S WA R M F U N D

Cooperative Ownership Platform for Real Assets

White Paper
September 7, 2017
Contents of the white paper are subject
to changes and improvements.
Abstract
Swarm Fund was built as a response to the tendency of finance
to go into internal hype cycles that make the rich richer without
delivering real value. Our governance-first model has been
designed to bring $1 trillion in real assets into the blockchain
world by creating a platform for regulatory engagement and a fully
compliant legal container for highly profitable and scalable real
assets.

As with other highly successful network models like Visa, our

infrastructure is fully accessible and entirely governed by its
community members. We use a token based, stake-weighted,
liquid democracy system to provide both an early adopter incentive
and input into long-term decision making. This is augmented by
a reputational system which helps streamline capital deployment
and allow a fusion of human and artificial intelligence.

We launch with multiple partner funds (distressed real estate, art,

renewables, hedge funds) who have already deployed $100mm+
with 30+% IRR and team members who have built platforms
that handle over $20B in transactions per month. Our market
infrastructure allows funds to automate creation, fundraising,
deployment, distribution, and reporting via a process language
that is an enhancement of currently available smart contract
technology.

2
DISCLAIMER

The attached white paper is meant to describe Swarm’s currently anticipated plans for developing
its business and its SWARM Tokens. Nothing in this document should be treated or read as a
guarantee or promise of how Swarm’s business will develop or of the utility or value of the SWARM;
the document outlines our current plans, which could change at our discretion, and the success of
which will depend on many factors outside our control, including market-based factors and factors
within the cryptocurrency industries, among others. Any statements about future events are based
solely on our analysis of the issues described in this document, and our analysis may prove to
be incorrect. Purchasing SWARM is subject to many potential risks, some of which are described
in this paper, and some of which are provided in the FAQ on the SWARM Tokens and the Token
Offering and in the risk disclosures for the Token Offering [link to each of these]. These documents,
along with additional information about our business and the SWARM, are available on our website.
Purchasers of SWARM could lose all or some of the value of the funds used to purchase SWARM.

3
1. INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 Overview 5
1.2 Our Value Proposition 6
1.3 Current Investment Drawbacks 7
1.4 Mission Statement: Why we Created Swarm Fund 8
2. SWARM INNOVATIONS 10
2.1 Liquid Democracy 10
2.2 Process Language 14
3. SWARM TOKEN 17
3.1 Two-tiered Token Model 17
3.2 Token Mechanism 18
4. SWARM PLATFORM MODEL 21
4.1 Swarm Layers 21
5. SWARM APPLICATIONS 23
5.1 Characteristics of Pilot Asset Classes 24
5.2 Crypto Hedge Fund 25
5.3 Distressed Real Estate 25
5.4 Solar Installations 25
5.5 Revenue-based Financing 26
5.6 Purpose-driven Funding Pools 26
6. TOKEN OFFERING 27
6.1 Token Offering in Brief 27
6.2 Pricing during Sale 28
6.3 Post-sale Liquidity Release 29
6.4 Sale Phases 30
6.5 Token Allocation 31
7. ROADMAP 32
7.1 Key Activities & Partnerships To Date 32
7.2 Finances 33
8. LEADERSHIP 36
8.1 Core Team 36
8.2 Capital Market Advisors 40
8.3 Legal and Co-op Advisors 40
8.4 Technology Advisors 41
8.5 Governance and Organizational Design 41
8.6 Partners 42
9. LEGAL INNOVATIONS 43

4
1. Introduction

1.1 OVERVIEW

The Swarm Fund team plans to help the Swarm is building technology bottom up which
crypto world grow to $1 trillion by bringing ensures successful execution of program
tokenized real-world assets through partner instructions, including a logic programming-
funds. based “state box” which use distributed state
machines to ensure full-program execution,
The Swarm Fund team has managed $10B in and an operational liquid democracy platform.
portfolios and built platforms which handle
$25B of monthly deal flow and already has Our technology and blockchain co-op model
several pre-selected funds which generate will likely also be useful for other industry
30+% IRR through scalable models powered verticals besides finance.
by artificial intelligence.
People should participate if they believe in the
Swarm token holders will govern the platform value proposition of democratizing finance,
in which all of this will happen and receive collaborative ownership, high returns, and the
additional tokens on the private blockchain. soundness of both the team and technology.
This will allow them to participate in all of the
subfunds.

This system is designed to be adaptable

for full regulatory compliance in multiple
jurisdictions. The corridor between the public
and private blockchain tokens is additionally
designed to be fully AML/KYC compliant and to
follow the model of existing exchanges.

5
Swarm goes beyond the typical ICO approach:

Standard ICO Approach Swarm Approach

Utility token on public blockchain Utility token on public blockchain, and unlimited
sub-tokens

Unclear underlying value Sub-tokens backed by existing highly profitable

subfunds holding real assets

Single Swiss nonprofit foundation Seven inter-networked legal entities in different

jurisdictions united by one platform co-op

Unclear relation with regulators Openly approached lawmakers with model in

7 Direct relationships with regulators in multiple
jurisdictions and organized legal conferences with
extremely positive responses
Prototype product or no product Working tested product of utility layer and private
blockchain asset structure

No governance Liquid democracy model that allows token holders

to elect board members

No experience delivering product Team includes two previous CEOs with proven
track records building and selling companies

Token value is derived from velocity of token transfer Token value is derived from working highly
profitable existing business model

Unknown or non-existent AML/KYC Fully compliant AML/KYC through private

blockchain implementation fully implementing
local jurisdictions

1.2 OUR VALUE PROPOSITION: of opaque hierarchy, and because they layer
APPLYING SWARM INTELLIGENCE dynamically generated reputation on top of
TO WALL ST. AND AUTOMATING these models.
EVERYTHING
Viewed from the standpoint of organizational Additionally, peer-to-peer models are a
design, Wall St. is little more than a collection perfect substrate for the utilization of artificial
of archaic incentive models waiting for a fully intelligence and a much higher degree of
peer-to-peer organization to disintermediate automation in general. Peer-to-peer models
and redistribute the wealth that is combined with models of cooperative
monopolized by a small group of insiders. ownership also allow a high degree of control
Like the taxi medallions, insiders are able to over abuse of big data and integration with
manipulate market prices by creating artificial other governance systems so as to offset
scarcity and promoting uneducated fear of against any potential abuses of the system.
other models. Systems are a product of their incentives. If
the existing Wall St. model has incentives for
Peer-to-peer models consistently beat protectionism and hierarchy, Swarm Fund
protectionist monopoly-based models has incentives for early identification of talent
because they directly incentivize top and rewards that proportionally follow high
performers rather than creating multiple levels performance.

6
1.3 CURRENT INVESTMENT question of the intrinsic value of Bitcoin and
DRAWBACKS its crypto peers remains.1
Crypto Token Holders Meanwhile, tokens that store digital value are
The investment landscape for crypto coin breaking into the mainstream investment
holders is largely limited in choice to either landscape as a new asset class in which to
a selection of established crypto currencies, allocate investment capital. This is largely
e.g Bitcoin, Ether, Ripple and more, or a driven by an increasing awareness of the
selection of more recently issued tokens, e.g excess returns generated by the early investors
altcoins. As much as the overall crypto asset in this category. But for the mainstream
developments are extremely positive, both investor this new asset class presents
asset categories have significant challenges challenges, namely the workflow basics of
associated with them from an investment navigating the trading and asset security.
perspective.
◆◆ For Bitcoin and Ether, volatility is a major Market Problems in Traditional Investing
factor. Holding a significant portfolio of Over the last 15 years, a simple S&P 500 index
Bitcoin and Ether implies that the net asset fund outperformed 92% of large-cap funds .
value fluctuates by a significant percentage Even higher, the percentages of mid-cap and
on a monthly basis. As an investment, this small-cap funds lagging their benchmarks
could be desired, but for the purpose of were 95% and 93%, respectively. The odds of
predictable preservation of value, it is highly doing better than an index fund are near to 1
undesirable. out of 20 when selecting an actively-managed
◆◆ For investment in altcoins, the challenges domestic equity mutual fund.2
are primarily related to the evaluation of Finding products with high investment return
assets prior to investment, and lack of is a challenge, which increases as the target
liquidity, post investment. It is also difficult return increases. The marquee products
for many investors to clearly understand the offering more than 10% returns are invariably
market dynamics of the coins. hard to access (Bridgewater generally requires
◆◆ Although the two million transactions that its clients have a minimum of $5 billion of
every week and growing between people, investable assets3).
businesses, and charities suggest a
significant value exchange, the grand

Crypto
Tokens
Today
($100B)

Regulatorily Old world finance

compliant (3T in hedge funds
Real assets on returning less than 3.5%)
corridor
chain ($1T+)

Bridge to the New Financial World

1
“Look, this is a perfect asset for a speculative bubble…There is a finite supply. There is no intrinsic value. If anybody is persuading you that it should somehow be related to
some GDP or gold…put down the Kool-Aid and back away.” Henry Blodget, founder and CEO of Business Insider, on CNBC’s Squawk Alley
2
http://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-way-fewer-actively-managed-funds-beat-the-sp-than-we-thought-2017-04-24
3
https://www.elitetrader.com/et/threads/so-you-want-bridgewater-to-manage-your-money-there-is-one-small-condition.290936/

7
Take real estate as an example. Investors Core Objective: Follow The Experts
mostly face three major challenges: Swarm allows experts to run their own
◆◆ The most exciting deals are for insiders only; syndicates and have other crypto investors join
accessing them requires working through them in projects and deal opportunities, with
middlemen that are costly, sometimes no middlemen involved.
untrustworthy and who often only operate We are building an ecosystem of experts with
locally. any kind of edge (track record, trading ability,
◆◆ Large amounts of money is required to unique data, unique deal access, etc.) to allow
participate in the best opportunities. crypto investors to follow and co-invest with
◆◆ Worst of all, investment is often tied down them.
for an indefinite amount of time. This changes the mechanics of the traditional
Combinations of these challenges are part of fund/GP model, as investments can be as
any traditional investment product category, large or small as the investor wants them to
e.g private equity and hedge funds. be, and they can operate the fund structures
very flexibly. Also, it breaks up the syndicates
1.4 MISSION STATEMENT: of gatekeepers and rigid structures of
WHY WE CREATED SWARM FUND institutional capital as it is deployed today.
Swarm is a fully decentralized capital
marketplace platform built on blockchain Core Objective: Combine Token Flexibility
technology that is entirely owned by the With Real Opportunities
community. Crypto investors have appreciated the
Our vision is to allow anyone, anywhere in flexibility and immediate market-making
the world, to participate in the value creation function that tokenization has introduced.
within the crypto asset category and to Tokens and their underlying smart contracts
capture opportunity in new types of asset- represent the ultimate opportunity of two
backed tokens, anything from distressed parties to come together and interact without
real estate to solar installations to rainforest middlemen. Part of that is the freedom to
preservation projects and many more. trade or co-own tokens. That is the freedom
Swarm turns financial opportunities from we want to bring to any kind of asset class.
exclusive into inclusive. We provide the When a participant likes an opportunity
empowerment, access, and tradability so running on Swarm they will be able to pool
anyone can take part and have their crypto funds together with others and invest as little
funds work for them. or as much as they want to realize the project
With Swarm we will: and see the opportunity grow.
◆◆ Make it extremely simple for hands-off, or At the same time, all the projects become
novice crypto investors to participate in a tradable asset-backed tokens. Participants can
composite of wealth creation resulting from buy or sell these tokens whenever they want,
utilizing the crypto space. and they decide how long to engage. All trades
◆◆ Create a viable framework and hub for are made using blockchain technology, making
crypto investors to invest into alternative, them fast, transparent and secure.
asset-backed token opportunities, in order
to escape market volatility.
◆◆ Introduce a new alternative liquidity hub for
project owners with attractive underlying
economics to find capital and engage with
the investor community.

8
Core Objective: Collective Intelligence
We believe in the swarm intelligence hypothesis that decentralized networks
can out-compete traditional centralized entities, and that the trust and
transparency embedded in blockchains highly facilitates this.
The foundational element of the blockchain is data transparency, which
provides a basis for an unprecedented degree of machine-driven methods to
generate insights and take actions.
Ultimately, with Swarm we envision a degree of investment automation, that
helps participants make informed and data-driven investment decisions,
while using reputational scores to maintain the health of the market. But
automation goes further, where every step of the investment process, from
workflows to set-up of legal structures can and will be automated over time,
creating an efficient system without single points of failure or control.

With Swarm we envision a degree of

investment automation.

9
2. Swarm Innovations

2.1 LIQUID DEMOCRACY to the stake-weighted liquid democracy that

Network Democracy as Liquid Democracy does not allow tokens to be traded for a
Network democracy is a stake-weighted certain period. This can also allow a person
delegated voting system (liquid democracy) to have a proportionally higher voting weight
which also provides options for enhanced if they have a provable long-term stake in the
stake and programmable liquidity. network.
Stake-weighted means that voting power is
directly proportional to the amount of stake Traditional model:
you have in a project. In the blockchain world, Voting weight (vw) and network stake (s) are
this is typically called your ”tokens” or ”coins.” equivalent.
In the world of stock, this would be called your
”stock” or ”shares.”
Liquid democracy involves ”delegated voting”
and implies that someone can delegate their Enhanced model:
vote to another party at any point, for as long
of a period as they desire. This allows them to
maintain a degree of control without having
to participate in minute decision making. In this case, voting weight is no longer simply
This is in some ways similar to the decision network stake s but stake plus an additional
an investor makes when they give someone amount of weight depending on both the
capital for a project, the key distinction being length of the time lock and the additional
that in a liquid democracy the investor retains parameter n. For example, with tl denominated
control of the capital. in months and an n of .2, a five-month time
Stake-weighted liquid democracy is a lock would effectively double the voting
highly flexible governance model which weight.
accommodates anything from one-member-
one vote to traditional corporate arrangements Programmable liquidity indicates that the
to novel forms of collectives. It also stake can be gradually introduced to the
appropriately incentivizes the many different network for tradability. It is complementary
types of possible contributions to a network to a locking period, in the sense that you can
(code, community contributions, funding) and accommodate both long-term stake and
allows for both decision making capability liquidity with incentives on both ends.
and rewards. It also integrates with other
automated decision making structures such as
futarchy.
In this case, liquid stake sl is the total stake
Swarm employs an enhanced voting stake owned by the participant multiplied by
process. The enhanced voting stake makes use the remaining time of the time lock as a
of a locking period and is a proposed addition percentage. This drip liquidity allows people

10
to gradually realize their returns without any The Swarm Platform, by virtue of nested
major disruption to the network state. smart contracts which pass proceeds up to
the maintainer of the platform is able to fully
The Swarm Platform provides several clear self-fund. This is an evolution in the funding
enhancements over traditional models, of public goods as neither donations nor taxes
including incentives for early adoption, are needed in this model.
compatible short and long-term incentives,
flexible liquidity models accommodating A funding pool is an organization governed
multiple organizational types, and by network democracy that distributes funds.
accountability and automation via reputational It can be structured similar to an investment
systems. fund, in which case it seeks opportunities or
some other purpose (e.g. advocacy, education).
Swarm makes use of futarchy for automation Funds that go into any funding pool can be
purposes. Futarchy allows automation of allocated by a higher level network democracy
decision making via prediction markets. or received independently.
Network democracy accommodates vote
delegation to an automated prediction market.

Swarm Funding Pools

11
Trust Network
The trust network is made up of many
independent trust endorsements (i.e. vectors)
which create accountability and allow
automation.

Trust Equation
Trust currency is made up by individual
immutable trust vectors. Each trust
vector i t is an endorsement. A endorses B
for X. This has a timestamp and an optional
weight represented as a number from [-1 .. 0 ..
The trust is the sum of all trusted parties and 1]. The ability to provide a negative filter as well
their recommendations from the standpoint as a positive one is important for separating
of an individual (here represented as vectors, signal from noise (an example of a similar
which can be positive or negative). In this case, problem being Facebook fake news). As with
we record all of these endorsements and allow other open networks, it has an open-access
multiple levels of ascription and derivation. policy and the nature of the endorsements is
pseudonymous.

The Trust Graph

Swarm Trust Vectors4

These vectors are optimally represented as a graph. This graph illustrates that trust (including what
we believe to be true) can be derived from the various trust vectors on the network.
4
TrustGraph.io - Harlan T. Wood, Adam Apollo

12
The implications of a trust model are Swarm Platform As A Representation Of
numerous. An open reputation ledger built of Holonic Principles
individual trust vectors is a critical element Both with respect to legal integration and
in the Swarm Platform. It helps incentivize governance principles, the stack may have
positive overall social contributions and a virtually unlimited number of nested sub-
augment the network more generally. It also entities, each with its own governance
allows full automation. For example, portfolio principle. With respect to legal systems,
allocation decisions can be made by artificial this is made possible by the increasing
intelligence. It also makes certain other ease of creating legal entities via innovative
accountability mechanisms less necessary due nation states, APIs and other technologically
to the strong social component. innovative means. Blockchain and smart
Brock Pierce (and the Big Imagination camp at contracts also complement this structure by
Burning Man ’16), Matan Field (Backfeed), Adam being extensible by design.
Apollo and Harlan Wood (TrustGraph.io) were
all instrumental in catalyzing conceptions of
trust networks.

Swarm Platform as a Representation of Holonic Principles

13
2.2 PROCESS LANGUAGE
Introduction
Problem statement. Each asset class demands Solution. To attack this problem head on, Swarm
specialised management and reporting uses a process language called Statebox (http://
procedures that need to be implemented by a statebox.org) to describe, monitor and execute
smart contract. workflows. Statebox was created by a team
around Swarm’s Jelle Herold. Processes are
Commonly, this is done by providing a functional an integral part of investment workflows and
specification using natural language and in some assessing assets, therefore they constitute a key
cases a picture of a flow chart for clarification part of the Swarm foundation’s research mission.
purposes. Then, one proceeds to implement this
into a smart contract. This code is subsequently By using a process language as the primary tool
reviewed and promoted into the Swarm smart to implement our smart contract, we gain on
contract by a liquid democratic vote. various fronts:
The specification and execution use exactly the
This approach has the following downsides: same code, avoiding a high-latency feedback
A. Using natural language can lead to unclear loop between programmer and architect.
specifications which only become clear once A. Because the language has a visual
the details are implemented. Due to this lag representation, it does not need any
and typically requiring multiple iterations specialized visualisations to “see” the state of
between the smart contract programmer and a smart contract instance.
the process architect, this is an expensive B. The high-level specification is based
process. on mathematical structures with clean
B. There is an impedance mismatch between semantics. It is designed to have a maximum
linear structure of code and the non-linear of structure suitable for (automated) reasoning
nature of processes. The state of a smart and fine grained analytics. This high level
contract is hard to inspect, requiring custom specification is directly executed, preserving
visualisations to convert the “memory bytes” the functional intent.
into something humans can understand. C. The language is not a general purpose
C. The high level functional specification is imperative programming language (such as
converted to low level smart contract code Solidity). Instead, it is a declarative language,
and its structure is lost. It is complicated specialised to specify terminating processes.
or completely impossible to reason on the The declarative nature facilitates tooling and
functional level about such smart contract avoids many common smart contract bugs
code. (by moving responsibility to the compiler,
D. There is plenty of room for bugs, which itself is implemented in a dependently
misinterpretations, and little space for smart typed programming language and can further
tooling. be supplemented with formal correctness
E. At the smart contract level, the common proofs).
language is low level and thus there is no D. While each asset class has a different
way to compare the smart contract on the management process, they are expressed in
“functional specification” level. the same high-level language and thus can be
compared. We envision a lattice and/or metric
space of processes, where best-practise
processes can actually be quantified.

14
Basic System Structure Example of such type declarations:
The statebox process language is built to be
entirely compositional. You can think of it as bool : type
being constructed from “boxes” and “wires”. bool = true:1 + false:1
The “atoms” in the systems are ‘typed datums’
and the types are the message boundaries char : type
upon which a process network is built. char = bool^8

To facilitate interoperability and disambiguate utf32 : type

data, every message and datum has a utf32 = char^*
“type declaration” associated with it. These
descriptions can also be used to automatically list : a -> type
generate web-forms or APIs. list a = cons:(a × list a) + empty:1

A. Data and Types person : type

All data shapes are described by a person = name:utf32 × age:uint8 × gender:bool
(programming language agnostic) composable
finite-type declaration language inspired B. Process Definitions
by polynomial functors/cartesian monoidal Statebox is based on categorical mathematics.
categories without exponentials (functions) Unlike typical smart contract code, its
(http://typedefs.com). This is similar to protocol programs are based on diagrammatic
buffers except that the typedefs language has languages called string diagrams. The visual
a minimal number of features and exhibits nature makes it very clear what contract the
various existing mathematical structures. This user is about to engage with and what state
facilitates correctness proofs and embedding the contract is in.
in typed programming languages (such as
purescript or idris). The language does not strive for Turing
completeness. Instead, processes are
There is a well-defined binary serialisation guaranteed to terminate. They are also
and deserialisation format, for both types and compositional while preserving their properties
terms. Similarly, there is a codec for JSON + (such as the termination guarantees).
JSON Schema. A type definition has a globally
unique identifier (hash of the serialised type). A compiler turns these process definitions into
smart contract bytecode, using a subset of
the Ethereum VM, ensuring correctness. The
compiler itself can be proven mathematically
correct.

15
Use Cases

KPI Reporting
Process analytics are usually an afterthought:
specialised analytics code is written to process
system logs into statistics. Statebox, however,
makes analytics a native aspect of the system.
All process executions generate analytics
which will be reported back to the community.
This way the Swarm token holders can make
informed decisions and vote on data, rather
than feelings.

Compliance
Every transaction is cryptographically signed
and the entire process execution history
is visible on the blockchain. Therefore, the
execution of a workflow process is auditable
and can be checked for compliance.

Process Optimization
Normally, processes are written in a syntactic
fashion. However, the visual nature of Statebox
workflows combined with analytics make it
extremely easy to identify bottlenecks and
subsequently change the process.
Because there is no work needed to go from
process specification to the smart contract,
there is a very low-latency feedback loop,
allowing for quick iterations of the process.

16
3. Swarm Token

The token distributed during the token launch is known as the Swarm
Token, or SWARM. The SWARM token is a standard ERC20 token (on the
Ethereum platform) that allows one to use the Swarm software platform.

The utility unlocked by the SWARM token is the ability to create

subfunds, participate in token offerings of Swarm projects, get access
to information that is exclusive to our network, and execute network
governance functions. Participation of its members is key to the Swarm
platform. Over time, more functionality will be released that helps
generate swarm intelligence for the benefit of the network. This follows
the model pioneered by Visa, SWIFT, and other consortia where common
infrastructure is maintained by member organizations.

3.1 TWO-TIERED TOKEN MODEL

The Swarm model has two layers. The first SUN tokens can be custom to each project.
layer is a utility token which allows access to Once the Swarm network clears way for a
the underlying subtokens and grants access to new application to be established, participants
the Swarm’s governance technology. of SUN can release their own tokens (SUN
Tokens) for their application, against which
The second layer includes the many financial they can raise their own application liquidity,
opportunities run by the Swarm syndication ultimately in both crypto and fiat funds.
partners and made possible through their own
applications and tokens on the SUN (Swarm SUN tokens can evolve into different versions
Utility Network). based on newer features or governance
structures. SUN tokens can abide by their
The use of Swarm Services and Application own governance and regulations, subject to
layers happens on the Swarm Utility Network oversight by the Swarm community.
(SUN). Participants of SUN will be charged fees,
similar to those of a trading market (SUN Fees).
These fees will initially be denominated in
cryptocurrency, namely ETH or BTC, but later
also in SWARM tokens.

17
 Basic Structure
SWARM 3rd PARTY
MEMBERS MEMBERS

SWARM MEMBER Allocate Crypto Funds

WALLET
to SPV Funding Pool

SUN tokens +
▪ SUN (Swarm Utility Network) tokens
SWARM participation in platform fees
are needed to operate each Swarm
TOKENS
SWARM SUN platform for project / syndicate and
represent the nominal value of $1
TOKENS allocated
Automatic prorated participation in TOKENS
SWARM any SUN token release(s) ▪ SUN tokens can evolve into
tokens
different versions based on newer
features or governance structures

SWARM token holders all together

decide how to deploy the budget of
the foundation via Liquid Democracy Asset Company Syndicate
(SPV) Leader
▪ SWARM token owners
allocate them towards SUN Invests Returns
token participation for a Funds Profits
defined time and receive
pro-rated proportion of fees +
tokens PROJECT
▪ Only non-allocated SWARM
tokens can be traded

Basic structure of the Swarm Token

3.2 TOKEN MECHANISM

The SWARM tokens are created for the network to govern a market
infrastructure for a much larger pool of assets running on the Swarm
Utility Network. The initial supply of SWARM tokens is dimensioned for
an asset pool of $5B in value.

As the capital deployed into the Swarm Utility Network surpasses the
threshold value of $5B, the Swarm foundation can issue tokens at a
fixed rate (3.5%) relative to the amount of capital raised. For example,
$100mm of fiat will authorize the creation of 3.5mm new tokens. The
rate (but not the threshold value) may be adjusted periodically by
Swarm’s governing bodies. The Swarm foundation may use this for
sustainable future financing and development budget.

18
At launch, Swarm will already have the full governance model for the
network operating. Additional bylaws of the Swarm organization are
expected to follow the DCO model established at the Stanford legal
summit with some modifications to be decided upon by our legal
advisors. A foundation representing this model will be established
after the contribution period is complete. This will happen via an
incentivized bounty provided to the first legal team who is able to
implement the foundation model with the appropriate integrations.

GOVERNANCE ASSET VALUE

+$100mm
+3.5mm

SWARM
$5,000mm
100mm

CRYPTO FIAT + CRYPTO

Token Mechanism

19
“ Swarm seeks to not only
create interesting software,
but also a community of
those interested in sharing
their project opportunities
with other Swarm
participants.
4. Swarm Platform Model

4.1 SWARM LAYERS

The Swarm platform will be composed of three primary layers: Core, Services, and Application.

SWARM apps
Early pilot Crypto Hedge Distressed Real Solar Rev-based Purpose-
assets Fund Estate Installations Financing driven Pools

SWARM services
Swarm Swarm Automated Fund
Custodian Services
Fund (SPV) Syndicates Operations

SWARM core
Governance / Investment Security &
Legal Framework Reputation
Liquid Dem. Management Transparency

ETHEREUM blockchain

Primary Layers of the

Swarm Platform Layer 1: Swarm Core
The Core layer provides the foundational system components
and smart contracts for Swarm use: network governance
token management with consensus via liquid democracy, and a
management interface. This also includes system replications of
the preferred legal frameworks, reputational engine, decentralized
collaboration, as well as foundational processes around security &
data transparency.
The Core layer’s framework allows for the creation and management
of new projects. It is and always will be free and open to use.

21
Layer 2: Swarm Services Layer 3: Swarm Applications
The Swarm Services layer will offer additional On the highest layer, on top of the Swarm
services on top of Swarm Core. These services Services layer or directly operating on the
are meant to make it extremely easy for any Swarm Core, is the Swarm Applications layer.
participants to build investment applications These applications are both front-end as well
on top of Swarm and serve the marketplace in as in some cases application back-ends that
the most creative way. are specific to target investment use cases
These services will include full-stack setup and/or target segments.
of vertical Swarm funds (via Special Purpose
Vehicles, or SPVs), operating swarm syndicates,
asset custodian services, and any automation Our vision for Swarm is
of ongoing investment operations. More
features will be introduced to best meet the
to have a wide variety of
requirements of the evolving marketplace. investment applications
Application templates, customization tools, built on the same
and advanced data processing capabilities
will allow our users to execute their visions platform technology and
faster while lowering the barrier to entry for liquidity pool.
new investment applications to come to
market. While applications and participants
are welcome to interact with Swarm on the Some of these applications may be built by
Core level, we will be offering Swarm Services Swarm, while others will be built by third
to accelerate their go-to-market process and parties. Our vision for Swarm is to have a wide
reduce operational costs. Swarm Services will variety of investment applications built on the
be offered using a license-fee model. same platform technology and liquidity pool.
These applications will likely charge additional
fees or use alternative business models such
as market making, information selling, or
revenue/profit sharing. As further described
in the following section, many of such Swarm
applications may include the release of their
own utility tokens as a core component of
their business model.

22
5. Swarm Applications
(Swarm-Supported Asset Types)

With the Swarm investment platform serving as a technology reference

framework as well as a global liquidity hub, decentralized application
developers will be able to create new classes of investment assets that
can be used in any number of simple or complex applications.
The following section lays out defining characteristics of asset classes in
which to pilot the Swarm Platform, followed by subsequent sections that
highlight a number of use cases that Swarm has identified as interesting
target markets and which are readily deployable using the Swarm
Platform.

Project Pipeline

1
Distressed
Residential Real
Estate Fund

2
SAAS
DETAILS IN THE
Growth
GOLDPAPER
Fund

3
Ex o S
t
cl wa
us rm
iv
e

▪
Crypto ▪

Hedge Fund

+ Several
Others
Solar
Installations
Crypto
Mining
Operations
Crypto
Mining
Operations
The Kitten
Project
Mariujana
Farm Pods
etc.

SWARM confidential & proprietary // for illustrative purposes only

Further details of specific opportunities are available to qualified participants in the Swarm GoldPaper.

23
5.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PILOT
ASSET CLASSES
When launching a marketplace technology it Therefore, we invested significant efforts
is critically important to (a) build trust with the into identifying asset classes that have the
participants and (b) provide curated pilot use following key characteristics, among others:
cases that allow the marketplace to take off in ◆◆ Have the ability to start with small amount
the right direction with the right momentum. of investment.
In identifying the first target asset use cases, ◆◆ Show continuous tangible returns.
we have tried to balance both. ◆◆ Represent a range of risk-reward profiles
Particularly in light of issues that led to the rise that are relevant to the crypto investor
and fall of the DAO, we approached this project community and provide relevant alternative
with significant diligence and preparation, asset profiles (e.g. 20%+ ROI annually,
before being able to bring a market-ready focused on global impact, etc.).
proposal to the community. ◆◆ Are well-established and understood from
We strongly felt it was particularly important an assessment/ratings perspective.
in the early stages to (1) demonstrate tangible ◆◆ Scale to size quickly when the participants
platform viability, (2) be able to show viability are ready.
and material attractivity, and (3) be able to
quickly scale within the use cases if they
prove their efficacy by meeting or exceeding
expectations.

24
5.2 CRYPTO HEDGE FUND 5.3 DISTRESSED REAL ESTATE
Investing in crypto assets presents unique Real estate investments present a unique
challenges, revolving around trading workflows opportunity for private equity real asset
and asset security. It requires expert engagements. Especially interesting are sub-
knowledge to properly navigate the market market segments such as distressed real
and be aware of the latest market dynamics estate primarily focused on judicial foreclosure
in specialized market verticals, starting with states. The syndicate leader we have been
liquidity movements, arbitrage opportunities, evaluating has created a machine-driven
or proper assessment of the latest market- platform to identify and acquire negative
influencing industry news. equity real estate in foreclosure auctions and
The syndicate with which we are collaborating acquiring these “Subject To” existing liens from
forms a crypto hedge fund that strives to an impartial federal bankruptcy trustee. During
be “ahead of the curve” with the goal to the very long judicial foreclosure timelines this
simplify value creation for crypto investors provides 2-3+ years of rental income, and in
by offering the best experience to engage some cases the fund is even able to clear liens
with a network of investors, collaborators and at a steep discount and immediately sell the
opinion makers. The objective is to present property at profit. This produces exceptionally
an incentivized platform for vertical experts high cash returns and is an excellent
to trade on their unique market knowledge or opportunity, even in an economic downturn.
data and to provide uncorrelated risk adjusted
alpha relative to industry benchmarks. The 5.4 SOLAR INSTALLATIONS
composite investment strategy includes right- There is no doubt that renewable energy,
frequency trading of a highly curated portfolio and particularly solar are on the rise and an
of crypto currencies, derivatives market interesting asset category. The unit economics
making, trading between crypto currencies and of producing, installing and maintaining solar
mining proof of stake tokens. The goal is to panels have improved significantly and made
create a blend of selected best trades based the investment case an interesting opportunity
on proprietary algorithms, market-neutral with 20%+ annual returns. Additionally, there
quantitative models and fully automated are significant tax breaks in different regions
execution. globally and more specifically in California,
which presents additional major economic

We’ll create a blend of benefits. The syndicate operators we have

been evaluating have been successfully
selected best trades building an investment platform specifically for

based on proprietary this application.

algorithms, market-
neutral quantitative
models and fully
automated execution.

25
 5.5 REVENUE-BASED FINANCING
Recently, we have seen a larger trend of companies being created
that have very interesting recurring revenue models. The most
prominent model in technology is SaaS (“Software as a Service”)
where software usage is sold on the basis of subscriptions. But
these models are not limited to technology, but exist in many other
markets, including subscription-based commerce in food and fashion.
For some of these business models, equity-based financing is not
an option, either because the expected returns don’t meet outsized
return expectations of venture capitalists (by design), or the dilution
is unattractive to the entrepreneur. The syndicates with which we are
working are providing non-dilutive financing in form of revenue-based
loans, where they’ll give the company a portion of the annualized
revenue as a loan, and the company pays it back as a percentage of
ongoing revenue until a target return of approx. 1.5-2.5x is achieved.
This may be a very attractive option for a target category of companies
with recurring revenue of approximately $2-3M annually.

5.6 PURPOSE-DRIVEN FUNDING POOLS

Swarm is also aiming to help generate impact investments for
nonprofits and social enterprises that help meet significant
community needs and address humanity’s grand challenges. We are
working to ensure basic needs are met for all people, while sustaining
and improving quality of life and mitigating future risks. We hope
to involve individuals and institutions who are using their resources
for social good, and are looking beyond simply making traditional
philanthropic gifts. We seek to help them leverage their capital directly,
with a purpose they deeply care about, and perhaps even earn a small
gain over time.

We believe the crypto community has

successfully proven that it can build
incentives for the community itself to
create desired outcomes.

We believe the crypto community has successfully proven that it can

build incentives for the community itself to create desired outcomes.
We envision purpose-driven funding pools, that incentivize the
entrepreneurial community to create solutions to meet the challenges
and compete for the “bounty” by delivering a “social Proof-of-Stake”,
similar to the way the X-Prizes have fueled innovation.

26
6. Token Offering

6.1 TOKEN OFFERING IN BRIEF

Similar to a reverse Dutch auction used in other token sales (Gnosis,
OmegaOne), we wish to find the optimal pricing mechanism in order
to accommodate as many participants as possible. The market
determines the ultimate price of the token.

Our method of doing this is to have an exponential price curve with

drip liquidity such that people participating early cannot immediately
“dump” all of their tokens.

Additionally, unlike other projects, we are able to effectively deploy

funds over the threshold needed for platform development into any of
our partner funds. Therefore, the funds used for operational budgets
for the foundation are limited to the lesser of 25% of the raise or
$20M in crypto funds. The remaining capital is designated to fund
Swarm pilot applications on the SUN network.

In our token offering, we are projecting to raise a target of $55M USD

denominated in ETH representing 33M tokens. Should the demand be
lower the difference between 33M and the sold amount of tokens will
be set aside for future use within the foundation. Should the demand
be higher, the smart contract will mint up to 32M additional tokens,
until a total of 65M tokens are sold or the equivalent of $255M USD
denominated in ETH. At that point no more tokens will be sold, even if
it is before the end date of the sale.

With the above, the cap share distribution changes in favor of the
community. As such, a higher market demand within the sale simply
allows for more exchange listings on the SUN network and augments
the value of the platform.

This effectively makes Swarm Fund comparable to a government or

the endowment model of private universities that maintains its own
sovereign wealth fund and funds itself out of the profit of its own
investments.

27
 6.2 PRICING DURING SALE
SWARM tokens can only be bought using Ether (ETH). When the sale
starts the tokens base price p0 is set at the Ether equivalent of one
dollar.

p0 = 1/(ET H price in U SD)

p0 = 1/(ET H price in U SD)
During the sale, the token price is increased according to a diminishing
premium. This premium formula Dn is defined as
Dn = 1/(1 + [n])
Dn = 1/(1 + [n])

where n is the number of tokens sold divided by 106.

n
pn = p0 × ∑ Dk
k=0
n
pn = p0 × ∑ Dk
1
k=0

0,75
n
Rn = ∫ pi di
0n
Rn = ∫ pi di
0,5
0
p0 = 1/(ET H price in U SD)

0,25

Dn = 1/(1 + [n])
0

0,8

8,8

9,6
4

8
6,4
4,8

5,6
2,4

3,2
1,6

7,2

The token price then is

n
∀w ∈ W. pn =balance(w)
p0 × ∑ Dk ≥ (1 – Lt ) • initial (w)
k=0
∀w ∈ W. balance(w) ≥ (1 – Lt ) • initial (w)
4

3,2
n
Rn = ∫ pi di
min
0
{ K, t/k }
2,4 Lt =
K t/k }
min{ K,
Lt =
K
1,6

0,8
0

20
5

10
2,5

15
7,5

12,5

17,5

∀w ∈ W. balance(w) ≥ (1 – Lt ) • initial (w)

28
 k=0

The total raised by the

p0 token
= 1/(ETsale
H pris
icesimply
in U SD)the integral over this price
p0 = 1/(ET H price in U SD)
n
Rn = ∫ pi di
0

10 Dn = 1/(1 + [n])
Dn = 1/(1 + [n])

7,5

n
pn = p0 × ∑ n Dk
pn = p0 ×k=0∑ Dk
5
k=0

∀w ∈ W. balance(w) ≥ (1 – Lt ) • initial (w)

2,5 n
Rn = ∫ npi di
Rn =0 ∫ pi di
0
0

0,8

4
0,4

4,8
3,6
2,8

4,4
2,4

3,2
1,6
1,2

min{ K,RELEASE
6.3 POST-SALE LIQUIDITY t/k }
L =
After the ICO, the tokenst will gradually
K become liquid.

That is, if W denotes all SWARM wallets, balance(w) the balance of a

wallet w and initial(w) the number of tokens w bought in the ICO then
we maintain the following invariant at all times.
∀w ∈ W. balance(w) ≥ (1 – Lt ) • initial (w)
∀w ∈ W. balance(w) ≥ (1 – Lt ) • initial (w)
Let 0 ≤ Lt ≤ 1 denote the percentage of tokens liquid at time t, denoted
in days since the token sale ended. Let K = 8 be the number of release
moments and k = 42 the duration between releases. We use the
following function to define the (stepped) token release.

min{ K, t/k }
Lt = min{ K, t/k }
Lt = K
K
1,2

0,8

0,4

0
400
80

200

360
280
40
0

240

320
160
120

29
 6.4 SALE PHASES
Tokens will be able to be purchased through the Swarm website.
Exact dates and terms of the token offering and sales process will be
communicated at www.swarm.fund. The sales process will be split
into six phases, not all of which are sequential.

14 days
pre sale token 1.0 redemption
crypto tokens

7 days 14 days
prepare / register fiat
token sale
Bitcoin Suisse
1 day 7 days ongoing
arm
crypto post per terms
smart
token sale review
trading of drip-liquidity
contract
for Swarm Utility Network
project funds

2 years
synchronized with
fundraising period capital deployment

Phase 1: Pre-sale
The open token sale phase is preceded by a pre-sale phase, where a
smaller part of the SWARM tokens are offered to a closed network of
value-adding members. During the pre-sale, only crypto currency is
accepted.

Phase 2: Swarm 1.0 token redemption

For the members of the earlier bitcoin-protocol based iteration of
Swarm who hold tokens 1.0, Swarm are offered through a redemption
process, so that these tokens can be converted into the current
ERC20 token. Swarm members are able to convert their tokens at the
highly preferential rate two weeks prior to the sale.

Phase 3: Fiat Token Sale

To avoid procedural issues with the purchases made with fiat
currency, we will setup registration for the token sale in exchange for
fiat currency (EUR/USD) to precede the crypto sale. We are partnering
with BitcoinSuisse on this process. Once the buyer has registered
and funded the account, BitcoinSuisse will be ready to purchase the
tokens within the crypto token sale at the applicable pricing at that
time.

Phase 4: Crypto Token Sale

The public crypto token sale will run for 14 days and Swarm tokens
will only be sold against ETH, based on the pricing mentioned above.
Preceding the sale, the smart contracts will be armed with the tokens
resulting from the participation in the pre-sale and the redemption
process.

30
Phase 5: Token Liquidity
Following a post-review process, Swarm tokens will become liquid and
transferrable based on the post-sale liquidity release, subject to a drip
liquidity provision. Depending on exchange listings this might result in
immediate tradability of the first tranche of released tokens.
Phase 6: Capital Raise for the Swarm Utility Network
Following the contribution period, Swarm will set up affiliate legal
structures for the Swarm Utility Network to take in large ticket capital
commitments from investors who understand the larger potential
of the blockchain technology to shape the investment landscape.
These funds are structured to take in and govern a target amount of
$5B asset value, but its design allows managed assets to go beyond
that level. As capital commitments come beyond the target amount,
a smaller amount of Swarm tokens are issued, as described above.
The capital raised for deployment into the Swarm Utility Network will
be staged for the next 2+ years and the capital requirements will be
determined by the findings gathered from setting up and managing the
pilot funds specified earlier.

6.5 TOKEN ALLOCATION

Of the tokens, 33M tokens will go to contributors (past Swarm
members, advisors, a pool for future contributors) while 33M
tokens will be assigned to the core team. Tokens will be awarded to
contributors by the “fair equity” formula of expected increase in token
value as decided by core team members and community.
As described in more detail above, there is a target--yet not a fixed
number of tokens--to be sold to the community. With higher demand
in the token sale, the share of token distribution owned by the
community can significantly increase.

31
7. Roadmap

7.1 KEY ACTIVITIES &

PARTNERSHIPS TO DATE
For the past 9 months we have been executing
on key activities and pursuing various key
partnerships:

◆◆ Our team developed concrete trusted ◆◆ Initial work is in progress with regulators/
project opportunities, with a goal of showing institutions in different jurisdictions,
successes and pushing the marketplace in including service providers for
the right direction. E-infrastructure and AML/KYC.
◆◆ The initial deploy of the Swarm platform has ◆◆ Ramping up community engagement efforts
been live on the Ethereum test net for over with growth in social media following,
6+ months. We are planning to release the Swarm has been facilitating events such
next major software update in 3-6 months. as the Decentralized Autonomous Society,
◆◆ Substantial work has been performed which has had 23 meetups on various
toward viable legal frameworks for Swarm aspects of decentralized governance
initiatives. since 2014. Notable presentations include
◆◆ Swarm is actively pursuing high profile speakers such as Vitalik Buterin, Ralph
partnerships within the Ethereum Merkle, the DASH team, and associates of
ecosystem, the financial sector, and other Doug Engelbart.
fields.

32
 7.2 FINANCES
In our token launch, we are projecting to Pilot Deployments / Swarm Fund: As
raise $50M USD denominated in ETH. For further described in Section 5, Swarm
capital allocation, the main principle is that plans to develop pilot Swarm Application
the lesser of 25% of funds raised or $20M segments with highly curated and trusted
will go towards operational expenses and partners. The goal is to pilot the platform
platform development. The remaining funds and demonstrate its viability and best-in-
will be deployed towards the initial pilot class applicability. Swarm may run these
fund opportunities. That way, a higher fund engagements as evergreen opportunities, or
raise does not increase budgets for the decide to divest over time, while the proceeds
operations of the foundation, but benefits after disengagement could be used for further
the implementation and impact of the overall development of Swarm.
Swarm model. Product / Development Cost: Platform
Our current team members have managed development will include building upon and
individual portfolios in excess of $3B and securing core smart contracts, additional
built platforms with an excess of $32B in deal frameworks such as a decentralized
flow. Fund usage will be split approximately reputational engine, trading and management
evenly between platform and application interfaces, service level app templates
development. and customization tools, and integrations
with future Ethereum or other blockchain
infrastructure such as state channels and
Use of Contributions stablecoins. We will develop certain custodian
components and work with experts for
custodian services (e.g. Ledger).
Legal & Regulatory Costs: Legal requirements
include corporate setups in different locations
for crowdsale, operations, and other licenses.
Pilot Deployments /
Swarm Fund
Post launch we will work with legal advisors
75%
and regulators in different jurisdictions to
develop legal opinions of the interpretation
with local laws, and become compatible with
e-infrastructure and AML/KYC infrastructures
in different markets. Ongoing resources will be
required for investment and possible other use
cases of legal work. A legal contingency fund
Miscellaneous & Admin
14.4% will be reserved in case of future issues.
Marketing & Sales: Sales and business
development efforts will be focused on
Legal & Regulatory identifying and forming relationships with new
15.6%
Operational Expenses Product & Development projects and existing partnerships which can
& Platform Development 46.9%
be built on Swarm. Marketing will be focused
on promoting Swarm applications to potential
customer segments and markets. Additional
efforts will be spent on increasing awareness
Sales & Marketing
23.1% and knowledge of the Swarm Platform and
what can be built with it (applications, etc).
Funding Breakdown: Use of contributions

33
7.3 DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP
Current State
Swarm has been under development for over
12 months, starting in May 2016. Since then
there have been multiple iterations of the core
elements of Swarm. These include the smart
contracts powering the framework as well as
the general web interface.
The Swarm platform has a fully operational
model that has been undergoing alpha testing
since November 2016. With the release of this
whitepaper we will be offering access to the
private beta with a linear purchase schedule.
The current operational demo illustrates the
principles of network democracy, including
purchasing of stake, stake-based voting, and
voting delegation. Current Active Interface - Live Demo at http://liquid.qhoss.com

Future Development
Phase 1 (Quarter 1&2):
◆◆ Build office in Silicon Valley: The team has applications on top of Swarm. Swarm.js will
already been part of the vibrant Ethereum integrate with redesigned, more modular
community in the Bay Area and will manifest smart contracts.
an office location. ◆◆ Swarm Syndicate management interface
◆◆ Swarm Platform MVP: Funds will be used alpha: An extended interface to create,
to develop a canonical version of the trust maintain and govern investment projects,
network, the fully automated self-funding which will be tested out by Swarm Fund
structure, additional features for extensibility team as well as trusted pilot syndicate
and automation. This private beta period users.
is expected to last six to nine months and ◆◆ Decentralized reputational engine:
any changes will be decided by network Evaluation of viable solutions and start of
members. Additionally we will be pursuing integration will commence.
solid integrations into the legal system for ◆◆ Swarm SUN functionality: Together with
the possession of real assets. Funds will be the first end-user facing application we will
governed by the private beta with a non- enable the SUN functionality for paying SUN
profit used as a failsafe in case of any non- fees and releasing SUN tokens.
optimally operating smart contracts. ◆◆ We intend to integrate a liquid democracy
◆◆ Release Swarm MIR (make it rain) DApp: A module with Aragon’s upcoming package
virtual crypto asset portfolio tracker, where manager and to use their application to
users can build and simulate portfolio manage voting.
trades.
◆◆ Develop Swarm.js beta & smart contracts
beta: Swarm.js is an easy-to-use tool to
enable every website developer to build

34
Phase 2 (Quarter 3&4): Phase 3 (Quarter 5&6):
◆◆ Swarm Syndicate management interface ◆◆ Swarm Market Place: Once the underlying
beta: Build out processes around processes of project creation and
governance, reputation and project management have been battle-proven
reporting. with pilot users, Swarm will open this
◆◆ Swarm trading interface alpha: The generic functionality to the broader public; in
Swarm interface is not designed to meet anticipation, we need to develop curation
the requirements for a trading application. processes to facilitate market health and
Therefore Swarm will be working on project validation, including Participant
additional interfaces dedicated to traders, Ratings, Decentralized Collaboration and
which make SWARM and SUN tokens Community Voting to veto projects.
professionally tradeable. Swarm seeks
to combine forces with other teams to
build the basic layers required to offer
a decentralized exchange, with Swarm
adding layers required to offer trading of
asset backed tokens. We might consider
working with existing exchange partners
such as Kraken, Poloniex, 0x or other
trading platforms to provide a seamless and
integrated user experience.
◆◆ Swarm MIR 2.0 DApp: Integration with
exchanges to trade parts of phantasy
portfolios and compete with other traders;
integration of SUN token assets.
◆◆ Legal automation alpha: Underlying the
Swarm platform our goal is to automate
most of the administrative processes related
to foundation of SPVs (special purpose
vehicles) and fund deployment. We seek to
work with e-governance providers to make
this as seamless and scalable as possible.

35
8. Leadership

8.1 CORE TEAM

Philipp Pieper - Partner and Co-founder Timo Lehes - Partner and Co-founder
Philipp is a serial tech entrepreneur and Timo has over 20 years of experience from
became interested in decentralized starting, running, exiting and investing in
technologies in 2015, when interacting with software companies. Timo has served as
BitTorrent, Inc. and the Mozilla Foundation. an investor and executive in technology
Philipp has been a start-up entrepreneur for companies, with extensive experience from
the past 15 years and is a veteran in the digital building, running and investing in software
data space. After holding various private equity companies and leading various merger and
and management positions within Deutsche acquisition deals. Throughout his career, Timo
Bank and Allianz Group, Philipp was founder has invested in more than 40 companies.
and CEO of Proximic, a global data provider for With a specific focus on Financial Technology
digital media buyers (acquired by comScore or fintech, he has contributed to the creation
in 2015), and is mentor at various accelerators of several alternative investment platforms.
such Stanford’s StartX, Singularity University, He currently serves as a board member at
as well as TechCode. He holds degrees in BankerBay, the world’s largest deal origination
engineering and business administration and platform for mid-market Private Equity deals.
attended Berlin University of Technology and He holds degrees in engineering and business
UC Berkeley, Haas School of Business. administration from Chalmers University of
Technology and early stage investing from
continuing studies at Stanford School of
Business.

36
Joel Dietz - Partner and Co-founder Jelle Herold - Lead Developer
Joel Dietz co-founded the first smart contract Jelle is a creative thinker and hacker with
educational channel (EtherCasts), the a background in art, mathematics, physics,
Ethereum Silicon Valley meetup, wrote the and computer science. He wrote one of the
original “AppCoin Manifesto,” and built the first earliest smart contract implementations pre-
decentralized asset and governance platforms blockchain and is the author of a new logic-
on the Bitcoin blockchain. His facilitation of programming language for smart contracts
the “LoveNest” blockchain-community living that can be deployed across blockchains. He
space setup in Palo Alto has included many has a decade of experience in leading open-
presentations on Decentralized Autonomous source development projects and a degree in
Society, DAO Democracy, Futarchy, and Liquid Artificial Intelligence from University of Utrecht,
Democracy. He holds degrees from Brown The Netherlands. In the last three years Jelle
University and the University of Pennsylvania participated in and won various hackathons,
and has won prizes from Google and such as “hack4good”.
Salesforce.

37
Anton Livaja - Full Stack Developer “Jazzwall” Sharad Jaiswal - Full Stack
Anton is a passionate, experienced full stack Developer and Project Manager
web developer from Toronto, Canada with a Jazzwall has been implementing and
background in marketing, business strategy orchestrating enterprise IT projects and
and linguistics. He is actively involved in graduate tech-training programs at Swiss and
the tech community and is an instructor at Wall Street banks for the last decade. Hard
General Assembly’s Bitmaker Labs, Canada’s to put in a box, he is a project manager, full
leading tech-skills accelerator. He shares his stack developer, professional photographer,
passion for technology by advising companies entrepreneur, and particularly interested in
and developing software in emerging crypto markets.
technologies.

Emilia Gheorghe - Project Manager

A crypto enthusiast and technophile, Emilia
has repeatedly gravitated towards working
in innovative settings. With a background in
linguistics, arts, and social sciences, she is
a strong believer in holistically integrated
workflows. Emilia is an alumna of the VU
Amsterdam, and Utrecht University.

38
Katerina Kan - Ambassador Relations Chris Eberle - Global Marketing
Katerina is a visionary entrepreneur focused Chris is a digital veteran with a passion for
on building a sustainable global paradigm in building global businesses and communities.
business and communication. She applies the He built the Media Partner Services and
principles of symbiotic environments, energy Operations teams at Facebook, with global
optimization, and human wellness to her responsibility for connecting public figures,
background in administration, management, creators, and publishers to create authentic
commerce, and customer service. content on Facebook and Instagram. He
then led teams in Global Business Marketing,
responsible for real world experiences that
drive online business results with Facebook
partners. Prior to Facebook, Eberle was a
part of startup exits at Federated Media and
Meebo (acquired by Google). Earlier in his
career, Eberle spent a decade at AOL, where
he started as a contract worker and eventually
served in executive roles in marketing and
advertising. Chris is an alumnus of Syracuse
University and The Harvard Business School.

39
8.2 CAPITAL MARKET ADVISORS advises companies and financial institutions
Mark Oei on issues relating to compliance, litigation,
Until end of 2016, Mark was at Sequoia Capital and operations, and serves on the advisory
where he served as Managing Director of the board of several tech startups. Mr. Shadab
venture capital firm’s Heritage Fund, a multi- has testified before the federal government
strategy vehicle offering institutional investors several times, including before the Commodity
and family offices investment exposure Futures Trading Commission on Bitcoin
to multiple asset classes. As leader of the derivatives and before the Congress on hedge
Real Asset group Mark has been seeking funds at a hearing that included George Soros
opportunistic real estate investments both and other leading figures from the hedge fund
domestically and abroad. Earlier, Mark was industry. He is often invited to speak at high-
a managing director focused on real estate level swift academic and practitioner events,
at Oaktree Capital Management, one of the including for The Economist, Stanford’s Future
largest institutional alternative investment Law conference, Consensus 2015, the SWIFT
managers in the United States, and was VP at Business Forum, and the New York State Bar
Morgan Stanley focused on acquisitions for the Association annual meeting.
Morgan Stanley Real Estate Funds.
Robert Rosenblum
Vivek Krishnappa Robert Rosenblum is a corporate and
Vivek is a board member for the WattTime. securities partner in the Washington, D.C.,
org, an advisor for Nexleaf Analytics, an office of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati.
advisor for FinTech and CleanTech Astia and a Rob focuses on the representation of financial
former managing director, securities landing, services firms in sophisticated regulatory,
Blackrock. transactional, and product development
projects, advising them on federal securities
Haydar Haba laws and related financial services laws and
Haydar is a partner at AndraCapital and the regulations.
founder and CEO of IntroMe.

8.3 LEGAL AND CO-OP ADVISORS

Houman Shadab
Houman is a professor at New York Law School
and the cofounder of Clause.io. He is a prolific
and influential expert at the intersection of law,
business, and technology. His research focuses
on financial technology, smart contracts,
hedge funds, derivatives, commercial
transactions, and blockchains. Professor
Shadab is a director of the Center for Business
and Financial Law and also serves as the
editor-in-chief of the Journal of Taxation and
Regulation of Financial Institutions. He often

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8.4 TECHNOLOGY ADVISORS 8.5 GOVERNANCE AND
Noah Thorp ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN
Previously, VP of Engineering at Nasdaq Private Christian Jacken
Markets, expert in organizational design, and Co-founder Liquid Democracy, former Global
current CEO of Comakery, an ethereum-based Bitcoin Alliance, EFF supporter.
token issuance platform.
https://github.com/aquabu Adam Apollo
Adam is the founder of the Guardian Alliance
Gustav Simonsson and trust.exchange
Previously of Ethereum Foundation, DFinity,
and String Labs, as well as a DAO curator. Brad Nye
https://github.com/Gustav-Simonsson Founder of Tribalize summit and Burning Man
organizer.
Bogdan Fiedur
Bogdan wrote the first liquid democracy
DAO in Ethereum smart contracts which was
adapted for Swarm Fund purposes.
https://github.com/win2win

David Kammeyer
Software developer and platform manager.

Matthew Tan
CEO and founder of Etherscan.

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8.6 PARTNERS

Bitcoin Suisse
https://www.bitcoinsuisse.ch
We are using Bitcoin Suisse to handle large fiat
payments and AML/KYC.

Bitwala
https://www.bitwala.com
We are using Bitwala’s payment processing
and banking services for ourselves and our
partners.

Otonomos
https://www.otonomos.com
We use Otonomos to automate the creation of
special purpose vehicles and funds in multiple
legal jurisdictions.

Gnosis
https://gnosis.pm
Gnosis’ forthcoming ‘futarchy as a service will
be integrated in our existing liquid democracy
modules.

Wings
https://www.wings.ai
We intend to use the Wings prediction service
to estimate the target size of our own raise
and other sub-asset tokens.

Jaxx
https://jaxx.io/
Your Blockchain Interface. Bye-bye
gatekeepers. With Jaxx, you have the keys to
control the new digital world.

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9. Legal Innovations

Swarm co-organized legal summits at Harvard and Stanford in which

the Distributed Collaborative Organisation model was established5.
Legal experts suggested that the integration of a collaborative
governance layer to a distributed organization would make it a
membership organization similar to a co-op. We have remained active
participants in the evolving platform co-op movement and Internet of
Ownership (https://ioo.coop/) movements, including a section in the
book “Ours to Hack and to Own.” (https://platform.coop/book).

Swarm has consistently and openly stated its intent to democratize

finance and proactively engaged with regulators including the SEC,
FCA, and regulators in several other countries. As a result of advice
from top legal experts and regulators, Swarm has operated for the
last two years under the unincorporated non-profit association terms
as described in the results of the Harvard summit with the intent of
creating a global platform cooperative.

To actualize these aims, Swarm has established the following legal

entities:

Quantum Holonic Swarm Systems (USA)

Swarm Operations (Germany GMBH)
Swarm IP (Singapore)
Swarm Research Foundation (Panama)
Ethereum Alpha Fund (Cayman)
Bitadel Master Fund (Cayman)
Swarm Asset SPVs (Estonia, etc.)

Most of these are newly operational with the exception of Quantum

Holonic Swarm Systems which has independently been conducting
research and events from its Palo Alto office, including partnerships
with Institute for the Future, Microsoft, Intel, Ikea, H&M, Walmart, EO
Works, The Rulebreaker Society, and others.

5
“Distributed Networks and the Law,” http://www.bollier.org/sites/default/files/misc-file-upload/files/DistributedNetworksandtheLaw%20report,%20Swarm-Coin%20Center-
Berkman.pdf

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 The contribution period is a collaboration between the above entities
with the intent of taking the “Distributed Collaborative Organization”
model and a creating a legal entity which is owned and governed
by the token holders. Rather than depend on a single legal firm to
implement this, we will create a bounty system to award the first
several teams that manage to create token-governance systems that
integrate into the legal and tax systems of respective nation states.

The current board members are Philipp Pieper, and Timo Lehes, with
three spots left to be filled by either community contributors or
managing directors of partner funds dependent on a vote of the token
holders. Joel Dietz will retain a veto on major decisions. Board seats
will go up for vote every six months.

Additionally, all of the currency related aspects of our implementation,

including actions of all sub-funds, are performed on a private
blockchain implementation. This allows us to implement all standard
AML/KYC procedures and reporting as established by industry best
practice.

Additionally, Swarm has innovated on several legal models related

to tokenization, including convertible notes, intellectual property,
governance, Szaboian Nested Intent, and various forms of Ricardian
Contracts. We expect to push forward over the next years as we
establish case law in various jurisdictions.

Due to the retrospective nature of regulatory action, the Swarm team

can make no guarantees regarding the legality of the platform or
launch in any given jurisdiction. Regardless, we are confident in, and
proud of, the work we have done to shape Swarm into what we hope
is a model of regulatory compliance for decentralized applications
and token launches. We will be responsive and collaborative with any
regulators as necessary going forward.

References
Blodget, Henry. 2017. Bitcoin a perfect asset for speculative bubble: Blodget. [ONLINE VIDEO] Available at: http://www.cnbc.com/video/2017/05/25/bitcoin-a-perfect-asset-for-
speculative-bubble-blodget.html. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Dietz, Joel, Greg Xethalis, Katten Primavera de Filippi, Jim Hazard. 2017. Model Distributed Collaborative Organizations. [ONLINE] Available at: https://swarm.gitbooks.io/dco-
book/content/dco-model-template.html. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Durden, Tyler. 2015. So You Want Bridgewater To Manage Your Money? There Is One Small Condition. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.elitetrader.com/et/threads/so-you-
want-bridgewater-to-manage-your-money-there-is-one-small-condition.290936/. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Hulbert, Mark. 2017. This is how many fund managers actually beat index funds. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-way-fewer-actively-managed-
funds-beat-the-sp-than-we-thought-2017-04-24. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Herold, Jelle. 2017. Statebox. [ONLINE] Available at: http://statebox.org. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Herold, Jelle. 2017. Typedefs. [ONLINE] Available at: http://typedefs.com. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Lewis, Michael, 1989. Liar’s Poker. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc..
Platform Cooperativism Consortium. 2016. Platform Cooperativism. [ONLINE] Available at: https://platform.coop/book. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Van Valkenburgh, Peter, Joel Dietz, Primavera de Filippi, Houman Shadab, Greg Xethalis, David Bollier. 2017. Distributed Collaborative Organizations. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bollier.org/sites/default/files/misc-file-upload/files/DistributedNetworksandtheLaw%20report,%20Swarm-Coin%20Center-Berkman.pdf. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Wood, Harlan T., Adam Apollo. 2017. TrustGraph. [ONLINE] Available at: https://github.com/trustgraph/trustgraph. [Accessed 16 July 2017].
Yang, Paul. 2017. google/protobuf. [ONLINE] Available at: https://github.com/google/protobuf. [Accessed 16 July 2017].

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 SWARM FUND
WHITE PAPER

September 7, 2017

V0.8

Joel Dietz Timo Lehes

joel@swarm.fund timo@swarm.fund

Philipp Pieper Jelle Herold

philipp@swarm.fund jelle@swarm.fund
www.swarm.fund