctions on the vent sur les toitures des bitimentsretangulaires ‘higher model and a decrease on the lower one. The en plan en contact avec le sol Pais: Anmales de higher model suffered an adverse influence of the [nstitut Technique du Batiment et des Travaisr lower one. The last was really protected by the Publics, 186: $89-620, higher model not only when leeward situated Vickery, BJ. 1965, On the flow behind a coarse grid (Gammersed in the wake of the higher model) but also and ‘ite use as a model of atmospheric turbulence when windward situated , a zone where there is a in studies related to wind loads on buildings. “field of postive pressures due to the presence of the Aero Report 1143, Aerodynamics Division, bigher model ‘National Physical Laboratory. Great Britain REFERENCES Armitt, J. 1968. The effects of surface roughness and free stream turbulence on the flow around a model cooling tower at critical Reynolds number. Proceedings ofthe Symposium on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures: 1, papet 6, 13 pp. Loughborough, Great Brite ‘Blessmann, J. 1982. The boundary layer TV-2 wind ‘tunnel of the UFRGS. Journal of Wind Enginee- ring and Industrial Aerodynamics, 10:231-248, Amsterdam: Elsevier. Blessmann, . & Loredo-Souza, AM, 1988, Agdo do vento em cobernuras curvas ~ 3"Parte. Caderno ‘Tecnico CT-94, Curso de P6s-Graduago em Engenharia Civil ds UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Chien, N. Feng, ¥., Wang, H. & Siao, T1951, Wind tunnel studies of distribution on elementary building forms. Towa: Towa Institute of Hydraulic Research. Davenport. A.G. 1961. The application of statistical ‘concepts to the wind loading of structures. Proceedings of the Institution of Cvil Engincers19: 449-472, Paper 6480. Iminger, 1.0. & Nokkentved, C. 1936, Wind ‘Pressure on buildings. Expermental researches, Second Series. Copenhagen: ‘Naturvidenskabelige Sanfund. Jensen, M. 1958. The mode! law for phenomena in ‘natural wind, Ingenioren-International Ed, 2 (4) 121-158. Jensen, M. & Franck, N. 1965, Model-scale tess in ‘urbulemt Wine, Part I. Danish Teoknical Press, Copenhagen. Jonson, G.L., Suny, D. & Ng. WK. 1988. ‘Turbulent wind loads on arch-roof structures: A review of model and full scale results, and the effect of Reynolds number. Proceedings of the ‘3th National Conference on Wind Engineering: 3B, 17-23, Lubbock, Texas, USA. Pris, MR. 1963, Etudes aerodynamiques VIL ‘Determination des pressions dues a action du 11
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